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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Application of keylogger</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Application_of_keylogger-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Application of keylogger subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Application_of_keylogger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software-based_keyloggers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software-based_keyloggers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Software-based keyloggers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-based_keyloggers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keystroke_logging_in_writing_process_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keystroke_logging_in_writing_process_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Keystroke logging in writing process research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keystroke_logging_in_writing_process_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Related features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware-based_keyloggers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware-based_keyloggers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hardware-based keyloggers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware-based_keyloggers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cracking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cracking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cracking</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cracking-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cracking subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cracking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trojans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trojans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Trojans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trojans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_by_police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Use by police</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_by_police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Countermeasures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Countermeasures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-keyloggers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-keyloggers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Anti-keyloggers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-keyloggers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Live_CD/USB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live_CD/USB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Live CD/USB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Live_CD/USB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-spyware_/_Anti-virus_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-spyware_/_Anti-virus_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Anti-spyware / Anti-virus programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-spyware_/_Anti-virus_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network_monitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_monitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Network monitors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_monitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automatic_form_filler_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_form_filler_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Automatic form filler programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic_form_filler_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One-time_passwords_(OTP)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One-time_passwords_(OTP)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>One-time passwords (OTP)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One-time_passwords_(OTP)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_tokens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_tokens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Security tokens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_tokens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On-screen_keyboards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On-screen_keyboards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>On-screen keyboards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On-screen_keyboards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keystroke_interference_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keystroke_interference_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Keystroke interference software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keystroke_interference_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Speech recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handwriting_recognition_and_mouse_gestures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handwriting_recognition_and_mouse_gestures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Handwriting recognition and mouse gestures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handwriting_recognition_and_mouse_gestures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macro_expanders/recorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macro_expanders/recorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Macro expanders/recorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macro_expanders/recorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deceptive_typing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deceptive_typing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Deceptive typing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deceptive_typing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Keystroke logging</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AD" title="راصد لوحة مفاتيح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راصد لوحة مفاتيح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylogger" title="Keylogger – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Keylogger" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="কীস্ট্রোক লগিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কীস্ট্রোক লগিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylogger" title="Keylogger – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Keylogger" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylogger" title="Keylogger – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Keylogger" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylogger" title="Keylogger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Keylogger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylogger" title="Keylogger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Keylogger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klahvinuhk" title="Klahvinuhk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Klahvinuhk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Καταγραφή πληκτρολόγησης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καταγραφή πληκτρολόγησης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylogger" title="Keylogger – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Keylogger" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylogger" title="Keylogger – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Keylogger" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="کی‌لاگر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کی‌لاگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enregistreur_de_frappe" title="Enregistreur de frappe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enregistreur de frappe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylogger" title="Keylogger – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Keylogger" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%A4%EB%A1%9C%EA%B9%85" title="키로깅 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="키로깅" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perekam_ketikan" title="Perekam ketikan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perekam ketikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isitshixo_sokuloga" title="Isitshixo sokuloga – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isitshixo sokuloga" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylogger" title="Keylogger – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Keylogger" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA" title="רישום