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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Siemens & Halske, 1858-1865</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siemens_&_Halske,_1858-1865-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siemens_Brothers_Telegraph_Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siemens_Brothers_Telegraph_Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Siemens Brothers Telegraph Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Siemens_Brothers_Telegraph_Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Siemens Brothers Telegraph Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Siemens_Brothers_Telegraph_Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Submarine_cables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submarine_cables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Submarine cables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submarine_cables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavy-current_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy-current_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Heavy-current products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy-current_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reorganisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reorganisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Reorganisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reorganisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stafford_and_Dalston_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spin-offs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Spin-offs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spin-offs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PLUTO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PLUTO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>PLUTO</span> 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Closure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Some_Siemens_Brothers_Firsts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_Siemens_Brothers_Firsts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Some Siemens Brothers Firsts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Some_Siemens_Brothers_Firsts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Industrial heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Siemens Brothers and Company Limited</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Woolwich,_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_27.jpg/220px-Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_27.jpg/330px-Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_27.jpg/440px-Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1696" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Some of the remaining buildings at the Siemens Brothers site in <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category">electrical industry <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7510880?uselang=en#P452" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1865 <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7510880?uselang=en#P571" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">United Kingdom</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7510880?uselang=en#P749" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Siemens Brothers and Company Limited</b> was an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> design and manufacturing business in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. It was first established as a branch<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1858 by a brother of the founder of the German electrical engineering firm <a href="/wiki/Siemens_%26_Halske" title="Siemens & Halske">Siemens & Halske</a>. The principal works were at <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a> where cables and light-current electrical apparatus were produced from 1863 until 1968. The site between the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Barrier" title="Thames Barrier">Thames Barrier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woolwich_Dockyard" title="Woolwich Dockyard">Woolwich Dockyard</a> has retained several buildings of historic interest.<sup id="cite_ref-SG_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New works were built at <a href="/wiki/Stafford" title="Stafford">Stafford</a> in 1903 and <a href="/wiki/Dalston" title="Dalston">Dalston</a> in 1908. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> Siemens Brothers was bought by a British <a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a> because most of its ownership was in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Enemy_alien" title="Enemy alien">enemy aliens</a>; see <i>Graces Guide to British Industrial History</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Siemens Brothers and Company Limited was bought by <a href="/wiki/Associated_Electrical_Industries" title="Associated Electrical Industries">Associated Electrical Industries</a> in 1955. At that time its business was described as follows: manufacture sale and installation of submarine and land cables, overhead telegraph, telephone and power transmission lines, public and private telephone exchanges and carrier transmission equipment for telephone lines and marine radio and signalling equipment. Through subsidiaries it was engaged in the manufacture of lamps of all kinds, miscellaneous electrical equipment and electrical railway signals.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CS_Faraday.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CS_Faraday.jpg/340px-CS_Faraday.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CS_Faraday.jpg/510px-CS_Faraday.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CS_Faraday.jpg/680px-CS_Faraday.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Siemens Brothers and Company cable ship <a href="/wiki/CS_Faraday_(1874)" title="CS Faraday (1874)">CS <i>Faraday</i></a> shortly after her launch in 1874. Designed by Sir William Siemens she was finally scrapped in 1950. Replaced in 1923 by a new <a href="/wiki/CS_Faraday_(1923)" title="CS Faraday (1923)">CS <i>Faraday</i></a> sunk by bombing 1941</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Siemens_family">The Siemens family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Siemens family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German Siemens brothers came from a highly educated upper-middle-class family in relatively humble economic circumstances. Their father farmed a leased estate. The elder brothers of the family were born in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a>. In 1823, the year William (Wilhelm) was born, the family moved to the Baltic coast, near <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>. Both parents had died by the time William was 17.