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<span>Claimed motives of the United States and NASA</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Claimed_motives_of_the_United_States_and_NASA-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Claimed motives of the United States and NASA subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Claimed_motives_of_the_United_States_and_NASA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Space_Race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_Race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Space Race</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_Race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NASA_funding_and_prestige" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NASA_funding_and_prestige"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>NASA funding and prestige</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NASA_funding_and_prestige-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Vietnam War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hoax_claims_and_rebuttals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoax_claims_and_rebuttals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hoax claims and rebuttals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hoax_claims_and_rebuttals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hoax claims and rebuttals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hoax_claims_and_rebuttals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_of_conspirators_involved" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_conspirators_involved"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Number of conspirators involved</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_conspirators_involved-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photographic_and_film_oddities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photographic_and_film_oddities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Photographic and film oddities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photographic_and_film_oddities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mechanical issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Transmissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missing_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missing_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Missing data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missing_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Tapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blueprints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blueprints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Blueprints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blueprints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NASA_technology_compared_to_USSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NASA_technology_compared_to_USSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>NASA technology compared to USSR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NASA_technology_compared_to_USSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology_used_by_NASA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology_used_by_NASA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Technology used by NASA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology_used_by_NASA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths_of_NASA_personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths_of_NASA_personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Deaths of NASA personnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths_of_NASA_personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_flight_conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_flight_conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Post flight conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_flight_conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NASA_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NASA_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>NASA response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NASA_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_Stanley_Kubrick_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_Stanley_Kubrick_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Alleged Stanley Kubrick involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_Stanley_Kubrick_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Academic work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MythBusters_special" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MythBusters_special"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span><i>MythBusters</i> special</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MythBusters_special-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third-party_evidence_of_Moon_landings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third-party_evidence_of_Moon_landings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Third-party evidence of Moon landings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Third-party_evidence_of_Moon_landings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Third-party evidence of Moon landings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Third-party_evidence_of_Moon_landings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imaging_the_landing_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaging_the_landing_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Imaging the landing sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imaging_the_landing_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moon_rocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moon_rocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Moon rocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moon_rocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missions_tracked_by_independent_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions_tracked_by_independent_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Missions tracked by independent parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missions_tracked_by_independent_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retroreflectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retroreflectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Retroreflectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retroreflectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Public opinion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Public opinion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Summary_of_public_opinion_polls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_of_public_opinion_polls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Summary of public opinion polls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary_of_public_opinion_polls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Television_specials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_specials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Television specials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_specials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Moon landing conspiracy theories</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1" title="نظريات المؤامرة حول الهبوط على سطح القمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظريات المؤامرة حول الهبوط على سطح القمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADes_de_la_conspiraci%C3%B3n_de_los_allunizaxes_del_Programa_Apollo" title="Teoríes de la conspiración de los allunizaxes del Programa Apollo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Teoríes de la conspiración de los allunizaxes del Programa Apollo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay_f%C4%B1r%C4%B1lda%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Ay fırıldağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ay fırıldağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="অ্যাপোলো ষড়যন্ত্র তত্ত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাপোলো ষড়যন্ত্র তত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Конспиративни теории за фалшификации по програмата Аполо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конспиративни теории за фалшификации по програмата Аполо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teories_de_la_conspiraci%C3%B3_dels_aterratges_lunars_del_Programa_Apollo" title="Teories de la conspiració dels aterratges lunars del Programa Apollo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teories de la conspiració dels aterratges lunars del Programa Apollo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B9%C4%83%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%95" title="Уйăх каварĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Уйăх каварĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konspira%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_teorie_o_p%C5%99ist%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Apolla" title="Konspirační teorie o přistání Apolla – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konspirační teorie o přistání Apolla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konspirationsteorier_om_m%C3%A5nelandingen" title="Konspirationsteorier om månelandingen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konspirationsteorier om månelandingen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verschw%C3%B6rungstheorien_zur_Mondlandung" title="Verschwörungstheorien zur Mondlandung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verschwörungstheorien zur Mondlandung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_vanden%C3%B5u" title="Apollo vandenõu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Apollo vandenõu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Θεωρία συνωμοσίας του προγράμματος Απόλλων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θεωρία συνωμοσίας του προγράμματος Απόλλων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADas_de_la_conspiraci%C3%B3n_de_los_alunizajes_del_Programa_Apolo" title="Teorías de la conspiración de los alunizajes del Programa Apolo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teorías de la conspiración de los alunizajes del Programa Apolo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A6%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87" title="نظریه‌های توطئه فرود بر ماه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نظریه‌های توطئه فرود بر ماه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ories_conspirationnistes_sur_le_programme_Apollo" title="Théories conspirationnistes sur le programme Apollo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Théories conspirationnistes sur le programme Apollo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%AC%EC%B0%A9%EB%A5%99_%EC%9D%8C%EB%AA%A8%EB%A1%A0" title="달착륙 음모론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="달착륙 음모론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorije_urote_o_slijetanju_na_Mjesec" title="Teorije urote o slijetanju na Mjesec – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Teorije urote o slijetanju na Mjesec" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_konspirasi_pendaratan_Bulan" title="Teori konspirasi pendaratan Bulan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teori konspirasi pendaratan Bulan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_del_complotto_lunare" title="Teoria del complotto lunare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Teoria del complotto lunare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A3_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%97" title="תאוריית הקשר על זיוף הנחיתה על הירח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאוריית הקשר על זיוף הנחיתה על הירח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniecturae_ex_coniurationibus_de_egressibus_in_Lunam" title="Coniecturae ex coniurationibus de egressibus in Lunam – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Coniecturae ex coniurationibus de egressibus in Lunam" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="ചന്ദ്രയാത്രാ വിവാദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചന്ദ്രയാത്രാ വിവാദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complottheorie%C3%ABn_rond_de_Apollo-maanlanding" title="Complottheorieën rond de Apollo-maanlanding – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Complottheorieën rond de Apollo-maanlanding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AD%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB%E9%99%B0%E8%AC%80%E8%AB%96" title="アポロ計画陰謀論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アポロ計画陰謀論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konspirasjonsteorier_rundt_m%C3%A5nelandingene" title="Konspirasjonsteorier rundt månelandingene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konspirasjonsteorier rundt månelandingene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konspirasjonsteoriar_kring_m%C3%A5nelandingane" title="Konspirasjonsteoriar kring månelandingane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Konspirasjonsteoriar kring månelandingane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyga_tushishning_komplo_nazariyasi" title="Oyga tushishning komplo nazariyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oyga tushishning komplo nazariyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%92_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%8F%D8%AA%DB%92_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%92_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%BA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="انسان دے چاند اُتے اترنے توں متعلق اختلافی نظریات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انسان دے چاند اُتے اترنے توں متعلق اختلافی نظریات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorie_spiskowe_o_l%C4%85dowaniu_Apollo_na_Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCycu" title="Teorie spiskowe o lądowaniu Apollo na Księżycu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teorie spiskowe o lądowaniu Apollo na Księżycu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorias_conspirat%C3%B3rias_sobre_as_alunissagens_do_Programa_Apollo" title="Teorias conspiratórias sobre as alunissagens do Programa Apollo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teorias conspiratórias sobre as alunissagens do Programa Apollo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorii_privind_falsificarea_aseleniz%C4%83rii_%C3%AEn_programul_Apollo" title="Teorii privind falsificarea aselenizării în programul Apollo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Teorii privind falsificarea aselenizării în programul Apollo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Лунный заговор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лунный заговор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A9_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B3_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="ඇපලෝ චන්ද්‍ර ගොඩ බෑමේ වංචා පිළිබඳ සිද්ධාන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇපලෝ චන්ද්‍ර ගොඩ බෑමේ වංචා පිළිබඳ සිද්ධාන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Moon landing conspiracy theories" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%DA%86%D9%86%DA%8A_%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D9%84%DA%BE%DA%BB_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="انسان جي چنڊ تي لھڻ متعلق اختلافي نظريا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انسان جي چنڊ تي لھڻ متعلق اختلافي نظريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spochybnenie_prist%C3%A1tia_na_Mesiaci" title="Spochybnenie pristátia na Mesiaci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spochybnenie pristátia na Mesiaci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%B2%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95_%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="بیردۆزەکانی پیلانی نیشتنەوە لەسەر مانگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بیردۆزەکانی پیلانی نیشتنەوە لەسەر مانگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Теорије завере о слетању на Месец – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Теорије завере о слетању на Месец" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorije_urote_o_slijetanju_na_Mjesec" title="Teorije urote o slijetanju na Mjesec – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Teorije urote o slijetanju na Mjesec" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-ohjelmaa_koskevat_huijaussyyt%C3%B6kset" title="Apollo-ohjelmaa koskevat huijaussyytökset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Apollo-ohjelmaa koskevat huijaussyytökset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konspirationsteorier_om_m%C3%A5nlandningarna" title="Konspirationsteorier om månlandningarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konspirationsteorier om månlandningarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மனிதன் நிலவில் இறங்கிய நிகழ்வு குறித்த சதிக் கோட்பாடுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனிதன் நிலவில் இறங்கிய நிகழ்வு குறித்த சதிக் கோட்பாடுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Claims that the Apollo Moon landings were faked</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output 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Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Great_Moon_Hoax" title="Great Moon Hoax">Great Moon Hoax</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Crew_During_Training_Exercise_-_GPN-2002-000032.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Apollo_11_Crew_During_Training_Exercise_-_GPN-2002-000032.jpg/220px-Apollo_11_Crew_During_Training_Exercise_-_GPN-2002-000032.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Apollo_11_Crew_During_Training_Exercise_-_GPN-2002-000032.jpg/330px-Apollo_11_Crew_During_Training_Exercise_-_GPN-2002-000032.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Apollo_11_Crew_During_Training_Exercise_-_GPN-2002-000032.jpg/440px-Apollo_11_Crew_During_Training_Exercise_-_GPN-2002-000032.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2127" data-file-height="2789" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> in NASA's training <a href="/wiki/Mockup" title="Mockup">mockup</a> of the Moon and the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a>. Conspiracy theorists say that the films of the missions were made using sets similar to this training mockup.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Moon landing conspiracy theories</b> claim that some or all elements of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> and the associated <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Moon landings</a> were <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoaxes</a> staged by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, possibly with the aid of other organizations. The most notable claim of these <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> is that the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions#Crewed_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">six crewed landings (1969–1972)</a> were faked and that <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts#Apollo_astronauts_who_walked_on_the_Moon" title="List of Apollo astronauts">twelve Apollo astronauts</a> did not actually land on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. Various groups and individuals have made claims since the mid-1970s that NASA and others knowingly misled the public into believing the landings happened, by manufacturing, tampering with, or destroying evidence including photos, <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> tapes, radio and TV transmissions, and <a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rock</a> samples. </p><p>Much <a href="/wiki/Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">third-party evidence for the landings</a> exists, and detailed rebuttals to the hoax claims have been made.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the late 2000s, high-definition photos taken by the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> (LRO) of the Apollo landing sites have captured the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module#Descent_stage" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module descent stages</a> and the tracks left by the astronauts.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_LRO_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_LRO-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, images were released showing five of the six Apollo missions' <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flag_Assembly" title="Lunar Flag Assembly">American flags erected on the Moon</a> still standing. The exception is that of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>, which has lain on the lunar surface since being blown over by the Lunar Module <a href="/wiki/Ascent_Propulsion_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascent Propulsion System">Ascent Propulsion System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite being demonstrably false<sup id="cite_ref-badastronomy_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-badastronomy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and generally regarded as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>, opinion polls taken in various locations between 1994 and 2009 have shown that between 6% and 20% of Americans, 25% of Britons, and 28% of Russians surveyed believe that the crewed landings were faked. Even as late as 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox television network</a> documentary <i>Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon?</i> claimed NASA faked the first landing in 1969 to win the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-greatmoonhoax_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greatmoonhoax-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <p>An early and influential book about the subject of a Moon-landing conspiracy, <i>We Never Went to the Moon: America's Thirty Billion Dollar Swindle</i>, was <a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">self-published</a> in 1976 by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Kaysing" title="Bill Kaysing">Bill Kaysing</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">US Navy</a> officer with a Bachelor of Arts in English.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite having no knowledge of rockets or technical writing,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaysing was hired as a senior <a href="/wiki/Technical_writer" title="Technical writer">technical writer</a> in 1956 by <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne" title="Rocketdyne">Rocketdyne</a>, the company that built the <a href="/wiki/F-1_(rocket_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="F-1 (rocket engine)">F-1</a> engines used on the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as head of the technical publications unit at the company's Propulsion Field Laboratory until 1963. The many allegations in Kaysing's book effectively began discussion of the Moon landings being faked.<sup id="cite_ref-k-pg7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k-pg7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book claims that the chance of a successful crewed landing on the Moon was calculated to be 0.0017%, and that despite close monitoring by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>, it would have been easier for NASA to fake the Moon landings than to really go there.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, the <a href="/wiki/International_Flat_Earth_Research_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="International Flat Earth Research Society">Flat Earth Society</a> accused NASA of faking the landings, arguing that they were staged by Hollywood with <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> sponsorship, based on a script by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Folklorist <a href="/wiki/Linda_D%C3%A9gh" title="Linda Dégh">Linda Dégh</a> suggests that writer-director <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hyams" title="Peter Hyams">Peter Hyams</a>' film <i><a href="/wiki/Capricorn_One" title="Capricorn One">Capricorn One</a></i> (1978), which shows a hoaxed journey to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> that looks identical to the Apollo craft, might have given a boost to the hoax theory's popularity in the post-<a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> era. Dégh sees a parallel with other attitudes during the post-<a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate</a> era, when the American public were <a href="/wiki/Credibility_gap" title="Credibility gap">inclined to distrust official accounts</a>. Dégh writes: "The mass media catapult these half-truths into a kind of twilight zone where people can make their guesses sound as truths. Mass media have a terrible impact on people who lack guidance."<sup id="cite_ref-wired_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/A_Man_on_the_Moon" title="A Man on the Moon">A Man on the Moon</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first published in 1994, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Chaikin" title="Andrew Chaikin">Andrew Chaikin</a> mentions that at the time of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">lunar-orbit</a> mission in December 1968,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar conspiracy ideas were already in circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Claimed_motives_of_the_United_States_and_NASA">Claimed motives of the United States and NASA</h2></div> <p>Those who believe the Moon landings were faked offer several theories about the motives of NASA and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States government</a>. The three main theories are below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_Race">Space Race</h3></div> <p>Motivation for the United States to engage the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Landing on the Moon was viewed as a national and technological accomplishment that would generate world-wide acclaim. But going to the Moon would be risky and expensive, as exemplified by President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy#Space_policy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> famously stating in <a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">a 1962 speech</a> that the United States chose to go <em>because</em> it was hard.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoax theory debunker <a href="/wiki/Phil_Plait" title="Phil Plait">Phil Plait</a> says in his 2002 book <i><a href="/wiki/Bad_Astronomy" title="Bad Astronomy">Bad Astronomy</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the Soviets – with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">their own competing Moon program</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_espionage" title="Nuclear espionage">extensive intelligence network</a> and a formidable scientific community able to analyze NASA data – would have "cried foul" if the United States tried to fake a Moon landing,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially since their own program had failed. Proving a hoax would have been a huge propaganda win for the Soviets. Instead, far from calling the landings a hoax, the third edition (1970–1979) of the <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a></i> (which was <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia#English" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">translated into English</a> between 1974 and 1983 by <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>, and was later made available online by <a href="/wiki/TheFreeDictionary.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheFreeDictionary.com">TheFreeDictionary.com</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) contained many articles reporting the landings as factual, such as its article on Neil Armstrong.<sup id="cite_ref-GSE-01a_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSE-01a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed their article on <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a> describes the Apollo 11 landing as "the third historic event" of the <a href="/wiki/Space_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Space age">space age</a>, following the launch of <a href="/wiki/Sputnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik">Sputnik</a> in 1957, and <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>'s flight in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-GSE-02a_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSE-02a-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conspiracist <a href="/wiki/Bart_Sibrel" title="Bart Sibrel">Bart Sibrel</a> responded, incorrectly asserting that, "the Soviets did not have the capability to track deep space craft until late in 1972, immediately after which, the last three Apollo missions were abruptly canceled."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Canceled_Apollo_missions" title="Canceled Apollo missions">Those missions</a> were canceled, not abruptly, but for cost-cutting reasons. The announcements were made in January and September 1970,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two full years before the "late 1972" claimed by Sibrel.<sup id="cite_ref-Cancelled_Apollos_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cancelled_Apollos-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="#Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</a> below.) </p><p>In fact, the Soviets had been sending <a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_spacecraft" title="Uncrewed spacecraft">uncrewed spacecraft</a> to the Moon since 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "during 1962, deep space tracking facilities were introduced at IP-15 in <a href="/wiki/Ussuriysk" title="Ussuriysk">Ussuriisk</a> and IP-16 in <a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Evpatoria</a> (Crimean Peninsula), while Saturn communication stations were added to IP-3, 4 and 14,"<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the last of which having a 100 million km (62 million mi) range.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union tracked the Apollo missions at the Space Transmissions Corps, which was "fully equipped with the latest intelligence-gathering and surveillance equipment."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Mishin" title="Vasily Mishin">Vasily Mishin</a>, in an interview for the article "The Moon Programme That Faltered," describes how the Soviet Moon program dwindled after the Apollo landings.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2023 <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Rogozin" title="Dmitry Rogozin">Dmitry Rogozin</a>, former director general of the Russian space agency <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>, expressed doubt that U.S. astronauts landed on the Moon. He complained of not receiving a satisfactory answer when he asked his agency to provide evidence. He said his colleagues at Roscosmos were angry about his questions and did not want to undermine cooperation with NASA.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NASA_funding_and_prestige">NASA funding and prestige</h3></div> <p>Conspiracy theorists claim that NASA faked the landings to avoid humiliation and to ensure that it continued to get funding. NASA raised "about US$30 billion" to go to the Moon, and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Kaysing" title="Bill Kaysing">Kaysing</a> claimed in his book that this could have been used to "pay off" many people.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since most conspiracists believe that sending men to the Moon was impossible at the time,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they argue that landings had to be faked to fulfill Kennedy's 1961 goal, "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth."<sup id="cite_ref-Special_Message_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Special_Message-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, NASA accounted for the cost of Apollo to the US Congress in 1973, totaling US$25.4 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mary Bennett and David Percy claimed in the 2001 book <i>Dark Moon: Apollo and the Whistle-Blowers</i>, that, with all the known and unknown hazards,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA would not risk broadcasting an astronaut getting sick or dying on live television.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The counter-argument generally given is that NASA in fact <i>did</i> incur a great deal of public humiliation and potential political opposition to the program by losing an entire crew in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> fire during a ground test, leading to its upper management team being questioned by Senate and House of Representatives space oversight committees.