הקשות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רישום הקשות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylogger" title="Keylogger – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Keylogger" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="കീസ്ട്രോക്ക് ലോഗിംഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കീസ്ട്രോക്ക് ലോഗിംഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ခလုတ်ရိုက်ချက် မှတ်တမ်းတင်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခလုတ်ရိုက်ချက် မှတ်တမ်းတင်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylogger" title="Keylogger – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keylogger" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC" title="キーロガー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キーロガー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylogger" title="Keylogger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Keylogger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AB%D8%B1" title="کي لاګر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کي لاګر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylogger" title="Keylogger – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Keylogger" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylogger" title="Keylogger – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Keylogger" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylogger" title="Keylogger – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Keylogger" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кейлогер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кейлогер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystroke_logging" title="Keystroke logging – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Keystroke logging" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylogger" title="Keylogger – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Keylogger" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bele%C5%BEnik_tipkanja" title="Beležnik tipkanja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Beležnik tipkanja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B2" title="کلیلدز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کلیلدز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4pp%C3%A4ilytallennin" title="Näppäilytallennin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Näppäilytallennin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylogger" title="Keylogger – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Keylogger" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%99%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%80%90%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87_%E1%81%B5%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%81%BC%E1%80%B5%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BC%E1%80%B5%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA" title="လွင်ႈမၢႆတၢင်ႇ ၵၢၼ်ၼဵၵ်းၼဵၼ် – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="လွင်ႈမၢႆတၢင်ႇ ၵၢၼ်ၼဵၵ်းၼဵၼ်" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavye_dinleme_sistemi" title="Klavye dinleme sistemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Klavye dinleme sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylogger" title="Keylogger – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Keylogger" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keylogger" title="Keylogger – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Keylogger" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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keyboard</div> <p><b>Keystroke logging</b>, often referred to as <b>keylogging</b> or <b>keyboard capturing</b>, is the action of recording (logging) the keys struck on a <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_technology" title="Keyboard technology">keyboard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typically covertly, so that a person using the keyboard is unaware that their actions are being monitored. Data can then be retrieved by the person operating the logging program. A <b>keystroke recorder</b> or <b>keylogger</b> can be either <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> or <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>. </p><p>While the programs themselves are legal,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with many designed to allow employers to oversee the use of their computers, keyloggers are most often used for stealing passwords and other <a href="/wiki/Confidential_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidential information">confidential information</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keystroke logging can also be utilized to monitor activities of children in schools or at home and by law enforcement officials to investigate malicious usage.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keylogging can also be used to study <a href="/wiki/Keystroke_dynamics" title="Keystroke dynamics">keystroke dynamics</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">human-computer interaction</a>. Numerous keylogging methods exist, ranging from hardware and <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>-based approaches to acoustic cryptanalysis. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> developed and deployed a hardware keylogger targeting <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a>. Termed the "selectric bug", it measured the movements of the print head of IBM Selectric typewriters via subtle influences on the regional magnetic field caused by the rotation and movements of the print head.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early keylogger was written by <a href="/wiki/Perry_Kivolowitz" title="Perry Kivolowitz">Perry Kivolowitz</a> and posted to the Usenet newsgroup net.unix-wizards, net.sources on November 17, 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The posting seems to be a motivating factor in restricting access to <code>/dev/kmem</code> on <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> systems. The <a href="/wiki/User-mode" class="mw-redirect" title="User-mode">user-mode</a> program operated by locating and dumping character lists (clients) as they were assembled in the Unix kernel. </p><p>In the 1970s, spies installed keystroke loggers in the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Moscow" title="Embassy of the United States, Moscow">US Embassy</a> and Consulate buildings in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ingersoll_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ingersoll-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They installed the bugs in <a href="/wiki/Selectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Selectric">Selectric</a> II and Selectric III electric typewriters.<sup id="cite_ref-gunman_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet embassies used manual typewriters, rather than electric typewriters, for <a href="/wiki/Classified_information" title="Classified information">classified information</a>—apparently because they are immune to such bugs.<sup id="cite_ref-gunman_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013, Russian special services still use typewriters.<sup id="cite_ref-ingersoll_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ingersoll-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_of_keylogger">Application of keylogger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Application of keylogger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software-based_keyloggers">Software-based keyloggers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Software-based keyloggers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keylogger-screen-capture-example.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Keylogger-screen-capture-example.png/400px-Keylogger-screen-capture-example.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Keylogger-screen-capture-example.png/600px-Keylogger-screen-capture-example.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Keylogger-screen-capture-example.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A keylogger example of a screen capture, which holds potentially confidential and private information. The image below holds the corresponding keylogger text result.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keylogger-software-logfile-example.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Keylogger-software-logfile-example.jpg/400px-Keylogger-software-logfile-example.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Keylogger-software-logfile-example.jpg/600px-Keylogger-software-logfile-example.