<sup id="cite_ref-FME_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FME-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Siemens" title="Carl Wilhelm Siemens">William Siemens</a> (1823–1883), the fourth of eight surviving sons in the family, his primary interests were in electric telegraphing and lighting; founder of Siemens Brothers in the UK<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Werner_von_Siemens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Werner von Siemens">Ernst Werner von Siemens</a> (1816–1892), Sir William's elder brother; founder of <a href="/wiki/Siemens_%26_Halske" title="Siemens & Halske">Siemens & Halske</a><sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_von_Siemens" title="Carl Heinrich von Siemens">Carl Heinrich von Siemens</a> (1829–1906) was another brother who opened a branch office in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> in 1853, then joined William in London in 1869 but in the 1880s returned first to Russia then Berlin to become the head of Siemens & Halske after the death of Ernst Werner Siemens<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Siemens" title="Alexander Siemens">Alexander Siemens</a> (1847–1928) was a distant cousin who joined William in Woolwich in 1867. He was adopted by the childless Sir William and his wife and he too became a naturalised British subject. Managing director from 1889 to 1899 he remained on the board until he retired in 1918, aged 70.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Werner-von-Siemens.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Werner"><img alt="Werner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Werner-von-Siemens.png/94px-Werner-von-Siemens.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Werner-von-Siemens.png/141px-Werner-von-Siemens.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Werner-von-Siemens.png/188px-Werner-von-Siemens.png 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="1909" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Werner</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Siemens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sir William"><img alt="Sir William" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wilhelm_Siemens.jpg/81px-Wilhelm_Siemens.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wilhelm_Siemens.jpg/122px-Wilhelm_Siemens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wilhelm_Siemens.jpg/162px-Wilhelm_Siemens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sir William</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1900ca_Carl-von-Siemens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carl"><img alt="Carl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1900ca_Carl-von-Siemens.jpg/96px-1900ca_Carl-von-Siemens.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1900ca_Carl-von-Siemens.jpg/144px-1900ca_Carl-von-Siemens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1900ca_Carl-von-Siemens.jpg/192px-1900ca_Carl-von-Siemens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carl</div> </li> </ul> <p>Profit distribution between the brothers,<sup id="cite_ref-FME_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FME-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it reflects contribution not just ownership. </p> <table border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 85%; width:77%"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><big>Werner</big> </th> <th><big>William</big> </th> <th><big>Carl</big> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Berlin </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>50</b></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>25</b></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>25</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>London </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>35</b></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>45</b></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>20</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Petersburg </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>35</b></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>20</b></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>45</b></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siemens_&_Halske,_1858-1865"><span id="Siemens_.26_Halske.2C_1858-1865"></span>Siemens & Halske, 1858-1865</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Siemens & Halske, 1858-1865"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 October 1858, the German firm <a href="/wiki/Siemens_%26_Halske" title="Siemens & Halske">Siemens & Halske</a> established an English firm, Siemens & Halske & Company, a partnership of William Siemens, cable manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stirling_Newall" title="Robert Stirling Newall">R S Newall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a> and Siemens & Halske of Berlin. Its purpose was to help lay Newall's newly developed <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine communications cable</a>. The London branch was under the control of William, later <a href="/wiki/William_Siemens" class="mw-redirect" title="William Siemens">Sir William Siemens</a>, formerly known as Carl Wilhelm Siemens (1823–1883). Hanover-born Sir William went to England in 1843<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to sell a patent he shared with his brother Werner. He found employment in Birmingham with engineers <a href="/wiki/Fox,_Henderson_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox, Henderson & Co">Fox, Henderson & Co</a> and became a naturalised British subject in 1859, the same day as he married the daughter of an Edinburgh lawyer. Her brother was <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gordon_(civil_engineer)" title="Lewis Gordon (civil engineer)">Lewis Gordon</a> business partner of R S Newall. During the 1850s Sir William developed the <a href="/wiki/Siemens_regenerative_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens regenerative furnace">Siemens regenerative furnace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following various failures in Newall's installed cables the link with them was dropped at the end of 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-FME_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FME-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1865 <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Halske" title="Johann Georg Halske">Johann Georg Halske</a>, partner in Siemens & Halske, withdrew from the English branch<sup id="cite_ref-CBST_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBST-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following failures in the London firm's work so then it became <b>Siemens