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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૨</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_eye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_eye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૩</span> <span>Types of eye</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_eye-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of eye subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_eye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-compound_eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-compound_eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૩.૧</span> <span>Non-compound eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-compound_eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pit_eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pit_eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૩.૧.૧</span> <span>Pit eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pit_eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spherical_lensed_eye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spherical_lensed_eye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૩.૧.૨</span> <span>Spherical lensed eye</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spherical_lensed_eye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_lenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_lenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૩.૧.૩</span> <span>Multiple lenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_lenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refractive_cornea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refractive_cornea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૩.૧.૪</span> <span>Refractive cornea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refractive_cornea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflector_eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflector_eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૩.૧.૫</span> <span>Reflector eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflector_eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compound_eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૩.૨</span> <span>Compound eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compound_eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apposition_eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apposition_eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૩.૨.૧</span> <span>Apposition eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apposition_eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superposition_eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superposition_eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૩.૨.૨</span> <span>Superposition eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superposition_eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parabolic_superposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parabolic_superposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૩.૨.૩</span> <span>Parabolic superposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parabolic_superposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૩.૨.૪</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrients_of_the_eye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrients_of_the_eye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૩.૨.૫</span> <span>Nutrients of the eye</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrients_of_the_eye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_life_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_life_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૪</span> <span>Relationship to life requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_life_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_acuity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_acuity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૫</span> <span>Visual acuity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_acuity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perception_of_colours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perception_of_colours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૬</span> <span>Perception of colours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perception_of_colours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rods_and_cones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rods_and_cones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૭</span> <span>Rods and cones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rods_and_cones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pigmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૮</span> <span>Pigmentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pigmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-સંદર્ભ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#સંદર્ભ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૯</span> <span>સંદર્ભ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-સંદર્ભ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle સંદર્ભ subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-સંદર્ભ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-નોંધ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#નોંધ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૯.૧</span> <span>નોંધ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-નોંધ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-બાહ્ય_કડીઓ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#બાહ્ય_કડીઓ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">૧૦</span> <span>બાહ્ય કડીઓ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-બાહ્ય_કડીઓ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="વિગતો" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="બીજી ભાષાના લેખ પર જાઓ. આમાં પ્રાપ્ત છે: ૨૧૩ ભાષાઓ" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-213" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">૨૧૩ ભાષાઓ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oog" title="Oog – આફ્રિકન્સ" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="આફ્રિકન્સ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auge" title="Auge – સ્વિસ જર્મન" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Auge" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="સ્વિસ જર્મન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95_(%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8D)" title="አይን (ሥነ አካል) – એમ્હારિક" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አይን (ሥነ አካል)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="એમ્હારિક" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uello" title="Uello – અર્ગોનીઝ" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Uello" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="અર્ગોનીઝ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92age" title="Ēage – જુની અંગ્રેજી" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ēage" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="જુની અંગ્રેજી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%96" title="आँख – અંગીકા" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आँख" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="અંગીકા" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD)" title="عين (تشريح) – અરબી" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عين (تشريح)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="અરબી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%90_(%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%A6%DC%A2_%DC%A8%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܥܝܢܐ (ܝܘܠܦܢ ܨܪܘܝܘܬܐ) – એરમૈક" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܝܢܐ (ܝܘܠܦܢ ܨܪܘܝܘܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="એરમૈક" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81" title="চকু – આસામી" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চকু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="આસામી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCeyu" title="Güeyu – અસ્તુરિયન" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Güeyu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="અસ્તુરિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ockicikw" title="Ockicikw – એટીકામેકવ" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ockicikw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="એટીકામેકવ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бер – અવેરિક" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Бер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="અવેરિક" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayra" title="Nayra – આયમારા" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Nayra" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="આયમારા" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6z" title="Göz – અઝરબૈજાની" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Göz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="અઝરબૈજાની" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A4%D8%B2" title="گؤز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گؤز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D2%99" title="Күҙ – બશ્કીર" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Күҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="બશ્કીર" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyingakan" title="Panyingakan – બાલિનીસ" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Panyingakan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="બાલિનીસ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C4%97s" title="Akės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Akės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simalolong" title="Simalolong – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Simalolong" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вока – બેલારુશિયન" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вока" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="બેલારુશિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вока – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вока" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Око – બલ્ગેરિયન" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Око" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="બલ્ગેરિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF" title="आँखि – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आँखि" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ae" title="Ae – બિસ્લામા" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Ae" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="બિસ્લામા" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%96" title="চোখ – બાંગ્લા" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চোখ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="બાંગ્લા" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="མིག – તિબેટીયન" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མིག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="તિબેટીયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagad" title="Lagad – બ્રેટોન" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lagad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="બ્રેટોન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko" title="Oko – બોસ્નિયન" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Oko" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="બોસ્નિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Нюдэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нюдэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ull" title="Ull – કતલાન" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ull" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="કતલાન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%95%CC%A4k-ci%C5%AD" title="Mĕ̤k-ciŭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mĕ̤k-ciŭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B3" title="БӀаьрг – ચેચન" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="БӀаьрг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="ચેચન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – સિબુઆનો" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="સિબુઆનો" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88" title="چاو – સેન્ટ્રલ કુર્દિશ" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="સેન્ટ્રલ કુર્દિશ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko" title="Oko – ચેક" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ચેક" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%C3%A7" title="Куç – ચૂવાશ" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Куç" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ચૂવાશ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llygad" title="Llygad – વેલ્શ" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llygad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="વેલ્શ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98je" title="Øje – ડેનિશ" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Øje" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ડેનિશ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nini" title="Nini – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Nini" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auge" title="Auge – જર્મન" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Auge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="જર્મન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1m" title="Çım – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çım" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato" title="Mato – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Mato" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B" title="आँखो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="आँखो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Μάτι – ગ્રીક" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάτι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ગ્રીક" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92%C4%87" title="Òć – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Òć" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye" title="Eye – અંગ્રેજી" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Eye" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="અંગ્રેજી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okulo" title="Okulo – એસ્પેરાન્ટો" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="એસ્પેરાન્ટો" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojo" title="Ojo – સ્પેનિશ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ojo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="સ્પેનિશ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silm" title="Silm – એસ્ટોનિયન" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Silm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="એસ્ટોનિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begi" title="Begi – બાસ્ક" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Begi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="બાસ્ક" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85" title="چشم – ફારસી" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چشم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ફારસી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silm%C3%A4" title="Silmä – ફિનિશ" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Silmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ફિનિશ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silm" title="Silm – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Silm" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – ફીજીયન" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="ફીજીયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyga" title="Eyga – ફોરિસ્ત" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Eyga" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="ફોરિસ્ત" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAk%C3%BAn" title="Núkún – ફોન" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Núkún" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="ફોન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92il" title="Œil – ફ્રેન્ચ" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Œil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ફ્રેન્ચ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uug" title="Uug – ઉત્તરી ફ્રિશિયન" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uug" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="ઉત્તરી ફ્રિશિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Each" title="Each – પશ્ચિમિ ફ્રિશિયન" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Each" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="પશ્ચિમિ ફ્રિશિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAil" title="Súil – આઇરિશ" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Súil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="આઇરિશ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E7%9D%9B" title="眼睛 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="眼睛" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B9il" title="Sùil – સ્કોટીસ ગેલિક" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sùil" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="સ્કોટીસ ગેલિક" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollo" title="Ollo – ગેલિશિયન" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ollo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ગેલિશિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesa" title="Tesa – ગુઆરાની" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tesa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="ગુઆરાની" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollo" title="Dollo – ગોઅન કોંકણી" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Dollo" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="ગોઅન કોંકણી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 – ગોથિક" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="ગોથિક" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27u" title="O'u – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="O'u" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooill" title="Sooill – માંક્સ" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sooill" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="માંક્સ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%CC%8Dk-ch%C3%BB" title="Mu̍k-chû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mu̍k-chû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_(%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D)" title="עין (בעלי חיים) – હીબ્રુ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עין (בעלי חיים)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="હીબ્રુ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%96" title="आँख – હિન્દી" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आँख" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="હિન્દી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aankhi" title="Aankhi – ફીજી હિંદી" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Aankhi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="ફીજી હિંદી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko" title="Oko – ક્રોએશિયન" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oko" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ક્રોએશિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3%C4%8Dko" title="Wóčko – અપર સોર્બિયન" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wóčko" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="અપર સોર્બિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je" title="Je – હૈતિઅન ક્રેઓલે" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Je" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="હૈતિઅન ક્રેઓલે" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szem" title="Szem – હંગેરિયન" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="હંગેરિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B9%D6%84" title="Աչք – આર્મેનિયન" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աչք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="આર્મેનિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculo" title="Oculo – ઇંટરલિંગુઆ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Oculo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ઇંટરલિંગુઆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – ઇબાન" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ઇબાન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – ઇન્ડોનેશિયન" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ઇન્ડોનેશિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocul" title="Ocul – ઇંટરલિંગ" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ocul" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="ઇંટરલિંગ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ny%C3%A1" title="Ányá – ઇગ્બો" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ányá" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="ઇગ્બો" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – ઇલોકો" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ઇલોકો" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okulo" title="Okulo – ઈડો" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Okulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ઈડો" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auga" title="Auga – આઇસલેન્ડિક" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Auga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="આઇસલેન્ડિક" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occhio" title="Occhio – ઇટાલિયન" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Occhio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ઇટાલિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%94%A8" title="ᐃᔨ – ઇનુકિટૂટ" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᔨ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="ઇનુકિટૂટ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%AE" title="目 – જાપાનીઝ" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="目" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="જાપાનીઝ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kanla" title="kanla – લોજ્બાન" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kanla" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="લોજ્બાન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – જાવાનીસ" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="જાવાનીસ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="თვალი – જ્યોર્જિયન" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თვალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="જ્યોર્જિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%B9%AD" title="Tiṭ – કબાઇલ" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tiṭ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="કબાઇલ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90s%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Ɛsɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛsɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswa_a%CC%B1li" title="Tswa a̱li – ત્યાપ" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Tswa a̱li" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="ત્યાપ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%B7" title="Көз – કઝાખ" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="કઝાખ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%80" title="ភ្នែក – ખ્મેર" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភ្នែក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="ખ્મેર" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಣ್ಣು – કન્નડ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಣ್ಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="કન્નડ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%88%88_(%ED%95%B4%EB%B6%80%ED%95%99)" title="눈 (해부학) – કોરિયન" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="눈 (해부학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="કોરિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%B7" title="Кёз – કરાચય-બલ્કાર" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Кёз" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="કરાચય-બલ્કાર" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%DA%86%DA%BE" title="أچھ – કાશ્મીરી" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="أچھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="કાશ્મીરી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oohr" title="Oohr – કોલોગ્નિયન" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Oohr" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="કોલોગ્નિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagas" title="Lagas – કોર્નિશ" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lagas" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="કોર્નિશ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%B7" title="Көз – કિર્ગીઝ" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="કિર્ગીઝ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculus" title="Oculus – લેટિન" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oculus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="લેટિન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(S%C3%ABnnesorgan)" title="A (Sënnesorgan) – લક્ઝેમબર્ગિશ" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="A (Sënnesorgan)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="લક્ઝેમબર્ગિશ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF_(%D1%87%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85)" title="Я (чурх) – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Я (чурх)" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oio" title="Oio – લિંગ્વા ફેન્કા નોવા" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Oio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="લિંગ્વા ફેન્કા નોવા" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oug" title="Oug – લિંબૂર્ગિશ" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oug" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="લિંબૂર્ગિશ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uedl" title="Uedl – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Uedl" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeugg" title="Oeugg – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Oeugg" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C7%90so" title="Lǐso – લિંગાલા" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lǐso" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="લિંગાલા" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2" title="ຕາ – લાઓ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຕາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="લાઓ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akis" title="Akis – લિથુઆનિયન" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="લિથુઆનિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acs" title="Acs – લાતવિયન" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Acs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="લાતવિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maso" title="Maso – મલાગસી" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Maso" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="મલાગસી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato" title="Mato – મિનાંગ્કાબાઉ" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mato" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="મિનાંગ્કાબાઉ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Око – મેસેડોનિયન" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Око" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="મેસેડોનિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D" title="കണ്ണ് – મલયાલમ" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കണ്ണ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="મલયાલમ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D0%B4" title="Нүд – મોંગોલિયન" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нүд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="મોંગોલિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE" title="डोळा – મરાઠી" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डोळा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="મરાઠી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%B9%D0%BD%D0%B7%D3%93" title="Сӹнзӓ – પશ્ચિમી મારી" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сӹнзӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="પશ્ચિમી મારી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – મલય" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="મલય" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8" title="မျက်လုံး – બર્મીઝ" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မျက်လုံး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="બર્મીઝ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B4" title="چش – મઝાન્દેરાની" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="મઝાન્દેરાની" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixtelolotl" title="Ixtelolotl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ixtelolotl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uocchie" title="Uocchie – નેપોલિટાન" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Uocchie" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="નેપોલિટાન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oog" title="Oog – લો જર્મન" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oog" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="લો જર્મન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oge" title="Oge – લો સેક્સોન" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oge" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="લો સેક્સોન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="आँखा – નેપાળી" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आँखा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="નેપાળી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oog_(anatomie)" title="Oog (anatomie) – ડચ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oog (anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ડચ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auga" title="Auga – નોર્વેજિયન નાયનૉર્સ્ક" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Auga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="નોર્વેજિયન નાયનૉર્સ્ક" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98ye" title="Øye – નોર્વેજિયન બોકમાલ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Øye" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="નોર્વેજિયન બોકમાલ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%BB" title="Uû – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Uû" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%A8lh" title="Uèlh – ઓક્સિટન" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Uèlh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ઓક્સિટન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%BF" title="ଆଖି – ઉડિયા" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଖି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ઉડિયા" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82" title="Цæст – ઓસ્સેટિક" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цæст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ઓસ્સેટિક" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96" title="ਅੱਖ – પંજાબી" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੱਖ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="પંજાબી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – પંગાસીનાન" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="પંગાસીનાન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – પમ્પાન્ગા" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="પમ્પાન્ગા" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aag" title="Aag – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Aag" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko" title="Oko – પોલીશ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="પોલીશ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euj" title="Euj – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Euj" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%DA%BE" title="اکھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اکھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84" title="Ομάτ – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ομάτ" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%87" title="سترگه – પશ્તો" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سترگه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="પશ્તો" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olho" title="Olho – પોર્ટુગીઝ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Olho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="પોર્ટુગીઝ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91awi" title="Ñawi – ક્વેચુઆ" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñawi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ક્વેચુઆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egl" title="Egl – રોમાન્શ" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Egl" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="રોમાન્શ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochi" title="Ochi – રોમાનિયન" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ochi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="રોમાનિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C4%BEiu" title="Ocľiu – અરોમેનિયન" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ocľiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="અરોમેનિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Глаз – રશિયન" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глаз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="રશિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Око – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Око" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF" title="अक्षि – સંસ્કૃત" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अक्षि" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="સંસ્કૃત" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Харах – સખા" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Харах" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="સખા" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB" title="ᱢᱮᱫ – સંતાલી" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱮᱫ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="સંતાલી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occhiu" title="Occhiu – સિસિલિયાન" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Occhiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="સિસિલિયાન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ee" title="Ee – સ્કોટ્સ" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ee" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="સ્કોટ્સ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="اک – સિંધી" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اک" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="સિંધી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Calbmi" title="Čalbmi – ઉત્તરી સામી" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Čalbmi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="ઉત્તરી સામી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko" title="Oko – સર્બો-ક્રોએશિયન" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oko" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="સર્બો-ક્રોએશિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD" title="Tiṭṭ – તેશીલહિટ" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tiṭṭ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="તેશીલહિટ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B7%83" title="ඇස – સિંહાલી" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="સિંહાલી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye" title="Eye – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eye" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko" title="Oko – સ્લોવૅક" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="સ્લોવૅક" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko" title="Oko – સ્લોવેનિયન" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oko" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="સ્લોવેનિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziso" title="Ziso – શોના" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ziso" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="શોના" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indho" title="Indho – સોમાલી" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Indho" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="સોમાલી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syri" title="Syri – અલ્બેનિયન" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Syri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="અલ્બેનિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Око – સર્બિયન" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Око" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="સર્બિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panon" title="Panon – સંડેનીઝ" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Panon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="સંડેનીઝ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ga" title="Öga – સ્વીડિશ" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Öga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="સ્વીડિશ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jicho" title="Jicho – સ્વાહિલી" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jicho" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="સ્વાહિલી" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Alypje" title="Ślypje – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ślypje" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/mata" title="mata – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="mata" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81)" title="கண் (உடல் உறுப்பு) – તમિલ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கண் (உடல் உறுப்பு)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="તમિલ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/roziq" title="roziq – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="roziq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಣ್ಣ್ – તુલુ" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕಣ್ಣ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="તુલુ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81" title="కన్ను – તેલુગુ" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కన్ను" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="તેલુગુ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BC" title="Чашм – તાજીક" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чашм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="તાજીક" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="ตา – થાઈ" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="થાઈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6z" title="Göz – તુર્કમેન" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Göz" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="તુર્કમેન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – ટાગાલોગ" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="ટાગાલોગ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6z" title="Göz – ટર્કિશ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Göz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ટર્કિશ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doriq" title="Doriq – ટારોકો" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Doriq" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="ટારોકો" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%B7" title="Күз – તતાર" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="તતાર" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiso" title="Jiso – તુમ્બુકા" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Jiso" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="તુમ્બુકા" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniwa" title="Aniwa – ટ્વાઇ" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Aniwa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="ટ્વાઇ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%86%D8%B2" title="كۆز – ઉઇગુર" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۆز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ઉઇગુર" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Око – યુક્રેનિયન" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Око" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="યુક્રેનિયન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%A9%DA%BE" title="آنکھ – ઉર્દૂ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آنکھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ઉર્દૂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBz" title="Koʻz – ઉઝ્બેક" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koʻz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ઉઝ્બેક" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocio" title="Ocio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ocio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%AFt" title="Mắt – વિયેતનામીસ" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mắt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="વિયેતનામીસ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log" title="Log – વોલાપુક" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Log" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="વોલાપુક" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouy" title="Ouy – વાલૂન" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ouy" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="વાલૂન" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A1" title="Matá – વારેય" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Matá" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="વારેય" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ABt" title="Bët – વોલોફ" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Bët" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="વોલોફ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%BC" title="眼 – વુ ચાઈનીઝ" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="眼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="વુ ચાઈનીઝ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilihlo" title="Ilihlo – ખોસા" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ilihlo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="ખોસા" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D)" title="თოლი (ორგანო) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თოლი (ორგანო)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92" title="אויג – યિદ્દિશ" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אויג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="યિદ્દિશ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oj%C3%BA" title="Ojú – યોરૂબા" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ojú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="યોરૂબા" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da" title="Da – ઝુઆગ" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Da" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="ઝુઆગ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9F%E2%B5%9F" title="ⵜⵉⵟⵟ – માનક મોરોક્કન તામાઝિટ" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵉⵟⵟ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="માનક મોરોક્કન તામાઝિટ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%BC" title="眼 – ચાઇનીઝ" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="眼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ચાઇનીઝ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%AE" title="目 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="目" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%CC%8Dk-chiu" title="Ba̍k-chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ba̍k-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Icon_Translate_to_Gujarati.png/100px-Icon_Translate_to_Gujarati.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>આ લેખનો <a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE:%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6" title="વિકિપીડિયા:અનુવાદ">અનુવાદ</a> ગુજરાતીમાં કરવાની જરુર છે.</b> <br /> મોટા ભાગે કોઇકે આ પાનું બીજી ભાષાના લેખનમાંથી ઉતાર્યું છે અને એનું પૂરી રીતે ભાષાંતર હજુ થયું નથી. મહેરબાની કરી આ પાનાંનો <a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE:%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6" title="વિકિપીડિયા:અનુવાદ">અનુવાદ</a> કરી વિકિપીડિયા ને આગળ વધારવામાં અમારી મદદ કરો અને અનુવાદ પૂર્ણ થયા બાદ આ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE:%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="વિકિપીડિયા:ટેમ્પ્લેટ">ઢાંચો</a> કાઢી નાંખો. અનુવાદ કરવા <b><a class="external text" href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit">અહીં</a></b> ક્લિક કરો.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="toccolours" style="width:20em; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="background:dimgray; color:#000000;" colspan="2"><i>આંખ</i> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0:Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/250px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/375px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/500px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; line-height: 1;"> <td colspan="2"><small>Schematic diagram of the vertebrate eye.</small> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0:Krilleyekils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Krilleyekils.jpg/250px-Krilleyekils.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Krilleyekils.jpg/375px-Krilleyekils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Krilleyekils.jpg/500px-Krilleyekils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="1505" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; line-height: 1;"> <td colspan="2"><small>Compound eye of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_krill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antarctic krill (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">Antarctic krill</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>આંખ</b> એ સજીવનું જોવા માટેનું અંગ છે. આંખને નેત્ર, નયન, નેણ, લોચન તરીકે પણ ઓળખવામાં આવે છે. આંખો પ્રકાશને ઓળખી તેનું ન્યુરોન્સમાં થતા ઈલેક્ટ્રોકેમિકલ ઈમ્પલ્સમાં રૂપાંતર કરે છે. ખૂબ જ સાદા ફોટોરિસેપ્ટર્સ પ્રકાશને જાગૃત દ્રશ્યમાં થતા હલનચલન સાથે જોડે છે. ઉચ્ચ કક્ષાનાં ઓર્ગેનિઝમ્સમાં આંખ એક કોમ્પલેક્ષ સિસ્ટમ છે જે આસપાસથી પ્રકાશ ભેગો કરી તેની તીવ્રતાને રેગ્યુલેટ કરી; સ્થિતિસ્થાપક લેન્સીસનાં આયોજન વડે કેન્દ્રિત કરી ચિત્ર બનાવે છે; આ ચિત્રનું ઈલેક્ટ્રિકલ સિગ્નલમાં રૂપાંતર કરી મગજને આંખની ઓપ્ટીક નર્વ સાથે જોડતાં કોમ્પલેક્ષ ન્યુરલ માર્ગો દ્વારા મગજનાં વિઝ્યુઅલ કોર્ટેક્ષ અને બીજા ભાગોમાં મોકલાવે છે. પ્રકાશનાં ચિત્રીકરણની ક્ષમતા ધરાવતી આંખો મુખ્યત્વે દસ પ્રકારની છે અને ૯૬% પ્રાણીસૃષ્ટિ સંકુલિત દ્રષ્ટિ યોજના ધરાવે છે.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> મોલ્યુસ્ક, કોર્ડેટ અને આર્થરોપોડ પ્રાણીઓ ચિત્રીકરણ કરતી આંખો ધરાવે છે.<sup id="cite_ref-Frentiu2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frentiu2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>સાદામાં સાદી આંખો, જેમ કે સુક્ષ્મજીવોની આંખો પ્રકાશની હાજરી અથવા અંધકાર આ બે જ સ્થિતિ ઓળખી શકે છે. આટલી માહિતી તેમની રાત અને દિવસ સાથે જીવનનો તાલ મેળવવા માટે પૂરતી છે. વધુ કોમ્પલેક્ષ આંખો તેમનાં રેટીનલ ફોટોસેન્સિટીવ ગેન્ગલીયન કોષો દ્વારા રેટીનોહાઈપોથાલ્મીક માર્ગનો ઉપયોગ કરી સુપ્રાકીયાસ્માટીક ન્યુકલી ને રાત અને દિવસનાં ચક્ર વિષે માહિતી પહોંચાડે છે. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=1" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Overview"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0:Bison_bonasus_right_eye_close-up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bison_bonasus_right_eye_close-up.jpg/225px-Bison_bonasus_right_eye_close-up.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bison_bonasus_right_eye_close-up.jpg/338px-Bison_bonasus_right_eye_close-up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bison_bonasus_right_eye_close-up.jpg/450px-Bison_bonasus_right_eye_close-up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Eye of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisent (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">wisent</a>,<br /> the European bison</figcaption></figure> <p>કોમ્પલેક્ષ આંખો આકાર અને રંગનો તફાવત પારખે છે. ઘણાં સજીવોના, ખાસ કરીને શિકારી જીવોના, દૃષ્ટિક્ષેત્રોમાં ઊંડાણની પરખ માટે વિસ્તૃત બાઈનોક્યુલર દૃષ્ટિ સંકળાયેલી હોય છે, જ્યારે બીજા જીવોમા આંખોનું સ્થન એવુ હોય છે જેથી ખૂબ જ મોટું દૃષ્ટિક્ષેત્ર મળે, જેમ કે સસલાં અને ઘોડા, જેમની મોનોક્યુલર દૃષ્ટિ છે. </p><p>૬૦ અબજ (૬૦૦ મિલિયન) વર્ષો પહેલા, કેમ્બ્રિયન વિસ્ફોટના ગાળામાં પ્રથમ પ્રોટોચક્ષુ ઉદભવ્યા હતા. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> પ્રાણીઓનાં સૌથી જૂનાં પૂર્વજો જરૂરી દૃષ્ટિ માટે બાયોકેમિકલ સાધનો ધરાવતાં હતાં અને વધુ અગ્ર કક્ષાની આંખો ૯૬% પ્રાણીની ત્રીસથી વધુ પ્રજાતિઓમાંથી છ <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> મુખ્ય ફાયલામાં ઉદભવી હતી.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> મોટા ભાગના વર્ટીબ્રેટ અને કેટલાક મોલ્યુસ્કમાં આંખો પ્રકાશને અંદર આવવા દઈ તેને આંખના પાછળના ભાગમાં આવેલી રેટીના નામની પ્રકાશ-સંવેદનશીલ કોષોની બનેલી પેનલ પર દર્શાવે છે. રેટીનાનાં શંકુ કોષો (રંગ માટે) અને દંડ કોષો (આછા પ્રકાશનાં કોન્ટ્રાસ્ટ માટે) પ્રકાશને પારખી તેનું દૃષ્ય માટેનાં ન્યુરલ સંદેશાઓમાં રૂપાંતર કરે છે. ત્યાર બાદ આ દૃષ્ય સંદેશાઓ ઓપ્ટીકલ નર્વ દ્વારા મગજને પહોંચાડવામાં આવે છે. આવી આંખો ગોળાકાર હોય છે જે વિટરસ હ્યુમર નામનાં પારદર્શક ચીકણા પદાર્થથી ભરેલી, પ્રકાશને કેન્દ્રિત કરતા લેન્સ ધરાવતી, ક્યારેક આઈરિસવાળી, આઈરિસની આજુબાજુનાં સ્નાયુઓને આકુંચિત કે શિથિલ કરીને પ્યુપિલની સાઈઝ બદલી આંખમાં પ્રવેશતા પ્રકાશની માત્રા રેગ્ય્લેટ કરે છે,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> અને જ્યારે પૂરતો પ્રકાશ હોય ત્યારે એબરેશન ઘટાડે છે.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>મોટાં ભાગનાં સેફલોપોડ પ્રાણીઓ, માછલીઓ, દ્વિચર પ્રાણીઓ અને સર્પોની આંખોનાં લેન્સ ફીક્સ આકારનાં હોય છે અને લેન્સને કેમેરાની જેમ આગળ-પાછળ કરી દૃષ્યને કેન્દ્રિત કરે છે. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>આર્થરોપોડ પ્રાણીઓમાં જોવા મળતી કમ્પાઉન્ડ આંખો અનેક સાદાં પાસાંઓની બનેલી હોય છે જેની સંખ્યા શરીરની રચના પ્રમાણે નક્કી થયેલી હોય છે. આ કમ્પાઉન્ડ આંખો અનેક ટપકાંવાળી એક જ છબી બનાવે છે અથવા એક આંખની એક તે મુજબ અનેક આંખોની અનેક છબીઓ બનાવે છે. આંખનાં દરેક પાસાંનો પોતાનો લેન્સ અને પોતાનાં પ્રકાશસંવેદનશીલ કોષો હોય છે. કેટલીક આંખો ૨૮,૦૦૦ સુધીનાં ષટકોણાકાર માં ગોઠવાયેલાં પાસાં ધરાવે છે અને ૩૬૦ અંશનો દૃષ્ટિવ્યાપ ધરાવે છે. કમ્પાઉન્ડ આંખો દૃષ્યમાં થતા નાજુક ફેરફારને પણ પારખે છે. અનેક આંખો દ્વારા મળતી દૃષ્યની માહિતી મગજમાં જોડાઈને જૂદી જાતનું અત્યંત સ્પષ્ટ ચિત્ર બનાવે છે. </p><p>મેન્ટીસ નામ્ના ઝીંગા સોથી જટીલ રંગ-દ્રશ્ય રચના ધારાવે છે. તે ઝીણવટ ભરેલી આત્યંતિક રંગપટલ ભેદની માહિતીનું વિશ્લેષણ કરે છે.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> હાલના સમયમાં લુપ્ત એવા ટ્રાયલોબાઈટ પણ વિશિષ્ટ પ્રકારની સંયુક્ત આંખો ધરાવતા હતા. તેઓ તેમની આંખના લેન્સના નિર્માણ મટે સાફ કેલ્સાઈટાના સ્ફટિકો વાપરતા હતા. અહીં તેઓ મૃદુ આંખો ધરાવતા અન્ય સન્ધિપાદ વર્ગના પ્રાણીઓથી જુદા પડતા હતા. આ પ્રાણીઓમાં લેન્સની સંખ્યા ભિન્ન હતી. અમુક જાતિમાં એક લેન્સ હતું, જ્યારે અમુકમાં એક આંખમાં હજારો લેન્સ હોઈ શકતાં. </p><p>સંયુક્ત આંખની સરખામણીમાં સાદી આંખો માત્ર એક જ લેન્સ ધરાવે છે. દા. ત. ઉછળતા કરોળિયા માર્યાદિત દ્રષ્ટિ પટલ ધરાવતી મોટા આકાર સાદી આંખો ની એક જોડ ધરાવે છે. આ સાથે પરિમિતિય દ્રષ્ટિ માટે નાની નાની આંખોની અન્ય જોડીઓ ધરાવટ છે </p><p>For example, jumping spiders have a large pair of simple eyes with a narrow field of view, supported by an array of other, smaller eyes for peripheral vision. Some insect larva]]e, like caterpillars, have a different type of simple eye (stemmata) which gives a rough image. Some of the simplest eyes, called ocelli, can be found in animals like some of the snails, which cannot actually "see" in the normal sense. They do have photosensitive cells, but no lens and no other means of projecting an image onto these cells. They can distinguish between light and dark, but no more. This enables snails to keep out ofજ direct sunlight. In organisms dwelling near deep-sea vents, compound eyes have been secondarily simplified and adapted to spot the infra-red light produced by the hot vents–in this way the bearers can spot hot springs and avoid being boiled alive.<sup id="cite_ref-Cronin2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cronin2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=2" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Evolution"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r790067">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">મુખ્ય લેખ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolution_of_the_eye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolution of the eye (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">Evolution of the eye</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0:Diagram_of_eye_evolution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Diagram_of_eye_evolution.svg/300px-Diagram_of_eye_evolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Diagram_of_eye_evolution.svg/450px-Diagram_of_eye_evolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Diagram_of_eye_evolution.svg/600px-Diagram_of_eye_evolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of the eye</figcaption></figure> <p>Photoreception is phylogenetically very old, with various theories of phylogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Autrum1979_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autrum1979-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧૦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common origin (monophyly) of all animal eyes is now widely accepted as fact. This is based upon the shared anatomical and genetic features of all eyes; that is, all modern eyes, varied as they are, have their origins in a proto-eye believed to have evolved some 540 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧૨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧૩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the advancements in early eyes are believed to have taken only a few million years to develop, since the first predator to gain true imaging would have touched off an "arms race".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧૪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prey animals and competing predators alike would be at a distinct disadvantage without such capabilities and would be less likely to survive and reproduce. Hence multiple eye types and subtypes developed in parallel. </p><p>Eyes in various animals show adaption to their requirements. For example, birds of prey have much greater visual acuity than humans, and some can see ultraviolet light. The different forms of eye in, for example, vertebrates and mollusks are often cited as examples of parallel evolution, despite their distant common ancestry. </p><p>The very earliest "eyes", called eyespots, were simple patches of photoreceptor protein in unicellular animals. In multicellular beings, multicellular eyespots evolved, physically similar to the receptor patches for taste and smell. These eyespots could only sense ambient brightness: they could distinguish light and dark, but not the direction of the lightsource.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧૫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through gradual change, as the eyespot depressed into a shallow "cup" shape, the ability to slightly discriminate directional brightness was achieved by using the angle at which the light hit certain cells to identify the source. The pit deepened over time, the opening diminished in size, and the number of photoreceptor cells increased, forming an effective pinhole camera that was capable of dimly distinguishing shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-ee_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ee-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧૬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The thin overgrowth of transparent cells over the eye's aperture, originally formed to prevent damage to the eyespot, allowed the segregated contents of the eye chamber to specialize into a transparent humour that optimized color filtering, blocked harmful radiation, improved the eye's refractive index, and allowed functionality outside of water. The transparent protective cells eventually split into two layers, with circulatory fluid in between that allowed wider viewing angles and greater imaging resolution, and the thickness of the transparent layer gradually increased, in most species with the transparent crystallin protein.