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Keylogger-software-logfile-example.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Logfile" class="mw-redirect" title="Logfile">logfile</a> from a software-based keylogger, based on the screen capture above</figcaption></figure> <p>A software-based keylogger is a computer program designed to record any input from the keyboard.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keyloggers are used in <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> organizations to troubleshoot technical problems with computers and business networks. Families and businesspeople use keyloggers legally to monitor network usage without their users' direct knowledge. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> publicly stated that <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> has a built-in keylogger in its final version "to improve typing and writing services".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, malicious individuals can use keyloggers on public computers to steal passwords or credit card information. Most keyloggers are not stopped by <a href="/wiki/HTTP_Secure" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP Secure">HTTPS</a> encryption because that only protects <a href="/wiki/Data_in_transit" title="Data in transit">data in transit</a> between computers; software-based keyloggers run on the affected user's computer, reading keyboard inputs directly as the user types. </p><p>From a technical perspective, there are several categories: </p> <ul><li><b>Hypervisor-based</b>: The keylogger can theoretically reside in a <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">hypervisor</a> running underneath the operating system, which thus remains untouched. It effectively becomes a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blue_Pill_(software)" title="Blue Pill (software)">Blue Pill</a> is a conceptual example.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a>-based</b>: A program on the machine obtains <a href="/wiki/Superuser" title="Superuser">root access</a> to hide in the OS and intercepts keystrokes that pass through the kernel. This method is difficult both to write and to combat. Such keyloggers reside at the <a href="/wiki/Ring_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring (computer security)">kernel level</a>, which makes them difficult to detect, especially for user-mode applications that do not have root access. They are frequently implemented as <a href="/wiki/Rootkit" title="Rootkit">rootkits</a> that subvert the operating system kernel to gain unauthorized access to the hardware. This makes them very powerful. A keylogger using this method can act as a keyboard <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device driver</a>, for example, and thus gain access to any information typed on the keyboard as it goes to the operating system.</li> <li><b>API-based</b>: These keyloggers <a href="/wiki/Hooking" title="Hooking">hook</a> keyboard <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a> inside a running application. The keylogger registers keystroke events as if it was a normal piece of the application instead of malware. The keylogger receives an <a href="/wiki/Event_(computing)" title="Event (computing)">event</a> each time the user presses or releases a key. The keylogger simply records it. <ul><li>Windows APIs such as <code>GetAsyncKeyState()</code>, <code>GetForegroundWindow()</code>, etc. are used to poll the state of the keyboard or to subscribe to keyboard events.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more recent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> example simply polls the <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> for pre-boot authentication <a href="/wiki/Personal_identification_number" title="Personal identification number">PINs</a> that have not been cleared from memory.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Form grabbing based</b>: <a href="/wiki/Form_grabbing" title="Form grabbing">Form grabbing</a>-based keyloggers log <a href="/wiki/Form_(web)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (web)">Web form</a> submissions by recording the form data on submit events. This happens when the user completes a form and submits it, usually by clicking a button or pressing enter. This type of keylogger records form data before it is passed over the Internet.</li> <li><b>JavaScript-based:</b> A malicious script tag is injected into a targeted web page, and listens for key events such as <code>onKeyUp()</code>. Scripts can be injected via a variety of methods, including <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">cross-site scripting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-browser" title="Man-in-the-browser">man-in-the-browser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the-middle</a>, or a compromise of the remote website.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Memory-injection-based</b>: Memory Injection (<a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-browser" title="Man-in-the-browser">MitB</a>)-based keyloggers perform their logging function by altering the memory tables associated with the browser and other system functions. By patching the memory tables or injecting directly into memory, this technique can be used by malware authors to bypass Windows UAC (User Account Control). The <a href="/wiki/Zeus_(malware)" title="Zeus (malware)">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/SpyEye_trojan" class="mw-redirect" title="SpyEye trojan">SpyEye</a> trojans use this method exclusively.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Windows systems have protection mechanisms that allow access to locally recorded data from a remote location.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Sentence is not grammatically sensible. (November 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Remote communication may be achieved when one of these methods is used: <ul><li>Data is uploaded to a website, database or an <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a> server.</li> <li>Data is periodically emailed to a pre-defined <a href="/wiki/Email_address" title="Email address">email address</a>.</li> <li>Data is <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wirelessly</a> transmitted employing an attached hardware system.</li> <li>The software enables a remote login to the local machine from the Internet or the local network, for data logs stored on the target machine.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Keystroke_logging_in_writing_process_research">Keystroke logging in writing process research</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Keystroke logging in writing process research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2006, keystroke logging has been an established research method for the study of writing processes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different programs have been developed to collect online process data of writing activities,<sup id="cite_ref-AAA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Inputlog" title="Inputlog">Inputlog</a>, Scriptlog, Translog and GGXLog. </p><p>Keystroke logging is used legitimately as a suitable research instrument in several writing contexts. These include studies on cognitive writing processes, which include </p> <ul><li>descriptions of writing strategies; the writing development of children (with and without writing difficulties),</li> <li>spelling,</li> <li>first and second language writing, and</li> <li>specialist skill areas such as translation and subtitling.</li></ul> <p>Keystroke logging can be used to research writing, specifically. It can also be integrated into educational domains for second language learning, programming skills, and typing skills. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Related_features">Related features</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Related features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Software keyloggers may be augmented with features that capture user information without relying on keyboard key presses as the sole input. Some of these features include: </p> <ul><li>Clipboard logging. Anything that has been copied to the <a href="/wiki/Clipboard_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clipboard (software)">clipboard</a> can be captured by the program.