Brothers</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siemens_Brothers_Telegraph_Works">Siemens Brothers Telegraph Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Siemens Brothers Telegraph Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png/220px-1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png/330px-1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png/440px-1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>Submarine telegraph cable routes 1901</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Submarine_cables">Submarine cables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Submarine cables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Siemens Brothers Telegraph Works opened as a new cable factory in <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a>, London in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-CBST_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBST-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It expanded to cover over 6 acres and employed more than 2,000 people. In 1869 the London and Berlin firms jointly made and laid a telegraph line from Prussia to Teheran which formed a principal part of the direct line from England to India, 2,750 miles.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Principal cables made and laid by Siemens Brothers between 1873 and 1883: </p> <ul><li>In 1874-5 the London firm alone completed the first direct <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable" title="Transatlantic telegraph cable">Atlantic cable</a>, known as the DUS,<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to USA.</li> <li>In 1876 a direct Paris-New York cable was discussed in France. In March 1879 Siemens Brothers was given the order by banker <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pouyer-Quertier" title="Augustin Pouyer-Quertier">Pouyer-Quertier</a>. They finished making the PQ cable at Woolwich in the middle of June when the <i>Faraday</i> set out to do the laying under the control of Ludwig Loeffler. The main cable was handed over to the owners in little more than four months. Neither France nor USA had a cable-making factory.</li> <li>1881 Western Union England to Nova Scotia north cable</li> <li>1882 Western Union England to Nova Scotia south cable<sup id="cite_ref-SBJDS_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBJDS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The construction and laying of cables remained the firm's main occupation until Sir William's death in 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-SBJDS_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBJDS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his death shares were offered, somewhat unwillingly, to London manager Johann Carl Ludwig Loeffler (1831–1906) to retain his services. He managed to increase his holding to 25% but there were disagreements as to how the firm was run and Alexander Siemens, William's adopted son, replaced Loeffler in 1888. Werner bought Loeffler's shareholding.<sup id="cite_ref-FME_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FME-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loeffler died in the Tyrol 18 years later leaving an estate in excess of £1.5 million, he was a prominent investor in West Australian mines.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Science_Museum,_Willans_steam_engine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1759669.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Science_Museum%2C_Willans_steam_engine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1759669.jpg/220px-Science_Museum%2C_Willans_steam_engine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1759669.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Science_Museum%2C_Willans_steam_engine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1759669.jpg/330px-Science_Museum%2C_Willans_steam_engine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1759669.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Science_Museum%2C_Willans_steam_engine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1759669.jpg/440px-Science_Museum%2C_Willans_steam_engine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1759669.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>10 kW Siemens dynamo running at 450 rpm with its <a href="/wiki/Willans_engine" title="Willans engine">Willans</a> steam engine</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy-current_products">Heavy-current products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Heavy-current products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dynamo#Siemens_and_Wheatstone_dynamo_(1867)" title="Dynamo">invention of the dynamo</a> in 1867 led to a switch from Siemens' previous strength in light-current products to heavy-current products and processes.<sup id="cite_ref-FME_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FME-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's first modern high-voltage power station was opened in 1891, <a href="/wiki/Deptford_Power_Station" title="Deptford Power Station">Deptford East</a>. Designed in 1887 by 23-year-old former Siemens' apprentice <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Ziani_de_Ferranti" title="Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti">Sebastian de Ferranti</a> it was erected by the London Electricity Supply Corporation on the Thames bank at Deptford Creek, two and a half miles west of Siemens' Woolwich site. Berlin was anxious that the London business should break its reliance on the submarine cable business. The London County Council discouraged that kind of development and after considering other locations Stafford was settled on. 500 acres of freehold land were purchased there in 1900 and building began in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-SBJDS_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBJDS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Arc lamps">arc lamps</a>, their manufacture was taken up by Siemens Brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reorganisations">Reorganisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reorganisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1880 a limited liability company was formed to own the firm and it was named Siemens Brothers and Company Limited.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were just seven shareholders, the legal minimum. All except Loeffler were family members. William was chairman and Loeffler managing director.<sup id="cite_ref-SBJDS_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBJDS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1899, the Siemens family bought back all shares not held by family members.