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was in fact no video broadcast during either the landing or takeoff because of technological limitations.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3></div> <p>The American Patriot Friends Network claimed in 2009 that the landings helped the United States government distract public attention from the unpopular <a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War#Americanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the United States in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and so crewed landings suddenly ended about the same time that the United States ended its involvement in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the ending of the landings was not "sudden" (see <a href="#Space_Race">Space Race</a> above). The war was one of several federal budget items with which NASA had to compete; NASA's budget peaked in 1966, and fell by 42% by 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the reason the final flights were cut, along with plans for even more ambitious follow-on programs such as a permanent <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a> and crewed flight to Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hoax_claims_and_rebuttals">Hoax claims and rebuttals</h2></div> <p>Many Moon-landing conspiracy theories have been proposed, alleging that the landings either did not occur and NASA staff lied, or that the landings did occur but not in the way that has been reported. Conspiracists have focused on perceived gaps or inconsistencies in the historical record of the missions. The foremost idea is that the whole crewed landing program was a hoax from start to end. Some claim that the technology did not exist to send men to the Moon or that the <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt" title="Van Allen radiation belt">Van Allen radiation belts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">solar flares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">coronal mass ejections</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a> made such a trip impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-k-pg7_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k-pg7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientists Vince Calder and Andrew Johnson have given detailed answers to conspiracists' claims on the <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a> website.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They show that NASA's portrayal of the Moon landing is fundamentally accurate, allowing for such common mistakes as mislabeled photos and imperfect personal recollections. Using the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific process">scientific process</a>, any hypothesis may be rejected if it is contradicted by the observable facts. The "real landing" hypothesis is a single story since it comes from a single source, but there is no unity in the hoax hypothesis because hoax accounts vary between conspiracists.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_conspirators_involved">Number of conspirators involved</h3></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/James_Longuski" title="James Longuski">James Longuski</a>, the conspiracy theories are impossible because of their size and complexity. The conspiracy would have to involve more than 400,000 people who worked on the Apollo project for nearly ten years, the twelve men who walked on the Moon, the six others who flew with them as <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">command module</a> pilots, and another six astronauts who orbited the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of thousands of people would have had to keep the secret, including astronauts, scientists, engineers, technicians, and skilled laborers. Longuski argues that it would have been much easier to really land on the Moon than to generate such a huge conspiracy to fake the landings.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To date, nobody from the United States government or NASA linked to the Apollo program has said that the Moon landings were hoaxes. <a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Penn Jillette</a> made note of this in the "Conspiracy Theories" episode of his television show <i><a href="/wiki/Penn_%26_Teller:_Bullshit!" title="Penn & Teller: Bullshit!">Penn & Teller: Bullshit!</a></i> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-bullshit_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bullshit-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physicist <a href="/wiki/David_Robert_Grimes" title="David Robert Grimes">David Robert Grimes</a> estimated the time that it would take for a conspiracy to be exposed based on the number of people involved.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His calculations used data from the <a href="/wiki/PRISM_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="PRISM (surveillance program)">PRISM surveillance program</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_syphilis_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuskegee syphilis experiment">Tuskegee syphilis experiment</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/FBI_Laboratory#21st_century_controversies" title="FBI Laboratory">FBI forensic scandal</a>. Grimes estimated that a Moon landing hoax would require the involvement of 411,000 people and would be exposed within 3.68 years. His study did not consider exposure by sources outside of the alleged conspiracy; it only considered exposure from within through whistleblowers or incompetence.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photographic_and_film_oddities">Photographic and film oddities</h3></div> <p>Moon-landing conspiracists focus heavily on NASA photos, pointing to oddities in photos and films taken on the Moon. Photography experts (including those unrelated to NASA) have replied that the oddities are consistent with what should be expected from a real Moon landing, and are not consistent with manipulated or studio imagery. Some main arguments (set in plain text) and counter-arguments (set in italics) are listed below. </p><p>1. In some photos, the <a href="/wiki/Reticle" title="Reticle">crosshairs</a> appear to be behind objects. The cameras were fitted with a <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_plate" title="Réseau plate">Réseau plate</a> (a clear glass plate with a reticle etched on), making it impossible for any photographed object to appear in front of the grid. Conspiracists often use this evidence to suggest that objects were "pasted" over the photographs, and hence obscure the reticle. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>This effect only appears in copied and scanned photos, not any originals. It is caused by overexposure: the bright white areas of the emulsion "bleed" over the thin black crosshairs. The crosshairs are only about 0.004 inches thick (0.1 mm) and emulsion would only have to bleed about half that much to fully obscure it. Furthermore, there are many photos where the middle of the crosshair is "washed-out" but the rest is intact. In some photos of the American flag, parts of one crosshair appear on the red stripes, but parts of the same crosshair are faded or invisible on the white stripes. There would have been no reason to "paste" white stripes onto the flag.</i><sup id="cite_ref-clavius-crosshairs_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clavius-crosshairs-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_1998_scan_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Enlargement of a poor-quality 1998 scan; both the crosshair and part of the red stripe have "bled out""><img alt="Enlargement of a poor-quality 1998 scan; both the crosshair and part of the red stripe have "bled out"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Apollo_11_1998_scan_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Enlargement of a poor-quality 1998 scan; both the crosshair and part of the red stripe have "bled out"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_2004_scan_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Enlargement of a higher-quality 2004 scan, crosshair and red stripe visible"><img alt="Enlargement of a higher-quality 2004 scan, crosshair and red stripe visible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Apollo_11_2004_scan_cropped.jpg/134px-Apollo_11_2004_scan_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Apollo_11_2004_scan_cropped.jpg/201px-Apollo_11_2004_scan_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Apollo_11_2004_scan_cropped.jpg/268px-Apollo_11_2004_scan_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="390" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Enlargement of a higher-quality 2004 scan, crosshair and red stripe visible</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scott_Gives_Salute_-_GPN-2000-001114.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="David Scott salutes the American flag during the Apollo 15 mission. The arms of the crosshair are washed-out on the white stripes of the flag (Photo ID: AS15-88-11863)."><img alt="David Scott salutes the American flag during the Apollo 15 mission. The arms of the crosshair are washed-out on the white stripes of the flag (Photo ID: AS15-88-11863)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Scott_Gives_Salute_-_GPN-2000-001114.jpg/180px-Scott_Gives_Salute_-_GPN-2000-001114.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Scott_Gives_Salute_-_GPN-2000-001114.jpg/270px-Scott_Gives_Salute_-_GPN-2000-001114.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Scott_Gives_Salute_-_GPN-2000-001114.jpg/360px-Scott_Gives_Salute_-_GPN-2000-001114.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a> salutes the American flag during the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> mission. The arms of the crosshair are washed-out on the white stripes of the flag (Photo ID: AS15-88-11863).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_15_flag_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close-up of the flag, showing washed-out crosshairs"><img alt="Close-up of the flag, showing washed-out crosshairs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Apollo_15_flag_crop.jpg/200px-Apollo_15_flag_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Apollo_15_flag_crop.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="231" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close-up of the flag, showing washed-out crosshairs</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>2. Crosshairs are sometimes rotated or in the wrong place. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>This is a result of popular photos being cropped or rotated for aesthetic impact.</i><sup id="cite_ref-clavius-crosshairs_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clavius-crosshairs-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>3. The quality of the photographs is implausibly high. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>There are many poor quality photos taken by the Apollo astronauts. NASA chose to publish only the best examples.</i><sup id="cite_ref-clavius-crosshairs_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clavius-crosshairs-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Apollo astronauts used high-resolution <a href="/wiki/Hasselblad" title="Hasselblad">Hasselblad</a> 500 EL cameras with <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Carl Zeiss optics</a> and a 70 mm <a href="/wiki/Medium_format_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium format (film)">medium format</a> film magazine.</i><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>4. There are no stars in any of the photos; the Apollo 11 astronauts also stated in post-mission press conferences that they did not remember seeing any stars during <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">extravehicular activity</a> (EVA).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conspiracists contend that NASA chose not to put the stars into the photos because astronomers would have been able to use them to determine whether the photos were taken from the Earth or the Moon, by means of identifying them and comparing their celestial position and <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> to what would be expected for either observation site. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>The astronauts were talking about naked-eye sightings of stars during the lunar daytime. They regularly sighted stars through the spacecraft navigation optics while aligning their inertial reference platforms, the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_PGNCS" title="Apollo PGNCS">Apollo PGNCS</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Stars are rarely seen in <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a>, Earth observation photos, or even photos taken at sporting events held at night. The light from the Sun in outer space in the Earth-Moon system is at least as bright as the sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface on a clear day at noon, so cameras used for imaging subjects illuminated by sunlight are set for a <a href="/wiki/Sunny_16_rule" title="Sunny 16 rule">daylight exposure</a>. The dim light of the stars simply does not provide enough exposure to record visible images. All crewed landings happened during the lunar daytime. Thus, the stars were outshone by the Sun and by sunlight reflected off the Moon's surface. The astronauts' eyes were adapted to the sunlit landscape around them so that they could not see the relatively faint stars.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The astronauts could see stars with the naked eye only when they were in the shadow of the Moon.</i><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Camera settings can turn a well-lit background to black when the foreground object is brightly lit, forcing the camera to increase shutter speed so that the foreground light does not wash out the image. A demonstration of this effect is here.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect is similar to not being able to see stars from a brightly lit parking lot at night; the stars only become visible when the lights are turned off.</i></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>The Far Ultraviolet Camera was taken to the lunar surface on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a> and operated in the shadow of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> (LM). It took photos of Earth and of many stars, some of which are dim in visible light but bright in the ultraviolet. These observations were later matched with observations taken by orbiting ultraviolet telescopes. Furthermore, the positions of those stars with respect to Earth are correct for the time and location of the Apollo 16 photos.</i><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Photos of the solar corona that included the planet <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> and some background stars were taken from lunar orbit by Apollo 15 Command Module Pilot <a href="/wiki/Al_Worden" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Worden">Al Worden</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Photos of the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> were taken from the Moon's surface by astronaut <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> during the Apollo 14 mission.</i><sup id="cite_ref-venusovera14_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venusovera14-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:213177main_s122e010982_hires.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Short-exposure photo of the International Space Station (ISS) taken from Space Shuttle Atlantis in February 2008 during STS-122 – one of many photos taken in space where no stars are visible"><img alt="Short-exposure photo of the International Space Station (ISS) taken from Space Shuttle Atlantis in February 2008 during STS-122 – one of many photos taken in space where no stars are visible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/213177main_s122e010982_hires.jpg/200px-213177main_s122e010982_hires.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/213177main_s122e010982_hires.jpg/300px-213177main_s122e010982_hires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/213177main_s122e010982_hires.jpg/400px-213177main_s122e010982_hires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3016" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Short-exposure photo of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) taken from <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a> in February 2008 during <a href="/wiki/STS-122" title="STS-122">STS-122</a> – one of many photos taken in space where no stars are visible</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_%26_Mir_(STS-71).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Earth and Mir in June 1995, an example of how sunlight can outshine the stars, making them invisible"><img alt="Earth and Mir in June 1995, an example of how sunlight can outshine the stars, making them invisible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Earth_%26_Mir_%28STS-71%29.jpg/200px-Earth_%26_Mir_%28STS-71%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Earth_%26_Mir_%28STS-71%29.jpg/300px-Earth_%26_Mir_%28STS-71%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Earth_%26_Mir_%28STS-71%29.jpg/400px-Earth_%26_Mir_%28STS-71%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="1867" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Earth and <i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i> in June 1995, an example of how sunlight can outshine the stars, making them invisible</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_16_UV_photo_of_Earth_rotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Long-exposure photo taken from the Moon's surface by Apollo 16 astronauts using the Far Ultraviolet Camera. It shows the Earth with the correct background of stars."><img alt="Long-exposure photo taken from the Moon's surface by Apollo 16 astronauts using the Far Ultraviolet Camera. It shows the Earth with the correct background of stars." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Apollo_16_UV_photo_of_Earth_rotated.jpg/172px-Apollo_16_UV_photo_of_Earth_rotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Apollo_16_UV_photo_of_Earth_rotated.jpg/258px-Apollo_16_UV_photo_of_Earth_rotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Apollo_16_UV_photo_of_Earth_rotated.jpg/344px-Apollo_16_UV_photo_of_Earth_rotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2142" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Long-exposure photo taken from the Moon's surface by <a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a> astronauts using the Far Ultraviolet Camera. It shows the Earth with the correct background of stars.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_Atlantis_in_the_sky_on_July_21,_2011,_to_its_final_landing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Long-exposure photo (1.6 seconds at f-2.8, ISO 10000) from the ISS in July 2011 of Space Shuttle Atlantis re-entry in which some stars are visible. In this image, the Earth is lit by moonlight, not sunlight."><img alt="Long-exposure photo (1.6 seconds at f-2.8, ISO 10000) from the ISS in July 2011 of Space Shuttle Atlantis re-entry in which some stars are visible. In this image, the Earth is lit by moonlight, not sunlight." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis_in_the_sky_on_July_21%2C_2011%2C_to_its_final_landing.jpg/200px-Space_Shuttle_Atlantis_in_the_sky_on_July_21%2C_2011%2C_to_its_final_landing.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis_in_the_sky_on_July_21%2C_2011%2C_to_its_final_landing.jpg/300px-Space_Shuttle_Atlantis_in_the_sky_on_July_21%2C_2011%2C_to_its_final_landing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis_in_the_sky_on_July_21%2C_2011%2C_to_its_final_landing.jpg/400px-Space_Shuttle_Atlantis_in_the_sky_on_July_21%2C_2011%2C_to_its_final_landing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Long-exposure photo (1.6 seconds at f-2.8, <a href="/wiki/Film_speed#ISO" title="Film speed">ISO</a> 10000) from the ISS in July 2011 of Space Shuttle <i>Atlantis</i> re-entry in which some stars are visible. In this image, the Earth is lit by moonlight, not sunlight.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>5. The angle and color of shadows are inconsistent. This suggests that artificial lights were used. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Shadows on the Moon are complicated by reflected light, uneven ground, wide-angle lens distortion, and <a href="/wiki/Lunar_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar dust">lunar dust</a>. There are several light sources: the Sun, sunlight reflected from the Earth, sunlight reflected from the Moon's surface, and sunlight reflected from the astronauts and the Lunar Module. Light from these sources is scattered by lunar dust in many directions, including into shadows. Shadows falling into craters and hills may appear longer, shorter, and distorted.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, shadows display the properties of <a href="/wiki/Vanishing_point" title="Vanishing point">vanishing point</a> perspective, leading them to converge to a point on the horizon.</i></li> <li>This theory was further debunked on the <i><a href="/wiki/MythBusters" title="MythBusters">MythBusters</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/MythBusters_(2008_season)#Episode_104_–_"NASA_Moon_Landing"" title="MythBusters (2008 season)">NASA Moon Landing</a>".</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>6. There are identical backgrounds in photos which were allegedly taken miles apart. This suggests that a painted background was used. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Backgrounds were not identical, just similar. What appear as nearby hills in some photos are actually mountains many miles away. On Earth, objects that are farther away will appear fainter and less detailed. On the Moon, there is no atmosphere or haze to obscure far-away objects, thus they appear clearer and nearer.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, there are very few objects such as trees to help judge distance. One such case is debunked in "Who Mourns For Apollo?" by Mike Bara.</i><sup id="cite_ref-whomourns_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whomourns-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>7. The number of photos taken is implausibly high—up to one photo per 50 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Simplified gear with fixed settings allowed two photos a second. Many were taken immediately after each other as stereo pairs or panorama sequences. The calculation (one per 50 seconds) was based on a lone astronaut on the surface, and does not take into account that there were two astronauts sharing the workload and simultaneously taking photographs during an <a href="/wiki/Extra-vehicular_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-vehicular activity">Extra-vehicular activity</a> (EVA).</i></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>8. The photos contain artifacts like the two seemingly matching "C"s on a rock and on the ground. These may be labeled studio props. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>The C-shaped objects are most likely printing imperfections and do not appear in the original film from the camera. It has been suggested that the "C" is a coiled hair.</i><sup id="cite_ref-whomourns_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whomourns-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_16_rocks.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Original AS16-107-17445 photograph"><img alt="Original AS16-107-17445 photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Apollo_16_rocks.jpg/180px-Apollo_16_rocks.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Apollo_16_rocks.jpg/270px-Apollo_16_rocks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Apollo_16_rocks.jpg/360px-Apollo_16_rocks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="2340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Original AS16-107-17445 photograph</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duke_on_the_Descartes_-_GPN-2000-001123.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Original AS16-107-17446 photograph"><img alt="Original AS16-107-17446 photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Duke_on_the_Descartes_-_GPN-2000-001123.jpg/174px-Duke_on_the_Descartes_-_GPN-2000-001123.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Duke_on_the_Descartes_-_GPN-2000-001123.jpg/261px-Duke_on_the_Descartes_-_GPN-2000-001123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Duke_on_the_Descartes_-_GPN-2000-001123.jpg/348px-Duke_on_the_Descartes_-_GPN-2000-001123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Original AS16-107-17446 photograph</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo16CRock.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close-up of later generation prints of AS16-107-17446"><img alt="Close-up of later generation prints of AS16-107-17446" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Apollo16CRock.jpg/197px-Apollo16CRock.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Apollo16CRock.jpg/295px-Apollo16CRock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Apollo16CRock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="301" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close-up of later generation prints of AS16-107-17446</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>9. A woman named Una Ronald (a pseudonym created by the authors of the source<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) from Perth, Australia, said that she saw a <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> bottle roll across the lower right quadrant of her television screen that was displaying the live broadcast of the Apollo 11 EVA. She also said that several letters appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/The_West_Australian" title="The West Australian">The West Australian</a></i> discussing the Coca-Cola bottle incident within ten days of the lunar landing.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>No such newspaper reports or recordings have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-cokebottle_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cokebottle-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ronald's claims have only been relayed by one source.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also flaws in the story, such as the statement that she had to stay up late to watch the Moon landing live, which is easily discounted by many witnesses in Australia who watched the landing in the middle of the daytime.</i><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>10. The 1994 book <i><a href="/wiki/Moon_Shot" title="Moon Shot">Moon Shot</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contains an obviously fake composite photo of Alan Shepard hitting a golf ball on the Moon with another astronaut. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i> It was used instead of the only existing real images from the TV monitor, which the editors seemingly felt were too grainy for their book. The book publishers did not work for NASA, although the authors were retired NASA astronauts.</i></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>11. There appear to be "hot spots" in some photos which look as though a large spotlight was used in place of the Sun. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i> Pits on the Moon's surface focus and reflect light like the tiny glass spheres used in the coating of street signs, or dewdrops on wet grass. This creates a glow around the photographer's own shadow when it appears in a photograph (see <a href="/wiki/Heiligenschein" title="Heiligenschein">Heiligenschein</a>).</i></li> <li><i>If the astronaut is standing in sunlight while photographing into shade, light reflected off his white spacesuit yields a similar effect to a spotlight.<sup id="cite_ref-bootspot_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bootspot-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></li> <li><i>Some widely published Apollo photos were high-contrast copies. Scans of the original transparencies are generally much more evenly lit. An example is shown below:</i></li></ul></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Original photo of Buzz Aldrin during Apollo 11"><img alt="Original photo of Buzz Aldrin during Apollo 11" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/179px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/268px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/358px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3912" data-file-height="3936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Original photo of Buzz Aldrin during <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldrin_Apollo_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The more famous edited version. The contrast has been increased, yielding the "spotlight effect", and a black band has been pasted at the top."><img alt="The more famous edited version. The contrast has been increased, yielding the "spotlight effect", and a black band has been pasted at the top." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Aldrin_Apollo_11.jpg/180px-Aldrin_Apollo_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Aldrin_Apollo_11.jpg/270px-Aldrin_Apollo_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Aldrin_Apollo_11.jpg/360px-Aldrin_Apollo_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The more famous edited version. The contrast has been increased, yielding the "spotlight effect", and a black band has been pasted at the top.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>12. Who filmed Neil Armstrong stepping onto the Moon? </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ApolloTVCameraOnLunarModule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/ApolloTVCameraOnLunarModule.jpg/130px-ApolloTVCameraOnLunarModule.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/ApolloTVCameraOnLunarModule.jpg/195px-ApolloTVCameraOnLunarModule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/ApolloTVCameraOnLunarModule.jpg/260px-ApolloTVCameraOnLunarModule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1596" /></a><figcaption>The Apollo TV camera as it was mounted on the side of the Lunar Module</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Cameras on the Lunar Module did. The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_TV_camera" title="Apollo TV camera">Apollo TV camera</a> mounted in the Modularized Equipment Stowage Assembly (MESA) of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> gave a view from the exterior. While still on the Module's ladder steps, Armstrong deployed the MESA from the side of the Lunar Module, unpacking the TV camera. The camera was then powered on and a signal transmitted back to Earth. This meant that upwards of 600 million people on Earth could watch the live feed with only a very slight delay. Similar technology was also used on subsequent Apollo missions.</i><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>It was also filmed from an automatic 16mm movie camera mounted in a window of the Lunar Module.</i></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> <p>1. The astronauts could not have survived the trip because of exposure to radiation from the <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt" title="Van Allen radiation belt">Van Allen radiation belt</a> and galactic ambient radiation (see <a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">radiation poisoning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">health threat from cosmic rays</a>). Some conspiracists have suggested that <a href="/wiki/Starfish_Prime" title="Starfish Prime">Starfish Prime</a> (a <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_nuclear_explosion" title="High-altitude nuclear explosion">high-altitude nuclear test</a> in 1962) formed another intense layer on the Van Allen belt.<sup id="cite_ref-envrad_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-envrad-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>There are two main Van Allen belts – the inner belt and the outer belt – and a transient third belt.