</li> <li>Screen logging. <a href="/wiki/Screenshot" title="Screenshot">Screenshots</a> are taken to capture graphics-based information. Applications with screen logging abilities may take screenshots of the whole screen, of just one application, or even just around the mouse cursor. They may take these screenshots periodically or in response to user behaviors (for example, when a user clicks the mouse). Screen logging can be used to capture data inputted with an on-screen keyboard.</li> <li>Programmatically capturing the text in a <a href="/wiki/GUI_widget" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI widget">control</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a> allows programs to request the text 'value' in some controls. This means that some passwords may be captured, even if they are hidden behind password masks (usually asterisks).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The recording of every program/folder/window opened including a screenshot of every website visited.</li> <li>The recording of <a href="/wiki/Web_search_query" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search query">search engines queries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instant_messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Instant messenger">instant messenger</a> conversations, FTP downloads and other Internet-based activities (including the bandwidth used).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware-based_keyloggers">Hardware-based keyloggers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hardware-based keyloggers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_Hardware_Keylogger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/USB_Hardware_Keylogger.jpg/220px-USB_Hardware_Keylogger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/USB_Hardware_Keylogger.jpg/330px-USB_Hardware_Keylogger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/USB_Hardware_Keylogger.jpg/440px-USB_Hardware_Keylogger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="3660" /></a><figcaption>A hardware-based keylogger</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usb-logger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Usb-logger.jpg/220px-Usb-logger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Usb-logger.jpg/330px-Usb-logger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Usb-logger.jpg/440px-Usb-logger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A connected hardware-based keylogger</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hardware_keylogger" title="Hardware keylogger">Hardware keylogger</a></div> <p>Hardware-based keyloggers do not depend upon any software being installed as they exist at a hardware level in a computer system. </p> <ul><li>Firmware-based: <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a>-level <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> that handles keyboard events can be modified to record these events as they are processed. Physical and/or <a href="/wiki/Superuser" title="Superuser">root-level access</a> is required to the machine, and the software loaded into the BIOS needs to be created for the specific hardware that it will be running on.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Keyboard hardware: Hardware keyloggers are used for keystroke logging utilizing a hardware circuit that is attached somewhere in between the <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">computer keyboard</a> and the computer, typically inline with the keyboard's cable connector. There are also <a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a> connector-based hardware keyloggers, as well as ones for laptop computers (the Mini-PCI card plugs into the expansion slot of a laptop). More stealthy implementations can be installed or built into standard keyboards so that no device is visible on the external cable. Both types log all keyboard activity to their <a href="/wiki/Primary_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary storage">internal memory</a>, which can be subsequently accessed, for example, by typing in a secret key sequence. Hardware keyloggers do not require any software to be installed on a target user's computer, therefore not interfering with the computer's operation and less likely to be detected by software running on it. However, its physical presence may be detected if, for example, it is installed outside the case as an inline device between the computer and the keyboard. Some of these implementations can be controlled and monitored remotely using a wireless communication standard.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wireless keyboard and mouse sniffers: These passive sniffers collect packets of data being transferred from a wireless keyboard and its receiver. As encryption may be used to secure the wireless communications between the two devices, this may need to be cracked beforehand if the transmissions are to be read. In some cases, this enables an attacker to type arbitrary commands into a victim's computer.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Keyboard overlays: Criminals have been known to use keyboard overlays on <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">ATMs</a> to capture people's PINs. Each keypress is registered by the keyboard of the ATM as well as the criminal's keypad that is placed over it. The device is designed to look like an integrated part of the machine so that bank customers are unaware of its presence.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Acoustic keyloggers: <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_cryptanalysis" title="Acoustic cryptanalysis">Acoustic cryptanalysis</a> can be used to monitor the sound created by someone typing on a computer. Each key on the keyboard makes a subtly different acoustic signature when struck. It is then possible to identify which keystroke signature relates to which keyboard character via <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical methods</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Frequency_analysis" title="Frequency analysis">frequency analysis</a>. The repetition frequency of similar acoustic keystroke signatures, the timings between different keyboard strokes and other context information such as the probable language in which the user is writing are used in this analysis to map sounds to letters.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fairly long recording (1000 or more keystrokes) is required so that a large enough <a href="/wiki/Sample_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample (statistics)">sample</a> is collected.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Electromagnetic emissions: It is possible to capture the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic emissions</a> of a wired keyboard from up to 20 metres (66 ft) away, without being physically wired to it.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Swiss researchers tested 11 different <a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/2" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Personal System/2">PS/2</a> and laptop keyboards in a semi-<a href="/wiki/Anechoic_chamber" title="Anechoic chamber">anechoic chamber</a> and found them all vulnerable, primarily because of the prohibitive cost of adding <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_shielding" title="Electromagnetic shielding">shielding</a> during manufacture.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The researchers used a wide-band <a href="/wiki/Receiver_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Receiver (radio)">receiver</a> to tune into the specific frequency of the emissions radiated from the keyboards.</li> <li>Optical surveillance: Optical surveillance, while not a keylogger in the classical sense, is nonetheless an approach that can be used to capture passwords or PINs. A strategically placed camera, such as a hidden <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Surveillance camera">surveillance camera</a> at an <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">ATM</a>, can allow a criminal to watch a PIN or password being entered.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Physical evidence: For a keypad that is used only to enter a security code, the keys which are in actual use will have evidence of use from many fingerprints. A passcode of four digits, if the four digits in question are known, is reduced from 10,000 possibilities to just 24 possibilities (10<sup>4</sup> versus 4! [<a href="/wiki/Factorial" title="Factorial">factorial</a> of 4]). These could then be used on separate occasions for a manual "brute force attack".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a> sensors: Researchers have demonstrated that it is possible to capture the keystrokes of nearby computer keyboards using only the commodity <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometer</a> found in smartphones.