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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Boundaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Boundaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Land boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Coastline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Maritime claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topography_and_drainage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography_and_drainage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Topography and drainage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography_and_drainage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extreme_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extreme_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Extreme points</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extreme_points-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extreme points subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extreme_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elevation_extremes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevation_extremes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Elevation extremes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevation_extremes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Northern Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northeastern_Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northeastern_Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Northeastern Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northeastern_Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Central Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Eastern Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Western Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Southern Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resources_and_land_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resources_and_land_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Resources and land use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Resources_and_land_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Resources and land use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Resources_and_land_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Natural resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Land use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Land ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irrigated_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irrigated_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Irrigated land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irrigated_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Total_renewable_water_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_renewable_water_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Total renewable water resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Total_renewable_water_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Environmental concerns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental concerns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_environmental_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_environmental_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>International environmental agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_environmental_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Territorial disputes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Territorial_disputes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Territorial disputes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Territorial_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Laos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myanmar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Myanmar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Thailand</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeograf%C3%ADa_de_Tailandia" title="Xeografía de Tailandia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xeografía de Tailandia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailand_co%C4%9Frafiyas%C4%B1" title="Tailand coğrafiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tailand coğrafiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2" title="থাইল্যান্ডের ভূগোল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="থাইল্যান্ডের ভূগোল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="География на Тайланд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="География на Тайланд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographie_von_Thailand" title="Geographie von Thailand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geographie von Thailand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%C3%ADa_de_Tailandia" title="Geografía de Tailandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geografía de Tailandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="جغرافیای تایلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جغرافیای تایلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_de_la_Tha%C3%AFlande" title="Géographie de la Thaïlande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géographie de la Thaïlande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%A7%80%EB%A6%AC" title="태국의 지리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태국의 지리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi_Thailand" title="Geografi Thailand – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geografi Thailand" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_della_Thailandia" title="Geografia della Thailandia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Geografia della Thailandia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტაილანდის გეოგრაფია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტაილანდის გეოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailando_geografija" title="Tailando geografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tailando geografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%81%AE%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="タイの地理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タイの地理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%83" title="ភូមិសាស្រ្តប្រទេសថៃ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភូមិសាស្រ្តប្រទេសថៃ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_Tajlandii" title="Geografia Tajlandii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geografia Tajlandii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_da_Tail%C3%A2ndia" title="Geografia da Tailândia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geografia da Tailândia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="География Таиланда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="География Таиланда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF" title="جوگرافیای تایلەند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جوگرافیای تایلەند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaimaan_maantiede" title="Thaimaan maantiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thaimaan maantiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2" title="ภูมิศาสตร์ไทย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูมิศาสตร์ไทย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Географія Таїланду – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Географія Таїланду" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_l%C3%BD_Th%C3%A1i_Lan" title="Địa lý Thái Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Địa lý Thái Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="泰國地理 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泰國地理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Thailand&params=15_00_N_100_00_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">100°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.000°N 100.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">15.000; 100.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title">Geography of Thailand</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thailand_BMNG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Satellite image of Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Thailand_BMNG.png/260px-Thailand_BMNG.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Thailand_BMNG.png/390px-Thailand_BMNG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Thailand_BMNG.png/520px-Thailand_BMNG.png 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="2884" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Satellite view of Thailand</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Continent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Thailand&params=15_00_N_100_00_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">100°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.000°N 100.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">15.000; 100.