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inner belt is the more dangerous one, containing energetic protons. The outer one has less-dangerous low-energy electrons (<a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">Beta particles</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-vanallenbelts_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanallenbelts-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-woods109_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woods109-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apollo spacecraft passed through the inner belt in a matter of minutes and the outer belt in about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> hours.<sup id="cite_ref-woods109_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woods109-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The astronauts were shielded from the ionizing radiation by the aluminum hulls of the spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-woods109_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woods109-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plait162_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plait162-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the orbital transfer trajectory from Earth to the Moon through the belts was chosen to lessen radiation exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-plait162_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plait162-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a>, the discoverer of the Van Allen belt, rebutted the claims that radiation levels were too harmful for the Apollo missions.<sup id="cite_ref-envrad_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-envrad-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phil_Plait" title="Phil Plait">Phil Plait</a> cited an average dose of less than 1 <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgen_equivalent_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Röntgen equivalent man">rem</a> (10 <a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">mSv</a>), which is equivalent to the ambient radiation received by living at sea level for three years.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total radiation received on the trip was about the same as allowed for workers in the nuclear energy field for a year</i><sup id="cite_ref-woods109_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woods109-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>and not much more than what Space Shuttle astronauts received.</i><sup id="cite_ref-vanallenbelts_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanallenbelts-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>2. Film in the cameras would have been fogged by this radiation. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>The film was kept in metal containers that stopped radiation from fogging the emulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, film was not fogged in lunar probes such as the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luna_3" title="Luna 3">Luna 3</a> (which used on-board film development processes).</i></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>3. The Moon's surface during the daytime is so hot that camera film would have melted. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>There is no atmosphere to efficiently bind lunar surface heat to devices that are not in direct contact with it. In a vacuum, only radiation remains as a heat transfer mechanism. The physics of radiative heat transfer are thoroughly understood, and the proper use of passive optical coatings and paints was enough to control the temperature of the film within the cameras; Lunar Module temperatures were controlled with similar coatings that gave them a gold color. The Moon's surface does get very hot at lunar noon, but every Apollo landing was made shortly after lunar sunrise at the landing site; the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_day" title="Lunar day">Moon's day</a> is about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">29<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> Earth days long, meaning that one Moon day (dawn to dusk) lasts nearly fifteen Earth days. During the longer stays, the astronauts did notice increased cooling loads on their spacesuits as the sun and surface temperature continued to rise, but the effect was easily countered by the passive and active cooling systems.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film was not in direct sunlight, so it was not overheated.</i><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>4. The Apollo 16 crew could not have survived a big <a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">solar flare</a> firing out when they were on their way to the Moon. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>No large solar flare occurred during the flight of Apollo 16. There were large solar flares in August 1972, after Apollo 16 returned to Earth and before the flight of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>5. The <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flag_Assembly" title="Lunar Flag Assembly">flag</a> placed on the surface by the astronauts fluttered despite there being no wind on the Moon. This suggests that it was filmed on Earth and a breeze caused it to flutter. Sibrel said that it may have been caused by indoor fans used to cool the astronauts, since their spacesuit cooling systems would have been too heavy on Earth. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>The flag was fastened to an </i>Г-<i>shaped rod (see <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flag_Assembly" title="Lunar Flag Assembly">Lunar Flag Assembly</a>) so that it did not hang down. It only seemed to flutter when the astronauts were moving it into position. Without air drag, these movements caused the free corner of the flag to swing like a pendulum for some time. It was rippled because it had been folded during storage, and the ripples could be mistaken for movement in a still photo. Videos show that, when the astronauts let go of the flagpole, it vibrates briefly but then remains still</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>This theory was further debunked on the <i>MythBusters</i> episode "NASA Moon Landing".</li></ul></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AldrinFlag1a.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cropped photo of Buzz Aldrin saluting the flag. The fingers of Aldrin's right hand can be seen behind his helmet."><img alt="Cropped photo of Buzz Aldrin saluting the flag. The fingers of Aldrin's right hand can be seen behind his helmet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/AldrinFlag1a.jpeg/179px-AldrinFlag1a.jpeg" decoding="async" width="179" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/AldrinFlag1a.jpeg/268px-AldrinFlag1a.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/AldrinFlag1a.jpeg/357px-AldrinFlag1a.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cropped photo of Buzz Aldrin saluting the flag. The fingers of Aldrin's right hand can be seen behind his helmet.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AldrinFlag2a.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cropped photo taken a few seconds later. Buzz Aldrin's hand is down, head turned toward the camera; the flag is unchanged."><img alt="Cropped photo taken a few seconds later. Buzz Aldrin's hand is down, head turned toward the camera; the flag is unchanged." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/AldrinFlag2a.jpeg/179px-AldrinFlag2a.jpeg" decoding="async" width="179" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/AldrinFlag2a.jpeg/268px-AldrinFlag2a.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/AldrinFlag2a.jpeg/357px-AldrinFlag2a.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cropped photo taken a few seconds later. Buzz Aldrin's hand is down, head turned toward the camera; the flag is unchanged.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AldrinFlag-animation.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Animation of the two photos, showing that Armstrong's camera moved between exposures, but the flag is not waving."><img alt="Animation of the two photos, showing that Armstrong's camera moved between exposures, but the flag is not waving." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AldrinFlag-animation.gif/195px-AldrinFlag-animation.gif" decoding="async" width="195" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AldrinFlag-animation.gif/293px-AldrinFlag-animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AldrinFlag-animation.gif/390px-AldrinFlag-animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="391" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Animation of the two photos, showing that Armstrong's camera moved between exposures, but the flag is not waving.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>6. Footprints in the <a href="/wiki/Moondust" class="mw-redirect" title="Moondust">Moondust</a> are unexpectedly well preserved, despite the lack of moisture. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Moondust has not been weathered like the sand on Earth, and it has sharp edges. This allows the dust particles to stick together and hold their shape in the vacuum. The astronauts likened it to "talcum powder or wet sand".</i><sup id="cite_ref-whomourns_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whomourns-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>This theory was further debunked on the <i>MythBusters</i> episode "NASA Moon Landing".</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>7. The alleged Moon landings used either a sound stage or were filmed outside in a remote desert with the astronauts either using harnesses or slow-motion photography to make it look like they were on the Moon. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>The <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> miniseries "<a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)" title="From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)">From the Earth to the Moon</a>" used the sound-stage and harness setup, as did a scene from the movie "<a href="/wiki/Apollo_13_(film)" title="Apollo 13 (film)">Apollo 13</a>". It is clearly seen from those films that, when dust rose, it did not quickly settle; some dust briefly formed clouds. In the film footage from the Apollo missions, dust kicked up by the astronauts' boots and the wheels of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicles</a> rose quite high due to the lower lunar gravity, and it settled quickly to the ground in an uninterrupted parabolic arc since there was no air to suspend it. Even if there had been a sound stage for hoax Moon landings that had the air pumped out, the dust would have reached nowhere near the height and trajectory as in the Apollo film footage because of Earth's greater gravity.</i></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>During the Apollo 15 mission, <a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a> did an experiment by dropping a hammer and a falcon feather at the same time. Both fell at the same rate and hit the ground at the same time. This proved that he was in a vacuum.</i><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>If the landings were filmed outside in a desert, heat waves would be present on the surface in mission videos, but no such heat waves exist in the footage. If the landings were filmed in a sound stage, several anomalies would occur, including a lack of parallax, and an increase or decrease in the size of the backdrop if the camera moved. Footage was filmed while the rover was in motion, and yet no evidence is present of any change in the size of the background.</i></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li>This theory was further debunked on the <i>MythBusters</i> episode "NASA Moon Landing".</li></ul></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv/200px--Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="147" data-durationhint="48" data-mwtitle="Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="654" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="654" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="196" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="328" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="490" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="490" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogv&lang=tok&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tok" label="toki pona ‪(tok)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">David Scott drops a hammer and feather on the Moon.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_issues">Mechanical issues</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo11_under_LM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Apollo11_under_LM.jpg/220px-Apollo11_under_LM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Apollo11_under_LM.jpg/330px-Apollo11_under_LM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Apollo11_under_LM.jpg/440px-Apollo11_under_LM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2349" data-file-height="2373" /></a><figcaption>Lunar surface under the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module <i>Eagle</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>1. The Lunar Modules made no blast craters or any sign of dust scatter.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>No crater should be expected. The 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) thrust <a href="/wiki/Descent_Propulsion_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Descent Propulsion System">Descent Propulsion System</a> was throttled down very far during the final landing.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lunar Module was no longer quickly decelerating, so the descent engine only had to support the lander's own weight, which was lessened by the Moon's gravity and by the near exhaustion of the descent propellants. At landing, the engine thrust divided by the nozzle exit area is only about 1.5 <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a> (10 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Beyond the engine nozzle, the plume spreads, and the pressure drops very quickly. Rocket exhaust gasses expand much more quickly after leaving the engine nozzle in a vacuum than in an atmosphere. The effect of an atmosphere on rocket plumes can be easily seen in launches from Earth; as the rocket rises through the thinning atmosphere, the exhaust plumes broaden very noticeably. To lessen this, rocket engines made for vacuums have longer bells than those made for use on Earth, but they still cannot stop this spreading. The lander's exhaust gases, therefore, expanded quickly well beyond the landing site. The descent engines </i>did<i> scatter a lot of very fine surface dust as seen in 16mm movies of each landing, and many mission commanders spoke of its effect on visibility. The landers were generally moving horizontally as well as vertically, and photos do show scouring of the surface along the final descent path. Finally, the lunar <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a> is very compact below its surface dust layer, making it impossible for the descent engine to blast out a crater.<sup id="cite_ref-ba-pg163-165_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ba-pg163-165-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A blast crater was measured under the Apollo 11 lander using shadow lengths of the descent engine bell and estimates of the amount that the landing gear had compressed and how deep the lander footpads had pressed into the lunar surface, and it was found that the engine had eroded between 100 and 150 mm (4 and 6 in) of regolith out from underneath the engine bell during the final descent and landing.<sup id="cite_ref-as11psr_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as11psr-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>2. The second stage of the launch rocket or the Lunar Module <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module#Ascent_stage" title="Apollo Lunar Module">ascent stage</a> or both made no visible flame. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>The Lunar Modules used <a href="/wiki/Aerozine_50" title="Aerozine 50">Aerozine 50</a> (fuel) and <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">dinitrogen tetroxide</a> (oxidizer) propellants, chosen for simplicity and reliability; they ignite <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic_propellant" title="Hypergolic propellant">hypergolically</a> (upon contact) without the need for a spark. These propellants produce a nearly transparent exhaust.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same fuel was used by the core of the American <a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">Titan II</a> rocket. The transparency of their plumes is apparent in many launch photos. The plumes of rocket engines fired in a vacuum spread out very quickly as they leave the engine nozzle (see above), further lessening their visibility. Finally, rocket engines often run "rich" to slow internal corrosion. On Earth, the excess fuel burns in contact with atmospheric oxygen, enhancing the visible flame. This cannot happen in a vacuum.</i></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ap17-ascent.ogv/120px--Ap17-ascent.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Ap17-ascent.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Ap17-ascent.ogv/Ap17-ascent.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Ap17-ascent.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Ap17-ascent.ogv/Ap17-ascent.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Ap17-ascent.ogv/Ap17-ascent.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apollo 17 <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">LM</a> leaving the Moon; rocket exhaust visible only briefly</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Apollo8Launch.ogv/120px--Apollo8Launch.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="231" data-mwtitle="Apollo8Launch.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/Apollo8Launch.ogv/Apollo8Launch.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/Apollo8Launch.ogv/Apollo8Launch.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Apollo8Launch.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/Apollo8Launch.ogv/Apollo8Launch.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> launch through the first stage separation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo6Interstage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exhaust flame may not be visible outside the atmosphere, as in this photo. Rocket engines are the dark structures at the bottom center."><img alt="Exhaust flame may not be visible outside the atmosphere, as in this photo. Rocket engines are the dark structures at the bottom center." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Apollo6Interstage.jpg/120px-Apollo6Interstage.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Apollo6Interstage.jpg/180px-Apollo6Interstage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Apollo6Interstage.jpg/240px-Apollo6Interstage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="882" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exhaust flame may not be visible outside the atmosphere, as in this photo. Rocket engines are the dark structures at the bottom center.</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini-Titan_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-001020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The launch of a Titan II, burning hypergolic Aerozine-50/N2O4, 1.9 MN (430,000 lbf) of thrust. Note the near-transparency of the exhaust, even in air (water is being sprayed up from below)."><img alt="The launch of a Titan II, burning hypergolic Aerozine-50/N2O4, 1.9 MN (430,000 lbf) of thrust. Note the near-transparency of the exhaust, even in air (water is being sprayed up from below)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gemini-Titan_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-001020.jpg/93px-Gemini-Titan_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-001020.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gemini-Titan_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-001020.jpg/140px-Gemini-Titan_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-001020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gemini-Titan_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-001020.jpg/186px-Gemini-Titan_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-001020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2329" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The launch of a <a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">Titan II</a>, burning <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic_propellant" title="Hypergolic propellant">hypergolic</a> Aerozine-50/N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, 1.9 MN (430,000 lbf) of thrust. Note the near-transparency of the exhaust, even in air (water is being sprayed up from below).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_missile_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlas uses non-hypergolic kerosene (RP-1) fuel which gives a bright and very visible exhaust, 1.5 MN (340,000 lbf) of thrust"><img alt="Atlas uses non-hypergolic kerosene (RP-1) fuel which gives a bright and very visible exhaust, 1.5 MN (340,000 lbf) of thrust" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Atlas_missile_launch.jpg/82px-Atlas_missile_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Atlas_missile_launch.jpg/123px-Atlas_missile_launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Atlas_missile_launch.jpg/165px-Atlas_missile_launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(rocket_family)" title="Atlas (rocket family)">Atlas</a> uses non-hypergolic kerosene (<a href="/wiki/RP-1" title="RP-1">RP-1</a>) fuel which gives a bright and very visible exhaust, 1.5 MN (340,000 lb<sub>f</sub>) of thrust</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bright flame from first stage of the Saturn V, burning RP-1"><img alt="Bright flame from first stage of the Saturn V, burning RP-1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Apollo_11_launch.jpg/96px-Apollo_11_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Apollo_11_launch.jpg/144px-Apollo_11_launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Apollo_11_launch.jpg/192px-Apollo_11_launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bright flame from first stage of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a>, burning RP-1</div> </li> </ul> <p>3. The Lunar Modules weighed 17 tons and made no mark on the Moondust, yet footprints can be seen beside them.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>On the surface of the Earth, Apollo 11's fueled and crewed <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module Eagle</a> would have weighed approximately 17 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a> (15,000 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>). On the surface of the Moon, however, after expending fuel and oxidizer on its descent from lunar orbit, the lander weighed about 1,200 kg (2,700 pounds).<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The astronauts were much lighter than the lander, but their boots were much smaller than the lander's approximately 91 cm (3 ft) diameter footpads.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressure (or force per unit area) rather than mass determines the amount of regolith compression. In some photos, the footpads did press into the regolith, especially when they moved sideways at touchdown. (The bearing pressure under Apollo 11's footpads, with the lander being about 44 times the weight of an EVA-configured astronaut, would have been of similar magnitude to the bearing pressure exerted by the astronauts' boots.)</i><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>4. The air conditioning units that were part of the astronauts' spacesuits could not have worked in an environment of no atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-cooper_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cooper-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>The cooling units could <u>only</u> work in a vacuum. Water from a tank in the backpack flowed out through tiny pores in a metal <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimator</a> plate where it quickly vaporized into space. The loss of the heat of vaporization froze the remaining water, forming a layer of ice on the outside of the plate that also sublimated into space (turning from a solid directly into a gas). A separate water loop flowed through the LCG (<a href="/wiki/Liquid_Cooling_and_Ventilation_Garment" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment">Liquid Cooling Garment</a>) worn by the astronaut, carrying his metabolic waste heat through the sublimator plate where it was cooled and returned to the LCG. The 5.4 kg (12 lb) of feedwater gave about eight hours of cooling; because of its bulk, it was often the limiting consumable on the length of an EVA.</i></li></ul></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surveyor_3-Apollo_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Surveyor_3-Apollo_12.jpg/220px-Surveyor_3-Apollo_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Surveyor_3-Apollo_12.jpg/330px-Surveyor_3-Apollo_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Surveyor_3-Apollo_12.jpg/440px-Surveyor_3-Apollo_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2627" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a> with <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a> lander in background</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmissions">Transmissions</h3></div> <p>1. There should have been more than a two-second delay in communications between Earth and the Moon, at a distance of 250,000 mi (400,000 km). </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>The round-trip light travel time of more than two seconds is apparent in all the real-time recordings of the lunar audio, but this does not always appear as expected. There may also be some documentary films where the delay has been edited out. Reasons for editing the audio may be time constraints or in the interest of clarity.</i><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>2. Typical delays in communication were about 0.5 seconds. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Claims that the delays were only half a second are untrue, as examination of the original recordings shows. Also, there should not be a consistent time delay between every response, as the conversation is being recorded at one end by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a>. Responses from Mission Control could be heard without any delay, as the recording is being made at the same time that Houston receives the transmission from the Moon.</i></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>3. The <a href="/wiki/Parkes_Observatory" title="Parkes Observatory">Parkes Observatory</a> in Australia was billed to the world for weeks as the site that would be relaying communications from the first moonwalk. However, five hours before transmission they were told to stand down. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>The timing of the first moonwalk was changed after the landing. In fact, delays in getting the moonwalk started meant that Parkes did cover almost the entire Apollo 11 moonwalk.</i><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>4. Parkes supposedly had the clearest video feed from the Moon, but Australian media and all other known sources ran a live feed from the United States. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>That was the original plan and the official policy, but the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) did take the transmission direct from the Parkes and <a href="/wiki/Honeysuckle_Creek_Tracking_Station" title="Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station">Honeysuckle Creek</a> radio telescopes. These were converted to <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> television at <a href="/wiki/Paddington,_New_South_Wales" title="Paddington, New South Wales">Paddington</a> in Sydney. This meant that Australian viewers saw the moonwalk several seconds before the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See also Parkes radio astronomer John Sarkissian's article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/news_events/apollo11/">"On Eagle's Wings: The Parkes Observatory's Support of the Apollo 11 Mission"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eagleswings2_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eagleswings2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The events surrounding the Parkes Observatory's role in relaying the live television of the moonwalk were portrayed in a slightly fictionalized Australian film comedy "<a href="/wiki/The_Dish" title="The Dish">The Dish</a>" (2000).</i></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>5. Better signal was supposedly received at Parkes Observatory when the Moon was on the opposite side of the planet. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>This is not supported by the detailed evidence and logs from the missions.</i><sup id="cite_ref-eagleswings1_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eagleswings1-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missing_data">Missing data</h3></div> <p>Blueprints and design and development drawings of the machines involved are missing.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bibcollier_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibcollier-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apollo 11 data tapes are also missing, containing <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> and the high-quality video (before <a href="/wiki/Scan_conversion" title="Scan conversion">scan conversion</a> from <a href="/wiki/Slow-scan_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow-scan TV">slow-scan TV</a> to standard TV) of the first moonwalk.<sup id="cite_ref-didwego_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-didwego-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tapes">Tapes</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_missing_tapes" title="Apollo 11 missing tapes">Apollo 11 missing tapes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo11C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Apollo11C.jpg/220px-Apollo11C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Apollo11C.jpg/330px-Apollo11C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Apollo11C.jpg/440px-Apollo11C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Photo of the high-quality SSTV image before the scan conversion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo11D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Apollo11D.jpg/220px-Apollo11D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Apollo11D.jpg/330px-Apollo11D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Apollo11D.jpg/440px-Apollo11D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Photo of the degraded image after the SSTV scan conversion</figcaption></figure> <p>Dr. David R. Williams (NASA archivist at <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>) and Apollo 11 flight director <a href="/wiki/Gene_Kranz" title="Gene Kranz">Eugene F. Kranz</a> both acknowledged that the original high-quality Apollo 11 telemetry data tapes are missing. Conspiracists see this as evidence that they never existed.<sup id="cite_ref-didwego_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-didwego-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apollo 11 telemetry tapes were different from the telemetry tapes of the other Moon landings because they contained the raw television broadcast. For technical reasons, the Apollo 11 lander carried a <a href="/wiki/Slow-scan_television" title="Slow-scan television">slow-scan television</a> (SSTV) camera (see <a href="/wiki/Apollo_TV_camera" title="Apollo TV camera">Apollo TV camera</a>). To broadcast the pictures to regular television, a scan conversion had to be done. The <a href="/wiki/Radio_telescope" title="Radio telescope">radio telescope</a> at Parkes Observatory in Australia was able to receive the telemetry from the Moon at the time of the Apollo 11 moonwalk.<sup id="cite_ref-eagleswings2_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eagleswings2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parkes had a bigger antenna than NASA's antenna in Australia at the Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station, so it received a better picture. It also received a better picture than NASA's antenna at <a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex</a>. This direct TV signal, along with telemetry data, was recorded onto one-inch fourteen-track analog tape at Parkes. The original SSTV transmission had better detail and contrast than the scan-converted pictures, and it is this original tape that is missing.