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Lisa M. Franchetti, commander of Pacific Partnership 2010, presents a plaque to Indonesian official Hein Namotemo.jpg|300px]] |caption = Captain Lisa M. Franchetti (''left''), commander of [[Pacific Partnership]] 2010, presents a plaque to [[North Halmahera|Regent of North Halmahera]], {{ill|Hein Namotemo|id}} (''right''), who is seen in traditional Tobelo attire. |poptime = |popplace = {{flag|Indonesia}} ([[North Halmahera Regency]], [[North Maluku]]) |langs = [[North Halmahera languages]] ([[Tobelo language]]), [[Indonesian language]] |rels = [[Christianity]] (predominantly), [[Folk religion]], [[Islam]] |related = [[Togutil people|Togutil]], Kao, Maba }} The '''Tobelo''' people are one of the northern [[Halmahera]] peoples living in eastern [[Indonesia]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Freerk Ch Kamma & Simon Kooijman|title=Romawa Forja, Child of the Fire: Iron Working and the Role of Iron in West New Guinea (West Irian)|year=1973|publisher=Brill Archive|oclc=474939388|page=29}}</ref> in the northern part of the [[Maluku Islands]] and in the eastern side of [[North Halmahera Regency]]. ==Description== Tobelo people are divided into several sub-ethnic groups namely, Dodinga people, Boeng people, Kao people, and other groups. The total population of the people is about 85,000. The Ternate people had a significant influence on the Tobelo people, who entered the [[Sultanate of Ternate]] in the 15th through 19th centuries. Tobelo people also dominated such small peoples of the interior of northern [[Halmahera]] as the Pagu and Tabaru people. The Tobelo people are highly mobile, but their settlements are mainly located along the coastline. Ground skeleton-stilted houses (''tathu'') are built from bamboo, and the roofing is made of leaves of sago palms or [[roof shingle]].<ref name="PAROTW">{{cite book|editor=Тишков В.А.|title=Народы и религии мира. Энциклопедия|year=1999|publisher=М.: Большая Российская энциклопедия|page=635}}</ref> The tribes of [[Togutil people|Togutil]], calling themselves the ''O'Hongana Manyawa'' (people that live inside the forest), also called ''Inner Tobelo'', live in the forests in the depths of the island of [[Halmahera]], settling near the river valleys, stand out. The number of Togutils is estimated between 1500 and 3000 people according to various studies since 2001. According to these studies too, between 300 and 500 of them live in isolation in the forest living in a small groups identified by authorities, in the [[Aketajawe-Lolobata National Park]].<ref>https://www.academia.edu/34706882/LOCAL_KNOWLEDGE_OF_MANAGEMENT_SYSTEM_OF_FOREST_ECOSYSTEM_BY_TOGUTIL_ETHNIC_GROUP_ON_HALMAHERA_ISLAND_INDONESIA_ TRADITIONAL_UTILIZATION_AND_CONSERVATION</ref> This is in contrast to the coastal Tobelo people that call themselves, ''O’Hoberera Manyawa'', which means people that live outside of forests.<ref name="ppman">{{cite web | title=Mengenal O'Hongana Manyawa di Hutan Halmahera yang 'Dikepung' Tambang Nikel | website=ppman | date=2024-03-23 | url=https://ppman.org/mengenal-ohongana-manyawa-di-hutan-halmahera-yang-dikepung-tambang-nikel/ | language=id | access-date=2024-06-12}}</ref> In the early 1980s, they still led a nomadic way of life, mainly by hunting, stealing and growing sago. From time to time they used small fields, where they grew bananas, cassava, fruits and coconuts by the [[slash-and-burn]] method of agriculture. Ethnologists refute their reputation of being violent or even unsociable.<ref>https://halmaherapost.com/2021/03/26 /asal-usul-orang-togutil-di-hutan-halmahera/</ref> In some parts of the island, they have to deal with logging and mining. According to videos, some seem to adapt with it a exchanging products. Many Togutil already mixed with the populations from the coastal villages and live near them. The regional authorities have opened a office in order to facilitate their integration.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-03-19 |title=Polres Halmahera Timur Buka Pelayanan Terpadu untuk Suku Togutil |url=https://zonamalut.id/polres-halmahera-timur-buka-pelayanan-terpadu-untuk-suku-togutil/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Zona Malut |language=id}}</ref> Some settled in houses built by the authorities as part of social integration programs, such as in Dodaga ([[Maba, Indonesia|Maba]]).<ref name=":0" /> They obtain monetary income from the sale of forest products or hiring themselves out to new settlers to clear jungle areas for farming.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=3773831|title=Untangling Conversion: Religious Change and Identity among the Forest Tobelo of Indonesia |author=Christopher R. Duncan |journal=Ethnology |publisher=Ethnology Vol. 42, No. 4 |year=2003 |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=308–309|doi=10.2307/3773831 }}.</ref> Some donations are brought to them by the police.