<sup id="cite_ref-lenses_come_from_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenses_come_from-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧૭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gap between tissue layers naturally formed a bioconvex shape, an optimally ideal structure for a normal refractive index. Independently, a transparent layer and a nontransparent layer split forward from the lens: the cornea and iris. Separation of the forward layer again formed a humour, the aqueous humour. This increased refractive power and again eased circulatory problems. Formation of a nontransparent ring allowed more blood vessels, more circulation, and larger eye sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-lenses_come_from_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenses_come_from-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧૭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_eye">Types of eye</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=3" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Types of eye"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are ten different eye layouts—indeed every way of capturing an optical image commonly used by man, with the exceptions of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoom_lens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoom lens (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">zoom</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresnel_lens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fresnel lens (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">Fresnel lens</a>es. Eye types can be categorized into "simple eyes", with one concave photoreceptive surface, and "compound eyes", which comprise a number of individual lenses laid out on a convex surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note that "simple" does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity. Indeed, any eye type can be adapted for almost any behavior or environment. The only limitations specific to eye types are that of resolution—the physics of compound eyes prevents them from achieving a resolution better than 1°. Also, superposition eyes can achieve greater sensitivity than apposition eyes, so are better suited to dark-dwelling creatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eyes also fall into two groups on the basis of their photoreceptor's cellular construction, with the photoreceptor cells either being cilliated (as in the vertebrates) or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhabdomeric&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhabdomeric (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">rhabdomeric</a>. These two groups are not monophyletic; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnidaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cnidaria (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">cnidaria</a> also possess cilliated cells, <sup id="cite_ref-Kozmik2008_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozmik2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧૮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annelid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annelid (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">annelid</a>s possess both.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernald2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernald2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧૯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-compound_eyes">Non-compound eyes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=4" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Non-compound eyes"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simple eyes are rather ubiquitous, and lens-bearing eyes have evolved at least seven times in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertebrate (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">vertebrate</a>s, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cephalopod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cephalopod (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">cephalopod</a>s, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annelid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annelid (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">annelid</a>s, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crustacea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crustacea (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">crustacea</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cubozoa (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">cubozoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨૦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pit_eyes">Pit eyes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=5" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Pit eyes"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pit eyes, also known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_eyes_in_arthropods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simple eyes in arthropods (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">stemma</a>, are eye-spots which may be set into a pit to reduce the angles of light that enters and affects the eyespot, to allow the organism to deduce the angle of incoming light.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Found in about 85% of phyla, these basic forms were probably the precursors to more advanced types of "simple eye". They are small, comprising up to about 100 cells covering about 100 µm.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The directionality can be improved by reducing the size of the aperture, by incorporating a reflective layer behind the receptor cells, or by filling the pit with a refractile material.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crotalinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crotalinae (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">Pit vipers</a> have developed pits that function as eyes by sensing thermal infra-red radiation, in addition to their optical wavelength eyes like those of other vertebrates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spherical_lensed_eye">Spherical lensed eye</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=6" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Spherical lensed eye"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The resolution of pit eyes can be greatly improved by incorporating a material with a higher refractive index to form a lens, which may greatly reduce the blur radius encountered—hence increasing the resolution obtainable.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most basic form, seen in some gastropods and annelids, consists of a lens of one refractive index. A far sharper image can be obtained using materials with a high refractive index, decreasing to the edges; this decreases the focal length and thus allows a sharp image to form on the retina.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also allows a larger aperture for a given sharpness of image, allowing more light to enter the lens; and a flatter lens, reducing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spherical_aberration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spherical aberration (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">spherical aberration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such an inhomogeneous lens is necessary in order for the focal length to drop from about 4 times the lens radius, to 2.5 radii.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heterogeneous eyes have evolved at least eight times: four or more times in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_organs_of_gastropods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sensory organs of gastropods (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">gastropods</a>, once in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Copepod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copepod (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">copepod</a>s, once in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annelid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annelid (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">annelid</a>s and once in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cephalopod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cephalopod (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">cephalopod</a>s.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No aquatic organisms possess homogeneous lenses; presumably the evolutionary pressure for a heterogeneous lens is great enough for this stage to be quickly "outgrown".<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This eye creates an image that is sharp enough that motion of the eye can cause significant blurring. To minimize the effect of eye motion while the animal moves, most such eyes have stabilizing eye muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ocelli of insects bear a simple lens, but their focal point always lies behind the retina; consequently they can never form a sharp image. This capitulates the function of the eye. Ocelli (pit-type eyes of arthropods) blur the image across the whole retina, and are consequently excellent at responding to rapid changes in light intensity across the whole visual field; this fast response is further accelerated by the large nerve bundles which rush the information to the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1978_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1978-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Focusing the image would also cause the sun's image to be focused on a few receptors, with the possibility of damage under the intense light; shielding the receptors would block out some light and thus reduce their sensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1978_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1978-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fast response has led to suggestions that the ocelli of insects are used mainly in flight, because they can be used to detect sudden changes in which way is up (because light, especially UV light which is absorbed by vegetation, usually comes from above).<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1978_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1978-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multiple_lenses">Multiple lenses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=7" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Multiple lenses"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some marine organisms bear more than one lens; for instance the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Copepod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copepod (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">copepod</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontella (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">Pontella</a></i> has three. The outer has a parabolic surface, countering the effects of spherical aberration while allowing a sharp image to be formed. Another copepod, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copilia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copilia (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">Copilia</a>'</i>s eyes have two lenses, arranged like those in a telescope.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such arrangements are rare and poorly understood, but represent an interesting alternative construction. An interesting use of multiple lenses is seen in some hunters such as eagles and jumping spiders, which have a refractive cornea (discussed next): these have a negative lens, enlarging the observed image by up to 50% over the receptor cells, thus increasing their optical resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Refractive_cornea">Refractive cornea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=8" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Refractive cornea"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the eyes of most <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammalian_eye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mammalian eye (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">mammals</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_vision&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bird vision (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">birds</a>, reptiles, and most other terrestrial vertebrates (along with spiders and some insect larvae) the vitreous fluid has a higher refractive index than the air, relieving the lens of the function of reducing the focal length. This has freed it up for fine adjustments of focus, allowing a very high resolution to be obtained.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with spherical lenses, the problem of spherical aberration caused by the lens can be countered either by using an inhomogeneous lens material (See <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luneburg_lens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luneburg lens (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">Luneburg lens</a>.), or by flattening the lens.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flattening the lens has a disadvantage; the quality of vision is diminished away from the main line of focus, meaning that animals requiring all-round vision are detrimented. Such animals often display an inhomogeneous lens instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As mentioned above, a refractive cornea is only useful out of water; in water, there is little difference in refractive index between the vitreous fluid and the surrounding water. Hence creatures that have returned to the water—penguins and seals, for example—lose their highly curved cornea and return to lens-based vision. An alternative solution, borne by some divers, is to have a very strongly focusing cornea.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reflector_eyes">Reflector eyes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=9" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Reflector eyes"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alternative to a lens is to line the inside of the eye with " mirrors", and reflect the image to focus at a central point.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nature of these eyes means that if one were to peer into the pupil of an eye, one would see the same image that the organism would see, reflected back out.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many small organisms such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotifer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotifer (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">rotifer</a>s, copeopods and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platyhelminth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platyhelminth (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">platyhelminth</a>s use such organs, but these are too small to produce usable images.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some larger organisms, such as scallops, also use reflector eyes. The scallop <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecten_(bivalve)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pecten (bivalve) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">Pecten</a></i> has up to 100 millimeter-scale reflector eyes fringing the edge of its shell. It detects moving objects as they pass successive lenses.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is at least one vertebrate, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brownsnout_spookfish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brownsnout spookfish (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">spookfish</a>, whose eyes include reflective optics for focusing of light. Each of the two eyes of a spookfish collects light from both above and below; the light coming from above is focused by a lens, while that coming from below, by a curved mirror composed of many layers of small reflective plates made of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guanine (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">guanine</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crystal (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">crystal</a>s.<sup id="cite_ref-wagner_et_al_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wagner_et_al-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨૨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compound_eyes">Compound eyes<span class="anchor" id="Compound_eyes"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=10" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Compound eyes"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0:FLY_EYE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/FLY_EYE.jpg/200px-FLY_EYE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/FLY_EYE.jpg/300px-FLY_EYE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/FLY_EYE.jpg/400px-FLY_EYE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>An image of a house fly compound eye surface by using Scanning <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_Microscope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electron Microscope (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">Electron Microscope</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0:Compound_eye1.jpg" title="ચિત્ર:Compound eye1.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="180">ચિત્ર:Compound eye1.jpg</span></a><figcaption>Anatomy of the compound eye of an insect</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0:Calliphora_vomitoria_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Calliphora_vomitoria_Portrait.jpg/220px-Calliphora_vomitoria_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Calliphora_vomitoria_Portrait.jpg/330px-Calliphora_vomitoria_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Calliphora_vomitoria_Portrait.jpg/440px-Calliphora_vomitoria_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1669" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption>Arthropods such as this <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calliphora_vomitoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calliphora vomitoria (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">Calliphora vomitoria</a> fly have compound eyes</figcaption></figure> <p>A compound eye may consist of thousands of individual photoreceptor units or ommatidia (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ommatidium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ommatidium (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">ommatidium</a>, singular). The image perceived is a combination of inputs from the numerous ommatidia (individual "eye units"), which are located on a convex surface, thus pointing in slightly different directions. Compared with simple eyes, compound eyes possess a very large view angle, and can detect fast movement and, in some cases, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarization_(waves)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polarization (waves) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">polarization</a> of light.