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">Ranked 50th</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">513,120 km<sup>2</sup> (198,120 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">99.57%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">0.43%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coastline</th><td class="infobox-data">3,219 km (2,000 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders</th><td class="infobox-data">Total:<br /> 5,656 km (3,514 mi) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>:<br /> 2,401 km (1,492 mi) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>:<br /> 1,810 km (1,125 mi) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>:<br /> 798 km (496 mi) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>:<br /> 647 km (402 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Doi_Inthanon" title="Doi Inthanon">Doi Inthanon</a> <br /> 2,565 m (8,415 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a><br /> −3,000 m (−9,800 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longest river</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chi_River" title="Chi River">Chi River</a><br /> 765 km (475 mi)<br /> (<a href="/wiki/Mekong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong River">Mekong River</a><br /> 980 km (610 mi)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Nan_River" title="Nan River">Nan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River" title="Chao Phraya River">Chao Phraya</a><br /> 1,112 km (691 mi))</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest lake</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Songkhla_Lake" title="Songkhla Lake">Songkhla Lake</a><br /> 1,040 km<sup>2</sup> (400 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Climate</th><td class="infobox-data">Mostly tropical wet and dry or savanna climate</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Terrain</th><td class="infobox-data">High mountains, a central plain, and an upland plateau</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural hazards</th><td class="infobox-data">Droughts, <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a>, soil erosion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Exclusive economic zone</th><td class="infobox-data">299,397 km<sup>2</sup> (115,598 sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thailand_map_CIA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Thailand_map_CIA.png/250px-Thailand_map_CIA.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="549" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Thailand_map_CIA.png 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thailand_2002_CIA_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Thailand_2002_CIA_map.jpg/300px-Thailand_2002_CIA_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="437" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Thailand_2002_CIA_map.jpg/450px-Thailand_2002_CIA_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Thailand_2002_CIA_map.jpg/600px-Thailand_2002_CIA_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Detailed map of Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Thailand</b> is in the middle of mainland <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. It has a total size of 513,120 km<sup>2</sup> (198,120 sq mi) which is the 50th largest in the world. The land border is 4,863 km (3,022 mi) long with <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. The nation's axial position influenced many aspects of Thailand's society and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It controls the only land route from <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. It has an <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Thailand" title="Exclusive economic zone of Thailand">exclusive economic zone</a> of 299,397 km<sup>2</sup> (115,598 sq mi). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_geography">Physical geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physical geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fertile floodplain and <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> monsoon climate, ideally suited to wet-rice (<i>tham na</i>) cultivation, attracted settlers to this central area in preference to the marginal uplands and the <a href="/wiki/Thai_highlands" title="Thai highlands">highlands</a> of the northern region or the <a href="/wiki/Khorat_Plateau" title="Khorat Plateau">Khorat Plateau</a> to the northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 11th century AD, a number of loosely connected rice-growing and trading states flourished in the upper Chao Phraya Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They broke free from domination of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>, but from the middle of the 14th century gradually came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> at the southern extremity of the floodplain.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Successive capitals, built at various points along the river, became centers of great Thai kingdoms based on rice cultivation and foreign commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamar">Burmese</a>, the Thai continued to look outward across the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a> toward foreign ports of trade.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/European_colonisation_of_Southeast_Asia" title="European colonisation of Southeast Asia">European colonisation of Southeast Asia</a> brought a new phase in Southeast Asian commerce in the late-1800s, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (known then as Siam) was able to maintain its independence as a buffer zone between British-controlled Burma to the west and French-dominated <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> to the east,<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but losing over 50% of its territory in the process. Most of the areas lost contained a non-Thai population (Khmer, <a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a>). The Thai-speaking heartland remains intact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundaries">Boundaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_boundaries">Land boundaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Land boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Total: 4,863 km (3,022 mi)</li> <li>Border countries: <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> 1,800 km (1,118 mi), <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> 803 km (499 mi), <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> 1,754 km (1,090 mi), <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> 506 km (314 mi)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastline">Coastline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coastline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Total: 3,219 km (2,000 mi)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime_claims">Maritime claims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Maritime claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Territorial sea:</b> 12 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nmi</a> (22.2 <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>; 13.8 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Thailand" title="Exclusive economic zone of Thailand">Exclusive economic zone</a>:</b> 299,397 km<sup>2</sup> (115,598 sq mi) and 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)</li> <li><b>Continental shelf:</b> 20 metres (66 ft) depth or to the depth of exploitation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topography_and_drainage">Topography and drainage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Topography and drainage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thailand_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Thailand_Topography.png/260px-Thailand_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="461" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Thailand_Topography.png/390px-Thailand_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Thailand_Topography.png/520px-Thailand_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="2123" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of Thailand.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/River_systems_of_Thailand" title="River systems of Thailand">River systems of Thailand</a></div> <p>The most conspicuous features of Thailand's terrain are high mountains, a central plain, and an upland plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mountains cover much of northern Thailand and extend along the Myanmar border down through the <a href="/wiki/Kra_Isthmus" title="Kra Isthmus">Kra Isthmus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central plain is a lowland area drained by the <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River" title="Chao Phraya River">Chao Phraya River</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Tributaries_of_the_Chao_Phraya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tributaries of the Chao Phraya River">tributaries</a>, the country's principal river system, which feeds into the delta at the head of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bangkok" title="Bay of Bangkok">Bay of Bangkok</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chao Phraya system drains about one-third of the nation's territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the northeastern part of the country the <a href="/wiki/Khorat_Plateau" title="Khorat Plateau">Khorat Plateau</a>, a region of gently rolling low hills and shallow lakes, drains into the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong River">Mekong River</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Mun_River" title="Mun River">Mun River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mekong system empties into the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> and includes a series of canals and dams.