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack is made possible by placing a smartphone near a keyboard on the same desk. The smartphone's accelerometer can then detect the vibrations created by typing on the keyboard and then translate this raw accelerometer signal into readable sentences with as much as 80 percent accuracy. The technique involves working through probability by detecting pairs of keystrokes, rather than individual keys. It models "keyboard events" in pairs and then works out whether the pair of keys pressed is on the left or the right side of the keyboard and whether they are close together or far apart on the <a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a> keyboard. Once it has worked this out, it compares the results to a preloaded dictionary where each word has been broken down in the same way.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar techniques have also been shown to be effective at capturing keystrokes on touchscreen keyboards<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in some cases, in combination with <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscope</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or with the ambient-light sensor.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Body keyloggers: Body keyloggers track and analyze body movements to determine which keys were pressed. The attacker needs to be familiar with the keys layout of the tracked keyboard to correlate between body movements and keys position, although with a suitably large sample this can be deduced. Tracking audible signals of the user' interface (e.g. a sound the device produce to informs the user that a keystroke was logged) may reduce the complexity of the body keylogging algorithms, as it marks the moment at which a key was pressed.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cracking">Cracking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cracking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writing simple software applications for keylogging can be trivial, and like any nefarious computer program, can be distributed as a <a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">trojan horse</a> or as part of a <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">virus</a>. What is not trivial for an attacker, however, is installing a covert keystroke logger without getting caught and downloading data that has been logged without being traced. An attacker that manually connects to a host machine to download logged keystrokes risks being traced. A trojan that sends keylogged data to a fixed e-mail address or <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> risks exposing the attacker. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trojans">Trojans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Trojans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers Adam Young and Moti Yung discussed several methods of sending keystroke logging. They presented a deniable password snatching attack in which the keystroke logging trojan is installed using a virus or <a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">worm</a>. An attacker who is caught with the virus or worm can claim to be a victim. The <a href="/wiki/Cryptotrojan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptotrojan">cryptotrojan</a> asymmetrically encrypts the pilfered login/password pairs using the <a href="/wiki/Public_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Public key">public key</a> of the trojan author and covertly broadcasts the resulting <a href="/wiki/Ciphertext" title="Ciphertext">ciphertext</a>. They mentioned that the ciphertext can be <a href="/wiki/Steganography" title="Steganography">steganographically</a> encoded and posted to a public bulletin board such as <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_by_police">Use by police</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Use by police"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> used FlashCrest iSpy to obtain the <a href="/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy" title="Pretty Good Privacy">PGP</a> <a href="/wiki/Passphrase" title="Passphrase">passphrase</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nicodemo_Scarfo,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Nicodemo Scarfo, Jr.">Nicodemo Scarfo, Jr.</a>, son of mob boss <a href="/wiki/Nicodemo_Scarfo" title="Nicodemo Scarfo">Nicodemo Scarfo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2000, the FBI lured two suspected Russian <a href="/wiki/Cybercriminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybercriminal">cybercriminals</a> to the US in an elaborate ruse, and captured their usernames and passwords with a keylogger that was covertly installed on a machine that they used to access their computers in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The FBI then used these credentials to gain access to the suspects' computers in Russia to obtain evidence to prosecute them.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countermeasures">Countermeasures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Countermeasures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effectiveness of countermeasures varies because keyloggers use a variety of techniques to capture data and the countermeasure needs to be effective against the particular data capture technique. In the case of Windows 10 keylogging by Microsoft, changing certain privacy settings may disable it.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An on-screen keyboard will be effective against hardware keyloggers; transparency<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="(January 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> will defeat some—but not all—screen loggers. An <a href="/wiki/Anti-spyware" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-spyware">anti-spyware</a> application that can only disable hook-based keyloggers will be ineffective against kernel-based keyloggers. </p><p>Keylogger program authors may be able to update their program's code to adapt to countermeasures that have proven effective against it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-keyloggers">Anti-keyloggers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Anti-keyloggers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-keylogger" title="Anti-keylogger">Anti-keylogger</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Anti-keylogger" title="Anti-keylogger">anti-keylogger</a> is a piece of <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> specifically designed to detect keyloggers on a computer, typically comparing all files in the computer against a database of keyloggers, looking for similarities which might indicate the presence of a hidden keylogger. As anti-keyloggers have been designed specifically to detect keyloggers, they have the potential to be more effective than conventional antivirus software; some antivirus software do not consider keyloggers to be malware, as under some circumstances a keylogger can be considered a legitimate piece of software.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Live_CD/USB"><span id="Live_CD.2FUSB"></span>Live CD/USB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Live CD/USB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rebooting the computer using a <a href="/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD">Live CD</a> or write-protected <a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">Live USB</a> is a possible countermeasure against software keyloggers if the CD is clean of malware and the operating system contained on it is secured and fully patched so that it cannot be infected as soon as it is started. Booting a different operating system does not impact the use of a hardware or BIOS based keylogger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-spyware_/_Anti-virus_programs"><span id="Anti-spyware_.2F_Anti-virus_programs"></span>Anti-spyware / Anti-virus programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Anti-spyware / Anti-virus programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Anti-spyware" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-spyware">anti-spyware</a> applications can detect some software based keyloggers and quarantine, disable, or remove them. However, because many keylogging programs are legitimate pieces of software under some circumstances, anti-spyware often neglects to label keylogging programs as spyware or a virus. These applications can detect software-based keyloggers based on patterns in <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">executable code</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heuristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Heuristics">heuristics</a> and keylogger behaviors (such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Hooking" title="Hooking">hooks</a> and certain <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a>). </p><p>No software-based anti-spyware application can be 100% effective against all keyloggers.