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A crude, real-time scan conversion of the SSTV signal was done in Australia before it was broadcast worldwide. However, still photos of the original SSTV image are available (see photos). About fifteen minutes of it were filmed by an amateur <a href="/wiki/8_mm_film" title="8 mm film">8 mm film</a> camera and these are also available. Later Apollo missions did not use SSTV. At least some of the telemetry tapes still exist from the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">ALSEP</a> scientific experiments left on the Moon (which ran until 1977), according to Dr. Williams. Copies of those tapes have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-Amalfi_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amalfi-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others are looking for the missing telemetry tapes for different reasons. The tapes contain the original and highest quality video feed from the Apollo 11 landing. Some former Apollo personnel want to find the tapes for posterity, while NASA engineers looking towards future Moon missions believe that the tapes may be useful for their design studies. They have found that the Apollo 11 tapes were sent for storage at the U.S. National Archives in 1970, but by 1984, all the Apollo 11 tapes had been returned to the Goddard Space Flight Center at their request. The tapes are believed to have been stored rather than re-used.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goddard was storing 35,000 new tapes per year in 1967,<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even before the Moon landings. </p><p>In November 2006, <a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmos (magazine)">COSMOS Online</a> reported that about 100 data tapes recorded in Australia during the Apollo 11 mission had been found in a small marine science laboratory in the main physics building at the <a href="/wiki/Curtin_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtin University of Technology">Curtin University of Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth, Western Australia">Perth, Australia</a>. One of the old tapes has been sent to NASA for analysis. The slow-scan television images were not on the tape.<sup id="cite_ref-Amalfi_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amalfi-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2009, NASA indicated that it must have erased the original Apollo 11 Moon footage years ago so that it could re-use the tape. In December 2009, NASA issued a final report on the Apollo 11 telemetry tapes.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senior engineer Dick Nafzger was in charge of the live TV recordings during the Apollo missions, and he was put in charge of the restoration project. After a three-year search, the "inescapable conclusion" was that about 45 tapes (estimated 15 tapes recorded at each of the three tracking stations) of Apollo 11 video were erased and re-used, said Nafzger.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lowry_Digital" title="Lowry Digital">Lowry Digital</a> had been tasked with restoring the surviving footage in time for the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 11 landing. Lowry Digital president Mike Inchalik said that "this is by far and away the lowest quality" video that the company has dealt with. Nafzger praised Lowry for restoring "crispness" to the Apollo video, which will remain in black and white and contains conservative digital enhancements. The US$230,000 restoration project took months to complete and did not include sound quality improvements. Some selections of restored footage in high definition have been made available on the NASA website.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blueprints">Blueprints</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo15LunarRover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Apollo15LunarRover.jpg/220px-Apollo15LunarRover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Apollo15LunarRover.jpg/330px-Apollo15LunarRover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Apollo15LunarRover.jpg/440px-Apollo15LunarRover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> flown on Apollo 15</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Grumman" title="Grumman">Grumman</a> appears to have destroyed most of its LM documentation,<sup id="cite_ref-bibcollier_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibcollier-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but copies exist in <a href="/wiki/Microform" title="Microform">microfilm</a> for the blueprints for the Saturn V.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four mission-worthy <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicles</a> (LRV) were built by <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three of them were carried to the Moon on Apollos 15, 16, and 17, used by the astronauts for transportation on the Moon, and left there. After Apollo 18 was canceled, the other LRV was used for spare parts for the Apollos 15 to 17 missions. The 221-page operation manual for the LRV contains some detailed drawings,<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although not the blueprints. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NASA_technology_compared_to_USSR">NASA technology compared to USSR</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Space_Race" title="Timeline of the Space Race">Timeline of the Space Race</a></div> <p>Bart Sibrel cites the relative level of the United States and USSR space technology as evidence that the Moon landings could not have happened. For much of the early stages of the Space Race, the USSR was ahead of the United States, yet in the end, the USSR was never able to fly a crewed spacecraft to the Moon, let alone land one on the surface. It is argued that, because the USSR was unable to do this, the United States should have also been unable to develop the technology to do so. </p><p>For example, he claims that, during the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>, the USSR had five times more crewed hours in space than the United States, and notes that the USSR was the first to achieve many of the early milestones in space: the first artificial <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> (October 1957, <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first living creature in orbit (a dog named <a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a>, November 1957, <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a>); the first man in space and in orbit (<a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>, April 1961, <a href="/wiki/Vostok_1" title="Vostok 1">Vostok 1</a>); the first woman in space (<a href="/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova" title="Valentina Tereshkova">Valentina Tereshkova</a>, June 1963, <a href="/wiki/Vostok_6" title="Vostok 6">Vostok 6</a>); and the first spacewalk (<a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a> in March 1965, <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_2" title="Voskhod 2">Voskhod 2</a>). </p><p>However, most of the Soviet gains listed above were matched by the United States within a year, and sometimes within weeks. In 1965, the United States started to achieve many firsts (such as the first successful <a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">space rendezvous</a>), which were important steps in a mission to the Moon. Furthermore, NASA and others say that these gains by the Soviets are not as impressive as they seem; that a number of these firsts were mere stunts that did not advance the technology greatly, or at all, <i>e.g.</i>, the first woman in space.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, by the time of the launch of the first crewed Earth-orbiting Apollo flight (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a>), the USSR had made only nine <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflights</a> (seven with one cosmonaut, one with two, one with three) compared to 16 by the United States. In terms of spacecraft hours, the USSR had 460 hours of spaceflight; the United States had 1,024 hours. In terms of astronaut/cosmonaut time, the USSR had 534 hours of crewed spaceflight whereas the United States had 1,992 hours. By the time of Apollo 11, the United States had a lead much wider than that. (See <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_1961%E2%80%931970" title="List of human spaceflights, 1961–1970">List of human spaceflights, 1961–1970</a>, and refer to individual flights for the length of time.) </p><p>Moreover, the USSR did not develop a successful rocket capable of a crewed lunar mission until the 1980s – their <a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1 rocket</a> failed on all four launch attempts between 1969 and 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet <a href="/wiki/LK_(spacecraft)" title="LK (spacecraft)">LK</a> lunar lander was tested in uncrewed low-Earth-orbit flights three times in 1970 and 1971. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology_used_by_NASA">Technology used by NASA</h3></div> <p>Digital technology was in its infancy during the time of the Moon landings. The astronauts had relied on computers to aid in the Moon missions. The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">Apollo Guidance Computer</a> was on the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">command and service module</a>. Many computers at the time were very large despite poor specs.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a> was released in 1973, one year after the final Moon landing.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This computer had 96kB of memory.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most personal computers as of 2019 use 50,000 to 100,000 times this amount of RAM.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conspiracy theorists claim that the computers during the time of the Moon landings would not have been advanced enough to enable space travel to the Moon and back;<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they similarly claim that other contemporaneous technology (radio transmission, radar, and other instrumentation) was likewise insufficient for the task.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deaths_of_NASA_personnel">Deaths of NASA personnel</h3></div> <p>In a televised program about the Moon-landing hoax allegations, <a href="/wiki/Fox_Entertainment_Group" title="Fox Entertainment Group">Fox Entertainment Group</a> listed the deaths of ten astronauts and two civilians related to the crewed spaceflight program as part of an alleged cover-up. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Freeman" title="Theodore Freeman">Theodore Freeman</a> (killed ejecting from a <a href="/wiki/T-38_Talon" class="mw-redirect" title="T-38 Talon">T-38</a> which had suffered a <a href="/wiki/Bird_strike" title="Bird strike">bird strike</a>, October 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_See" title="Elliot See">Elliot See</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bassett" title="Charles Bassett">Charlie Bassett</a> (<a href="/wiki/1966_NASA_T-38_crash" title="1966 NASA T-38 crash">T-38 crash in bad weather</a>, February 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Virgil "Gus" Grissom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee">Roger B. Chaffee</a> (killed in a fire during the "plugs-out test" preceding <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a>, January 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Givens" title="Edward Givens">Edward "Ed" Givens</a> (killed in a car accident, June 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Williams" title="Clifton Williams">Clifton "C. C." Williams</a> (killed ejecting from a T-38, October 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_James_Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael James Adams">Michael J. "Mike" Adams</a> (died in an <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> crash, November 1967. Adams was the only pilot killed during the X-15 flight test program. He was a test pilot, not a NASA astronaut, but had flown the X-15 above 80 kilometres or 50 miles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Lawrence_Jr." title="Robert Henry Lawrence Jr.">Robert Henry Lawrence Jr.</a> (killed in an <a href="/wiki/F-104_Starfighter" class="mw-redirect" title="F-104 Starfighter">F-104</a> crash, December 1967, shortly after being selected as a pilot with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a> (MOL) program, which was canceled in 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baron" title="Thomas Baron">Thomas Ronald Baron</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a> employee. Baron died in an automobile collision with a train, April 27, 1967, six days after testifying before <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">Rep.</a> <a href="/wiki/Olin_E._Teague" title="Olin E. Teague">Olin E. Teague</a>'s House Subcommittee on NASA Oversight hearings held following the Apollo 1 fire, after which he was fired)</li></ul> <p>Two of the above, X-15 pilot Mike Adams and MOL pilot Robert Lawrence, had no connection with the civilian crewed space program that oversaw the Apollo missions. Baron was a quality control inspector who wrote a report critical of the Apollo program and was an outspoken critic of NASA's safety record after the Apollo 1 fire. Baron and his family were killed as their car was struck by a train at a train crossing. The deaths were an accident.<sup id="cite_ref-not_faked_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not_faked-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the deaths occurred at least 20 months <i>before</i> Apollo 11 and subsequent flights. </p><p>As of June 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, four of the twelve <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_Astronauts#Apollo_astronauts_who_walked_on_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Apollo Astronauts">Apollo astronauts who landed on the Moon</a> between 1969 and 1972 are still alive, including Buzz Aldrin. Also, two of the twelve <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_Astronauts#Apollo_astronauts_who_flew_to_the_Moon_without_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Apollo Astronauts">Apollo astronauts who flew to the Moon without landing</a> between 1968 and 1972 are still alive. </p><p>The number of deaths within the American astronaut corps during the run-up to Apollo and during the Apollo missions is similar to the number of deaths incurred by the Soviets. During the period 1961 to 1972, at least eight Soviet serving and former cosmonauts died: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Bondarenko" title="Valentin Bondarenko">Valentin Bondarenko</a> (ground training accident, March 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Nelyubov" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigori Nelyubov">Grigori Nelyubov</a> (suicide, February 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Komarov" title="Vladimir Komarov">Vladimir Komarov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soyuz_1" title="Soyuz 1">Soyuz 1</a> accident, April 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/MiG-15" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-15">MiG-15</a> crash, March 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Belyayev" title="Pavel Belyayev">Pavel Belyayev</a> (complications following surgery, January 1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dobrovolski" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgi Dobrovolski">Georgi Dobrovolski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Volkov" title="Vladislav Volkov">Vladislav Volkov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Patsayev" title="Viktor Patsayev">Viktor Patsayev</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soyuz_11" title="Soyuz 11">Soyuz 11</a> accident, June 1971)</li></ul> <p>Additionally, the overall chief of their crewed-spaceflight program, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Korolev" title="Sergei Korolev">Sergei Korolev</a>, died while undergoing surgery in January 1966. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_flight_conference">Post flight conference</h3></div> <p>During the post flight conference for Apollo 11, there were moments in which the astronauts appeared serious or tired in a press conference otherwise filled with laughter. Conspiracy theorists often present images of those moments and portray it as the astronauts feeling guilty about faking the landing. This supposed evidence can be explained as a case of <a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">cherry picking</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">appeal to emotion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NASA_response">NASA response</h3></div> <p>In June 1977, NASA issued a fact sheet responding to recent claims that the Apollo Moon landings had been hoaxed.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact sheet is particularly blunt and regards the idea of faking the Moon landings to be preposterous and outlandish. NASA refers to the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">rocks and particles collected from the Moon</a> as being evidence of the program's legitimacy, as they claim that these rocks could not have been formed under conditions on Earth. NASA also notes that all of the operations and phases of the Apollo program were closely followed and under the scrutiny of the news media, from liftoff to splashdown. NASA responds to Bill Kaysing's book, <i>We Never Went to the Moon</i>, by identifying one of his claims of fraud regarding the lack of a crater left on the Moon's surface by the landing of the lunar module, and refuting it with facts about the soil and cohesive nature of the surface of the Moon. </p><p>The fact sheet was reissued on February 14, 2001, the day before Fox television's broadcast of <i>Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon?</i> The documentary reinvigorated the public's interest in conspiracy theories and the possibility that the Moon landings were faked, which has provoked NASA to once again defend its name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_Stanley_Kubrick_involvement">Alleged Stanley Kubrick involvement</h3></div> <p>Filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> is accused of having produced much of the footage for Apollos 11 and 12, presumably because he had just directed <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i>, which is partly set on the Moon and featured advanced special effects.<sup id="cite_ref-clydelewis_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clydelewis-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been claimed that when <i>2001</i> was in <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> in early 1968, NASA secretly approached Kubrick to direct the first three Moon landings. The launch and splashdown would be real but the spacecraft would stay in Earth orbit and fake footage broadcast as "live from the Moon." No evidence was offered for this theory, which overlooks many facts. For example, <i>2001</i> was released before the first Apollo landing and Kubrick's depiction of the Moon's surface differs greatly from its appearance in the Apollo footage. The movement of characters on the Moon in <i>2001</i> differs from that of the filmed movement of Apollo astronauts and does not resemble an environment with 1/6 the gravity of Earth. Several scenes in <i>2001</i> show dust billowing as spacecraft landed, something that would not happen in the vacuum environment of the Moon. Kubrick did hire <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I._Ordway_III" title="Frederick I. Ordway III">Frederick Ordway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Lange_(film_designer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Lange (film designer)">Harry Lange</a>, both of whom had worked for NASA and major aerospace contractors, to work with him on <i>2001</i>. Kubrick also used some 50 mm f/0.7 lenses that were left over from a batch made by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Zeiss</a> for NASA. However, Kubrick only got this lens for <i><a href="/wiki/Barry_Lyndon" title="Barry Lyndon">Barry Lyndon</a></i> (1975). The lens was originally a still photo lens and needed changes to be used for motion filming. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">mockumentary</a> based on this idea, <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Side_of_the_Moon_(mockumentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Side of the Moon (mockumentary)">Dark Side of the Moon</a></i>, could have fueled the conspiracy theory. This French mockumentary, directed by William Karel, was originally aired on Arte channel in 2002 with the title <i>Opération Lune</i>. It parodies conspiracy theories with faked interviews, stories of assassinations of Stanley Kubrick's assistants by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>, and a variety of conspicuous mistakes, puns, and references to old movie characters, inserted through the film as clues for the viewer. Nevertheless, <i>Opération Lune</i> is still taken at face value by some conspiracy believers. </p><p>An article titled "Stanley Kubrick and the Moon Hoax" appeared on <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> in 1995, in the <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">newsgroup</a> "alt.humor.best-of-usenet". One passage – on how Kubrick was supposedly coerced into the conspiracy – reads: </p> <blockquote><p>NASA further leveraged their position by threatening to publicly reveal the heavy involvement of Mr. Kubrick's younger brother, Raul, with the American Communist Party. This would have been an intolerable embarrassment to Mr. Kubrick, especially since the release of <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Strangelove" title="Dr. Strangelove">Dr. Strangelove</a></i>.</p></blockquote> <p>Kubrick had no such brother – the article was a spoof, complete with a giveaway sentence describing Kubrick shooting the moonwalk "on location" on the Moon. Nevertheless, the claim was taken up in earnest;<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clyde Lewis used it almost word-for-word,<sup id="cite_ref-clydelewis_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clydelewis-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas <a href="/wiki/Room_237" title="Room 237">Jay Weidner</a> gave the brother a more senior status within the party: </p> <blockquote><p>No one knows how the powers-that-be convinced Kubrick to direct the Apollo landings. Maybe they had compromised Kubrick in some way. The fact that his brother, Raul Kubrick, was the head of the American Communist Party may have been one of the avenues pursued by the government to get Stanley to cooperate.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In July 2009, Weidner posted on his webpage "Secrets of the Shining", where he states that Kubrick's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shining_(film)" title="The Shining (film)">The Shining</a></i> (1980) is a veiled confession of his role in the scam project.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This thesis was the subject of refutation in an article published on <a href="/wiki/Seeker_(media_company)" title="Seeker (media company)">Seeker</a> nearly half a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2015 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Moonwalkers_(film)" title="Moonwalkers (film)">Moonwalkers</a></i> is a fictional account of a CIA agent's claim of Kubrick's involvement. </p><p>In December 2015, a video surfaced which allegedly shows Kubrick being interviewed shortly before his 1999 death; the video purportedly shows the director confessing to T. Patrick Murray that the Apollo Moon landings had been faked.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research quickly found, however, that the video was a <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_work">Academic work</h3></div> <p>In 2002, NASA granted $15,000 to James Oberg to write a point-by-point rebuttal of the hoax claims. However, NASA canceled the commission later that year, after complaints that the book would dignify the accusations.<sup id="cite_ref-Fake_Moon_Flight'_Myth_2003,_pp._23,_30_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fake_Moon_Flight'_Myth_2003,_pp._23,_30-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oberg said that he meant to finish the book.<sup id="cite_ref-Fake_Moon_Flight'_Myth_2003,_pp._23,_30_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fake_Moon_Flight'_Myth_2003,_pp._23,_30-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2002, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jennings" title="Peter Jennings">Peter Jennings</a> said that "NASA is going to spend a few thousand dollars trying to prove to some people that the United States did indeed land men on the Moon", and "NASA had been so rattled" that they hired somebody to write a book refuting the conspiracy theorists. Oberg says that belief in the hoax theories is not the fault of the conspiracists, but rather that of teachers and people who should provide information to the public—especially NASA.<sup id="cite_ref-Fake_Moon_Flight'_Myth_2003,_pp._23,_30_161-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fake_Moon_Flight'_Myth_2003,_pp._23,_30-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, Martin Hendry and Ken Skeldon of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> were awarded a grant by the UK-based <a href="/wiki/Particle_Physics_and_Astronomy_Research_Council" title="Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council">Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council</a> to investigate Moon landing conspiracy theories.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2004, they gave a lecture at the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Science_Centre" title="Glasgow Science Centre">Glasgow Science Centre</a> where the top ten claims by conspiracists were individually addressed and refuted.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MythBusters_special"><i>MythBusters</i> special</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MythBusters_(2008_season)#Episode_104_–_"NASA_Moon_Landing"" title="MythBusters (2008 season)">Mythbusters "NASA Moon Landing" episode</a></div> <p>An episode of <i><a href="/wiki/MythBusters" title="MythBusters">MythBusters</a></i> in August 2008 was dedicated to the Moon landings. The <i>MythBusters</i> crew tested many of the conspiracists' claims. Some of the testings were done in a NASA training facility. All of the conspiracists' claims examined on the show were labeled as having been "Busted", or disproved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third-party_evidence_of_Moon_landings">Third-party evidence of Moon landings</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imaging_the_landing_sites">Imaging the landing sites</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_17_landing_site,_labeled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Apollo_17_landing_site%2C_labeled.jpg/350px-Apollo_17_landing_site%2C_labeled.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Apollo_17_landing_site%2C_labeled.jpg/525px-Apollo_17_landing_site%2C_labeled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Apollo_17_landing_site%2C_labeled.jpg/700px-Apollo_17_landing_site%2C_labeled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> photo of Apollo 17 landing site (click to enlarge)<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_LRO_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_LRO-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lroc_apollo11_landing_site_20091109_zoom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lroc_apollo11_landing_site_20091109_zoom.jpg/220px-Lroc_apollo11_landing_site_20091109_zoom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lroc_apollo11_landing_site_20091109_zoom.jpg/330px-Lroc_apollo11_landing_site_20091109_zoom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lroc_apollo11_landing_site_20091109_zoom.jpg/440px-Lroc_apollo11_landing_site_20091109_zoom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="309" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 11 landing site – "There the lunar module sits, parked just where it landed 40 years ago, as if it still really were 40 years ago and all the time since merely imaginary." –<i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_lro_lm_img_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_lro_lm_img-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Moon-landing conspiracists claim that observatories and the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> should be able to photograph the landing sites. This implies that the world's major observatories (as well as the Hubble Program) are complicit in the hoax by refusing to take photos of the landing sites. Photos of the Moon have been taken by Hubble, including at least two Apollo landing sites, but the Hubble resolution limits viewing of lunar objects to sizes no smaller than 55–69 m (60–75 yd), which is insufficient resolution to see any landing site features.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2001, Leonard David published an article on <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">space.com</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apolloclempix_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apolloclempix-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which showed a photo taken by the <a href="/wiki/Clementine_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementine mission">Clementine mission</a> showing a diffuse dark spot at the site NASA says is the Apollo 15 lander. The evidence was noticed by Misha Kreslavsky, of the Department of Geological Sciences at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, and Yuri Shkuratov of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_T-shaped_Radio_telescope,_second_modification" title="Ukrainian T-shaped Radio telescope, second modification">Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory</a> in Ukraine. The <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>'s <a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a> uncrewed probe sent back photos of the landing sites, according to <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Foing" title="Bernard Foing">Bernard Foing</a>, Chief Scientist of the ESA Science Program.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Given SMART-1's initial high orbit, however, it may prove difficult to see artifacts," said Foing in an interview on space.com. </p><p>In 2002, Alex R. Blackwell of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a> pointed out that some photos taken by Apollo astronauts<sup id="cite_ref-apolloclempix_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apolloclempix-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in orbit around the Moon show the landing sites. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> published a story in 2002 saying that European astronomers at the <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">Very Large Telescope</a> (VLT) would use it to view the landing sites. According to the article, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Martin_West" title="Richard Martin West">Richard West</a> said that his team would take "a high-resolution image of one of the Apollo landing sites." Marcus Allen, a conspiracist, answered that no photos of hardware on the Moon would convince him that human landings had happened.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The telescope was used to image the Moon and provided a resolution of 130 meters (430 ft), which was not good enough to resolve the 4.2 meters (14 ft) wide lunar landers or their long shadows.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency">Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency</a> (JAXA) launched their <a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a> Moon orbiter on September 14, 2007 (<a href="/wiki/Japan_Standard_Time" title="Japan Standard Time">JST</a>), from <a href="/wiki/Tanegashima_Space_Center" title="Tanegashima Space Center">Tanegashima Space Center</a>. SELENE orbited the Moon at about 100 km (62 miles) altitude. In May 2008, JAXA reported detecting the "halo" generated by the Apollo 15 Lunar Module engine exhaust from a Terrain Camera image.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A three-dimensional reconstructed photo also matched the terrain of an Apollo 15 photo taken from the surface. </p><p>On July 17, 2009, NASA released low-resolution engineering test photos of the Apollo 11, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16 and Apollo 17 landing sites that have been photographed by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter as part of the process of starting its primary mission.