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨૩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the individual lenses are so small, the effects of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diffraction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diffraction (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">diffraction</a> impose a limit on the possible resolution that can be obtained (assuming that they do not function as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phased_array&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phased array (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">phased array</a>s). This can only be countered by increasing lens size and number. To see with a resolution comparable to our simple eyes, humans would require compound eyes which would each reach the size of their head. </p><p>Compound eyes fall into two groups: apposition eyes, which form multiple inverted images, and superposition eyes, which form a single erect image.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨૪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compound eyes are common in arthropods, and are also present in annelids and some bivalved molluscs.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨૫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compound eyes, in arthropods at least, grow at their margins by the addition of new ommatidia.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayer2006_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer2006-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨૬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apposition_eyes">Apposition eyes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=11" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Apposition eyes"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apposition eyes are the most common form of eye, and are presumably the ancestral form of compound eye. They are found in all arthropod groups, although they may have evolved more than once within this phylum.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some annelids and bivalves also have apposition eyes. They are also possessed by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limulus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limulus (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">Limulus</a></i>, the horseshoe crab, and there are suggestions that other chelicerates developed their simple eyes by reduction from a compound starting point.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Some caterpillars appear to have evolved compound eyes from simple eyes in the opposite fashion.) </p><p>Apposition eyes work by gathering a number of images, one from each eye, and combining them in the brain, with each eye typically contributing a single point of information. </p><p>The typical apposition eye has a lens focusing light from one direction on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhabdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhabdom (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">rhabdom</a>, while light from other directions is absorbed by the dark wall of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ommatidium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ommatidium (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">ommatidium</a>. In the other kind of apposition eye, found in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strepsiptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strepsiptera (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">Strepsiptera</a>, lenses are not fused to one another, and each forms an entire image; these images are combined in the brain. This is called the schizochroal compound eye or the neural superposition eye. Because images are combined additively, this arrangement allows vision under lower light levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Superposition_eyes">Superposition eyes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=12" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Superposition eyes"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second type is named the superposition eye. The superposition eye is divided into three types; the refracting, the reflecting and the parabolic superposition eye. The refracting superposition eye has a gap between the lens and the rhabdom, and no side wall. Each lens takes light at an angle to its axis and reflects it to the same angle on the other side. The result is an image at half the radius of the eye, which is where the tips of the rhabdoms are. This kind is used mostly by nocturnal insects. In the parabolic superposition compound eye type, seen in arthropods such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayfly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayfly (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">mayflies</a>, the parabolic surfaces of the inside of each facet focus light from a reflector to a sensor array. Long-bodied decapod crustaceans such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shrimp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shrimp (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">shrimp</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prawn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prawn (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">prawn</a>s, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crayfish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crayfish (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">crayfish</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lobster (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">lobster</a>s are alone in having reflecting superposition eyes, which also have a transparent gap but use corner <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirror (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">mirror</a>s instead of lenses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parabolic_superposition">Parabolic superposition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=13" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Parabolic superposition"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This eye type functions by refracting light, then using a parabolic mirror to focus the image; it combines features of superposition and apposition eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-Cronin2008_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cronin2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=14" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Other"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Good fliers like flies or honey bees, or prey-catching insects like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Praying_mantis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praying mantis (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">praying mantis</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dragonfly (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">dragonflies</a>, have specialized zones of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ommatidium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ommatidium (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">ommatidia</a> organized into a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fovea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fovea (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">fovea</a> area which gives acute vision. In the acute zone the eyes are flattened and the facets larger. The flattening allows more ommatidia to receive light from a spot and therefore higher resolution. </p><p>There are some exceptions from the types mentioned above. Some insects have a so-called single lens compound eye, a transitional type which is something between a superposition type of the multi-lens compound eye and the single lens eye found in animals with simple eyes. Then there is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mysid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mysid (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">mysid</a> shrimp <i>Dioptromysis paucispinosa</i>. The shrimp has an eye of the refracting superposition type, in the rear behind this in each eye there is a single large facet that is three times in diameter the others in the eye and behind this is an enlarged crystalline cone. This projects an upright image on a specialized retina. The resulting eye is a mixture of a simple eye within a compound eye. </p><p>Another version is the pseudofaceted eye, as seen in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scutigera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scutigera (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">Scutigera</a>. This type of eye consists of a cluster of numerous <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocelli (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">ocelli</a> on each side of the head, organized in a way that resembles a true compound eye. </p><p>The body of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ophiocoma_wendtii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ophiocoma wendtii (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">Ophiocoma wendtii</a></i>, a type of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittle_star&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brittle star (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">brittle star</a>, is covered with ommatidia, turning its whole skin into a compound eye. The same is true of many <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiton (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">chiton</a>s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nutrients_of_the_eye">Nutrients of the eye</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=15" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Nutrients of the eye"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>ciliary body</b> is triangular in horizontal section and is coated by a double layer, the ciliary epithelium. The inner layer is transparent and covers the vitreous body, and is continuous from the neural tissue of the retina. The outer layer is highly pigmented, continuous with the retinal pigment epithelium, and constitutes the cells of the dilator muscle. </p><p>The <b>vitreous</b> is the transparent, colorless, gelatinous mass that fills the space between the lens of the eye and the retina lining the back of the eye.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali&Klyne1985_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali&Klyne1985-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨૭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is produced by certain retinal cells. It is of rather similar composition to the cornea, but contains very few cells (mostly phagocytes which remove unwanted cellular debris in the visual field, as well as the hyalocytes of Balazs of the surface of the vitreous, which reprocess the hyaluronic acid), no blood vessels, and 98-99% of its volume is water (as opposed to 75% in the cornea) with salts, sugars, vitrosin (a type of collagen), a network of collagen type II fibers with the mucopolysaccharide hyaluronic acid, and also a wide array of proteins in micro amounts. Amazingly, with so little solid matter, it tautly holds the eye. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_life_requirements">Relationship to life requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=16" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Relationship to life requirements"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eyes are generally adapted to the environment and life requirements of the organism which bears them. For instance, the distribution of photoreceptors tends to match the area in which the highest acuity is required, with horizon-scanning organisms, such as those that live on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=African&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">African</a> plains, having a horizontal line of high-density ganglia, while tree-dwelling creatures which require good all-round vision tend to have a symmetrical distribution of ganglia, with acuity decreasing outwards from the centre. </p><p>Of course, for most eye types, it is impossible to diverge from a spherical form, so only the density of optical receptors can be altered. In organisms with compound eyes, it is the number of ommatidia rather than ganglia that reflects the region of highest data acquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:23-4</sup> Optical superposition eyes are constrained to a spherical shape, but other forms of compound eyes may deform to a shape where more ommatidia are aligned to, say, the horizon, without altering the size or density of individual ommatidia.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1989_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1989-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨૮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eyes of horizon-scanning organisms have stalks so they can be easily aligned to the horizon when this is inclined, for example if the animal is on a slope.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeil1996_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeil1996-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨૯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extension of this concept is that the eyes of predators typically have a zone of very acute vision at their centre, to assist in the identification of prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1989_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1989-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨૮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In deep water organisms, it may not be the centre of the eye that is enlarged. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperiid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyperiid (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">hyperiid</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphipod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphipod (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">amphipod</a>s are deep water animals that feed on organisms above them. Their eyes are almost divided into two, with the upper region thought to be involved in detecting the silhouettes of potential prey—or predators—against the faint light of the sky above. Accordingly, deeper water hyperiids, where the light against which the silhouettes must be compared is dimmer, have larger "upper-eyes", and may lose the lower portion of their eyes altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1989_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1989-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨૮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depth perception can be enhanced by having eyes which are enlarged in one direction; distorting the eye slightly allows the distance to the object to be estimated with a high degree of accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Cronin2008_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cronin2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acuity is higher among male organisms that mate in mid-air, as they need to be able to spot and assess potential mates against a very large backdrop.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1989_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1989-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨૮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the eyes of organisms which operate in low light levels, such as around dawn and dusk or in deep water, tend to be larger to increase the amount of light that can be captured.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1989_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1989-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨૮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not only the shape of the eye that may be affected by lifestyle. Eyes can be the most visible parts of organisms, and this can act as a pressure on organisms to have more transparent eyes at the cost of function.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1989_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1989-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨૮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eyes may be mounted on stalks to provide better all-round vision, by lifting them above an organism's carapace; this also allows them to track predators or prey without moving the head.<sup id="cite_ref-Cronin2008_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cronin2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual_acuity">Visual acuity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=17" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Visual acuity"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0:Hawk_eye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hawk_eye.jpg/220px-Hawk_eye.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hawk_eye.jpg/330px-Hawk_eye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hawk_eye.jpg/440px-Hawk_eye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red-tailed_Hawk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red-tailed Hawk (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">hawk's</a> eye</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_acuity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visual acuity (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">Visual acuity</a>, or resolving power, is "the ability to distinguish fine detail" and is the property of cones.