<sup id="cite_ref-FME_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FME-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1900 Siemens Brothers had constructed and laid seven North Atlantic cables<sup id="cite_ref-CBST_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBST-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stafford_and_Dalston_sites">Stafford and Dalston sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stafford and Dalston sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1903, with <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrizit%C3%A4ts-Aktiengesellschaft_vormals_Schuckert_%26_Co&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektrizitäts-Aktiengesellschaft vormals Schuckert & Co (page does not exist)">Elektrizitäts-Aktiengesellschaft vormals Schuckert & Co</a> or E.-AG, they formed a new entity, <a href="/wiki/Siemens-Schuckertwerke" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens-Schuckertwerke">Siemens-Schuckertwerke</a>, to hold all their jointly-owned heavy-current operations. The first step in England was to build a new factory in <a href="/wiki/Stafford" title="Stafford">Stafford</a> for heavy-current business. In 1906 Siemens-Schuckertwerke leased the Stafford factory, formed a company to operate it and called the company <b>Siemens Brothers Dynamo Works Limited</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-FME_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FME-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1919 it was announced by <a href="/wiki/English_Electric" title="English Electric">English Electric</a> that they had bought the Siemens works at Stafford (Siemens Brothers Dynamo Works Limited and its attendant sales and engineering organisation) and had entered into "a working agreement with Siemens Brothers and Co for the preferential exchange of the special products of each company".<sup id="cite_ref-TT42258_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT42258-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1908, Siemens Brothers Dynamo Works Limited opened a metal filament lamp factory in rented premises at Tyssen Street, <a href="/wiki/Dalston" title="Dalston">Dalston</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919 its capacity was 2.5 million lamps per annum<sup id="cite_ref-TT42570_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT42570-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but advances in technology left its products unwanted and the Dalston factory closed in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-TT43233_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT43233-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Around_World_War_I">Around World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Around World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maryon_Park_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Maryon_Park_1905.jpg/220px-Maryon_Park_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Maryon_Park_1905.jpg/330px-Maryon_Park_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Maryon_Park_1905.jpg/440px-Maryon_Park_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>The Siemens Brothers site in Woolwich as seen from <a href="/wiki/Maryon_Park" title="Maryon Park">Maryon Park</a> in 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1911 the company was doing well and several new buildings went up at the Woolwich site. An L-shaped five-storey building, used for making rubber-coated copper-wire cable, was among the largest factories in London when built.<sup id="cite_ref-SG_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1911, a new office building went up in the same plain brick style. Just before World War I, Siemens had more employees in Britain than in Germany (around 10,000).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Trading_with_the_Enemy_Act_1914" title="Trading with the Enemy Act 1914">Trading with the Enemy Act 1914</a> foreign ownership was transferred to UK's Public Trustee. Following a 1916 amendment to that act tenders were called for. The amendment required enemy assets to be sold and the proceeds held by the same trustee until the end of hostilities. Siemens Brothers and Company was bought by Messrs C Birch Crisp and Co on 14 December 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Financier Charles Birch Crisp was leading a consortium of investors who were not connected with the electrical engineering industry. </p><p>In 1920 it was reported the land and buildings at Woolwich now covered about seventeen and a half acres.<sup id="cite_ref-TT42570_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT42570-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Activities:</dd></dl> <p>Cables manufactured—the catalogue grew to include underground super-tension power mains, telegraph trunk lines and underground telephone cables, overhead lines and electric light cables. </p><p>Apparatus manufactured—grew from telegraph apparatus to include: marine and mine signalling apparatus, measuring and scientific instruments, wireless telegraphy, telephone exchanges (manual and automatic) and apparatus, wet and dry batteries, landlines, <a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">ebonite</a>, cable accessories and joint boxes<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spin-offs">Spin-offs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spin-offs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Siemens and English Electric Lamp Company Limited</b> Previously known as English Electric and Siemens Supplies Limited from 1 January 1923 this jointly owned company took over the electric lamp factories at Dalton and Preston. It also controlled the sale of the lamps it manufactured and provided the sales organisation for Siemens' and English Electric's wires and cables, house-wiring systems and accessories, Zed fuses, wireless apparatus, telephones, instruments etc.<sup id="cite_ref-TT43233_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT43233-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Siemens and General Electric Railway Signal Company Limited</b> In 1926, Siemens Brothers and <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Company_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="General Electric Company plc">GEC</a>, combined their railway signaling activities to form the Siemens and General Electric Railway Signal Co.