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together, the Chao Phraya and Mekong systems sustain <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Thailand" title="Agriculture in Thailand">Thailand's agricultural economy</a> by supporting wet-rice cultivation and providing waterways for the transport of goods and people.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the distinguishing natural features of peninsular Thailand are long coastlines, offshore islands, and mangrove swamps.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 559 km<sup>2</sup> (216 sq mi) of tidal flats in Thailand, making it the 45th ranked country in terms of tidal flat extent.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Area">Area</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><ul><li>Total: 513,121 square kilometres (198,117 sq mi) <ul><li>country rank in the world: <i>50th</i></li></ul></li> <li>Land: 510,890 square kilometres (197,260 sq mi)</li> <li>Water: 2,230 square kilometres (860 sq mi)</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Thailand uses a unit of land area called the <i><a href="/wiki/Rai_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai (unit)">rai</a></i>, which is 1,600 m<sup>2</sup> (0.3954 acres). </p> <dl><dt>Area – comparative</dt> <dd> <ul><li>Australia comparative: slightly less than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">2</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span> the size of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li>Canada comparative: approximately <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span> the size of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li>United States comparative: slightly more than twice the size of <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>United Kingdom comparative: approximately <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">10</span></span>⁠</span> times the size of the United Kingdom</li> <li>EU comparative: slightly larger than <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extreme_points">Extreme points</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Extreme points"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Extreme"></span> </p><p>Extreme points of the mainland </p> <ul><li>Northernmost point: Myanmar border, <a href="/wiki/Amphoe_Mae_Sai" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoe Mae Sai">Mae Sai District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Rai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Rai Province">Chiang Rai Province</a>, at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Thailand&params=20_28_N_99_57_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">20°28′N</span> <span class="longitude">99°57′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">20.467°N 99.950°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">20.467; 99.950</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Southernmost point: Malaysian border, <a href="/wiki/Amphoe_Betong" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoe Betong">Betong District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yala_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yala Province">Yala Province</a>, at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Thailand&params=5_37_N_101_8_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°37′N</span> <span class="longitude">101°8′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.617°N 101.133°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">5.617; 101.133</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Easternmost point: Laos border, <a href="/wiki/Amphoe_Khong_Chiam" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoe Khong Chiam">Khong Chiam District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubon_Ratchathani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubon Ratchathani Province">Ubon Ratchathani Province</a>, at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Thailand&params=15_38_N_105_38_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°38′N</span> <span class="longitude">105°38′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.633°N 105.633°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">15.633; 105.633</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Westernmost point: Myanmar border, <a href="/wiki/Amphoe_Mae_Sariang" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoe Mae Sariang">Mae Sariang District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mae_Hong_Son_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mae Hong Son Province">Mae Hong Son Province</a>, at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Thailand&params=18_34_N_97_21_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°34′N</span> <span class="longitude">97°21′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.567°N 97.350°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">18.567; 97.350</span></span></span></a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevation_extremes">Elevation extremes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Elevation extremes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Highest point: <a href="/wiki/Doi_Inthanon" title="Doi Inthanon">Doi Inthanon</a>, 2,565 metres (8,415 ft), at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Thailand&params=18_35_32_N_98_29_12_E_type:mountain_region:TH"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°35′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">98°29′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.59222°N 98.48667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">18.59222; 98.48667</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Lowest point: <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a>, 0 metres - sea level</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regions">Regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thailand_six_regions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thailand_six_regions.svg/170px-Thailand_six_regions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thailand_six_regions.svg/255px-Thailand_six_regions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thailand_six_regions.svg/340px-Thailand_six_regions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1849" /></a><figcaption>Map of the six geographical regions of Thailand</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Thailand" title="Regions of Thailand">Regions of Thailand</a></div> <p>The National Research Council divides Thailand into six geographical regions, based on natural features including landforms and drainage, as well as human cultural patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are: </p> <ul><li>The North Region</li> <li>The Northeast Region</li> <li>The Central Region</li> <li>The East Region</li> <li>The West Region</li> <li>The South Region<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Although Bangkok geographically is part of the central plain, as the capital and largest city this metropolitan area may be considered in other respects a separate region.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each of the six geographical regions differs from the others in population, basic resources, natural features, and level of social and economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diversity of the regions is in fact the most pronounced attribute of Thailand's physical setting.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Thailand">Northern Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Northern Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thailand" title="Northern Thailand">Northern Thailand</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mountainous" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountainous">mountainous</a> area. Parallel mountain ranges extend from the <a href="/wiki/Daen_Lao_Range" title="Daen Lao Range">Daen Lao Range</a> (ทิวเขาแดนลาว), in the southern region of the <a href="/wiki/Shan_Hills" title="Shan Hills">Shan Hills</a>, in a north-south direction, the <a href="/wiki/Dawna_Range" title="Dawna Range">Dawna Range</a> (ทิวเขาดอยมอนกุจู) forming the western border of Thailand between <a href="/wiki/Mae_Hong_Son" title="Mae Hong Son">Mae Hong Son</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Salween_River" title="Salween River">Salween River</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Thanon_Thong_Chai_Range" title="Thanon Thong Chai Range">Thanon Thong Chai Range</a> (เทือกเขาถนนธงชัย), the <a href="/wiki/Khun_Tan_Range" title="Khun Tan Range">Khun Tan Range</a> (ดอยขุนตาน), the <a href="/wiki/Phi_Pan_Nam_Range" title="Phi Pan Nam Range">Phi Pan Nam Range</a> (ทิวเขาผีปันน้ำ), as well as the western part of the <a href="/wiki/Luang_Prabang_Range" title="Luang Prabang Range">Luang Prabang Range</a> (ทิวเขาหลวงพระบาง).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These high mountains are incised by steep river valleys and upland areas that border the central plain.