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali&Klyne1985p28_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali&Klyne1985p28-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૩૦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often measured in <i>cycles per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Degree_(angle)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Degree (angle) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">degree</a></i> (CPD), which measures an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angular_resolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angular resolution (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">angular resolution</a>, or how much an eye can differentiate one object from another in terms of visual angles. Resolution in CPD can be measured by bar charts of different numbers of white/black stripe cycles. For example, if each pattern is 1.75 cm wide and is placed at 1 m distance from the eye, it will subtend an angle of 1 degree, so the number of white/black bar pairs on the pattern will be a measure of the cycles per degree of that pattern. The highest such number that the eye can resolve as stripes, or distinguish from a gray block, is then the measurement of visual acuity of the eye. </p><p>For a human eye with excellent acuity, the maximum theoretical resolution is 50 CPD<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૩૧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1.2 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arcminute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arcminute (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">arcminute</a> per line pair, or a 0.35 mm line pair, at 1 m). A rat can resolve only about 1 to 2 CPD.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૩૨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A horse has higher acuity through most of the visual field of its eyes than a human has, but does not match the high acuity of the human eye's central <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fovea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fovea (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">fovea</a> region. </p><p>Spherical aberration limits the resolution of a 7 mm pupil to about 3 arcminutes per line pair. At a pupil diameter of 3 mm, the spherical aberration is greatly reduced, resulting in an improved resolution of approximately 1.7 arcminutes per line pair.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૩૩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A resolution of 2 arcminutes per line pair, equivalent to a 1 arcminute gap in an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optotype&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optotype (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">optotype</a>, corresponds to 20/20 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_acuity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visual acuity (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">normal vision</a>) in humans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perception_of_colours">Perception of colours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=18" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Perception of colours"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Colour vision is the faculty of the organism to distinguish lights of different spectral qualities."<sup id="cite_ref-Ali&Klyne1985p161_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali&Klyne1985p161-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૩૪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All organisms are restricted to a small range of electromagnetic spectrum; this varies from creature to creature, but is mainly between 400 and 700 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernald1982_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernald1982-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૩૫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a rather small section of the electromagnetic spectrum, probably reflecting the submarine evolution of the organ: water blocks out all but two small windows of the EM spectrum, and there has been no evolutionary pressure among land animals to broaden this range.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernald1997_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernald1997-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૩૬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most sensitive pigment, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodopsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhodopsin (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">rhodopsin</a>, has a peak response at 500 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith1990_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith1990-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૩૭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small changes to the genes coding for this protein can tweak the peak response by a few nm;<sup id="cite_ref-Frentiu2008_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frentiu2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pigments in the lens can also filter incoming light, changing the peak response.<sup id="cite_ref-Frentiu2008_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frentiu2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many organisms are unable to discriminate between colours, seeing instead in shades of grey; color vision necessitates a range of pigment cells which are primarily sensitive to smaller ranges of the spectrum. In primates, geckos, and other organisms, these take the form of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cone_cell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cone cell (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">cone cell</a>s, from which the more sensitive <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rod_cell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rod cell (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">rod cell</a>s evolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith1990_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith1990-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૩૭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if organisms are physically capable of discriminating different colours, this does not necessarily mean that they can perceive the different colours; only with behavioural tests can this be deduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Frentiu2008_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frentiu2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most organisms with colour vision are able to detect ultraviolet light. This high energy light can be damaging to receptor cells. With a few exceptions (snakes, placental mammals), most organisms avoid these effects by having absorbent oil droplets around their cone cells. The alternative, developed by organisms that had lost these oil droplets in the course of evolution, is to make the lens impervious to UV light — this precludes the possibility of any UV light being detected, as it does not even reach the retina.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith1990_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith1990-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૩૭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rods_and_cones">Rods and cones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=19" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Rods and cones"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The retina contains two major types of light-sensitive <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photoreceptor_cell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photoreceptor cell (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">photoreceptor cell</a>s used for vision: the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rod_cell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rod cell (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">rods</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cone_cell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cone cell (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">cones</a>. </p><p>Rods cannot distinguish colours, but are responsible for low-light (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scotopic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scotopic (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">scotopic</a>) monochrome (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-and-white&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black-and-white (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">black-and-white</a>) vision; they work well in dim light as they contain a pigment, rhodopsin (visual purple), which is sensitive at low light intensity, but saturates at higher (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photopic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photopic (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">photopic</a>) intensities. Rods are distributed throughout the retina but there are none at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fovea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fovea (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">fovea</a> and none at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blind_spot_(vision)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blind spot (vision) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">blind spot</a>. Rod density is greater in the peripheral retina than in the central retina. </p><p>Cones are responsible for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colour_vision&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colour vision (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">colour vision</a>. They require brighter light to function than rods require. In humans, there are three types of cones, maximally sensitive to long-wavelength, medium-wavelength, and short-wavelength light (often referred to as red, green, and blue, respectively, though the sensitivity peaks are not actually at these colours). The colour seen is the combined effect of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulus_(physiology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stimulus (physiology) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">stimuli</a> to, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulus%E2%80%93response_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stimulus–response model (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">responses</a> from, these three types of cone cells. Cones are mostly concentrated in and near the fovea. Only a few are present at the sides of the retina. Objects are seen most sharply in focus when their images fall on the fovea, as when one looks at an object directly. Cone cells and rods are connected through intermediate cells in the retina to nerve fibres of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optic_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optic nerve (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">optic nerve</a>. When rods and cones are stimulated by light, the nerves send off impulses through these fibres to the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith1990_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith1990-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૩૭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pigmentation">Pigmentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=20" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: Pigmentation"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pigment molecules used in the eye are various, but can be used to define the evolutionary distance between different groups, and can also be an aid in determining which are closely related – although problems of convergence do exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith1990_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith1990-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૩૭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opsins are the pigments involved in photoreception. Other pigments, such as melanin, are used to shield the photoreceptor cells from light leaking in from the sides. The opsin protein group evolved long before the last common ancestor of animals, and has continued to diversify since.<sup id="cite_ref-Frentiu2008_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frentiu2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two types of opsin involved in vision; c-opsins, which are associated with ciliary-type photoreceptor cells, and r-opsins, associated with rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Nilsson2008_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nilsson2008-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૩૮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eyes of vertebrates usually contain cilliary cells with c-opsins, and (bilaterian) invertebrates have rhabdomeric cells in the eye with r-opsins. However, some <i>ganglion</i> cells of vertebrates express r-opsins, suggesting that their ancestors used this pigment in vision, and that remnants survive in the eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-Nilsson2008_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nilsson2008-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૩૮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, c-opsins have been found to be expressed in the <i>brain</i> of some invertebrates. They may have been expressed in ciliary cells of larval eyes, which were subsequently resorbed into the brain on metamorphosis to the adult form.<sup id="cite_ref-Nilsson2008_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nilsson2008-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૩૮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> C-opsins are also found in some derived bilaterian-invertebrate eyes, such as the pallial eyes of the bivalve molluscs; however, the lateral eyes (which were presumably the ancestral type for this group, if eyes evolved once there) always use r-opsins.<sup id="cite_ref-Nilsson2008_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nilsson2008-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૩૮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cnidaria, which are an outgroup to the taxa mentioned above, express c-opsins - but r-opsins are yet to be found in this group.<sup id="cite_ref-Nilsson2008_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nilsson2008-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૩૮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incidentally, the melanin produced in the cnidaria is produced in the same fashion as that in vertebrates, suggesting the common descent of this pigment.<sup id="cite_ref-Nilsson2008_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nilsson2008-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>૩૮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="સંદર્ભ"><span id=".E0.AA.B8.E0.AA.82.E0.AA.A6.E0.AA.B0.E0.AB.8D.E0.AA.AD"></span>સંદર્ભ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=21" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: સંદર્ભ"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="નોંધ"><span id=".E0.AA.A8.E0.AB.8B.E0.AA.82.E0.AA.A7"></span>નોંધ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=22" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: નોંધ"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r759898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-0">૧.૦૦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-1">૧.૦૧</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-2">૧.૦૨</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-3">૧.૦૩</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-4">૧.૦૪</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-5">૧.૦૫</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-6">૧.૦૬</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-7">૧.૦૭</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-8">૧.૦૮</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-9">૧.૦૯</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-10">૧.૧૦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-11">૧.૧૧</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-12">૧.૧૨</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-13">૧.૧૩</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-14">૧.૧૪</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-15">૧.૧૫</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-16">૧.૧૬</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-17">૧.૧૭</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-18">૧.૧૮</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-19">૧.૧૯</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-20">૧.૨૦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-21">૧.૨૧</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-22">૧.૨૨</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-23">૧.૨૩</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-24">૧.૨૪</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-25">૧.૨૫</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-26">૧.૨૬</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-27">૧.૨૭</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r821257">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFLandFernald1992" class="citation journal cs1">Land, M F; Fernald, R D (1992). "The Evolution of Eyes". <i>Annual Review of Neuroscience</i>. <b>15</b>: 1–29. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ne.15.030192.000245">10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.000245</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0147-006X">0147-006X</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1575438">1575438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Eyes&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=1-29&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0147-006X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1575438&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ne.15.030192.000245&rft.aulast=Land&rft.aufirst=M+F&rft.au=Fernald%2C+R+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frentiu2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Frentiu2008_2-0">૨.૦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Frentiu2008_2-1">૨.૧</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Frentiu2008_2-2">૨.૨</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Frentiu2008_2-3">૨.૩</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Frentiu2008_2-4">૨.૪</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFFrentiu,_Francesca_D.