<sup id="cite_ref-LRO1_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LRO1-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The photos show the descent stage of the landers from each mission on the Moon's surface. The photo of the Apollo 14 landing site also shows tracks made by an astronaut between a science experiment (ALSEP) and the lander.<sup id="cite_ref-LRO1_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LRO1-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photos of the Apollo 12 landing site were released by NASA on September 3, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Intrepid</i> lander descent stage, experiment package (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package#Apollo_12" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">ALSEP</a>), Surveyor 3 spacecraft, and astronaut footpaths are all visible. While the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">LRO</a> images have been enjoyed by the scientific community as a whole, they have not done anything to convince conspiracists that the landings happened.<sup id="cite_ref-lrohoaxbelievers_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lrohoaxbelievers-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 1, 2009, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s lunar mission <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> took photos of the Apollo 15 landing site and tracks of the lunar rovers.<sup id="cite_ref-TOI_article_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI_article-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> launched their uncrewed lunar probe on September 8, 2008 (IST), from <a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a>. The photos were taken by a <a href="/wiki/Hyperspectral_imaging" title="Hyperspectral imaging">hyperspectral camera</a> fitted as part of the mission's image payload.<sup id="cite_ref-TOI_article_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI_article-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China's second lunar probe, <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a>, which was launched in 2010, can photograph the lunar surface with a resolution of up to 7 m (23 ft). It spotted traces of the Apollo landings.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moon_rocks">Moon rocks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moon_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon rocks">Moon rocks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg/220px-Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg/330px-Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg/440px-Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rock" title="Genesis Rock">Genesis Rock</a> brought back by Apollo 15 – older than any rocks on Earth</figcaption></figure> <p>The Apollo program collected 380 kg (838 lb) of <a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a> during the six crewed missions. Analyses by scientists worldwide all agree that these rocks came from the Moon<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> – no published accounts in <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scientific journals</a> exist that dispute this claim. The Apollo samples are easily distinguishable from both <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> and Earth rocks<sup id="cite_ref-greatmoonhoax_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greatmoonhoax-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in that they show a lack of <a href="/wiki/Mineral_hydration" title="Mineral hydration">hydrous alteration</a> products, they show evidence of having undergone impact events on an airless body, and they have unique geochemical traits. Furthermore, most are more than 200 million years older than the oldest Earth rocks. The Moon rocks also share the same traits as Soviet samples.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conspiracists argue that <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center#Directors,_2000s_and_beyond" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center Director</a> <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>'s trip to <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> in 1967 (about two years before the Apollo 11 launch) was to gather <a href="/wiki/Lunar_meteorite" title="Lunar meteorite">lunar meteorites</a> to be used as fake Moon rocks. Because von Braun was a former <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> officer (though one who had been detained by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the documentary film <i>Did We Go?</i><sup id="cite_ref-didwego_124-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-didwego-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that he could have been pressured to agree to the conspiracy to protect himself from recriminations over his past. NASA said that von Braun's mission was "to look into environmental and logistic factors that might relate to the planning of future space missions, and hardware."<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA continues to send teams to work in Antarctica to mimic the conditions on other planets. </p><p>It is now accepted by the scientific community that rocks have been blasted from both the <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Martian</a> and lunar surface during <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact events</a>, and that some of these have landed on the Earth as <a href="/wiki/Martian_meteorite" title="Martian meteorite">meteorites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the first Antarctic lunar meteorite was found in 1979, and its lunar origin was not recognized until 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-Korotev2005_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korotev2005-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, lunar meteorites are so rare that it is unlikely that they could account for the 380 kg (840 lb) of Moon rocks that NASA gathered between 1969 and 1972. Only about 30 kg (66 lb) of lunar meteorites have been found on Earth thus far, despite private collectors and governmental agencies worldwide searching for more than 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Korotev2005_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korotev2005-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Apollo missions gathered 380 kg (840 lb) of Moon rocks, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">Luna 16</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">Luna 20</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">Luna 24</a> robots gathered only 326 g (11.5 <a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">oz</a>) combined (that is, less than one-thousandth as much). Indeed, current plans for a Martian sample return would only gather about 500 g (18 oz) of soil,<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a recently proposed <a href="/wiki/South_Pole-Aitken_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pole-Aitken basin">South Pole-Aitken basin</a> robot mission would only gather about 1 kg (2.2 lb) of Moon rock.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If NASA had used similar robot technology, then between 300 and 2,000 robot missions would have been needed to collect the current amount of Moon rocks that is held by NASA. </p><p>On the makeup of the Moon rocks, Kaysing asked: "Why was there never a mention of gold, silver, diamonds or other precious metals on the moon? Wasn't this a viable consideration? Why was this fact never dicussed [<i>sic</i>] in the press or by the astronauts?"<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geologists realize that gold and silver deposits on Earth are the result of the action of hydrothermal fluids concentrating the precious metals into veins of ore. Since in 1969 water was believed to be absent on the Moon, no geologist discussed finding these on the Moon in any great amount.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missions_tracked_by_independent_parties">Missions tracked by independent parties</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings#Apollo_missions_tracked_by_independent_parties" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Apollo missions tracked by independent parties</a></div> <p>Aside from NASA, a number of groups and individuals tracked the Apollo missions as they happened. On later missions, NASA released information to the public explaining where and when the spacecraft could be sighted. Their flight paths were tracked using radar and they were sighted and photographed using telescopes. Also, radio transmissions between the astronauts on the surface and in orbit were independently recorded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retroreflectors">Retroreflectors</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Lunar_Laser_Ranging_Experiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Apollo_11_Lunar_Laser_Ranging_Experiment.jpg/220px-Apollo_11_Lunar_Laser_Ranging_Experiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Apollo_11_Lunar_Laser_Ranging_Experiment.jpg/330px-Apollo_11_Lunar_Laser_Ranging_Experiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Apollo_11_Lunar_Laser_Ranging_Experiment.jpg/440px-Apollo_11_Lunar_Laser_Ranging_Experiment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2349" data-file-height="2373" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 11 retroreflector, still with its protective cover</figcaption></figure> <p>The presence of <a href="/wiki/Retroreflectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroreflectors">retroreflectors</a> (mirrors used as targets for Earth-based tracking lasers) from the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Laser_Ranging_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Laser Ranging experiment">Laser Ranging Retroreflector Experiment</a> (LRRR) is evidence that there were landings.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lick_Observatory" title="Lick Observatory">Lick Observatory</a> attempted to detect from Apollo 11's retroreflector while Armstrong and Aldrin were still on the Moon but did not succeed until August 1, 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apollo 14 astronauts deployed a retroreflector on February 5, 1971, and <a href="/wiki/McDonald_Observatory" title="McDonald Observatory">McDonald Observatory</a> detected it the same day. The Apollo 15 retroreflector was deployed on July 31, 1971, and was detected by McDonald Observatory within a few days.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller retroreflectors were also put on the Moon by the Russians; they were attached to the uncrewed lunar rovers <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">Lunokhod 2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories_in_popular_culture" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories in popular culture">Moon landing conspiracy theories in popular culture</a></div> <p>In a 1994 poll by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, 9% of the respondents said that it was possible that astronauts did not go to the Moon and another 5% were unsure.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1999 <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Poll">Gallup Poll</a> found that 6% of the Americans surveyed doubted that the Moon landings happened and that 5% of those surveyed had no opinion,<sup id="cite_ref-plait156_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plait156-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Borenstein_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borenstein-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gallup1_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup1-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gallup2_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup2-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which roughly matches the findings of a similar 1995 <i>Time/CNN</i> poll.<sup id="cite_ref-plait156_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plait156-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officials of the Fox network said that such skepticism rose to about 20% after the February 2001 airing of their network's television special, <i>Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon?</i>, seen by about 15 million viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-Borenstein_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borenstein-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Fox special is seen as having promoted the hoax claims.<sup id="cite_ref-theage_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theage-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newsweek_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsweek-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2000 poll conducted by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Opinion_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Opinion Foundation (page does not exist)">Public Opinion Foundation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4_%C2%AB%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%C2%BB" class="extiw" title="ru:Фонд «Общественное мнение»">ru</a>]</span> (<i>ФОМ</i>) in Russia found that 28% of those surveyed did not believe that American astronauts landed on the Moon, and this percentage is roughly equal in all social-demographic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, a poll held by the United Kingdom's <i><a href="/wiki/Engineering_%26_Technology" title="Engineering & Technology">Engineering & Technology</a></i> magazine found that 25% of those surveyed did not believe that men landed on the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another poll gives that 25% of 18- to 25-year-olds surveyed were unsure that the landings happened.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are subcultures worldwide which advocate the belief that the Moon landings were faked. By 1977 the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">Hare Krishna</a> magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_Godhead" title="Back to Godhead">Back to Godhead</a></i> called the landings a hoax, claiming that, since the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> is 150 million km (93 million mi) away, and "according to <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a> the Moon is 800,000 miles [1,300,000 km] farther away than that", the Moon would be nearly 94 million mi (151 million km) away; to travel that span in 91 hours would require a speed of more than a million miles per hour, "a patently impossible feat even by the scientists' calculations."<sup id="cite_ref-Goswami_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goswami-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Oberg" title="James Oberg">James Oberg</a> of <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a> said that the conspiracy theory is taught in many Cuban schools, both in Cuba and where Cuban teachers are loaned.<sup id="cite_ref-Fake_Moon_Flight'_Myth_2003,_pp._23,_30_161-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fake_Moon_Flight'_Myth_2003,_pp._23,_30-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A poll conducted in the 1970s by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">United States Information Agency</a> in several countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa found that most respondents were unaware of the Moon landings, many of the others dismissed them as propaganda or science fiction, and many thought that it had been the Russians that landed on the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Ipsos" title="Ipsos">Ipsos</a> conducted a study for <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> to assess the level of belief that the 1969 Moon landing was faked. Six percent of respondents believed it was not real, but eleven percent of <a href="/wiki/Millennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennial">millennials</a> (reached adulthood in the early 21st century) were the most likely to believe it was not factual.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary_of_public_opinion_polls">Summary of public opinion polls</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Dates <p>conducted </p> </th> <th>Pollster </th> <th>Area and Demographics </th> <th>Sample <p>size </p> </th> <th>Real </th> <th>Faked </th> <th>Unsure/No Opinion </th> <th>Link(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <th> </th> <td>86% </td> <td>9% </td> <td>5% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallup_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Poll">Gallup Poll</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>89% </td> <td>6% </td> <td>5% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-plait156_195-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plait156-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Opinion_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Opinion Foundation (page does not exist)">Public Opinion Foundation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4_%C2%AB%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%C2%BB" class="extiw" title="ru:Фонд «Общественное мнение»">ru</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>72% </td> <td>28% </td> <td>- </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_201-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_203-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Engineering_%26_Technology" title="Engineering & Technology">Engineering & Technology</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>75% </td> <td>25% </td> <td>- </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:4_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_(magazine)" title="Astronomy (magazine)">Astronomy</a></i> </td> <td>United Kingdom, 18-25 year olds </td> <td> </td> <td>75% </td> <td>25% </td> <td>- </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:5_205-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ipsos" title="Ipsos">Ipsos</a></i> </td> <td>United States, <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>89% </td> <td>11% </td> <td>- </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Gone_Wild" title="Astronauts Gone Wild"><i>Astronauts Gone Wild</i></a> – 2004 film by Bart Sibrel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_the_Shadow_of_the_Moon_(2007_film)" title="In the Shadow of the Moon (2007 film)"><i>In the Shadow of the Moon</i></a> – 2007 British documentary film by David Sington</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cosmonauts" title="Lost Cosmonauts">Lost Cosmonauts</a> – Conspiracy theory about Soviet cosmonauts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">Stolen and missing Moon rocks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1968, Clarke and Kubrick had collaborated on the film <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i>, which realistically portrayed a Moon mission.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He does this in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html">his site</a> as well</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This number includes the crews of Apollos 8, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">10</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">13</a>, though the last technically only performed a fly-by. These three missions account for only six additional astronauts because James Lovell orbited the Moon twice (Apollos 8 and 13), while John Young and Gene Cernan orbited on Apollo 10, and both later landed on the Moon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the 2007 <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova (American TV series)">NOVA</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nova_episodes#Season_35:_2007–2008" title="List of Nova episodes">Sputnik Declassified</a>," the United States could have launched the <i><a href="/wiki/Explorer_1" title="Explorer 1">Explorer 1</a></i> probe before Sputnik, but the <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> administration hesitated, first because they were not sure if international law meant that national borders kept going all the way into orbit (and, thus, their orbiting satellite could cause an international uproar by violating the borders of dozens of nations), and second because there was a desire to see the not yet ready <a href="/wiki/Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Vanguard satellite program</a>, designed by American citizens, become America's first satellite rather than the Explorer program, that was mostly designed by former rocket designers from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. A transcript of the appropriate section from the show is available at "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/space/sputnik-impact-on-america.html">Sputnik's Impact on America</a>."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/policies.html#Guidelines">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Plait">Plait 2002</a>, pp. 154–173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA_LRO-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_LRO_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_LRO_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNeal-JonesZubritskyCole2011" class="citation web cs1">Neal-Jones, Nancy; Zubritsky, Elizabeth; Cole, Steve (September 6, 2011). 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(September 2004) [First published 2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm"><i>Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/016050631X" title="Special:BookSources/016050631X"><bdi>016050631X</bdi></a>. NASA SP-2000-4029<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(April 19, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bd.fom.ru/report/cat/sci_sci/kosmos/of001605"><bdi lang="ru">БЫЛИ ЛИ АМЕРИКАНЦЫ НА ЛУНЕ?</bdi></a> [Were the Americans on the Moon?] (Press release) (in Russian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Opinion_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Opinion Foundation (page does not exist)">Public Opinion Foundation</a> (ФОМ)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%AB%D0%9B%D0%98+%D0%9B%D0%98+%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A6%D0%AB+%D0%9D%D0%90+%D0%9B%D0%A3%D0%9D%D0%95%3F&rft.pub=Public+Opinion+Foundation+%28%D0%A4%D0%9E%D0%9C%29&rft.date=2000-04-19&rft.aulast=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%90.%D0%A1.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbd.fom.ru%2Freport%2Fcat%2Fsci_sci%2Fkosmos%2Fof001605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span> Nationwide Russian survey of urban and rural population conducted on April 1, 2000. 1,500 respondents. Americans walked on the Moon? Overall results of poll: 51% yes; 28% no; 22% unsure.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_202-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_202-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bd.fom.ru/report/map/t001333"><bdi lang="ru">ИНОГДА ВЫСКАЗЫВАЕТСЯ МНЕНИЕ, ЧТО НА САМОМ ДЕЛЕ ВЫСАДКИ АМЕРИКАНСКИХ АСТРОНАВТОВ НА ЛУНУ НЕ БЫЛО. ВЫ ЛИЧНО ВЕРИТЕ ИЛИ НЕ ВЕРИТЕ, ЧТО АМЕРИКАНСКИЕ АСТРОНАВТЫ ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНО ПОБЫВАЛИ НА ЛУНЕ?</bdi></a> (in Russian). Public Opinion Foundation (ФОМ). April 5, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%94%D0%90+%D0%92%D0%AB%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%97%D0%AB%D0%92%D0%90%D0%95%D0%A2%D0%A1%D0%AF+%D0%9C%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95%2C+%D0%A7%D0%A2%D0%9E+%D0%9D%D0%90+%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%9C+%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%95+%D0%92%D0%AB%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94%D0%9A%D0%98+%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%A5+%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%92%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%92+%D0%9D%D0%90+%D0%9B%D0%A3%D0%9D%D0%A3+%D0%9D%D0%95+%D0%91%D0%AB%D0%9B%D0%9E.+%D0%92%D0%AB+%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%9D%D0%9E+%D0%92%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%95+%D0%98%D0%9B%D0%98+%D0%9D%D0%95+%D0%92%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%95%2C+%D0%A7%D0%A2%D0%9E+%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%95+%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%92%D0%A2%D0%AB+%D0%94%D0%95%D0%99%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%9E+%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%91%D0%AB%D0%92%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%98+%D0%9D%D0%90+%D0%9B%D0%A3%D0%9D%D0%95%3F&rft.pub=Public+Opinion+Foundation+%28%D0%A4%D0%9E%D0%9C%29&rft.date=2000-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbd.fom.ru%2Freport%2Fmap%2Ft001333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_203-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_203-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bd.fom.ru/report/map/t001332"><bdi lang="ru">ЗНАЕТЕ ЛИ ВЫ, ЧТО-ТО СЛЫШАЛИ ИЛИ СЛЫШИТЕ СЕЙЧАС ВПЕРВЫЕ О ВЫСАДКЕ АМЕРИКАНСКИХ АСТРОНАВТОВ НА ЛУНУ ЛЕТОМ 1969 ГОДА?</bdi></a> (in Russian). Public Opinion Foundation (ФОМ). April 5, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%95%D0%A2%D0%95+%D0%9B%D0%98+%D0%92%D0%AB%2C+%D0%A7%D0%A2%D0%9E-%D0%A2%D0%9E+%D0%A1%D0%9B%D0%AB%D0%A8%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%98+%D0%98%D0%9B%D0%98+%D0%A1%D0%9B%D0%AB%D0%A8%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%95+%D0%A1%D0%95%D0%99%D0%A7%D0%90%D0%A1+%D0%92%D0%9F%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%92%D0%AB%D0%95+%D0%9E+%D0%92%D0%AB%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94%D0%9A%D0%95+%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%A5+%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%92%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%92+%D0%9D%D0%90+%D0%9B%D0%A3%D0%9D%D0%A3+%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%9C+1969+%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%90%3F&rft.pub=Public+Opinion+Foundation+%28%D0%A4%D0%9E%D0%9C%29&rft.date=2000-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbd.fom.ru%2Freport%2Fmap%2Ft001332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_204-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_204-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBizony2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Piers_Bizony" title="Piers Bizony">Bizony, Piers</a> (July 6, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110128204607/http://eandt.theiet.org/magazine/2009/12/fake-right.cfm">"It was a fake, right?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Engineering_%26_Technology" title="Engineering & Technology">Engineering & Technology</a></i>. <b>4</b> (12). London: <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Institution of Engineering and Technology">Institution of Engineering and Technology</a>: 24–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1049%2Fet.2009.1202">10.1049/et.2009.1202</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eandt.theiet.org/magazine/2009/12/fake-right.cfm">the original</a> on January 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Engineering+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=It+was+a+fake%2C+right%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=24-25&rft.date=2009-07-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1049%2Fet.2009.1202&rft.aulast=Bizony&rft.aufirst=Piers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feandt.theiet.org%2Fmagazine%2F2009%2F12%2Ffake-right.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_205-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_205-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruesi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kruesi, Liz (December 2009). 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Waukesha, WI: <a href="/wiki/Kalmbach_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmbach Publishing">Kalmbach Publishing</a>: 62. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-6358">0091-6358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy&rft.atitle=The+Cosmic+Grid&rft.pages=62&rft.date=2009-12&rft.issn=0091-6358&rft.aulast=Kruesi&rft.aufirst=Liz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goswami-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goswami_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatsvarūpa_dāsa_Goswami1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satsvarupa_dasa_Goswami" title="Satsvarupa dasa Goswami">Satsvarūpa dāsa Goswami</a> (May 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://back2godhead.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/123_1977_12-05.pdf">"Man on the Moon: A Case of Mass Brainwashing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_Godhead" title="Back to Godhead">Back to Godhead</a></i>. <b>12</b> (5). 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New York: ABC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/ABC2000/abc2000science/oberg2000.html">the original</a> on April 2, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2009</span>. <q>I'm told that this is official dogma still taught in schools in Cuba, plus wherever else Cuban teachers have been sent (such as <a href="/wiki/Sandinista" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinista">Sandinista</a> Nicaragua and Angola).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Getting+Apollo+11+Right&rft.date=1999-07&rft.aulast=Oberg&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FABC2000%2Fabc2000science%2Foberg2000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Oberg">Oberg 1982</a>, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2019-07/c-span-space-exploration-07-10-2019_for_release.pdf">"Attitudes Toward Space Exploration – Ipsos Poll on Behalf of C-SPAN – Belief in Authenticity of the 1969 Moon Landing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/C-Span" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Span">C-Span</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=C-Span&rft.atitle=Attitudes+Toward+Space+Exploration+%E2%80%93+Ipsos+Poll+on+Behalf+of+C-SPAN+%E2%80%93+Belief+in+Authenticity+of+the+1969+Moon+Landing&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsos.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fct%2Fnews%2Fdocuments%2F2019-07%2Fc-span-space-exploration-07-10-2019_for_release.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2019" class="citation web cs1">Jackson, Chris (July 10, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipsos.com/en-us/news-polls/cspan-space-exploration-2019">"Attitudes Toward Space Exploration"</a>. <i>Ipsos.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ipsos.com&rft.atitle=Attitudes+Toward+Space+Exploration&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsos.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews-polls%2Fcspan-space-exploration-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Aaronovitch" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Aaronovitch" title="David Aaronovitch">Aaronovitch, David</a> (2010) [Originally published 2009 in Great Britain by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a>]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voodoohistoriesr0000aaro"><i>Voodoo Histories: The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History</i></a></span> (1st American ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Riverhead_Books" title="Riverhead Books">Riverhead Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594488955" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594488955"><bdi>978-1594488955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voodoo+Histories%3A+The+Role+of+the+Conspiracy+Theory+in+Shaping+Modern+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+American&rft.pub=Riverhead+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1594488955&rft.aulast=Aaronovitch&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoodoohistoriesr0000aaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Attivissimo" class="citation book cs1">Attivissimo, Paulo (2013). <i>Moon Hoax: Debunked!