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most rivers, including the <a href="/wiki/Nan_River" title="Nan River">Nan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ping_River" title="Ping River">Ping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_River" title="Wang River">Wang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yom_River" title="Yom River">Yom</a>, unite in the lowlands of the lower-north region and the upper-central region. The Ping River and the Nan River unite to form the <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River" title="Chao Phraya River">Chao Phraya River</a>. The northeastern part is drained by rivers flowing into the Mekong basin, like the <a href="/wiki/Kok_River" title="Kok River">Kok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ing_River" title="Ing River">Ing</a>. </p><p>Traditionally, these natural features made possible several different types of agriculture, including wet-rice farming in the valleys and shifting cultivation in the uplands.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forested mountains also promoted a spirit of regional independence.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forests, including stands of teak and other economically useful hardwoods that once dominated the north and parts of the northeast, had diminished by the 1980s to 130,000 km<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961 they covered 56% of the country, but by the mid-1980s forestland had been reduced to less than 30% of Thailand's total area.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northeastern_Thailand">Northeastern Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Northeastern Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a></div> <p>The northeast, with its poor soils, also is not favoured agriculturally.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, sticky rice, the staple food of the region, which requires flooded, poorly drained paddy fields, thrives and where fields can be flooded from nearby streams, rivers and ponds, often two harvests are possible each year. Cash crops such as sugar cane and <a href="/wiki/Manioc" class="mw-redirect" title="Manioc">manioc</a> are cultivated on a vast scale, and to a lesser extent, rubber. <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a> production is an important cottage industry and contributes significantly to the economy. </p><p>The region consists mainly of the dry <a href="/wiki/Khorat_Plateau" title="Khorat Plateau">Khorat Plateau</a> which in some parts is extremely flat, and a few low but rugged and rocky hills, the <a href="/wiki/Phu_Phan_Mountains" title="Phu Phan Mountains">Phu Phan Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The short monsoon season brings heavy flooding in the river valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the more fertile areas of Thailand, the northeast has a long dry season, and much of the land is covered by sparse grasses.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mountains ring the plateau on the west and the south, and the Mekong delineates much of the northern and eastern rim.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some varieties of traditional medicinal herbs, particularly of the Genus <a href="/wiki/Curcuma" title="Curcuma">Curcuma</a>, family <a href="/wiki/Zingiberaceae" title="Zingiberaceae">Zingiberaceae</a>, are indigenous to the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Thailand">Central Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Central Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "heartland", <a href="/wiki/Central_Thailand" title="Central Thailand">central Thailand</a>, is a natural self-contained basin often termed "the rice bowl of Asia".<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complex irrigation system developed for wet-rice agriculture in this region provided the necessary economic support to sustain the development of the Thai state from the 13th century <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a> to contemporary Bangkok.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Here the rather flat unchanging landscape facilitated inland water and road transport.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fertile area was able to sustain a dense population, 422 people per square kilometre in 1987, compared with an average of 98 for the country as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terrain of the region is dominated by the Chao Phraya and its tributaries and by the cultivated paddy fields.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metropolitan Bangkok, the focal point of trade, transport, and industrial activity, is on the southern edge of the region at the head of the Gulf of Thailand and includes part of the Chao Phraya delta.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Thailand">Eastern Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Eastern Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Thailand" title="Eastern Thailand">Eastern Thailand</a> lies between the <a href="/wiki/Sankamphaeng_Range" title="Sankamphaeng Range">Sankamphaeng Range</a>, which forms the border of the northeastern plateau to the north, and the Gulf of Thailand to the south. The western end of the <a href="/wiki/Cardamom_Mountains" title="Cardamom Mountains">Cardamom Mountains</a>, known in Thailand as <i>Thio Khao Banthat</i>, extends into eastern Thailand. The geography of the region is characterised by short mountain ranges alternating with small basins of short rivers which drain into the Gulf of Thailand. </p><p>Fruit is a major component of agriculture in the area, and tourism plays a strong part in the economy. The region's coastal location has helped promote the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Seaboard_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Seaboard of Thailand">Eastern Seaboard</a> industrial development, a major factor in the economy of the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Thailand">Western Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Western Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thailand's long mountainous border with Myanmar continues south from the north into <a href="/wiki/Western_Thailand" title="Western Thailand">western Thailand</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Tenasserim_Hills" title="Tenasserim Hills">Tenasserim Hills</a>, known in Thailand as <i>Thio Khao Tanaosi</i> (เทือกเขาตะนาวศรี). The geography of the western region of Thailand, like the north, is characterised by high mountains and steep river valleys. </p><p>Western Thailand hosts much of Thailand's less-disturbed forest areas. Water and minerals are also important natural resources. The region is home to many of the country's major dams, and mining is an important industry in the area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Thailand">Southern Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Southern Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">Southern Thailand</a>, part of a narrow peninsula, is distinctive in climate, terrain, and resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its economy is based on tourism, and palm oil and rubber plantations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/Krabi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Krabi Province">Krabi Province</a>, for example, palm plantations occupy 980,000 <a href="/wiki/Rai_(area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai (area)">rai</a> (1,568 km<sup>2</sup>), or 52% of the province's farmland.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources of income include coconut plantations, <a href="/wiki/Tin_mining" title="Tin mining">tin mining</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rolling and mountainous terrain and the absence of large rivers are conspicuous features of the south.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North-south mountain barriers and impenetrable tropical forest caused the early isolation and separate political development of this region.