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Submarine Cables Limited</b> In 1935, Siemens Brothers merged its submarine cables division with the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company to form Submarine Cables Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 15% shareholding belonging to Siemens & Halske was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_Enemy_Property" title="Custodian of Enemy Property">Custodian of Enemy Property</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TT5227_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT5227-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siemens Brothers coverage of the whole field of telecommunications meant the volume and range of their wartime supply of cables and apparatus was enormous extending to the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-TT50172_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT50172-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Woolwich factory was severely bombed (27 air raids were aimed at the plant) and many buildings were destroyed or damaged. Shortly before the war, the workforce numbered over 9,000. During the war it fell to around 7,000.<sup id="cite_ref-SG_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war Siemens Brothers joined with <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan-Vickers_Electrical_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Co.">Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Company</a> to further develop radar for ships.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PLUTO">PLUTO</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: PLUTO"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the many critical components of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> was to ensure a steady supply of fuel to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> forces. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pluto" title="Operation Pluto">Operation Pluto</a> (PipeLine Under The Ocean) was facilitated by Mr A C Hartley, chief engineer of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iranian Oil Company">Anglo-Iranian Oil Company</a>, who suggested to Siemens Brothers that a submarine cable might be modified to carry petrol below the channel to France. Siemens Brothers' experience with gas pressure cables lead to their design manufacture and trial (under the Thames) of what became PLUTO. PLUTO delivered more than a million gallons of petrol from England to France each day. The sheer size of the structure required the involvement of many other companies in manufacture of individual lengths. One of PLUTO's two pipeline styles was named HAIS—Hartley, Anglo-Iranian, Siemens.<sup id="cite_ref-TT50172_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT50172-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_period">Post-war period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Post-war period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_owners">New owners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: New owners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maschinentelegraf_Siemens_Brothers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Maschinentelegraf_Siemens_Brothers.JPG/190px-Maschinentelegraf_Siemens_Brothers.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Maschinentelegraf_Siemens_Brothers.JPG/285px-Maschinentelegraf_Siemens_Brothers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Maschinentelegraf_Siemens_Brothers.JPG/380px-Maschinentelegraf_Siemens_Brothers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Engine_order_telegraph" title="Engine order telegraph">Ship's telegraph</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>AEI, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Electrical_Industries" title="Associated Electrical Industries">Associated Electrical Industries Limited</a>, in 1951 purchased from the custodian of enemy property<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the formerly <a href="/wiki/Siemens_%26_Halske" title="Siemens & Halske">Siemens & Halske</a>-owned 15% of Siemens Brothers capital issued to them in June 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-TT5227_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT5227-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had been issued in respect of certain licensing arrangements with Siemens Brothers and agreements for technical exchange and in exchange for a holding of equal value in their company.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Associated Electrical Industries Limited offered to buy the rest of Siemens Brothers in December 1954 offering their own shares in exchange for Siemens Brothers shares. Their offer was accepted by more than 90% of shareholders and so it became unconditional on 25 January 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Siemens Edison Swan Limited 1957<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>GEC, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Company" title="General Electric Company">General Electric Company</a>, in 1967 took over AEI.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closure">Closure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Closure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite rationalization and further investment, the layout and age of the Woolwich works stood in the way of new production methods. After the AEI take-over, the Woolwich factory principally produced <a href="/wiki/Strowger_switch" title="Strowger switch">Strowger telephone exchanges</a> for the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">General Post Office</a>. After these became more and more obsolete, GEC's chairman Sir <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Weinstock" title="Arnold Weinstock">Arnold Weinstock</a> was unwilling to invest in modernisation of the Woolwich plant. Early in 1968 the Woolwich works, where at the time 6,000 were employed, closed. This happened one year after the closure of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ordnance_Factory" title="Royal Ordnance Factory">Royal Ordnance Factory</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arsenal" title="Royal Arsenal">Royal Arsenal</a>, by far the largest employer in Woolwich. Losing both the ordnance factory and the Siemens plant at roughly the same time caused large-scale unemployment in the area and decades of economic and social hardship.