</i> (1st English ed.). <a href="/wiki/Lulu_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lulu (company)">Lulu</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1291591576" title="Special:BookSources/978-1291591576"><bdi>978-1291591576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moon+Hoax%3A+Debunked%21&rft.edition=1st+English&rft.pub=Lulu&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1291591576&rft.aulast=Attivissimo&rft.aufirst=Paulo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bennett_&_Percy" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Mary; Percy, David S. (2001) [First published 1999 in Great Britain by Aulis Publishers]. <i>Dark Moon: Apollo and the Whistle-Blowers</i>. Kempton, IL: <a href="/wiki/David_Hatcher_Childress" title="David Hatcher Childress">Adventures Unlimited Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0932813909" title="Special:BookSources/978-0932813909"><bdi>978-0932813909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Moon%3A+Apollo+and+the+Whistle-Blowers&rft.place=Kempton%2C+IL&rft.pub=Adventures+Unlimited+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0932813909&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Percy%2C+David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Brian" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moongate_(book)" title="Moongate (book)">Brian, William L.</a> (1982). <i>Moongate: Suppressed Findings of the U.S. Space Program, The NASA-Military Cover-Up</i> (1st ed.). Portland, OR: Future Science Research Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0941292009" title="Special:BookSources/978-0941292009"><bdi>978-0941292009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moongate%3A+Suppressed+Findings+of+the+U.S.+Space+Program%2C+The+NASA-Military+Cover-Up&rft.place=Portland%2C+OR&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Future+Science+Research+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0941292009&rft.aulast=Brian&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Chaikin" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Chaikin" title="Andrew Chaikin">Chaikin, Andrew</a> (2007) [First published 1994]. <i>A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts</i>. Foreword by Tom Hanks and a new afterword by the author (Reissue ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143112358" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143112358"><bdi>978-0143112358</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Man+on+the+Moon%3A+The+Voyages+of+the+Apollo+Astronauts&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Reissue&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0143112358&rft.aulast=Chaikin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dick_&_Launius" class="citation book cs1">Dick, Steven J.; Launius, Roger D., eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/sp4801-part1.pdf"><i>Societal Impact of Spaceflight</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: NASA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160801907" title="Special:BookSources/978-0160801907"><bdi>978-0160801907</bdi></a>. NASA SP-2007-4801<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Societal+Impact+of+Spaceflight&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0160801907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fsp4801-part1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span> Part 2 available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/sp4801-part2.pdf">here</a> (PDF).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hansen" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, James R. (2005). <a href="/wiki/First_Man:_The_Life_of_Neil_A._Armstrong" title="First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong"><i>First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743256315" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743256315"><bdi>978-0743256315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Man%3A+The+Life+of+Neil+A.+Armstrong&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0743256315&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Harrison" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Guy P. (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/50popularbeliefs0000harr"><i>50 popular beliefs that people think are true</i></a></span>. Foreword by Phil Plait. Amherst, NY: <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616144951" title="Special:BookSources/978-1616144951"><bdi>978-1616144951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+popular+beliefs+that+people+think+are+true&rft.place=Amherst%2C+NY&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1616144951&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Guy+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F50popularbeliefs0000harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Heiken" class="citation book cs1">Heiken, Grant H.; Vaniman, David T.; French, Bevan M. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lunarsourcebooku0000unse"><i>Lunar Sourcebook: A User's Guide to the Moon</i></a></span>. Cambridge; New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521334446" title="Special:BookSources/0521334446"><bdi>0521334446</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lunar+Sourcebook%3A+A+User%27s+Guide+to+the+Moon&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0521334446&rft.aulast=Heiken&rft.aufirst=Grant+H.&rft.au=Vaniman%2C+David+T.&rft.au=French%2C+Bevan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flunarsourcebooku0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kaysing" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kaysing" title="Bill Kaysing">Kaysing, Bill</a> (2002) [First published 1976]. <i>We Never Went to the Moon: America's Thirty Billion Dollar Swindle</i>. Randy Reid credited as co-author in 1976 editions. Pomeroy, WA: Health Research Books. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52390067">52390067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Never+Went+to+the+Moon%3A+America%27s+Thirty+Billion+Dollar+Swindle&rft.place=Pomeroy%2C+WA&rft.pub=Health+Research+Books&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52390067&rft.aulast=Kaysing&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kranz" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kranz" title="Gene Kranz">Kranz, Gene</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743200790"><i>Failure is not an Option: Mission Control from Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0743200799" title="Special:BookSources/0743200799"><bdi>0743200799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failure+is+not+an+Option%3A+Mission+Control+from+Mercury+to+Apollo+13+and+Beyond&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0743200799&rft.aulast=Kranz&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780743200790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lheureux" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lheureux, Philippe (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lheureux.free.fr/"><i>Lumières sur la Lune</i></a> [<i>Lights on the Moon</i>] (in French). Chatou: Éditions Carnot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2912362490" title="Special:BookSources/978-2912362490"><bdi>978-2912362490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lumi%C3%A8res+sur+la+Lune&rft.place=Chatou&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Carnot&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2912362490&rft.aulast=Lheureux&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flheureux.free.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Longuski" class="citation book cs1">Longuski, Jim (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sevensecretsofho00long"><i>The Seven Secrets of How to Think Like a Rocket Scientist</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0387308760" title="Special:BookSources/978-0387308760"><bdi>978-0387308760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Secrets+of+How+to+Think+Like+a+Rocket+Scientist&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0387308760&rft.aulast=Longuski&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsevensecretsofho00long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="McAdams" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._McAdams" title="John C. McAdams">McAdams, John C.</a> (2011). <i>JFK Assassination Logic: How to Think about Claims of Conspiracy</i>. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1597974899" title="Special:BookSources/978-1597974899"><bdi>978-1597974899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JFK+Assassination+Logic%3A+How+to+Think+about+Claims+of+Conspiracy&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1597974899&rft.aulast=McAdams&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mindell" class="citation book cs1">Mindell, David A. (2008). <i>Digital Apollo: Human and Machine in Spaceflight</i>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262134972" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262134972"><bdi>978-0262134972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Apollo%3A+Human+and+Machine+in+Spaceflight&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0262134972&rft.aulast=Mindell&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mukhin" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Yury_Ignatyevich_Mukhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yury Ignatyevich Mukhin">Мухин, Юрий Игнатьевич</a> (2005). <bdi lang="ru">Антиаполлон: Лунная афера США</bdi> [<i>Anti-Apollo: Lunar Scam of the USA</i>] (in Russian). Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Eksmo" title="Eksmo">Eksmo</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5699086573" title="Special:BookSources/978-5699086573"><bdi>978-5699086573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%3A+%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Eksmo&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-5699086573&rft.aulast=%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Oberg" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Oberg" title="James Oberg">Oberg, James E.</a> (1982). <i>UFOs & Outer Space Mysteries: A Sympathetic Skeptic's Report</i>. Norfolk, VA: <a href="/wiki/The_Donning_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Donning Company">The Donning Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0898651027" title="Special:BookSources/978-0898651027"><bdi>978-0898651027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UFOs+%26+Outer+Space+Mysteries%3A+A+Sympathetic+Skeptic%27s+Report&rft.place=Norfolk%2C+VA&rft.pub=The+Donning+Company&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0898651027&rft.aulast=Oberg&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Popov" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Попов, Александр Иванович (2009). <bdi lang="ru">Американцы на Луне: великий прорыв или космическая афера?</bdi> [<i>Americans on the Moon: The Great Breakthrough or Space Scam?</i>] (in Russian). Moscow: Veche. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5953333153" title="Special:BookSources/978-5953333153"><bdi>978-5953333153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%3A+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2+%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%3F&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Veche&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-5953333153&rft.aulast=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ramsay" class="citation book cs1">Ramsay, Robin (2006). <i>Conspiracy Theories</i>. Harpenden: <a href="/wiki/Pocket_Essentials" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket Essentials">Pocket Essentials</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/190404865X" title="Special:BookSources/190404865X"><bdi>190404865X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Theories&rft.place=Harpenden&rft.pub=Pocket+Essentials&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=190404865X&rft.aulast=Ramsay&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="René" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Ren%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph René (page does not exist)">René, Ralph</a> (1994). Lucas, Stu (ed.). <i>NASA Mooned America!</i>. Drawings by Chris Wolfer. Passaic, NJ: René. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36317224">36317224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NASA+Mooned+America%21&rft.place=Passaic%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Ren%C3%A9&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36317224&rft.aulast=Ren%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Scheaffer" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheaffer" title="Robert Sheaffer">Scheaffer, Robert</a> (2011). <i>Psychic Vibrations: Skeptical Giggles from The Skeptical Inquirer</i>. Illustrations by Rob Pudim. Charleston, SC: CreateSpace. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1463601577" title="Special:BookSources/978-1463601577"><bdi>978-1463601577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychic+Vibrations%3A+Skeptical+Giggles+from+The+Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pub=CreateSpace&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1463601577&rft.aulast=Scheaffer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span> Reprinted from the <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>, Fall 1977.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Scott_&_Leonov" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">Scott, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Leonov, Alexei</a>; Toomey, Christine (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twosidesofmoon00scot"><i>Two Sides of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race</i></a>. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>; introduction by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> (1st U.S. ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dunne_Books" title="Thomas Dunne Books">Thomas Dunne Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312308655" title="Special:BookSources/0312308655"><bdi>0312308655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Sides+of+the+Moon%3A+Our+Story+of+the+Cold+War+Space+Race&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+U.S.&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0312308655&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Leonov%2C+Alexei&rft.au=Toomey%2C+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwosidesofmoon00scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Shepard_&_Slayton" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Shepard, Alan B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Slayton, Donald K.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moonshotinsidest00shep"><i>Moon Shot: The Inside Story of America's Race to the Moon</i></a>. With <a href="/wiki/Jay_Barbree" title="Jay Barbree">Jay Barbree</a> and Howard Benedict; introduction by Neil Armstrong. Atlanta: <a href="/wiki/Turner_Publishing_Company" title="Turner Publishing Company">Turner Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1878685544" title="Special:BookSources/978-1878685544"><bdi>978-1878685544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moon+Shot%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+America%27s+Race+to+the+Moon&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=Turner+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1878685544&rft.aulast=Shepard&rft.aufirst=Alan+B.&rft.au=Slayton%2C+Donald+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoonshotinsidest00shep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Soejima" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">副島, 隆彦 (2004). <bdi lang="ja">人類の月面着陸は無かったろう論</bdi> [<i>Apollo 11 Has Never Been to the Moon</i>] (in Japanese). Tokyo: <a href="/wiki/Tokuma_Shoten" title="Tokuma Shoten">Tokuma Shoten</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4198618742" title="Special:BookSources/978-4198618742"><bdi>978-4198618742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A2%E7%9D%80%E9%99%B8%E3%81%AF%E7%84%A1%E3%81%8B%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8D%E3%81%86%E8%AB%96&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Tokuma+Shoten&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-4198618742&rft.aulast=%E5%89%AF%E5%B3%B6&rft.aufirst=%E9%9A%86%E5%BD%A6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wisnewski" class="citation book cs1">Wisnewski, Gerhard (2007) [Originally published 2005 in German under the title <i>Lügen im Weltraum, Von der Mondlandung zur Weltherrschaft</i>, Knaur Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich]. <i>One Small Step?: The Great Moon Hoax and the Race to Dominate Earth from Space</i>. English translation by Johanna Collis. Forrest Row: Clairview Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905570126" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905570126"><bdi>978-1905570126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Small+Step%3F%3A+The+Great+Moon+Hoax+and+the+Race+to+Dominate+Earth+from+Space&rft.place=Forrest+Row&rft.pub=Clairview+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1905570126&rft.aulast=Wisnewski&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Woods" class="citation book cs1">Woods, W. David (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howapolloflewtom0000wood"><i>How Apollo Flew to the Moon</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer-Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0387716756" title="Special:BookSources/978-0387716756"><bdi>978-0387716756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Apollo+Flew+to+the+Moon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0387716756&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=W.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowapolloflewtom0000wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchenbach2015" class="citation journal cs1">Achenbach, Joel (March 2015). "The Age of Disbelief". <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. <b>227</b> (3): 30–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+Age+of+Disbelief&rft.volume=227&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=30-47&rft.date=2015-03&rft.aulast=Achenbach&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span> Author examines climate change, evolution, the Moon landing, vaccinations, and genetically modified food</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoxton2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Loxton" title="Daniel Loxton">Loxton, Daniel</a> (2010). "Top Ten Busted Myths". <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptic_(U.S._magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptic (U.S. magazine)">Skeptic</a></i>. <b>15</b> (4): 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptic&rft.atitle=Top+Ten+Busted+Myths&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=74&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Loxton&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Morrison_(astrophysicist)" title="David Morrison (astrophysicist)">Morrison, David</a> (November 2009). "Moon Hoax Resolved: New Lunar Orbiter Images Show Moon Landers, Astronaut's Tracks". <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>. <b>33</b> (6): 5–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Moon+Hoax+Resolved%3A+New+Lunar+Orbiter+Images+Show+Moon+Landers%2C+Astronaut%27s+Tracks&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=5-6&rft.date=2009-11&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlait2002" class="citation book cs1">Plait, Philip (2002). "17". <i>Bad Astronomy: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Astrology to the Moon Landing "Hoax"</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471409766" title="Special:BookSources/0471409766"><bdi>0471409766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17&rft.btitle=Bad+Astronomy%3A+Misconceptions+and+Misuses+Revealed%2C+from+Astrology+to+the+Moon+Landing+%22Hoax%22&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0471409766&rft.aulast=Plait&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven-Boniecki2010" class="citation book cs1">Steven-Boniecki, Dwight (2010). <i>Live TV from the Moon</i>. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1926592169" title="Special:BookSources/978-1926592169"><bdi>978-1926592169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Live+TV+from+the+Moon&rft.place=Burlington%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Apogee+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1926592169&rft.aulast=Steven-Boniecki&rft.aufirst=Dwight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalcott2010" class="citation journal cs1">Talcott, Richard (November 2010). "Astronomy Mythbusters". <i><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_(magazine)" title="Astronomy (magazine)">Astronomy</a></i>. <b>38</b> (11): 56–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy&rft.atitle=Astronomy+Mythbusters&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=56-57&rft.date=2010-11&rft.aulast=Talcott&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span> Author examines ten common astronomy myths. See: Myth #10: NASA faked the Moon landings.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clavius.org/index.html">Moon Base Clavius</a> is devoted to analyzing and debunking the conspiracists' claims.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/frame.html">Apollo Lunar Surface Journal</a> Photos, audio, video and complete communication transcriptions of the six successful landings and Apollo 13</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_specials">Television specials</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dark_Side_of_the_Moon" class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/William_Karel" title="William Karel">William Karel (Director)</a> (2002). <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Side_of_the_Moon_(mockumentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Side of the Moon (mockumentary)">Opération lune</a></i> [<i>Dark Side of the Moon</i>] (<a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a>) (in French and English). Paris: <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte</a> France / <a href="/wiki/Point_du_Jour_International" title="Point du Jour International">Point du Jour International</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57723359">57723359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Op%C3%A9ration+lune&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Arte+France+%2F+Point+du+Jour+International&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57723359&rft.au=William+Karel+%28Director%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span> First airdate: October 16, 2002.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Conspiracy_Theory" class="citation audio-visual cs1">John Moffett (Director, Producer, Writer); <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Nash" title="Bruce Nash">Bruce M. Nash (Executive Producer, Writer)</a> (2001). <i>Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon?</i> (Documentary). Hollywood, CA: <a href="/wiki/Nash_Entertainment" title="Nash Entertainment">Nash Entertainment</a>, Inc. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52473513">52473513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Theory%3A+Did+We+Land+on+the+Moon%3F&rft.place=Hollywood%2C+CA&rft.pub=Nash+Entertainment%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52473513&rft.au=John+Moffett+%28Director%2C+Producer%2C+Writer%29&rft.au=Bruce+M.+Nash+%28Executive+Producer%2C+Writer%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">cite AV media</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> First airdate on Fox TV: February 15, 2001.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0425571/"><i>The Truth Behind the Moon Landings: Stranger Than Fiction (2003) (TV)</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129102141#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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id="Conspiracy_theories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">List of conspiracy theories</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabal" title="Cabal">Cabals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">deep state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89minence_grise" title="Éminence grise">éminence grise</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne">power behind the throne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conspiracy" title="Civil conspiracy">Civil</a> / <a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Criminal</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_conspiracies" title="List of political conspiracies">Political conspiracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy" title="Conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_actor" title="Crisis actor">Crisis actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophe_scenarios" title="Global catastrophe scenarios">Global catastrophe scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_message" title="Hidden message">Hidden message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secrecy" title="Secrecy">Secrecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">Secret societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legends and myths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_polarization#Attitude_polarization" title="Group polarization">Attitude polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_of_control" title="Locus of control">Locus of control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">Paranoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Astronomy_and_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Astronomy and outer space</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo Moon landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs" title="Modern flat Earth beliefs">Flat Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Moon" title="Hollow Moon">Hollow Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_conspiracy_theory" title="Reptilian conspiracy theory">Reptilians</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="UFOs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="UFO conspiracy theories">UFOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">Alien abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_satellite_conspiracy_theory" title="Black Knight satellite conspiracy theory">Black Knight satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonnies#Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis" title="Mac Tonnies">Cryptoterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdimensional hypothesis">Interdimensional hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_Base" title="Dulce Base">Dulce Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign"><i>Estimate of the Situation</i></a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan_Triangle" title="Lake Michigan Triangle">Lake Michigan Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">MJ-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Glocke_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Die Glocke (conspiracy theory)">Die Glocke</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Serpo" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Project Serpo</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hoaxes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Hoaxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dundy_County_UFO_hoax" title="Dundy County UFO hoax">Dundy County</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maury_Island_incident" title="Maury Island incident">Maury Island</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident#Roswell_in_UFO_conspiracy_theories_(1978–present)" title="Roswell incident">Roswell</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_saucer_hoax" title="Twin Falls saucer hoax">Twin Falls</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_crashed_saucer_hoax" title="Aztec, New Mexico crashed saucer hoax">Aztec, New Mexico</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_British_flying_saucer_hoax" title="1967 British flying saucer hoax">Southern England</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes#Photograph_of_"an_alien"_taken_at_Ilkley_Moor_(1987)" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Ilkley Moor</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident" title="Gulf Breeze UFO incident">Gulf Breeze</a> (1987–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien autopsy</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_UFO_hoax" title="Morristown UFO hoax">Morristown</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Deaths_and_disappearances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Deaths and disappearances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Assassination_theories" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Prince#Disappearance" title="Louis Le Prince">Louis Le Prince</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener#Death" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_legacy_of_Tom_Thomson#Alternative_theories" title="Death and legacy of Tom Thomson">Tom Thomson</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski%27s_death_controversy" title="Władysław Sikorski's death controversy">Władysław Sikorski</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Benito_Mussolini#Post-war_controversy" title="Death of Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_Adolf_Hitler%27s_death" title="Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death">Adolf Hitler</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Johnny_Stompanato#Legacy_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Killing of Johnny Stompanato">Johnny Stompanato</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Marilyn_Monroe#Conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">John F. Kennedy</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald#Foreign_involvement_in_his_murder" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri#Death" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt#Conspiracy_theories" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Robert F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Salvador_Allende" title="Death of Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_kidnapping_and_murder_of_Aldo_Moro" title="Conspiracy theories about the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renny_Ottolina#Death_and_legacy" title="Renny Ottolina">Renny Ottolina</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I_conspiracy_theories" title="Pope John Paul I conspiracy theories">Pope John Paul I</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airey_Neave#Conspiracy_theories" title="Airey Neave">Airey Neave</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Olof_Palme#Murder_theories" title="Assassination of Olof Palme">Olof Palme</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq#Theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state funeral of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC-Marconi_scientist_deaths_conspiracy_theory" title="GEC-Marconi scientist deaths conspiracy theory">GEC-Marconi scientists</a> (1980s–90s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal#Death_and_exhumation" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Vince_Foster" title="Suicide of Vince Foster">Vince Foster</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kurt_Cobain" title="Suicide of Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Yitzhak Rabin assassination conspiracy theories">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Conspiracy theories about the death of Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Estermann" title="Alois Estermann">Alois Estermann</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre#Conspiracy_theories" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal family</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_Yasser_Arafat%27s_death#Theories_about_the_cause_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause of Yasser Arafat's death">Yasser Arafat</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto#United_Nations_inquiry" title="Assassination of Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_death_conspiracy_theories" title="Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories">Osama bin Laden</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Seth_Rich" title="Murder of Seth Rich">Seth Rich</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Castro_(activist)" title="Alejandro Castro (activist)">Alejandro Castro</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jeffrey_Epstein#Homicide_suspicions_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Jeffrey Epstein">Jeffrey Epstein</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Chan_Yin-lam" title="Death of Chan Yin-lam">Chan Yin-lam</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Sushant_Singh_Rajput#Public_reactions" title="Death of Sushant Singh Rajput">Sushant Singh Rajput</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee#Death" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accidents / disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Celeste#Myths_and_false_histories" title="Mary Celeste"><i>Mary Celeste</i></a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_conspiracy_theories" title="Titanic conspiracy theories">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake#Ensuing_violence" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynmouth_Flood#Conspiracy_theory" title="Lynmouth Flood">Lynmouth Flood</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyatlov_Pass_incident" title="Dyatlov Pass incident">Dyatlov Pass</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cosmonauts" title="Lost Cosmonauts">Lost Cosmonauts</a> (1950s–60s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAT_Flight_367#Shootdown_conspiracy_theory" title="JAT Flight 367">JAT Flight 367</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_553#Conspiracy_theories" title="United Air Lines Flight 553">United Air Lines Flight 553</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_295#Theories_regarding_the_cause_of_the_fire" title="South African Airways Flight 295">South African Airways Flight 295</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamar-Daban_incident" title="Khamar-Daban incident">Khamar-Daban</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_MS_Estonia" title="Sinking of the MS Estonia">MS <i>Estonia</i></a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_800_conspiracy_theories" title="TWA Flight 800 conspiracy theories">TWA Flight 800</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EgyptAir_Flight_990#Media_coverage" title="EgyptAir Flight 990">EgyptAir Flight 990</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370_disappearance_theories" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappearance theories">Malaysia Airlines Flight 370</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_historical_interpretations_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Alternative historical interpretations of Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> (1431)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Children_Affair" title="Yemenite Children Affair">Yemenite children</a> (1948–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_sightings" title="Elvis sightings">Elvis Presley</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown#Conspiracy_theories" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Body double hoax</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_is_dead" title="Paul is dead">Paul McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avril_Lavigne_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Avril Lavigne replacement conspiracy theory">Avril Lavigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory_about_Vladimir_Putin%27s_body_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theory about Vladimir Putin's body doubles">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Melania Trump replacement conspiracy theory">Melania Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy,_environment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Energy, environment</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21#Opposition" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory" title="California drought manipulation conspiracy theory"></a></li></ul><a href="/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory" title="California drought manipulation conspiracy theory"> </a><p><a href="/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory" title="California drought manipulation conspiracy theory">California drought manipulation</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change conspiracy theory">false theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_energy_suppression_conspiracy_theory" title="Free energy suppression conspiracy theory">Free energy suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program#Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program">HAARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="False_flag_allegations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a> allegations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)#False_flag_operation_conspiracy_theories" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS <i>Maine</i></a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania#Controversies" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire#Dispute_about_Van_der_Lubbe's_role" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">Pearl Harbor</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Liberty_incident#Ongoing_controversy_and_unresolved_questions" title="USS Liberty incident">USS <i>Liberty</i></a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_615#Allegations_of_West_German_government_involvement" title="Lufthansa Flight 615">Lufthansa Flight 615</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wider%C3%B8e_Flight_933" title="Widerøe Flight 933">Widerøe Flight 933</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007_alternative_theories" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007 alternative theories">KAL Flight 007</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Mozambican_Tupolev_Tu-134_crash" title="1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash">Mozambican presidential jet</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103_conspiracy_theories" title="Pan Am Flight 103 conspiracy theories">Pan Am Flight 103</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing_conspiracy_theories" title="Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories">Oklahoma City bombing</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 attacks</a> (2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theories" title="September 11 attacks advance-knowledge conspiracy theories">advance knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_controlled_demolition_conspiracy_theories" title="World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories">WTC collapse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_the_2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings">Madrid train bombing</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings#Conspiracy_theories" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">London bombings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_air_disaster" title="Smolensk air disaster">Smolensk air disaster</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17#Russian_media_coverage" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Gender_and_sexuality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gender and sexuality</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_male" title="Alpha and beta male">Alpha / beta males</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_chemicals_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBT chemicals conspiracy theory">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_panic" title="Drag panic">drag panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_agenda" title="Gay agenda">gay agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Nazis_myth" title="Gay Nazis myth">gay Nazis myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS#1981–1982:_From_GRID_to_AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States#Public_perception" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Homintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Homintern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Recruitment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax" title="Litter boxes in schools hoax">litter box hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvestigation" title="Transvestigation">Transvestigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_pinching_conspiracy_theory" title="Finger pinching conspiracy theory">Finger pinching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)" title="Gamergate (harassment campaign)">GamerGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incel#Ideology_present_in_incel_communities" title="Incel">Ideology in incel communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larries" title="Larries">Larries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Swifties#Gaylor" title="Swifties">Gaylors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_panic" title="Satanic panic">Satanic panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_boy" title="Soy boy">Soy and masculinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_misinformation" title="5G misinformation">5G misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">autism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic" title="Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic">in chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">misinformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">Aspartame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theories">Big Pharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory" title="COVID-19 lab leak theory">lab leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">vaccines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_cancer" title="Turbo cancer">turbo cancer</a></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 misinformation in Canada">Canada</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">Philippines</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_misinformation" title="Ebola misinformation">Ebola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_harassment" title="Electronic harassment">Electronic harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMO_conspiracy_theories" title="GMO conspiracy theories">GMOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">origins theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">oral polio AIDS hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1321_lepers%27_plot" title="1321 lepers' plot">Lepers' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medbed" title="Medbed">Medbeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS_conspiracy_theory" title="SARS conspiracy theory">SARS</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Pont-Saint-Esprit_mass_poisoning" title="1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning">Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Race,_religion_and/or_ethnicity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Race, religion and/or ethnicity</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwa_Love_Trap_conspiracy_theory" title="Bhagwa Love Trap conspiracy theory">Bhagwa Love Trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_ritual_hoax" title="CERN ritual hoax">CERN ritual hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 and xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_conspiracy_theories" title="Masonic conspiracy theories">Freemasons</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masonic_conspiracy_theories_in_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masonic conspiracy theories in the French Revolution (page does not exist)">French Revolution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ories_du_complot_ma%C3%A7onnique_dans_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Théories du complot maçonnique dans la Révolution française">fr</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp#Discredited_extermination_camp_story" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw</a></span> (1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_Losses" title="Other Losses">German POWs post-WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory_of_Sion" title="Priory of Sion">Priory of Sion</a></li> <li>Product labeling <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halal_conspiracy_theories" title="Halal conspiracy theories">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarian_Empire_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartarian Empire (conspiracy theory)">Tartarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Islam_controversy" title="War on Islam controversy">War against Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">during the Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Team" title="Epsilon Team">Epsilon Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros_conspiracy_theories" title="George Soros conspiracy theories">George Soros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_300" title="Committee of 300">Committee of 300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonic plot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">Z.O.G.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeopolonia" title="Judeopolonia">Judeopolonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Killing of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalergi_Plan" title="Kalergi Plan">Kalergi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family#Conspiracy_theories" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian / <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Anti-Catholic_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">Anti-Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_conspiracy_theories" title="Jesuit conspiracy theories">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_conspiracy_theories" title="Vatican conspiracy theories">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_election_of_Giuseppe_Siri_theory" title="Papal election of Giuseppe Siri theory">Giuseppe Siri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpIndia#Bihar_human_sacrifice_claims" title="OpIndia">Bihar human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurabia_conspiracy_theory" title="Eurabia conspiracy theory">Eurabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_jihad_conspiracy_theory" title="Love jihad conspiracy theory">Love jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamo-leftism#2021_proposed_Vidal_inquiry" title="Islamo-leftism">Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse_scandal" title="Trojan Horse scandal">Trojan Horse scandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Template:Denial_of_mass_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Denial of mass killings">Denial of mass killings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide#Views_in_Pakistan" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo#Denial_and_justification" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs during WWII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cow_vigilante_violence_in_India" title="Cow vigilante violence in India">Cow vigilante violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinnahpur" title="Jinnahpur">Jinnahpur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallano_gold" title="Tallano gold">Tallano gold</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger-pinching_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger-pinching conspiracy theory">Finger-pinching</a></li></ul></li> <li>Thailand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland_Plot" title="Finland Plot">Finland Plot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas<br /><small>(outside the United States)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_CF-105_Arrow#Cancellation" title="Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow">Avro Arrow cancellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuchter_report" title="Leuchter report">Leuchter report</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Matusita" title="Casa Matusita">Casa Matusita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daktari_Ranch_affair" title="Daktari Ranch affair">Daktari Ranch affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golpe_Azul" title="Golpe Azul">Golpe Azul</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East / North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_the_Arab_world" title="Conspiracy theories in the Arab world">In the Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_agorot_controversy" title="10 agorot controversy">10 agorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_fire#Conspiracy_theories" title="Cairo fire">Cairo fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissinger_Plan_in_Lebanon" title="Kissinger Plan in Lebanon">Kissinger Plan in Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel-related_animal_conspiracy_theories" title="Israel-related animal conspiracy theories">Israel-related animal theories</a></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_overthrow_of_Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories about the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Western-backed Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallywood" title="Pallywood">Pallywood</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_payment_conspiracy" title="Alaska payment conspiracy">Alaska payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulles%27_Plan" title="Dulles' Plan">Dulles' Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_billion" title="Golden billion">Golden billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagantsev_conspiracy" title="Tagantsev conspiracy">Petrograd Military Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin" title="Grigori Rasputin">Rasputin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_bioweapons_conspiracy_theory" title="Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory">Ukraine bioweapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt#Staged_coup_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">2016 coup attempt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_(organization)" title="Ergenekon (organization)">Ergenekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer_(alleged_coup_plan)" title="Sledgehammer (alleged coup plan)">Operation Sledgehammer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests#Conspiracy_claims" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_syndrome" title="Sèvres syndrome">Sèvres syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Üst_akıl" title="List of conspiracy theories">Üst akıl</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyth</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_War_Party" title="Global War Party">Global War Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Plot_(Ireland)" title="German Plot (Ireland)">German Plot</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itavia_Flight_870" title="Itavia Flight 870">Itavia Flight 870</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lithuania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statesmen_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Statesmen (conspiracy theory)">Statesmen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Catilinarian_conspiracy" title="First Catilinarian conspiracy">First Catilinarian conspiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Negra_affair" title="Mano Negra affair">Mano Negra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lilla_Saltsj%C3%B6badsavtalet" title="Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet">Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_(plot)" title="Clockwork Orange (plot)">Clockwork Orange plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_Guest_House_hoax" title="Elm Guest House hoax">Elm Guest House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson_plot_allegations" title="Harold Wilson plot allegations">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory" title="Voting pencil conspiracy theory">Voting pencil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics" title="Conspiracy theories in United States politics">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barack Obama <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories">citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Real_Father" title="Dreams from My Real Father">parentage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_Barack_Obama_spying_on_Donald_Trump" title="Allegations of Barack Obama spying on Donald Trump">"Obamagate"</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spygate_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Spygate (conspiracy theory)">Spygate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden%E2%80%93Ukraine_conspiracy_theory" title="Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory">Biden–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_helicopter" title="Black helicopter">Black helicopters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA and JFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden">CIA assistance to bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_body_count_conspiracy_theory" title="Clinton body count conspiracy theory">Clinton body count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Election denial movement in the United States">Election denial movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_secret_society_conspiracy_theory" title="FBI secret society conspiracy theory">FBI secret society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEMA_camps_conspiracy_theory" title="FEMA camps conspiracy theory">FEMA camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Guidestones#Conspiracy_theories" title="Georgia Guidestones">Georgia Guidestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Helm_15_conspiracy_theories" title="Jade Helm 15 conspiracy theories">Jade Helm 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montauk_Project" title="Montauk Project">Montauk Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Experiment" title="Philadelphia Experiment">Philadelphia Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzagate_conspiracy_theory" title="Pizzagate conspiracy theory">Pizzagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plan_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="The Plan (Washington, D.C.)">The Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Azorian" title="Project Azorian">Project Azorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_QAnon" title="Pastel QAnon">Pastel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_incidents_involving_QAnon" title="Timeline of incidents involving QAnon">incidents</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories">Sandy Hook</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_pet-eating_hoax" title="Springfield pet-eating hoax">Springfield pet-eating hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_related_to_the_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vast_right-wing_conspiracy_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vast right-wing conspiracy (term)">"Vast right-wing conspiracy"</a></li> <li>Vietnam War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue" title="Vietnam War POW/MIA issue">POW/MIA issue</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2020_election" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Conspiracy_allegations" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 election</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italygate" title="Italygate">Italygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Pence_Card" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">"Pence Card"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Maricopa_County_presidential_ballot_audit" title="2021 Maricopa County presidential ballot audit">Maricopa County ballot audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Stop_the_Steal" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Stop the Steal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Internet_theory" title="Dead Internet theory">Dead Internet theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NESARA" title="NESARA">NESARA/GESARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Coke#Conspiracy_theories" title="New Coke">New Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_time_conspiracy_theory" title="Phantom time conspiracy theory">Phantom time</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)" title="New chronology (Fomenko)">New chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_government_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Shadow government (conspiracy theory)">Shadow government claims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Meeting#Conspiracy_theories" title="Bilderberg Meeting">Bilderberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespearean authorship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law#Conspiracy_theory" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">Redemption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawman_theory" title="Strawman theory">Strawman theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_conspiracy_arguments" title="Tax protester conspiracy arguments">Tax protesters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satirical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre_conspiracy" title="Acre conspiracy">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld_conspiracy" title="Bielefeld conspiracy">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_Aren%27t_Real" title="Birds Aren't Real">Birds Aren't Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%27s_field" title="Li's field">Li's field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz%E2%80%93Zodiac_Killer_meme" title="Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme">Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="See_also" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">See also</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_Encyclopedia" title="Conspiracy Encyclopedia">Conspiracy Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_fiction" title="Conspiracy fiction">Conspiracy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspirituality" title="Conspirituality">Conspirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">pseudoskepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">Online youth radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">Radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_by_press_conference" title="Science by press conference">Science by press conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pseudoscience" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pseudoscience" title="Template talk:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pseudoscience" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo cult science">Cargo cult science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">Charlatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_(person)" title="Crank (person)">Crank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">Fringe theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomathematics" title="Pseudomathematics">Pseudomathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_science" title="Pathological science">Pathological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_oil" title="Snake oil">Snake oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superseded_theories_in_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Superseded theories in science">Superseded scientific theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True-believer_syndrome" title="True-believer syndrome">True-believer syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Science" title="Voodoo Science">Voodoo Science</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">Topics <br />characterized as <br />pseudoscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorhythm_(pseudoscience)" title="Biorhythm (pseudoscience)">Biorhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">Bloodletting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_memory" title="Body memory">Body memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">Doctrine of signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doktor_Koster%27s_Antigaspills" title="Doktor Koster's Antigaspills">Doktor Koster's Antigaspills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">Patent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">Primal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">Trepanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine_syndrome" title="Wind turbine syndrome">Wind turbine syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi#Arabian_Judah_theory" title="Kamal Salibi">Arabian Judah theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G#Misinformation_and_controversy" title="5G">5G conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrail conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation#Generational_theory" title="Generation">Generational theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generationism" title="Generationism">Generationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">Strauss–Howe generational theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_children" title="Indigo children">Indigo children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_theory" title="Melanin theory">Melanin theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">Myers–Briggs Type Indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enneagram_of_Personality" title="Enneagram of Personality">Enneagram of Personality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">Anti-gravity‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">Cold fusion‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">Faster-than-light travel</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">Perpetual motion</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionless_drive" title="Reactionless drive">Reactionless drive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_drive" title="Dean drive">Dean drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmDrive" title="EmDrive">EMDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">Teleportation‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractor_beam" title="Tractor beam">Tractor beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-fueled_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-fueled car">Water-fueled car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_transmutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological transmutation">Biological transmutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowsing" title="Dowsing">Dowsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">Flat Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphology" title="Graphology">Graphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_ball" title="Laundry ball">Laundry ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)" title="Law of attraction (New Thought)">Law of attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">Polygraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific_metrology" title="Pseudoscientific metrology">Pseudoscientific metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_analysis" title="Statement analysis">Statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_stress_analysis" title="Voice stress analysis">Voice stress analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_memory" title="Water memory">Water memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promoters of<br />pseudoscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucharit_Bhakdi" title="Sucharit Bhakdi">Sucharit Bhakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Bigtree" title="Del Bigtree">Del Bigtree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_and_Grichka_Bogdanoff" title="Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff">Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Boisselier" title="Brigitte Boisselier">Brigitte Boisselier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Byrne" title="Rhonda Byrne">Rhonda Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonaid" title="Clonaid">Clonaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Coleman" title="Vernon Coleman">Vernon Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia,_Inc." title="Gaia, Inc.">Gaia, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gerson" title="Max Gerson">Max Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gonzalez_(physician)" title="Nicholas Gonzalez (physician)">Nicholas Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goop_(company)" title="Goop (company)">Goop (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Donald_Kelley" title="William Donald Kelley">William Donald Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corentin_Louis_Kervran" title="Corentin Louis Kervran">Corentin Louis Kervran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light (newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Mike Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_McCarthy" title="Jenny McCarthy">Jenny McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mercola" title="Joseph Mercola">Joseph Mercola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Mikovits" title="Judy Mikovits">Judy Mikovits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ayush" title="Ministry of Ayush">Ministry of Ayush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Morell" title="Theodor