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>International access through the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a> and the Gulf of Thailand made the south a crossroads for both <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, centered at <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, especially in the former <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Kingdom">Pattani Kingdom</a> on the border with Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provinces">Provinces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">Provinces of Thailand</a></div> <p>Thailand's regions are divided politically into a total of <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">76 provinces</a> plus Bangkok, which is a special administrative area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_THA_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Koppen-Geiger_Map_THA_present.svg/300px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_THA_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Koppen-Geiger_Map_THA_present.svg/450px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_THA_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Koppen-Geiger_Map_THA_present.svg/600px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_THA_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Thailand map of Köppen climate classification zones</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seasonal_flooding_in_Thailand_and_Cambodia_2002_October_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Seasonal_flooding_in_Thailand_and_Cambodia_2002_October_9.jpg/220px-Seasonal_flooding_in_Thailand_and_Cambodia_2002_October_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Seasonal_flooding_in_Thailand_and_Cambodia_2002_October_9.jpg/330px-Seasonal_flooding_in_Thailand_and_Cambodia_2002_October_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Seasonal_flooding_in_Thailand_and_Cambodia_2002_October_9.jpg/440px-Seasonal_flooding_in_Thailand_and_Cambodia_2002_October_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Seasonal flooding in Thailand and Cambodia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fires_in_Burma,_Thailand,_Laos,_and_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Fires_in_Burma%2C_Thailand%2C_Laos%2C_and_Vietnam.jpg/220px-Fires_in_Burma%2C_Thailand%2C_Laos%2C_and_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Fires_in_Burma%2C_Thailand%2C_Laos%2C_and_Vietnam.jpg/330px-Fires_in_Burma%2C_Thailand%2C_Laos%2C_and_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Fires_in_Burma%2C_Thailand%2C_Laos%2C_and_Vietnam.jpg/440px-Fires_in_Burma%2C_Thailand%2C_Laos%2C_and_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6872" data-file-height="4581" /></a><figcaption>Fires burning across the hills and valleys of <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Myanmar</a> Thailand, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (labeled with red dots).</figcaption></figure> <p>Thailand's climate is influenced by seasonal <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> winds (the southwest and northeast monsoons).<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p><p>Most of Thailand has a "tropical wet and dry or savanna climate" type (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">Tropical savanna climate</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the south as well as the extreme east have a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical monsoon climate</a>. Parts of the south also have a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">tropical rainforest climate</a>. </p><p>Thailand has three seasons:<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>The rainy or southwest monsoon season (mid-May to mid-October) prevails over most of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> Moist air moves from the Indian Ocean to Thailand, causing abundant rain over most of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> August and September are the wettest period of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> This can occasionally lead to floods.<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> In addition to rainfall caused by the southwest monsoon, the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> (ITCZ) and tropical <a href="/wiki/Cyclones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclones">cyclones</a> also contribute to producing heavy rainfall during the rainy season.<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry spells commonly occur for one to two weeks from June to early-July.<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> This is due to the northward movement of the ITCZ to southern China.<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The northeast monsoon, active from October till February, brings cold and dry air from China over most of Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> In southern Thailand, the northeast monsoon brings mild weather and abundant rainfall on the eastern coast of that region.<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> However most of Thailand experiences dry weather and mild temperatures during this season.<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> An exception is the southern part of Thailand which receives abundant rainfall, particularly during October to November.<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Summer, or the pre–monsoon season, runs from mid-February until mid-May and brings warmer weather.<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup></li></ul> <p>Due to their inland location and latitude, the north, northeast, central, and eastern parts of Thailand experience a long period of warm weather.<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> During the hottest time of the year (March to May), temperatures usually reach up to 30 °C (86 °F) or more, with the exception of coastal areas where sea breezes moderate afternoon temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> In contrast, outbreaks of cold air from China can bring colder temperatures; in some areas (particularly the north and northeast) close to or below 0 °C (32 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> Southern Thailand has mild weather year-round, with less diurnal and seasonal variations in temperatures, due to maritime influences.<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p><p>Most of the country receives a mean annual rainfall of 1,200 to 1,600 mm (47 to 63 in).<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, certain areas on the windward sides of mountains such as <a href="/wiki/Ranong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranong Province">Ranong Province</a> on the west coast of southern Thailand and eastern parts of <a href="/wiki/Trat_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Trat Province">Trat Province</a> receive more than 4,500 mm (180 in) of rainfall per year.<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The driest areas are the leeward sides of the central valleys and the northernmost portion of south Thailand, where mean annual rainfall is less than 1,200 mm (47 in).<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of Thailand (north, northeast, central, and east) has dry weather during the northeast monsoon and abundant rainfall during the southwest monsoon.<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> In the southern parts of Thailand, abundant rainfall occurs in both the northeast and southwest monsoon seasons, with a peak in September for the western coast and a peak in November–January on the eastern coast.<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Weather in Thailand </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">Month </th> <th>J</th> <th>F</th> <th>M</th> <th>A</th> <th>M</th> <th>J</th> <th>J</th> <th>A</th> <th>S</th> <th>O</th> <th>N</th> <th>D </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a></b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Max Temp Av. </td> <td style="text-align:center;">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">34 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">34 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">30 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">28 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Min Temp Av. </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">22 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">23 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">23 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">23 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">23 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">23 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">21 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">15 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weather-Sunny.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Weather-Sunny.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">hours/day </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weather-Rain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Weather-Rain.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">mm/month </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">50 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">140 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">155 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">190 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">220 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">290 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">125 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">40 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">days/months </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">21 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Phuket_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuket city">Phuket</a></b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Max Temp Av. </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">33 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">33 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">30 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Min Temp Av. </td> <td style="text-align:center;">23 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">23 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">24 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">25 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">25 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">25 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">25 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">24 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">24 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">24 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">24 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">24 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weather-Sunny.