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Frentiu, Francesca D. (2008). "A butterfly eye's view of birds". <i>BioEssays</i>. <b>30</b> (11–12): 1151–62. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20828">10.1002/bies.20828</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18937365">18937365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioEssays&rft.atitle=A+butterfly+eye%27s+view+of+birds&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=11%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=1151-62&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.20828&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18937365&rft.au=Frentiu%2C+Francesca+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%A6:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="mw-redirect" title="મદદ:CS1 errors">મદદ</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFBreitmeyer2010" class="citation book cs1">Breitmeyer, Bruno (2010). <i>Blindspots: The Many Ways We Cannot See</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. પૃષ્ઠ 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B7:%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A4/9780195394269" title="વિશેષ:પુસ્તકસ્રોત/9780195394269"><bdi>9780195394269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blindspots%3A+The+Many+Ways+We+Cannot+See&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780195394269&rft.aulast=Breitmeyer&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The precise number depends on the author</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFNairne2005" class="citation book cs1">Nairne, James (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6MqkLT-Q0oUC&pg=PA146&dq=iris+intitle:psychology+inauthor:Nairne"><i>Psychology</i></a>. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B7:%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A4/049503150x" title="વિશેષ:પુસ્તકસ્રોત/049503150x"><bdi>049503150x</bdi></a><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"> Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: invalid character (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%A6:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" class="mw-redirect" title="મદદ:CS1 errors">મદદ</a>)</span>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/61361417">61361417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology&rft.place=Belmont&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61361417&rft.aulast=Nairne&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D6MqkLT-Q0oUC%26pg%3DPA146%26dq%3Diris%2Bintitle%3Apsychology%2Binauthor%3ANairne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFVicki_Bruce,_Patrick_R._Green,_and_Mark_A._Georgeson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicki_Bruce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vicki Bruce (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">Vicki Bruce</a>, Patrick R. Green, and Mark A. Georgeson (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=ukvei0wge_8C&pg=PA20&dq=iris+aberrations+intitle:psychology"><i>Visual Perception: Physiology, Psychology and Ecology</i></a>. Psychology Press. પૃષ્ઠ 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B7:%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A4/0863774504" title="વિશેષ:પુસ્તકસ્રોત/0863774504"><bdi>0863774504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visual+Perception%3A+Physiology%2C+Psychology+and+Ecology&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0863774504&rft.au=Vicki+Bruce%2C+Patrick+R.+Green%2C+and+Mark+A.+Georgeson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dukvei0wge_8C%26pg%3DPA20%26dq%3Diris%2Baberrations%2Bintitle%3Apsychology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="શ્રેણી:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">BioMedia Associates Educational Biology Site: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebiomedia.com/gall/eyes/octopus-insect.html">What animal has a more sophisticated eye, Octopus or Insect?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314030715/http://www.nwf.org/nationalwildlife/article.cfm?issueID=77&articleID=1114">"Who You Callin' "Shrimp"? – National Wildlife Magazine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwf.org/nationalwildlife/article.cfm?issueID=77&articleID=1114">મૂળ</a> માંથી 2007-03-14 પર સંગ્રહિત<span class="reference-accessdate">. મેળવેલ <span class="nowrap">2011-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+You+Callin%27+%22Shrimp%22%3F+%E2%80%93+National+Wildlife+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwf.org%2Fnationalwildlife%2Farticle.cfm%3FissueID%3D77%26articleID%3D1114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cronin2008-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cronin2008_9-0">૯.૦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cronin2008_9-1">૯.૧</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cronin2008_9-2">૯.૨</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cronin2008_9-3">૯.૩</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12052-008-0085-0"> 10.1007/s12052-008-0085-0 </a><br /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. <small>You can <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Bot/DOI_bot/doibot.php?doi=10.1007%2Fs12052-008-0085-0">jump the queue</a> or <a class="external text" href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%A2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%8B:Cite_doi/10.1007/s12052-008-0085-0&preload=Template:Cite_doi/preload&editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro&action=edit">expand by hand</a></small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Autrum1979-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Autrum1979_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFAutrum,_H" class="citation book cs1">Autrum, H. "Introduction". માં H. Autrum (editor) (સંપાદક). <i>Comparative Physiology and Evolution of Vision in Invertebrates- A: Invertebrate Photoreceptors</i>. Handbook of Sensory Physiology. VII/6A. New York: Springer-Verlag. પૃષ્ઠ 4, 8–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B7:%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A4/3540088377" title="વિશેષ:પુસ્તકસ્રોત/3540088377"><bdi>3540088377</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Comparative+Physiology+and+Evolution+of+Vision+in+Invertebrates-+A%3A+Invertebrate+Photoreceptors&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Handbook+of+Sensory+Physiology&rft.pages=4%2C+8-9&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.isbn=3540088377&rft.au=Autrum%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80:CS1_maint:_extra_text:_editors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="શ્રેણી:CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFHalderCallaertsGehring1995" class="citation journal cs1">Halder, G.; Callaerts, P.; Gehring, W.J. (1995). "New perspectives on eye evolution". <i>Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev</i>. <b>5</b> (5): 602–609. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0959-437X%2895%2980029-8">10.1016/0959-437X(95)80029-8</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8664548">8664548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr.+Opin.+Genet.+Dev.&rft.atitle=New+perspectives+on+eye+evolution&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=602-609&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0959-437X%2895%2980029-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8664548&rft.aulast=Halder&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Callaerts%2C+P.&rft.au=Gehring%2C+W.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFHalderCallaertsGehring1995" class="citation journal cs1">Halder, G.; Callaerts, P.; Gehring, W.J. (1995). "Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the <i>eyeless</i> gene in <i>Drosophila</i>"". <i>Science</i>. <b>267</b> (5205): 1788–1792. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7892602">10.1126/science.7892602</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7892602">7892602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Induction+of+ectopic+eyes+by+targeted+expression+of+the+eyeless+gene+in+Drosophila%22.&rft.volume=267&rft.issue=5205&rft.pages=1788-1792&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.7892602&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7892602&rft.aulast=Halder&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Callaerts%2C+P.&rft.au=Gehring%2C+W.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFTomarevCallaertsKosZinovieva1997" class="citation journal cs1">Tomarev, S.I.; Callaerts, P.; Kos, L.; Zinovieva, R.; Halder, G.; Gehring, W.; Piatigorsky, J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20103">"Squid <i>Pax-6</i> and eye development"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA</i>. <b>94</b> (6): 2421–2426. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.6.2421">10.1073/pnas.94.6.2421</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20103">20103</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9122210">9122210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+USA&rft.atitle=Squid+Pax-6+and+eye+development&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2421-2426&rft.date=1997&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC20103%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9122210&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.94.6.2421&rft.aulast=Tomarev&rft.aufirst=S.I.&rft.au=Callaerts%2C+P.&rft.au=Kos%2C+L.&rft.au=Zinovieva%2C+R.&rft.au=Halder%2C+G.&rft.au=Gehring%2C+W.&rft.au=Piatigorsky%2C+J.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC20103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Conway-Morris, S. (1998). <i>The Crucible of Creation</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFLandFernald1992" class="citation journal cs1">Land, M.F.; Fernald, Russell D. (1992). "The evolution of eyes". <i>Annu Rev Neurosci</i>. <b>15</b>: 1–29. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ne.15.030192.000245">10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.000245</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1575438">1575438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Neurosci&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+eyes&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=1-29&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ne.15.030192.000245&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1575438&rft.aulast=Land&rft.aufirst=M.F.&rft.au=Fernald%2C+Russell+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ee-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ee_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915061324/http://library.thinkquest.org/28030/eyeevo.htm">"Eye-Evolution?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/28030/eyeevo.htm">મૂળ</a> માંથી 2012-09-15 પર સંગ્રહિત<span class="reference-accessdate">. મેળવેલ <span class="nowrap">2011-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eye-Evolution%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2F28030%2Feyeevo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lenses_come_from-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lenses_come_from_17-0">૧૭.૦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lenses_come_from_17-1">૧૭.૧</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernald, Russell D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karger.com/gazette/64/fernald/art_1_4.htm">The Evolution of Eyes: Where Do Lenses Come From?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060319050210/http://www.karger.com/gazette/64/fernald/art_1_4.htm">સંગ્રહિત</a> ૨૦૦૬-૦૩-૧૯ ના રોજ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8" title="વેબેક મશિન">વેબેક મશિન</a> <i>Karger Gazette</i> 64: "The Eye in Focus".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kozmik2008-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kozmik2008_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFKozmik,_ZbynekRuzickova,_JanaJonasova,_KristynaMatsumoto,_Yoshifumi2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kozmik, Zbynek; Ruzickova, Jana; Jonasova, Kristyna; Matsumoto, Yoshifumi; Vopalensky, Pavel; Kozmikova, Iryna; Strnad, Hynek; Kawamura, Shoji; Piatigorsky, Joram (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404160858/https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2008/06/23/0800388105.full.pdf">"Assembly of the cnidarian camera-type eye from vertebrate-like components"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>105</b> (26): 8989–8993. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0800388105">10.1073/pnas.0800388105</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2449352">2449352</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18577593">18577593</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/0800388105v1.pdf">મૂળ</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> માંથી 2020-04-04 પર સંગ્રહિત<span class="reference-accessdate">. મેળવેલ <span class="nowrap">2011-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Assembly+of+the+cnidarian+camera-type+eye+from+vertebrate-like+components&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=8989-8993&rft.date=2008&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2449352%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18577593&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0800388105&rft.au=Kozmik%2C+Zbynek&rft.au=Ruzickova%2C+Jana&rft.au=Jonasova%2C+Kristyna&rft.au=Matsumoto%2C+Yoshifumi&rft.au=Vopalensky%2C+Pavel&rft.au=Kozmikova%2C+Iryna&rft.au=Strnad%2C+Hynek&rft.au=Kawamura%2C+Shoji&rft.au=Piatigorsky%2C+Joram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F0800388105v1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernald2006-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fernald2006_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFFernald,_Russell_D.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fernald, Russell D. (2006). "Casting a Genetic Light on the Evolution of Eyes". <i>Science</i>. <b>313</b> (5795): 1914–1918. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1127889">10.1126/science.1127889</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17008522">17008522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Casting+a+Genetic+Light+on+the+Evolution+of+Eyes&rft.volume=313&rft.issue=5795&rft.pages=1914-1918&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1127889&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17008522&rft.au=Fernald%2C+Russell+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%A6:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="mw-redirect" title="મદદ:CS1 errors">મદદ</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%A2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%8B:Cite_jstor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ઢાંચો:Cite jstor (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">ઢાંચો:Cite jstor</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson1978-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1978_21-0">૨૧.૦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1978_21-1">૨૧.૧</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1978_21-2">૨૧.૨</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1978" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, M. (1978). "The functional organisation of locust ocelli". <i>Journal of Comparative Physiology</i>. <b>124</b> (4): 297–316. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00661380">10.1007/BF00661380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Physiology&rft.atitle=The+functional+organisation+of+locust+ocelli&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=297-316&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00661380&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wagner_et_al-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wagner_et_al_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFWagner,_H.J.,_Douglas,_R.H.,_Frank,_T.M.,_Roberts,_N.W.,_and_Partridge,_J.C." class="citation journal cs1">Wagner, H.J., Douglas, R.H., Frank, T.M., Roberts, N.W., and Partridge, J.C. (Jan. 27, 2009). "A Novel Vertebrate Eye Using Both Refractive and Reflective Optics". <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 108–114. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.11.061">10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.061</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19110427">19110427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=A+Novel+Vertebrate+Eye+Using+Both+Refractive+and+Reflective+Optics&rft.chron=Jan.+27%2C+2009&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=108-114&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.11.061&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19110427&rft.au=Wagner%2C+H.J.%2C+Douglas%2C+R.H.%2C+Frank%2C+T.M.%2C+Roberts%2C+N.W.%2C+and+Partridge%2C+J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%A6:CS1_errors#bad_date" class="mw-redirect" title="મદદ:CS1 errors">મદદ</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="શ્રેણી:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFVölkel,_REisner,_MWeible,_K._J2003" class="citation journal cs1">Völkel, R; Eisner, M; Weible, K. J (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001225326/http://www.suss-microoptics.com/downloads/Publications/Miniaturized_Imaging_Systems.pdf">"Miniaturized imaging systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Microelectronic Engineering</i>. 67–68 (1): 461–472. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-9317%2803%2900102-3">10.1016/S0167-9317(03)00102-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suss-microoptics.com/downloads/Publications/Miniaturized_Imaging_Systems.pdf">મૂળ</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> માંથી 2008-10-01 પર સંગ્રહિત<span class="reference-accessdate">. મેળવેલ <span class="nowrap">2011-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microelectronic+Engineering&rft.atitle=Miniaturized+imaging+systems&rft.volume=67-68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=461-472&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0167-9317%2803%2900102-3&rft.au=V%C3%B6lkel%2C+R&rft.au=Eisner%2C+M&rft.au=Weible%2C+K.+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suss-microoptics.com%2Fdownloads%2FPublications%2FMiniaturized_Imaging_Systems.