<sup id="cite_ref-SG_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Some_Siemens_Brothers_Firsts">Some Siemens Brothers Firsts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Some Siemens Brothers Firsts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Automatic trunk telephone exchange, 1914, King's College Hospital, London</li> <li>Short-wave marine radio, 1927, s.s. <i>Carinthia</i></li> <li>(electrically operated) Train arrival indicator, 1934, Paddington Station, London</li> <li>Television outside broadcast, 1937 Coronation, made and laid the cable used</li> <li>Transatlantic telephone cable, 1956, 9/10ths of the cable, 4,200 nautical miles, cable was made by Submarine Cables<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_heritage">Industrial heritage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Industrial heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the Woolwich site, which once covered thirty-five acres, several buildings testify of a rich <a href="/wiki/Industrial_heritage" title="Industrial heritage">industrial heritage</a>. Several buildings were destroyed or severely damaged by bombs in World War II, including the oldest building of 1863-65. A range of two- and three-storey buildings from the 1870s, 80s and 90s stands on the north side of Bowater Road. The western section of 1871 and 1873 is largely derelict. The central section was rebuilt after war damage, the eastern section has been renovated. The latter sections are now part of London's largest complex of artists' <a href="/wiki/Studio" title="Studio">studios</a>, Thames-Side Studios. On the other side of Bowater Road several five-storey brick buildings of 1911, 1926 and 1942 have survived, along with a largely concrete building of 1937. Near the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Barrier" title="Thames Barrier">Thames Barrier</a> is the 1946 marine radio school, a joint venture by Siemens Brothers with Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Co. Ltd., providing training in the use of radar and radio equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-SG_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Woolwich,_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oldest Woolwich buildings, 1871–73"><img alt="Oldest Woolwich buildings, 1871–73" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_12.jpg/120px-Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_12.jpg/180px-Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_12.jpg/240px-Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2802" data-file-height="2010" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oldest Woolwich buildings, 1871–73</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Woolwich,_Warspite_Road,_Thames-Side_Studios_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1890s range, now artists' studios"><img alt="1890s range, now artists' studios" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2018_Woolwich%2C_Warspite_Road%2C_Thames-Side_Studios_06.jpg/120px-2018_Woolwich%2C_Warspite_Road%2C_Thames-Side_Studios_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2018_Woolwich%2C_Warspite_Road%2C_Thames-Side_Studios_06.jpg/180px-2018_Woolwich%2C_Warspite_Road%2C_Thames-Side_Studios_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2018_Woolwich%2C_Warspite_Road%2C_Thames-Side_Studios_06.jpg/240px-2018_Woolwich%2C_Warspite_Road%2C_Thames-Side_Studios_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2269" data-file-height="1259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1890s range, now artists' studios</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Woolwich,_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_28.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="L-shaped building, 1911"><img alt="L-shaped building, 1911" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_28.jpg/120px-Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_28.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_28.jpg/180px-Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_28.jpg/240px-Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2773" data-file-height="1721" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">L-shaped building, 1911</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Woolwich,_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main office, 1911"><img alt="Main office, 1911" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_10.jpg/120px-Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_10.jpg/180px-Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_10.jpg/240px-Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2802" data-file-height="1962" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main office, 1911</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Woolwich,_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cable shop, 1937"><img alt="Cable shop, 1937" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_31.jpg/120px-Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_31.jpg/180px-Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_31.jpg/240px-Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1686" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cable shop, 1937</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Woolwich,_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_24_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marine radio school, 1947"><img alt="Marine radio school, 1947" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_24_%28cropped%29.jpg/112px-Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_24_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_24_%28cropped%29.jpg/167px-Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_24_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_24_%28cropped%29.jpg/223px-Woolwich%2C_former_Siemens_Brothers_site_24_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marine radio school, 1947</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The company started with a small factory at 12 Millbank Row, Westminster SW1, London, near the site of <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Bridge" title="Lambeth Bridge">Lambeth Bridge</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Ferdinand Siemens (1787-1840), known as Ferdinand, born in <a href="/wiki/Wasserleben" title="Wasserleben">Wasserleben</a>, married Eleonore Deichmann (1793-1839). Their children were: Ludwig Siemens (1812–1871), Matilde (1814–1878; married to Carl Himly, professor of chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a>), Werner Siemens (1815–1815), <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Werner_von_Siemens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Werner von Siemens">Ernst Werner von Siemens</a> (1816–1892), Hans Dietrich Siemens (1818–1867; ran the Dresden glassworks), Ferdinand Julius Siemens (1820–1893; farmed a large estate in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>), Sophie Henriette (1821–1821), <a href="/wiki/William_Siemens" class="mw-redirect" title="William Siemens">William Siemens</a> (1823–1883), Friedrich August Siemens (1826–1904; “The Dresden Siemens” who revolutionised the industry and became Europe's largest glass manufacturer), <a href="/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_von_Siemens" title="Carl Heinrich von Siemens">Carl Heinrich von Siemens</a> (1829–1906), Franz Siemens (1831–1840), Walter Siemens (1832–1868; Prussian consul at <a href="/wiki/Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis">Tiflis</a>, laying the Indo-European cable), Sophie Siemens (1834–1922; married to Dr Carl Crome of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>), and Otto Siemens (1836–1871; North German consul at Tiflis). William Pole: <i>The Life of Sir William Siemens</i>, Murray, London 1888.