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Weather-Sunny.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">hours/day </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weather-Rain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Weather-Rain.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">mm/month </td> <td style="text-align:center;">35 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">40 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">75 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">125 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">295 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">265 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">215 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">246 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">325 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">315 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">195 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">80 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">days/months </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="15" style="text-align:right;"><small>Reference: "Saisons et climats 2003" Hachette <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2012437990" title="Special:BookSources/2012437990">2012437990</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resources_and_land_use">Resources and land use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Resources and land use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resources">Natural resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Natural resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a>, arable land.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_use">Land use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Land use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karen_rice_fields_controlled_burn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karen_rice_fields_controlled_burn.JPG/220px-Karen_rice_fields_controlled_burn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karen_rice_fields_controlled_burn.JPG/330px-Karen_rice_fields_controlled_burn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karen_rice_fields_controlled_burn.JPG/440px-Karen_rice_fields_controlled_burn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Karen</a> tribe in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thailand" title="Northern Thailand">northern Thailand</a>: <a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">controlled burn</a> in the foreground and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_terraces" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural terraces">agricultural terraces</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Arable land: 30.7% <ul><li>Permanent crops: 8.8%</li> <li>Other: 60.5% (2011)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_ownership">Land ownership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Land ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pattamawadee Pochanukul, a lecturer from the Faculty of Economics at <a href="/wiki/Thammasat_University" title="Thammasat University">Thammasat University</a>, estimates that about 59% of all arable land in Thailand belongs to the state. As of 30 September 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Finance (Thailand)">Treasury Department</a> owned 176,467 plots of land, consisting of about 9.9 million rai (15,769.6 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Defence (Thailand)">Ministry of Defence</a> owns about 2.6 million rai (4,230 km<sup>2</sup>) or about 21.2% of total public land. Information from the Office of the National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC) shows that members of the house of representatives in 2013 owned a total of 35,786 rai of land (about 57.3 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irrigated_land">Irrigated land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Irrigated land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Total: 64,150 km² (2007)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Total_renewable_water_resources">Total renewable water resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Total renewable water resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Total: 438.6 km<sup>3</sup> (2011)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_concerns">Environmental concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Environmental concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Thailand" title="Environmental issues in Thailand">Environmental issues in Thailand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forest_fire_mae_hong_son_province_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Forest_fire_mae_hong_son_province_02.jpg/220px-Forest_fire_mae_hong_son_province_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Forest_fire_mae_hong_son_province_02.jpg/330px-Forest_fire_mae_hong_son_province_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Forest_fire_mae_hong_son_province_02.jpg/440px-Forest_fire_mae_hong_son_province_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1220" /></a><figcaption>Wind-blown smoke and ash from a forest fire along the <a href="/wiki/Mae_Sariang_subdistrict" title="Mae Sariang subdistrict">Mae Sariang</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khun_Yuam_subdistrict" title="Khun Yuam subdistrict">Khun Yuam</a> road in <a href="/wiki/Mae_Hong_Son_province" title="Mae Hong Son province">Mae Hong Son province</a>, 2010.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Natural hazards: Land subsidence in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok#Topography" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, resulting from the depletion of the water table; droughts (see also <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_Thai_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Thai floods">2011 Thai floods</a>). Thailand is highly exposed to the effects of climate change such as the rising sea levels and extreme weather events.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Drought: Droughts are a persistent feature of Thailand's climate. Droughts appear to be worsening: the drought of 2020 is expected<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">out of date</span></a></i>]</sup> to be the worst in four decades, according to the Thai Meteorological Department.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and drought hazard mapping.<sup id="cite_ref-tmd_8-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Air <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a></li> <li>Water pollution from organic and factory wastes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Thailand" title="Deforestation in Thailand">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">Soil erosion</a></li> <li>Wildlife populations threatened by illegal <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_environmental_agreements">International environmental agreements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: International environmental agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Party to: <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, climate change-<a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>, endangered species, hazardous wastes, marine life conservation, <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">Ozone layer</a> protection, tropical timber 83, tropical timber 94, wetlands</li> <li>Signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territorial_disputes">Territorial disputes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Territorial disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thailand shares boundaries with Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, and Myanmar. Although neither <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> border Thailand, their territories lie within around 100 km of Thai territory. </p><p>Many parts of Thailand's boundaries follow natural features, such as the Mekong river.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most borders were stabilized and demarcated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in accordance with treaties forced on Thailand and its neighbors by Britain and France.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some areas, however, exact boundaries, especially along Thailand's eastern borders with Laos and Cambodia, are still disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adding to general border tensions were the activities of communist-led insurgents, whose operations were of paramount concern to the Thai government and its security forces for several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problem of communist insurgency was compounded by the activity of what the Thai government labelled "antistate elements".