Morell">Theodor Morell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Alfred_Nieper" title="Hans Alfred Nieper">Hans Alfred Nieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Oz" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claude_Vorilhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Vorilhon">Claude Vorilhon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Robby Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Stone" title="Randolph Stone">Randolph Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield" title="Andrew Wakefield">Andrew Wakefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogdanov_affair" title="Bogdanov affair">Bogdanov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_pseudoscience" title="Bourgeois pseudoscience">Bourgeois pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cults_of_Unreason" title="Cults of Unreason">Cults of Unreason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Encyclopedia_of_Claims,_Frauds,_and_Hoaxes_of_the_Occult_and_Supernatural" title="An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural">An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fortean_Times" title="Fortean Times">Fortean Times</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Quackery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Natural History of Quackery">The Natural History of Quackery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">The Psychology of the Occult</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ragged_Edge_of_Science" title="The Ragged Edge of Science">The Ragged Edge of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience" title="The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Moon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Moon" title="Template:The Moon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Moon" title="Template talk:The Moon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Moon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Moon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Moon" title="Outline of the Moon">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical<br />properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_the_Moon" title="Internal structure of the Moon">Internal structure</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenography" title="Selenography">Topography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Atmosphere</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gravitation_of_the_Moon" title="Gravitation of the Moon">Gravity field</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field_of_the_Moon" title="Magnetic field of the Moon">Magnetic field</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tail_of_the_Moon" title="Sodium tail of the Moon">Sodium tail</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earthlight_(astronomy)" title="Earthlight (astronomy)">Earthshine</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FullMoon2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A full moon"><img alt="A full moon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/90px-FullMoon2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/135px-FullMoon2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/180px-FullMoon2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="2452" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon" title="Orbit of the Moon">Orbit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar distance (astronomy)">Lunar distance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">Orbital elements</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar distance (astronomy)">Distance</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee and apogee</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Libration" title="Libration">Libration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_node" title="Lunar node">Nodes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nodal_period" title="Nodal period">Nodal period</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_precession" title="Lunar precession">Precession</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">New moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">Full moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">Eclipses</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Lunar eclipse</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_penumbral_lunar_eclipse" title="Total penumbral lunar eclipse">Total penumbral lunar eclipse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tetrad_(astronomy)" title="Tetrad (astronomy)">Tetrad</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_the_Moon" title="Solar eclipses on the Moon">Solar eclipses on the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_cycle" title="Eclipse cycle">Eclipse cycle</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supermoon" title="Supermoon">Supermoon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tide</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_acceleration" title="Tidal acceleration">Tidal acceleration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_station" title="Lunar station">Lunar station</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_features" title="List of lunar features">features</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenography" title="Selenography">Selenography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_terminator" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar terminator">Terminator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_limb" title="Lunar limb">Limb</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Hemispheres</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Near_side_of_the_Moon" title="Near side of the Moon">Near side</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">Far side</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Poles</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_north_pole" title="Lunar north pole">North pole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_south_pole" title="Lunar south pole">South pole</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Face_on_Moon_South_Pole" title="Face on Moon South Pole">Face</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_mare" title="Lunar mare">Maria</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_maria_on_the_Moon" title="List of maria on the Moon">List</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_the_Moon" title="List of mountains on the Moon">Mountains</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peak_of_eternal_light" title="Peak of eternal light">Peak of eternal light</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_on_the_Moon" title="List of valleys on the Moon">Valleys</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_the_Moon#Features" title="Volcanism on the Moon">Volcanic features</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_dome" title="Lunar dome">Domes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caldera#The_Moon" title="Caldera">Calderas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_lava_tube" title="Lunar lava tube">Lava tubes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_craters" title="Lunar craters">Craters</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_the_Moon" title="List of craters on the Moon">List</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_system#Lunar_rays" title="Ray system">Ray systems</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Permanently_shadowed_crater" title="Permanently shadowed crater">Permanently shadowed craters</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Pole%E2%80%93Aitken_basin" title="South Pole–Aitken basin">South Pole–Aitken basin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">Soil</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_swirls" title="Lunar swirls">swirls</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rille" title="Rille">Rilles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wrinkle_ridge" title="Wrinkle ridge">Wrinkle ridges</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Rocks</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_basalt_70017" title="Lunar basalt 70017">Lunar basalt 70017</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Changesite-(Y)" title="Changesite-(Y)">Changesite-(Y)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Water</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_weathering" title="Space weathering">Space weathering</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Micrometeorite" title="Micrometeorite">Micrometeorite</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">Sputtering</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quake_(natural_phenomenon)#Moonquake" title="Quake (natural phenomenon)">Quakes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transient_lunar_phenomenon" title="Transient lunar phenomenon">Transient lunar phenomenon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenographic_coordinate_system" title="Selenographic coordinate system">Selenographic coordinate system</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_observation" title="Lunar observation">Observation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Libration#Lunar_libration" title="Libration">Libration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_theory" title="Lunar theory">Lunar theory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Moon" title="Origin of the Moon">Origin</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_magma_ocean" title="Lunar magma ocean">Lunar magma ocean</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon" title="Geology of the Moon">Geology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_geologic_timescale" title="Lunar geologic timescale">Timescale</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_meteorite" title="Lunar meteorite">Lunar meteorites</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/KREEP" title="KREEP">KREEP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_the_Moon" title="Volcanism on the Moon">Volcanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Experiments</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Laser_Ranging_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Laser Ranging experiment">Lunar laser ranging</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">ALSEP</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 11 lunar sample display">Apollo 11</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 17 lunar sample display">Apollo 17</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_seismology" title="Lunar seismology">Lunar seismology</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Missions</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_walked_on_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have walked on the Moon">Explorers</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">Probes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Landing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonbase" title="Moonbase">Moonbase</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_on_the_Moon" title="Tourism on the Moon">Tourism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time-telling <br />and <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar calendar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">Month</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_month" title="Lunar month">Lunar month</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nodal_period" title="Nodal period">Nodal period</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fortnight" title="Fortnight">Fortnight</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">Sennight</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_station" title="Lunar station">Lunar station</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(navigation)" title="Lunar distance (navigation)">Lunar distance</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">Phases</a> and<br />names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">New</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">Full</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Full_moon#Full_moon_names" title="Full moon">Names</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">Crescent</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supermoon" title="Supermoon">Super and micro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Blood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blue_moon" title="Blue moon">Blue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_moon" title="Black moon">Black</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dark_moon" title="Dark moon">Dark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wet_moon" title="Wet moon">Wet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tetrad_(astronomy)" title="Tetrad (astronomy)">Tetrad</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonrise_and_moonset" title="Moonrise and moonset">Moonrise</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Culmination" title="Culmination">Meridian passage</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonrise_and_moonset" title="Moonrise and moonset">Moonset</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_deity" title="Lunar deity">Lunar deities</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earth_phase" title="Earth phase">Earth phase</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_illusion" title="Moon illusion">Moon illusion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_pareidolia" title="Lunar pareidolia">Pareidolia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Moon" title="Man in the Moon">Man in the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_rabbit" title="Moon rabbit">Moon rabbit</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_craters_of_the_Moon_named_after_them" title="List of people with craters of the Moon named after them">Craters named after people</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">Artificial objects on the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_memorials#The_Moon" title="List of extraterrestrial memorials">Memorials on the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_in_science_fiction" title="Moon in science fiction">Moon in science fiction</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_appearances_of_the_Moon_in_fiction" title="List of appearances of the Moon in fiction">list</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_astronauts_(Project_Apollo_era)" title="List of fictional astronauts (Project Apollo era)">Apollo era</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_astronauts_(futuristic_exploration_of_Moon)" title="List of fictional astronauts (futuristic exploration of Moon)">futuristic exploration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Moon" title="Hollow Moon">Hollow Moon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_made_of_green_cheese" title="The Moon is made of green cheese">Moon is made of green cheese</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellite</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Lilith" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Lilith (hypothetical second moon)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Splitting_of_the_Moon" title="Splitting of the Moon">Splitting of the Moon</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Moon" title="Category:Moon">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" title="Template:People who have traveled to the Moon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" title="Template talk:People who have traveled to the Moon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:People who have traveled to the Moon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">People who have traveled to the Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_walked_on_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have walked on the Moon">Walked on the Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell" title="Edgar Mitchell">Edgar Mitchell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin">James Irwin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke" title="Charles Duke">Charles Duke</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison Schmitt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Gene Cernan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts#Apollo_astronauts_who_flew_to_the_Moon_without_landing" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Flew to the Moon<br />without landing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas Stafford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Dick Gordon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">Fred Haise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Swigert" title="Jack Swigert">Jack Swigert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Roosa" title="Stuart Roosa">Stuart Roosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Worden" title="Alfred Worden">Al Worden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mattingly" title="Ken Mattingly">Ken Mattingly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)" title="Ronald Evans (astronaut)">Ronald Evans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and Service Module</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration of the Moon</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crewed_lunar_spacecraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crewed_lunar_spacecraft" title="Template:Crewed lunar spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crewed_lunar_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Crewed lunar spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed_lunar_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed lunar spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crewed_lunar_spacecraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Crewed lunar spacecraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo command and service module</a></li> <li>Cancelled <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LK-1" title="LK-1">LK-1</a> / <a href="/wiki/LK-700" title="LK-700">LK-700</a> (<a href="/wiki/VA_spacecraft" title="VA spacecraft">VA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1" title="Soyuz 7K-L1">Zond (Soyuz 7K-L1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-LOK" title="Soyuz 7K-LOK">LOK (Soyuz 7K-L3)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Future <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Mengzhou (spacecraft)">Mengzhou</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo16LM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo 16 LEM"><img alt="Apollo 16 LEM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Apollo16LM.jpg/110px-Apollo16LM.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Apollo16LM.jpg/165px-Apollo16LM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Apollo16LM.jpg/220px-Apollo16LM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li> <li>Canceled <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LK_(spacecraft)" title="LK (spacecraft)">Lunniy Korabl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altair_(spacecraft)" title="Altair (spacecraft)">Altair</a></li></ul></li> <li>Future <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lanyue_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyue (spacecraft)">Lanyue</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Starship HLS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Lunar_Lander" title="Boeing Lunar Lander">Boeing Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Lunar_Lander" title="Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander">Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Moon landing</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">List of artificial objects on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moon_spacecraft" title="Template:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moon_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moon_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Spacecraft missions</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chang'e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Japanese Lunar Exploration Program">Japanese Lunar Exploration Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">South Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Active<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS#ARTEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> Orbiter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a> (service module)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao 1</a> (relay satellite at <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#L2" title="Lagrange point">L<sub>2</sub></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArgoMoon" title="ArgoMoon">ArgoMoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></i></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">10</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> (propulsion module)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_35" title="Explorer 35">Explorer 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_49" title="Explorer 49">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiten_(spacecraft)" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_10" title="Luna 10">Luna 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_11" title="Luna 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_12" title="Luna 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_14" title="Luna 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_19" title="Luna 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_22" title="Luna 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_1" title="Lunar Orbiter 1">Lunar Orbiter 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_2" title="Lunar Orbiter 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_3" title="Lunar Orbiter 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_4" title="Lunar Orbiter 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_5" title="Lunar Orbiter 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15#Lunar_subsatellite" title="Apollo 15">PFS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16#Lunar_subsatellite_PFS-2" title="Apollo 16">PFS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_that_impacted_the_Moon" title="Category:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon">Impactors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_2" title="Luna 2">Luna 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_4" title="Ranger 4">Ranger 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_6" title="Ranger 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_7" title="Ranger 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_8" title="Ranger 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_9" title="Ranger 9">9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></i> ×6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_13" title="Luna 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_17" title="Luna 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_21" title="Luna 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_23" title="Luna 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_5" title="Surveyor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_6" title="Surveyor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_7" title="Surveyor 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Vikram</a> (Chandrayaan-3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EagleCam" class="mw-redirect" title="EagleCam">EagleCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">(Chandrayaan-3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_1" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_2" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sora-Q" title="Sora-Q">Sora-Q</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Jinchan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample return</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">Luna 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Failed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Lunar_Mission" title="Emirates Lunar Mission">Emirates Lunar Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_5" title="Luna 5">Luna 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_7" title="Luna 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_8" title="Luna 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_15" title="Luna 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_18" title="Luna 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMOTENASHI" title="OMOTENASHI">OMOTENASHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_4" title="Surveyor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-2">Vikram</a> (Chandrayaan-2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lunar_flybys" title="Category:Lunar flybys">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Memorial_Moon_Mission" title="Manfred Memorial Moon Mission">4M</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotail" title="Geotail">Geotail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_1" title="Luna 1">Luna 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_3" title="Luna 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_4" title="Luna 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_6" title="Luna 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Hydrogen_Mapper" title="Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper">LunaH-Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_IceCube" title="Lunar IceCube">Lunar IceCube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LunIR" title="LunIR">LunIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_4" title="Pioneer 4">Pioneer 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_5" title="Ranger 5">Ranger 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_3" title="Zond 3">Zond 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_6" title="Zond 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_7" title="Zond 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_8" title="Zond 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAS-22" title="PAS-22">PAS-22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_II" title="Artemis II">Artemis II</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a></i> (2026)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a></i> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_V" title="Artemis V">Artemis V</a></i> (2030)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VI">Artemis VI</a></i> (2031)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VII">Artemis VII</a></i> (2032)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VIII">Artemis VIII</a></i> (2033)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace_Blue_Ghost" title="Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost">Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-2" title="IM-2">IM-2</a> (2025) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Trailblazer" title="Lunar Trailblazer">Lunar Trailblazer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">Luna 26</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">Luna 28</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 29 (page does not exist)">Luna 29</a> (2030s)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 30 (page does not exist)">Luna 30</a> (2030s)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 31 (page does not exist)">Luna 31</a> (2030s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_8" title="Chang'e 8">Chang'e 8</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-4" title="Chandrayaan-4">Chandrayaan-4</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Chandrayaan-5 (LUPEX)</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R M2</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet_2" title="Beresheet 2">Beresheet 2</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">ispace M3</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Pathfinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Pathfinder">Lunar Pathfinder</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY<sup>+</sup></a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cislunar_Explorers" title="Cislunar Explorers">Cislunar Explorers</a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Escape_Explorer" title="Earth Escape Explorer">CU-E<sup>3</sup></a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotic_Technology#Rovers" title="Astrobotic Technology">MoonRanger</a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonaut_(lunar_lander)" title="Argonaut (lunar lander)">Argonaut M1</a> (2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Research_Station" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a> (2030s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Transportation_Systems" title="Planetary Transportation Systems">ALINA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draper_Laboratory#Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Draper Laboratory">Artemis-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOLAS_(spacecraft)" title="BOLAS (spacecraft)">BOLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garat%C3%A9a-L" title="Garatéa-L">Garatéa-L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISOCHRON_(spacecraft)" title="ISOCHRON (spacecraft)">ISOCHRON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LunaNet" title="LunaNet">LunaNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Crater_Radio_Telescope" title="Lunar Crater Radio Telescope">Lunar Crater Radio Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless_Lunar_Lander" title="McCandless Lunar Lander">McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/DSE-Alpha" title="DSE-Alpha">DSE-Alpha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Lunar_Lander" title="Boeing Lunar Lander">Boeing Lunar Lander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Lunar_Lander" title="Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander">Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Cancelled /<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Altair_(spacecraft)" title="Altair (spacecraft)">Altair</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_1" title="Baden-Württemberg 1">Baden-Württemberg 1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DearMoon_project" title="DearMoon project">#dearMoon project</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Lunar_Explorer" title="European Lunar Explorer">European Lunar Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lunar_Outpost" title="First Lunar Outpost">First Lunar Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Network" title="International Lunar Network">International Lunar Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEO_(spacecraft)" title="LEO (spacecraft)">LEO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LK_(spacecraft)" title="LK (spacecraft)">LK</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar-A" title="Lunar-A">Lunar-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Mission_One" title="Lunar Mission One">Lunar Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Lunar Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunokhod 3">Lunokhod 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonLITE" title="MoonLITE">MoonLITE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Harvest_Moon" title="Project Harvest Moon">Project Harvest Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospector_(spacecraft)" title="Prospector (spacecraft)">Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Prospector_(rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource Prospector (rover)">Resource Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE-2" title="SELENE-2">SELENE-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrselena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrselena">Ukrselena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masten_Space_Systems#XL-1" title="Masten Space Systems">XL-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)">VIPER</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization of the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Google Lunar X Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">List of artificial objects on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_that_have_landed_on_the_Moon" title="List of species that have landed on the Moon">List of species that have landed on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Apollo 11 anniversaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_lunar_landers" title="List of crewed lunar landers">List of crewed lunar landers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><div> <ul><li>Missions are ordered by launch date. 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