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a> was in personal union with the <a href="/wiki/King_George_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="King George IV">United Kingdom</a> until 1837 and a link remained until annexation by Prussia in 1866</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The principal rivals were: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Elliot,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Elliot, 1st Baronet">Telegraph Construction & Maintenance Company Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enderby%27s_Wharf" title="Enderby's Wharf">India-Rubber, Gutta-Percha & Telegraph Works Company Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Henley" title="William Thomas Henley">W T Henley's Telegraph Works Company Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooper%27s_Telegraph_Works" title="Hooper's Telegraph Works">Hooper's Telegraph Works Company Limited</a></li></ul> J D Scott, <i>Siemens Brothers 1858–1958</i>, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1958</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/video/wotan-lamps-factory/query/LONDON+LIGHTS">Film about the Dalston plant</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Brothers&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SG-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SG_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SG_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SG_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SG_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SG_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Saint & Guillery, <i>The Survey of London vol. 48: Woolwich</i>, Yale, 2012 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/architecture/sites/bartlett/files/48.2_woolwich_dockyard_area.pdf">online PDF</a>, pp. 44-53).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greenwichindustrialhistory.blogspot.co.uk/2018/01/siemens-woolwich-site-notes.html">Siemens Woolwich site notes</a>, on <i>greenwichindustrialhistory.blogspot.co.uk</i> (including a map of all buildings and their year of completion).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Siemens_Brothers_and_Co">"Siemens Brothers and Co - Graces Guide"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Siemens+Brothers+and+Co+-+Graces+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gracesguide.co.uk%2FSiemens_Brothers_and_Co&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiemens+Brothers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">letter from directors to the company's shareholders re AEI offer, December 1954</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FME-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FME_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FME_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FME_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FME_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FME_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FME_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FME_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christina Lubinski, Jeffrey Fear, Paloma Fernández Pérez (editors) <i>Family Multinationals: Entrepreneurship, Governance, and Pathways to Internationalization</i>, Routledge, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135044929" title="Special:BookSources/1135044929">1135044929</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. T. Wood, ‘Siemens, Sir (Charles) William (1823–1883)’, rev. Brian Bowers, <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Bowers, ‘Siemens, Alexander (1847–1928)’, <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBST-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBST_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBST_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBST_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Bright, <i>Submarine Telegraphs</i>, London, Crosby Lockwood, 1898</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBJDS-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SBJDS_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SBJDS_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SBJDS_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SBJDS_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J D Scott, <i>Siemens Brothers 1858–1958</i>, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1958</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wills.-Mr. Johann Carl Ludwig Loeffler <i>The Times</i>, Friday, January 4, 1907; pg. 8; Issue 38221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New Capital Issues. <i>The Times</i>, Wednesday, November 17, 1920; pg. 21; Issue 42570</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TT42258-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TT42258_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">City News in Brief. <i>The Times</i>, Saturday, November 15, 1919; pg. 19; Issue 42258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Industrial Notes. <i>The Times</i>, Wednesday, June 9, 1909; pg. 18; Issue 38981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TT42570-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TT42570_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT42570_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siemens Brothers & Co., Limited. <i>The Times</i>, Wednesday, November 17, 1920; pg. 20; Issue 42570</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TT43233-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TT43233_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT43233_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Electric Lamp Trade Consolidation. <i>The Times</i>, Monday, January 8, 1923; pg. 18; Issue 43233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The rush to invest in the British economy. Simon Scott Plummer. <i>The Times</i>, Tuesday, July 1, 1986; pg. 32; Issue 62497</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siemens Brothers And Company Limited. <i> The Times</i>, Wednesday, June 12, 1918; pg. 12; Issue 41814</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siemens Brothers And Co., Ltd. <i>The Times</i>, Tuesday, May 24, 1921; pg. 17; Issue 42728</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siemens Brothers & Co. <i>The Times</i>, Tuesday, June 1, 1926; pg. 22; Issue 44286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Industrial Fusion. <i>The Times</i>, Monday, September 30, 1935; pg. 14; Issue 47182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TT5227-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TT5227_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT5227_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siemens