<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often the real source of border problems was ordinary criminals or local merchants involved in illegal mining, logging, smuggling, and narcotics production and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute</a></div> <p>Cambodia's disputes with Thailand after 1951 arose in part from ill-defined boundaries and changes in France's colonial fortunes.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, the most notable case has been a dispute over <a href="/wiki/Prasat_Preah_Vihear" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasat Preah Vihear">Prasat Preah Vihear</a> submitted to the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>, which ruled in favor of Cambodia in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the years that the Cambodian capital, <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> regime of <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> (1975 to 1979), the border disputes continued.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laos">Laos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Laos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Laos–Thailand relations">Laos–Thailand relations</a></div> <p>Demarcation is complete except for certain Mekong islets. The border is marked by the Mekong: at high water during the rainy season, the centre line of the current is the border, while during low water periods, all islands, mudbanks, sandbanks, and rocks that are revealed belong to Laos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malaysia-Thailand_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysia-Thailand border">Malaysia-Thailand border</a></div> <p>In contrast to dealings with Cambodia, which attracted international attention, boundary disputes with Malaysia are usually handled more cooperatively.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continuing mineral exploration and fishing, however, are sources of potential conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One segment at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Golok_River" title="Golok River">Golok River</a> remained in dispute with Malaysia as of 2023, along with a section of the continental shelf in the Gulf of Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Myanmar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Myanmar–Thailand relations">Myanmar–Thailand relations</a></div> <p>Sovereignty over three Andaman Sea islands remains disputed. The standing agreement, negotiated in February 1982, left undetermined the status of Ginga Island (Ko Lam), Ko Kham, and Ko Ki Nok at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Kraburi_River" title="Kraburi River">Kraburi River</a> (Pakchan River). Subsequent negotiations in 1985, 1989, and 1990 made no progress. The two parties have designated the islands as "no man's land". Ongoing tensions in the area resulted in minor clashes in 1998, 2003, and 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Thailand" title="List of islands of Thailand">List of islands of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Thailand" title="List of mountains in Thailand">List of mountains in Thailand</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:08-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Falling+water+levels+deliver+a+taste+of+things+to+come&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft.aulast=Arunmas&rft.aufirst=Phusadee&rft.au=Apisitniran%2C+Lamonphet&rft.au=Kasemsuk%2C+Narumon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fbusiness%2F1834279%2Ffalling-water-levels-deliver-a-taste-of-things-to-come&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMapraneat" class="citation web cs1">Mapraneat, Varat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.droughtmanagement.info/literature/UNW-DPC_NDMP_Country_Report_Thailand_2014.pdf">"Drought conditions and management strategies in Thailand"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Integrated Drought Management Programme</i>. UNW-DPC NDMP<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Integrated+Drought+Management+Programme&rft.atitle=Drought+conditions+and+management+strategies+in+Thailand&rft.aulast=Mapraneat&rft.aufirst=Varat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.droughtmanagement.info%2Fliterature%2FUNW-DPC_NDMP_Country_Report_Thailand_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/">"Thailand"</a>, <i>The World Factbook</i>, Central Intelligence Agency, 2023-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-14</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Thailand&rft.date=2023-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fthailand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSophal2020" class="citation news cs1">Sophal, Sek (13 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1834539/new-subs-sign-of-troubles-to-come-">"New subs sign of troubles to come?"</a>. Opinion. <i>Bangkok Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=New+subs+sign+of+troubles+to+come%3F&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft.aulast=Sophal&rft.aufirst=Sek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fopinion%2F1834539%2Fnew-subs-sign-of-troubles-to-come-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Thailand" title="Prehistoric Thailand">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Thailand" title="Peopling of Thailand">Peopling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Thailand" title="Early history of Thailand">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_states_of_Thailand" title="Initial states of Thailand">Initial states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Rattanakosin era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">1932–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="History of Thailand (1973–2001)">1973–2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_since_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thailand since 2001">since 2001</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_Thailand" title="Category:Archaeology of Thailand">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Thailand">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Thailand">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Thailand" title="Military history of Thailand">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_addressing_system" title="Thai addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Thailand" title="Template:Borders of Thailand">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Thailand" title="List of municipalities in Thailand">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Thailand">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Thailand" title="List of earthquakes in Thailand">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Thailand" title="List of ecoregions in Thailand">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Thailand" title="Floods in Thailand">Floods in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Thailand" title="Environmental issues in Thailand">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Thailand" title="List of islands of Thailand">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Thailand" title="List of mountains in Thailand">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Thailand">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Thailand" title="Regions of Thailand">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_systems_of_Thailand" title="River systems of Thailand">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Thailand" title="List of volcanoes in Thailand">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_native_to_Thailand" title="List of species native to Thailand">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Thailand" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Thailand">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Thailand" title="Administrative divisions of Thailand">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand" title="Cabinet of Thailand">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" title="Elections in Thailand">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Thailand" title="Election Commission of Thailand">Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Thailand" title="Foreign relations of Thailand">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" title="Government of Thailand">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Thailand" title="Human rights in Thailand">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Thailand">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thai_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Thai intelligence agencies">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Thailand" title="Judiciary of Thailand">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Thailand" title="Law of Thailand">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Localism in Thailand">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministries_of_Thailand" title="List of government ministries of Thailand">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Thailand">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Army" title="Royal Thai Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy" title="Royal Thai Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Thailand">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Police" title="Royal