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Software-based anti-spyware cannot defeat non-software keyloggers (for example, hardware keyloggers attached to keyboards will always receive keystrokes before any software-based anti-spyware application). </p><p>The particular technique that the anti-spyware application uses will influence its potential effectiveness against software keyloggers. As a general rule, anti-spyware applications with <a href="/wiki/Ring_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring (computer security)">higher privileges</a> will defeat keyloggers with lower privileges. For example, a hook-based anti-spyware application cannot defeat a kernel-based keylogger (as the keylogger will receive the keystroke messages before the anti-spyware application), but it could potentially defeat hook- and API-based keyloggers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Network_monitors">Network monitors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Network monitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Network_monitoring" title="Network monitoring">Network monitors</a> (also known as reverse-firewalls) can be used to alert the user whenever an application attempts to make a network connection. This gives the user the chance to prevent the keylogger from "<a href="/wiki/Phoning_home" title="Phoning home">phoning home</a>" with their typed information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automatic_form_filler_programs">Automatic form filler programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Automatic form filler programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Form_filler" title="Form filler">Form filler</a></div> <p>Automatic form-filling programs may prevent keylogging by removing the requirement for a user to type personal details and passwords using the keyboard. <a href="/wiki/Form_filler" title="Form filler">Form fillers</a> are primarily designed for <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a> to fill in checkout pages and log users into their accounts. Once the user's account and <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit card</a> information has been entered into the program, it will be automatically entered into forms without ever using the keyboard or <a href="/wiki/Clipboard_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clipboard (software)">clipboard</a>, thereby reducing the possibility that private data is being recorded. However, someone with physical access to the machine may still be able to install software that can intercept this information elsewhere in the operating system or while in transit on the network. (<a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">Transport Layer Security</a> (TLS) reduces the risk that data in transit may be intercepted by <a href="/wiki/Packet_analyzer" title="Packet analyzer">network sniffers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">proxy tools</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One-time_passwords_(OTP)"><span id="One-time_passwords_.28OTP.29"></span>One-time passwords (OTP)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: One-time passwords (OTP)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using <a href="/wiki/One-time_password" title="One-time password">one-time passwords</a> may prevent unauthorized access to an account which has had its login details exposed to an attacker via a keylogger, as each password is invalidated as soon as it is used. This solution may be useful for someone using a public computer. However, an attacker who has remote control over such a computer can simply wait for the victim to enter their credentials before performing unauthorized transactions on their behalf while their session is active. </p><p>Another common way to protect access codes from being stolen by keystroke loggers is by asking users to provide a few randomly selected characters from their authentication code. For example, they might be asked to enter the 2nd, 5th, and 8th characters. Even if someone is watching the user or using a keystroke logger, they would only get a few characters from the code without knowing their positions.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_tokens">Security tokens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Security tokens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Use of <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart cards</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Security_token" title="Security token">security tokens</a> may improve security against <a href="/wiki/Replay_attack" title="Replay attack">replay attacks</a> in the face of a successful keylogging attack, as accessing protected information would require both the (hardware) security token as well as the appropriate password/passphrase. Knowing the keystrokes, mouse actions, display, clipboard, etc. used on one computer will not subsequently help an attacker gain access to the protected resource. Some security tokens work as a type of hardware-assisted one-time password system, and others implement a cryptographic <a href="/wiki/Challenge%E2%80%93response_authentication" title="Challenge–response authentication">challenge–response authentication</a>, which can improve security in a manner conceptually similar to one time passwords. <a href="/wiki/Card_reader" title="Card reader">Smartcard readers</a> and their associated keypads for <a href="/wiki/Personal_identification_number" title="Personal identification number">PIN</a> entry may be vulnerable to keystroke logging through a so-called <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_attack" title="Supply chain attack">supply chain attack</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where an attacker substitutes the card reader/PIN entry hardware for one which records the user's PIN. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On-screen_keyboards">On-screen keyboards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: On-screen keyboards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most on-screen keyboards (such as the on-screen keyboard that comes with <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>) send normal keyboard event messages to the external target program to type text. Software key loggers can log these typed characters sent from one program to another.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keystroke_interference_software">Keystroke interference software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Keystroke interference software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keystroke interference software is also available.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These programs attempt to trick keyloggers by introducing random keystrokes, although this simply results in the keylogger recording more information than it needs to. An attacker has the task of extracting the keystrokes of interest—the security of this mechanism, specifically how well it stands up to <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">cryptanalysis</a>, is unclear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speech_recognition">Speech recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Speech recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to on-screen keyboards, <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech-to-text conversion</a> software can also be used against keyloggers, since there are no typing or mouse movements involved. The weakest point of using voice-recognition software may be how the software sends the recognized text to target software after the user's speech has been processed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handwriting_recognition_and_mouse_gestures">Handwriting recognition and mouse gestures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Handwriting recognition and mouse gestures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDAs</a> and lately <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet PCs</a> can already convert pen (also called stylus) movements on their <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreens</a> to computer understandable text successfully. <a href="/wiki/Mouse_gestures" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse gestures">Mouse gestures</a> use this principle by using mouse movements instead of a stylus. Mouse gesture programs convert these strokes to user-definable actions, such as typing text. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">graphics tablets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">light pens</a> can be used to input these gestures, however, these are becoming less common.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="Clarify the applicable timeframe so that it is unambiguous when read at a later date. (January 2021)">timeframe?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The same potential weakness of speech recognition applies to this technique as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macro_expanders/recorders"><span id="Macro_expanders.2Frecorders"></span>Macro expanders/recorders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Macro expanders/recorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the help of many programs, a seemingly meaningless text can be expanded to a meaningful text and most of the time context-sensitively, e.g. "en.wikipedia.org" can be expanded when a web browser window has the focus. The biggest weakness of this technique is that these programs send their keystrokes directly to the target program. However, this can be overcome by using <a href="#_Nontechnological_methods">the 'alternating' technique described below</a>, i.e. sending mouse clicks to non-responsive areas of the target program, sending meaningless keys, sending another mouse click to the target area (e.g. password field) and switching back-and-forth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deceptive_typing">Deceptive typing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Deceptive typing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alternating between typing the login credentials and typing characters somewhere else in the focus window<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can cause a keylogger to record more information than it needs to, but this could be easily filtered out by an attacker. Similarly, a user can move their cursor using the mouse while typing, causing the logged keystrokes to be in the wrong order e.g., by typing a password beginning with the last letter and then using the mouse to move the cursor for each subsequent letter. Lastly, someone can also use <a href="/wiki/Context_menu" title="Context menu">context menus</a> to remove, <a href="/wiki/Cut,_copy,_and_paste" title="Cut, copy, and paste">cut, copy, and paste</a> parts of the typed text without using the keyboard. An attacker who can capture only parts of a password will have a larger <a href="/wiki/Key_space_(cryptography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Key space (cryptography)">key space</a> to attack if they choose to execute a <a href="/wiki/Brute-force_attack" title="Brute-force attack">brute-force attack</a>. </p><p>Another very similar technique uses the fact that any selected text portion is replaced by the next key typed. e.g., if the password is "secret", one could type "s", then some dummy keys "asdf". These dummy characters could then be selected with the mouse, and the next character from the password "e" typed, which replaces the dummy characters "asdf". </p><p>These techniques assume incorrectly that keystroke logging software cannot directly monitor the clipboard, the selected text in a form, or take a screenshot every time a keystroke or mouse click occurs. They may, however, be effective against some hardware keyloggers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-keylogger" title="Anti-keylogger">Anti-keylogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-bag_cryptanalysis" title="Black-bag cryptanalysis">Black-bag cryptanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer surveillance">Computer surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_footprint" title="Digital footprint">Digital footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_keylogger" title="Hardware keylogger">Hardware keylogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_connection" title="Reverse connection">Reverse connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_replay" title="Session replay">Session replay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_keyboard" title="Virtual keyboard">Virtual keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_tracking" title="Web tracking">Web tracking</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Automotive_security" title="Automotive security">Automotive security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_fraud" title="Computer fraud">Computer fraud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_security" title="Internet security">Internet security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Mobile security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CIAJMK1209-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="vectorial version"><img alt="vectorial version" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CIAJMK1209-en.svg/150px-CIAJMK1209-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CIAJMK1209-en.svg/225px-CIAJMK1209-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CIAJMK1209-en.svg/300px-CIAJMK1209-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>vectorial version</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Threat_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Threat (computer)">Threats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">Adware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_persistent_threat" title="Advanced persistent threat">Advanced persistent threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_code_execution" title="Arbitrary code execution">Arbitrary code execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">Backdoors</a></li> <li>Bombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_bomb" title="Fork bomb">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_bomb" title="Logic bomb">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_bomb_(software)" title="Time bomb (software)">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zip_bomb" title="Zip bomb">Zip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_backdoor" title="Hardware backdoor">Hardware backdoors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_injection" title="Code injection">Code injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimeware" title="Crimeware">Crimeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">Cross-site scripting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-site_leaks" title="Cross-site leaks">Cross-site leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOM_clobbering" title="DOM clobbering">DOM clobbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_sniffing" title="History sniffing">History sniffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptojacking" title="Cryptojacking">Cryptojacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_breach" title="Data breach">Data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive-by_download" title="Drive-by download">Drive-by download</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_Helper_Object" title="Browser Helper Object">Browser Helper Objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">Viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scraping" title="Data scraping">Data scraping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">Denial-of-service attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">Eavesdropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_fraud" title="Email fraud">Email fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_spoofing" title="Email spoofing">Email spoofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">Exploits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialer#Fraudulent_dialer" title="Dialer">Fraudulent dialers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infostealer" title="Infostealer">Infostealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecure_direct_object_reference" title="Insecure direct object reference">Insecure direct object reference</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Keystroke loggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payload_(computing)" title="Payload (computing)">Payload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_phishing" title="Voice phishing">Voice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphic_engine" title="Polymorphic engine">Polymorphic engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privilege_escalation" title="Privilege escalation">Privilege escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootkit" title="Rootkit">Rootkits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scareware" title="Scareware">Scareware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellcode" title="Shellcode">Shellcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">Spamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" title="Social engineering (security)">Social engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">Software bugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_Trojan" title="Hardware Trojan">Hardware Trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_access_trojan" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote access trojan">Remote access trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_shell" title="Web shell">Web shells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiper_(malware)" title="Wiper (malware)">Wiper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL_injection" title="SQL injection">SQL injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_security_software" title="Rogue security software">Rogue security software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_(computing)" title="Zombie (computing)">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defenses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secure_coding" title="Secure coding">Secure coding</a></li> <li>Secure by default</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_by_design" title="Secure by design">Secure by design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misuse_case" title="Misuse case">Misuse case</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">Computer access control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication" title="Multi-factor authentication">Multi-factor authentication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorization" title="Authorization">Authorization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_security_software" title="Computer security software">Computer security software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antivirus_software" title="Antivirus software">Antivirus software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security-focused_operating_system" title="Security-focused operating system">Security-focused operating system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data-centric_security" title="Data-centric security">Data-centric security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_obfuscation" class="mw-redirect" title="Code obfuscation">Obfuscation (software)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_masking" title="Data masking">Data masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Host-based_intrusion_detection_system" title="Host-based intrusion detection system">Host-based intrusion detection system</a> (HIDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security_management" title="Information security management">Information security management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_risk_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Information risk management">Information risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_information_and_event_management" title="Security information and event management">Security information and event management</a> (SIEM)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runtime_application_self-protection" title="Runtime application self-protection">Runtime application self-protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_isolation" title="Site isolation">Site isolation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malware_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malware" title="Template:Malware"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malware" title="Template talk:Malware"><abbr title="Discuss this 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title="Timeline of computer viruses and worms">Timeline of computer viruses and worms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concealment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">Backdoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clickjacking" title="Clickjacking">Clickjacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-browser" title="Man-in-the-browser">Man-in-the-browser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">Man-in-the-middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootkit" title="Rootkit">Rootkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_(computing)" title="Zombie (computing)">Zombie computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malware for profit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">Adware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimeware" title="Crimeware">Crimeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleeceware" title="Fleeceware">Fleeceware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_grabbing" title="Form grabbing">Form grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialer#Fraudulent_dialer" title="Dialer">Fraudulent dialer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infostealer" title="Infostealer">Infostealer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Keystroke logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_bot#Malicious_purposes" title="Internet bot">Malbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy-invasive_software" title="Privacy-invasive software">Privacy-invasive software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_security_software" title="Rogue security software">Rogue security software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scareware" title="Scareware">Scareware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_threat" title="Web threat">Web threats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By operating system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Android_(operating_system)_malware" title="Category:Android (operating system) malware">Android malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Classic_Mac_OS_viruses" title="Category:Classic Mac OS viruses">Classic Mac OS viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IOS_malware" title="Category:IOS malware">iOS malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_malware" title="Linux malware">Linux malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:MacOS_malware" title="Category:MacOS malware">MacOS malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_virus" title="Macro virus">Macro virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_malware" title="Mobile malware">Mobile malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_OS_viruses" title="Palm OS viruses">Palm OS viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperCard_viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="HyperCard viruses">HyperCard viruses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-keylogger" title="Anti-keylogger">Anti-keylogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antivirus_software" title="Antivirus software">Antivirus software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_security" title="Browser security">Browser security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_loss_prevention_software" title="Data loss prevention software">Data loss prevention software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_computing" title="Defensive computing">Defensive computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_security" title="Internet security">Internet security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Mobile security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">Computer and network surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeypot_(computing)" title="Honeypot (computing)">Honeypot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation:_Bot_Roast" title="Operation: Bot Roast">Operation: Bot Roast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&oldid=1259868583">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keystroke_logging&oldid=1259868583</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cryptographic_attacks" title="Category:Cryptographic attacks">Cryptographic attacks</a></li><li><a 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