Brothers & Co. <i>The Times</i>, Wednesday, June 12, 1929; pg. 25; Issue 45227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TT50172-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TT50172_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT50172_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Company Meeting. <i>The Times</i>, Tuesday, June 19, 1945; pg. 8; Issue 50172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siemens Brothers & Co., Limited. <i>The Times</i>, Wednesday, July 31, 1946; pg. 9; Issue 50517</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siemens Brothers & Co. Limited. <i>The Times</i>, Monday, July 2, 1951; pg. 11; Issue 52042</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siemens Brothers & Co. Limited. <i>The Times</i>, Tuesday, July 1, 1952; pg. 10; Issue 52352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siemens Acceptances. <i>The Times</i>, Wednesday, January 26, 1955; pg. 12; Issue 53149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Electrical Firms Amalgamate. <i>The Times</i>, Friday, June 14, 1957; pg. 14; Issue 53867.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Display advertisement—AEI—Siemens Edison Swan Ltd. <i>The Times</i>, Monday, July 1, 1957; pg. 5; Issue 53881</span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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<li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Electronic_Systems" title="Marconi Electronic Systems">Marconi Electronic Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Instruments" title="Marconi Instruments">Marconi Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi-Osram_Valve" title="Marconi-Osram Valve">Marconi-Osram Valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Research_Centre" title="Marconi Research Centre">Marconi Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osram" title="Osram">Osram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Shipbuilding_and_Engineering" title="Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering">Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former joint ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alenia_Marconi_Systems" title="Alenia Marconi Systems">Alenia Marconi Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">GEC Alsthom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC_Plessey_Telecommunications" title="GEC Plessey Telecommunications">GEC Plessey Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matra_Marconi_Space" title="Matra Marconi Space">Matra Marconi Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson_Marconi_Sonar" title="Thomson Marconi Sonar">Thomson Marconi Sonar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors<br />and acquisitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A.B._Dick_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="A.B. Dick Company">A.B. Dick Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Electrical_Industries" title="Associated Electrical Industries">Associated Electrical Industries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birlec" title="Birlec">Birlec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Thomson-Houston" title="British Thomson-Houston">British Thomson-Houston</a> (BTH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_and_Swan_Electric_Light_Company" title="Edison and Swan Electric Light Company">Edison Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotpoint" title="Hotpoint">Hotpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan-Vickers" title="Metropolitan-Vickers">Metropolitan-Vickers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siemens Brothers & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Henley" title="William Thomas Henley">William Thomas Henley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric" title="English Electric">English Electric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick,_Kerr_%26_Co." title="Dick, Kerr & Co.">Dick, Kerr & Co.</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Yarrow_Shipbuilders" title="Yarrow Shipbuilders">Yarrow Shipbuilders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Communications" title="Marconi Communications">Marconi Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telent" title="Telent">Telent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unify_(company)" title="Unify (company)">Unify</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEC_2050" title="GEC 2050">GEC 2050</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC_4000_series" title="GEC 4000 series">GEC 4000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC_Series_63" title="GEC Series 63">GEC Series 63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS4000" title="OS4000">OS4000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locomotives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_91" title="British Rail Class 91">British Rail Class 91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC_Stephenson_locomotive" title="GEC Stephenson locomotive">GEC Stephenson locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Class_4E" title="South African Class 4E">South African Class 4E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Class_9E,_Series_1" title="South African Class 9E, Series 1">South African Class 9E, Series 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Class_9E,_Series_2" title="South African Class 9E, Series 2">South African Class 9E, Series 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Class_10E1,_Series_1" title="South African Class 10E1, Series 1">South African Class 10E1, Series 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Class_10E1,_Series_2" title="South African Class 10E1, Series 2">South African Class 10E1, Series 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Hilsum" title="Cyril Hilsum">Cyril Hilsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Hirst,_1st_Baron_Hirst" title="Hugo Hirst, 1st Baron Hirst">Hugo Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Simpson,_Baron_Simpson_of_Dunkeld" title="George Simpson, Baron Simpson of Dunkeld">George Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sixsmith" title="Martin Sixsmith">Martin Sixsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sobell" title="Michael Sobell">Michael Sobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Weinstock" title="Arnold Weinstock">Arnold Weinstock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEC-Marconi_scientist_deaths_conspiracy_theory" title="GEC-Marconi scientist deaths conspiracy theory">GEC-Marconi scientist deaths conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebus_cartel" title="Phoebus cartel">Phoebus cartel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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