Thai Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Thailand" title="List of political parties in Thailand">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Thailand" title="Agriculture in Thailand">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Baht <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Thailand" title="List of banks in Thailand">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Thailand" title="Energy in Thailand">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Thailand" title="Nuclear power in Thailand">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Thailand">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_economic_zones#Thailand" title="List of special economic zones">Special economic zones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Economic_Corridor" title="Eastern Economic Corridor">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Western_Economic_Corridor" title="Central–Western Economic Corridor">CWEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Economic_Corridor" title="Northern Economic Corridor">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Economic_Corridor" title="Northeastern Economic Corridor">NEEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Economic_Corridor" title="Southern Economic Corridor">SEC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and technology in Thailand">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Thai inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_units_of_measurement" title="Thai units of measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_medicine" title="Traditional Thai medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand" title="Stock Exchange of Thailand">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Thailand" title="Telecommunications in Thailand">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thailand" title="Tourism in Thailand">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Thailand" title="Transport in Thailand">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Thailand" title="List of airports in Thailand">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highways_in_Thailand" title="Controlled-access highways in Thailand">Controlled-access highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Thailand" title="Rail transport in Thailand">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Thailand" title="Category:Society of Thailand">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Thailand" title="Abortion in Thailand">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Thailand" title="Crime in Thailand">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Thailand" title="Corruption in Thailand">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté in Thailand">Lèse majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Thailand" title="Prostitution in Thailand">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Thailand" title="Sex trafficking in Thailand">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand" title="Demographics of Thailand">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Thailand" title="List of universities and colleges in Thailand">Universities and colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Thailand" title="Gambling in Thailand">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Thailand" title="Health in Thailand">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand" title="HIV/AIDS in Thailand">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Thailand" title="Squatting in Thailand">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Thailand" title="Waste management in Thailand">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Thailand">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Thailand" title="Architecture of Thailand">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Comics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_television_soap_opera" title="Thai television soap opera">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Etiquette in Thailand">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Asia#Thailand" title="List of festivals in Asia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_poetry" title="Thai poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts#Thailand" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Thailand">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Thai musical instruments">Traditional musical instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Thailand" title="Public holidays in Thailand">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Thailand" title="Sport in Thailand">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Thailand" title="National symbols of Thailand">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fighting_fish" title="Siamese fighting fish">Aquatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fireback" title="Siamese fireback">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga#Thailand" title="Nāga">Mythological creature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_National_Anthem" title="Thai National Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala Thai">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Devadhiraj" title="Siam Devadhiraj">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Thailand" title="Emblem of Thailand">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Thailand" title="Flag of Thailand">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Flower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Thailand" title="Time in Thailand">Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Solar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_traditional_games" title="Thai traditional games">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Thailand" title="Video games in Thailand">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thailand" title="Category:Thailand">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Thailand" title="Portal:Thailand">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Asia" title="Template:Geography of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Geography of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Asia" title="Geography of Asia">Geography of Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geography of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bahrain" title="Geography of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bhutan" title="Geography of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brunei" title="Geography of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cambodia" title="Geography of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cyprus" title="Geography of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_East_Timor" title="Geography of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia" title="Geography of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Israel" title="Geography of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jordan" title="Geography of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Geography of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Korea" title="Geography of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Korea" title="Geography of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kuwait" title="Geography of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Geography of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Laos" title="Geography of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lebanon" title="Geography of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malaysia" title="Geography of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Maldives" title="Geography of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mongolia" title="Geography of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Myanmar" title="Geography of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal" title="Geography of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Oman" title="Geography of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Qatar" title="Geography of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Geography of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Singapore" title="Geography of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Syria" title="Geography of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tajikistan" title="Geography of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkmenistan" title="Geography of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Geography of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uzbekistan" title="Geography of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vietnam" title="Geography of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Yemen" title="Geography of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Abkhazia" title="Geography of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Geography of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Geography of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hong_Kong" title="Geography of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Macau" title="Geography of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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