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%A6:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="mw-redirect" title="મદદ:CS1 errors">મદદ</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFGaten1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gaten, Edward (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130112064254/http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/ctz/vol67/nr04/art01#FIGURE1">"Optics and phylogeny: is there an insight? The evolution of superposition eyes in the Decapoda (Crustacea)"</a>. <i>Contributions to Zoology</i>. <b>67</b> (4): 223–236. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/ctz/vol67/nr04/art01#FIGURE1">મૂળ</a> માંથી 2013-01-12 પર સંગ્રહિત<span class="reference-accessdate">. મેળવેલ <span class="nowrap">2011-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contributions+to+Zoology&rft.atitle=Optics+and+phylogeny%3A+is+there+an+insight%3F+The+evolution+of+superposition+eyes+in+the+Decapoda+%28Crustacea%29&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=223-236&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Gaten&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdpc.uba.uva.nl%2Fctz%2Fvol67%2Fnr04%2Fart01%23FIGURE1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie1985" class="citation journal cs1">Ritchie, Alexander (1985). "<i>Ainiktozoon loganense</i> Scourfield, a protochordate? from the Silurian of Scotland". <i>Alcheringa</i>. <b>9</b>: 137. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03115518508618961">10.1080/03115518508618961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcheringa&rft.atitle=Ainiktozoon+loganense+Scourfield%2C+a+protochordate%3F+from+the+Silurian+of+Scotland&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=137&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03115518508618961&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayer2006-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mayer2006_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mayer, G. (2006). "Structure and development of onychophoran eyes: What is the ancestral visual organ in arthropods?". <i>Arthropod Structure and Development</i>. <b>35</b> (4): 231–245. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asd.2006.06.003">10.1016/j.asd.2006.06.003</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18089073">18089073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthropod+Structure+and+Development&rft.atitle=Structure+and+development+of+onychophoran+eyes%3A+What+is+the+ancestral+visual+organ+in+arthropods%3F&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=231-245&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.asd.2006.06.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18089073&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ali&Klyne1985-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ali&Klyne1985_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFAliKlyne1985" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Mohamed Ather; Klyne, M.A. (1985). <i>Vision in Vertebrates</i>. New York: Plenum Press. પૃષ્ઠ 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B7:%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A4/0-306-42065-1" title="વિશેષ:પુસ્તકસ્રોત/0-306-42065-1"><bdi>0-306-42065-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vision+in+Vertebrates&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Plenum+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-306-42065-1&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Ather&rft.au=Klyne%2C+M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Land1989-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1989_28-0">૨૮.૦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1989_28-1">૨૮.૧</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1989_28-2">૨૮.૨</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1989_28-3">૨૮.૩</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1989_28-4">૨૮.૪</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Land1989_28-5">૨૮.૫</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFLand,_M._F.1989" class="citation journal cs1">Land, M. F. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/index/P0P467K474307K3N.pdf">"The eyes of hyperiid amphipods: relations of optical structure to depth"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology</i>. <b>164</b> (6): 751–762. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00616747">10.1007/BF00616747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Physiology+A%3A+Sensory%2C+Neural%2C+and+Behavioral+Physiology&rft.atitle=The+eyes+of+hyperiid+amphipods%3A+relations+of+optical+structure+to+depth&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=751-762&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00616747&rft.au=Land%2C+M.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Findex%2FP0P467K474307K3N.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE:Link_rot" class="mw-redirect" title="વિકિપીડિયા:Link rot"><span title=" જુલાઈ 2021થી મૃત કડી">હંમેશ માટે મૃત કડી</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeil1996-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Zeil1996_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFZeil,_J.1996" class="citation journal cs1">Zeil, J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/199/7/1569.pdf">"The variation of resolution and of ommatidial dimensions in the compound eyes of the fiddler crab <i>Uca lactea annulipes </i>(Ocypodidae, Brachyura, Decapoda)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>199</b> (7): 1569–1577.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=The+variation+of+resolution+and+of+ommatidial+dimensions+in+the+compound+eyes+of+the+fiddler+crab+Uca+lactea+annulipes+%28Ocypodidae%2C+Brachyura%2C+Decapoda%29&rft.volume=199&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1569-1577&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Zeil%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F199%2F7%2F1569.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ali&Klyne1985p28-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ali&Klyne1985p28_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ali, M.A. & Klyne, M.A. (1985), p.28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_C._Russ2006" class="citation book cs1">John C. Russ (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=Vs2AM2cWl1AC&pg=PT110&dq=%2250+cycles+per+degree%22+acuity"><i>The Image Processing Handbook</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B7:%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A4/0849372542" title="વિશેષ:પુસ્તકસ્રોત/0849372542"><bdi>0849372542</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/156223054">156223054</a>. <q>The upper limit (finest detail) visible with the human eye is about 50 cycles per degree,… (Fifth Edition, 2007, Page 94)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Image+Processing+Handbook&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F156223054&rft.isbn=0849372542&rft.au=John+C.+Russ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DVs2AM2cWl1AC%26pg%3DPT110%26dq%3D%252250%2Bcycles%2Bper%2Bdegree%2522%2Bacuity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis_D._Klaassen2001" class="citation book cs1">Curtis D. Klaassen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=G16riRjvmykC&pg=PA574&dq=cycles-per-degree+acuity+rat"><i>Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B7:%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A4/0071347216" title="વિશેષ:પુસ્તકસ્રોત/0071347216"><bdi>0071347216</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/47965382">47965382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Casarett+and+Doull%27s+Toxicology%3A+The+Basic+Science+of+Poisons&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47965382&rft.isbn=0071347216&rft.au=Curtis+D.+Klaassen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DG16riRjvmykC%26pg%3DPA574%26dq%3Dcycles-per-degree%2Bacuity%2Brat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Fischer;_Biljana_Tadic-Galeb._With_contributions_by_Rick_Plympton…2000" class="citation book cs1">Robert E. Fischer; Biljana Tadic-Galeb. With contributions by Rick Plympton… (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=byx2Ne9cD1IC&pg=PA164&dq=eye+resolution+line-pairs+1.7"><i>Optical System Design</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B7:%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A4/0071349162" title="વિશેષ:પુસ્તકસ્રોત/0071349162"><bdi>0071349162</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/247851267">247851267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Optical+System+Design&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F247851267&rft.isbn=0071349162&rft.au=Robert+E.+Fischer%3B+Biljana+Tadic-Galeb.+With+contributions+by+Rick+Plympton%E2%80%A6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dbyx2Ne9cD1IC%26pg%3DPA164%26dq%3Deye%2Bresolution%2Bline-pairs%2B1.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|unused_data=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%A6:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="mw-redirect" title="મદદ:CS1 errors">મદદ</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="શ્રેણી:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ali&Klyne1985p161-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ali&Klyne1985p161_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ali, M.A., & Klyne, M.A. (1985), p.161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernald1982-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fernald1982_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow,_Horace_BasilMollon,_J._D1982" class="citation book cs1">Barlow, Horace Basil; Mollon, J. D (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=kno6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA98&vq=human+spectral+sensitivity&dq=eye+visible+spectrum"><i>The Senses</i></a>. Cambridge: Univ. Pr. પૃષ્ઠ 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B7:%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A4/0521244749" title="વિશેષ:પુસ્તકસ્રોત/0521244749"><bdi>0521244749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Senses&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Univ.+Pr.&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0521244749&rft.au=Barlow%2C+Horace+Basil&rft.au=Mollon%2C+J.+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dkno6AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA98%26vq%3Dhuman%2Bspectral%2Bsensitivity%26dq%3Deye%2Bvisible%2Bspectrum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernald1997-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fernald1997_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFFernald,_Russell_D.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Fernald, Russell D. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120200307/http://www.stanford.edu/group/fernaldlab/pubs/1997">"The Evolution of Eyes"</a>. <i>Brain, Behaviour and Evolution</i>. <b>50</b> (4): 253–259. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000113339">10.1159/000113339</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9310200">9310200</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/fernaldlab/pubs/1997%20Fernald.pdf">મૂળ</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> માંથી 2012-11-20 પર સંગ્રહિત<span class="reference-accessdate">. મેળવેલ <span class="nowrap">2011-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain%2C+Behaviour+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Eyes&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=253-259&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000113339&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9310200&rft.au=Fernald%2C+Russell+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Ffernaldlab%2Fpubs%2F1997%2520Fernald.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldsmith1990-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Goldsmith1990_37-0">૩૭.૦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Goldsmith1990_37-1">૩૭.૧</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Goldsmith1990_37-2">૩૭.૨</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Goldsmith1990_37-3">૩૭.૩</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Goldsmith1990_37-4">૩૭.૪</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r821257"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith,_T._H.1990" class="citation journal cs1">Goldsmith, T. H. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2832368.pdf">"Optimization, Constraint, and History in the Evolution of Eyes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Quarterly Review of Biology</i>. <b>65</b> (10000): 281–322. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F416840">10.1086/416840</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (પાનું અસ્તિત્વમાં નથી)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2146698">2146698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.atitle=Optimization%2C+Constraint%2C+and+History+in+the+Evolution+of+Eyes&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=10000&rft.pages=281-322&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F416840&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2146698&rft.au=Goldsmith%2C+T.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdfplus%2F2832368.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgu.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nilsson2008-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nilsson2008_38-0">૩૮.૦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nilsson2008_38-1">૩૮.૧</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nilsson2008_38-2">૩૮.૨</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nilsson2008_38-3">૩૮.૩</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nilsson2008_38-4">૩૮.૪</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nilsson2008_38-5">૩૮.૫</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.10.025">10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.025</a><br /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. <small>You can <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Bot/DOI_bot/doibot.php?doi=10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.10.025">jump the queue</a> or <a class="external text" href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%A2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%8B:Cite_doi/10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.025&preload=Template:Cite_doi/preload&editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro&action=edit">expand by hand</a></small></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="બાહ્ય_કડીઓ"><span id=".E0.AA.AC.E0.AA.BE.E0.AA.B9.E0.AB.8D.E0.AA.AF_.E0.AA.95.E0.AA.A1.E0.AB.80.E0.AA.93"></span>બાહ્ય કડીઓ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96&action=edit&section=23" title="પરિચ્છેદમાં ફેરફાર કરો: બાહ્ય કડીઓ"><span>ફેરફાર કરો</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r865067">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r869997">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">વિકિમીડિયા કોમન્સ પર <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eyes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Eyes">Eyes</a></span> સંબંધિત માધ્યમો છે.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B6" title="ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ">ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશમાં</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gujarativishwakosh.org/આંખ">આંખ</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/1/l_011_01.html">Evolution of the eye</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webvision.med.utah.edu/anatomy.html">Diagram of the eye</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024001211/http://webvision.med.utah.edu/anatomy.html">સંગ્રહિત</a> ૨૦૦૭-૧૦-૨૪ ના રોજ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8" title="વેબેક મશિન">વેબેક મશિન</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webvision.med.utah.edu/">Webvision. The organisation of the retina and visual system.</a> An in-depth treatment of retinal function, open to all but geared most toward graduate students.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2001/03/28_wers1.html">Eye strips images of all but bare essentials before sending visual information to brain, UC Berkeley research shows</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cotc.edu/studentlife/TutoringCenter/resourcessite/heye.htm">A collection of resources for eye anatomy.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090330092618/http://www.cotc.edu/studentlife/TutoringCenter/resourcessite/heye.htm">સંગ્રહિત</a> ૨૦૦૯-૦૩-૩૦ ના રોજ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8" title="વેબેક મશિન">વેબેક મશિન</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lensshopper.com/eye-anatomy.asp">Anatomy of the eye - flash animated interactive.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pharmacyproductinfo.com/eye.html">Eyes </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915165458/http://www.pharmacyproductinfo.com/eye.html">સંગ્રહિત</a> ૨૦૧૭-૦૯-૧૫ ના રોજ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8" title="વેબેક મશિન">વેબેક મશિન</a>- Eyes are organs that detect light, and send signals along the optic nerve to the visual and other areas of the brain.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.etu.unige.ch/~alvarra0/Roberto_ALVAREZs_Personal_Page/About_Me_files/Eye_project.pdf">Detection of weak optical signals by the human visual system : Perspectives in Neuroscience and in Quantum Physics</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE:Link_rot" class="mw-redirect" title="વિકિપીડિયા:Link rot"><span title=" જુલાઈ 2021થી મૃત કડી">હંમેશ માટે મૃત કડી</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post35mm.com/photo.php?photo_id=32966">Macro photo of Eye</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715105848/http://www.post35mm.com/photo.php?photo_id=32966">સંગ્રહિત</a> ૨૦૧૧-૦૭-૧૫ ના રોજ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8" title="વેબેક મશિન">વેબેક મશિન</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=oiUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=120&query=Vol.+144">Are Your Eyes Right</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629095351/http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=oiUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=120&query=Vol.+144">સંગ્રહિત</a> ૨૦૧૧-૦૬-૨૯ ના રોજ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8" title="વેબેક મશિન">વેબેક મશિન</a> February 1944 Popular Science</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=આંખ&oldid=872091">https://gu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=આંખ&oldid=872091</a>" થી મેળવેલ</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B7:%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%93" title="વિશેષ:શ્રેણીઓ">શ્રેણીઓ</a>: 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