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Suku Togutil dapat bantuan alat tulis dari TNI |url=https://ambon.antaranews.com/berita/82086/suku-togutil-dapat-bantuan-alat-tulis-dari-tni |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=ANTARA News Ambon, Maluku}} </ref> ==Language== Among the Tobelo people, they speak [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Ternate language|Ternate]], and also [[Tobelo language|Tobelo]], which has several dialects such as ''Gamsungi'', ''Dodinga'', and ''Boeng''.<ref name="PAROTW"/> ==Religion== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een protestantse kerk in Tobelo TMnr 60014252.jpg|thumb|right|A Protestant church in Tobelo, 1924.]] The majority of the Tobelo are [[Reformed Christians]], while others are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Muslims. Traditional beliefs, including the vestiges of [[shamanism]] and the cult of spirits, exert a strong influence in everyday life.<ref name="TE">{{cite web|url=http://etnolog.ru/people.php?id=TOBE |title=Тобело |publisher=Etnolog |access-date=2018-01-01}}</ref> The process of adopting [[Christianity]] among the forest Tobelo people living in the northeast of [[Halmahera]] was very lengthy and complex. Only after decades of resistance did they begin to profess the Bible in the late 1980s. However, the version of [[Christianity]] that they chose was not the one that was preached to them by the [[Tobelo language]]-speaking societies with which they maintain family and marriage ties, but the one that was brought to this region by American missionaries.<ref name="Christopher R. Duncan 2009 1077–1104">{{cite journal|jstor=20619862|title=Reconciliation and Revitalization: The Resurgence of Tradition in Postconflict Tobelo, North Maluku, Eastern Indonesia |author=Christopher R. Duncan |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |publisher=The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 68, No. 4 |year=2009 |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=1077–1104 |doi=10.1017/S002191180999074X }}</ref> In 1999–2001, the region was engulfed by [[Maluku sectarian conflict|religious-ethnic violence]]. The end of the conflict between Muslims and Christians was brought about in April 2001, when a peaceful ceremony was held in the hope that the religious conflict that had convulsed the island of [[Halmahera]] would not happen again.<ref name="AAIII102">{{cite book|editor=Brigitta Hauser-Schäublin|title=Adat and Indigeneity in Indonesia: Culture and Entitlements between Heteronomy and Self-Ascription Göttingen Studies in Cultural|year=2013|publisher=Universitätsverlag Göttingen|isbn=978-38-639-5132-0|page=102}}</ref> The ceremony consisted of the ''adat'' ritual (from [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], "customary law") and vowing that both sides of the conflict, Muslims and Christians, will respect each other's rights and will forever renounce violence.<ref name="AAIII102"/> This ceremony was more than just a cultural manifestation. It symbolized the majority decision in the province of [[North Maluku]] to recognize ''adat'' as a guarantor of social unity and harmony in the region. Prior to this, the local government informed senior government officials and other political leaders that if they could not change the situation for a better life and facilitate the return to the region of forced relocating, then the capital of the new district of [[North Halmahera Regency]] would be another city rather than [[Tobelo]]. It was necessary to do something, and several leaders of influential associations decided that ''adat'' was the best solution. They believed that the resurrection of ''adat'' would change the point of identification of people from their religion to their Tobelo ethnic identity.<ref name="Christopher R. Duncan 2009 1077–1104"/> ==Culture== [[File:US Navy 100713-N-4044H-135 Patients queue at an engineering civic action program.jpg|thumb|upright|Tobelo patients queue at an engineering civic action program by the U.S. Pacific Fleet humanitarian and civic assistance in [[Indonesia]].]] Song and dance are the most common forms of folk art. Marriage is [[patrilocal]]. For Tobelo people, as well as for many other peoples governed by traditional social norms, the [[Bilateral descent|bilaterality of kinship]] is inherent.<ref name="TE"/> Economic strength plays an important role in determining the size of the marriage [[dowry]], based on a comparative estimate of the annual incomes of the households of the marriages, and also determines the amount of financial claims made to the groom's side. In Dirk Nilanda's documentary "Tobelo Marriage", it is shown in detail how much the women's work is invested in the preparation of a wedding feast; such as weaving, preparing a "rice slide" festive dish, a special refined table in the form of a canoe, all of which indicates the importance of the ceremony for both parties. Women demonstrate "women's wealth", in a way which is very similar to the [[Trobriand Islands]] [[barter]]. Their dancing with a bushcraft knife in their hand indicates that women play an important role in the proceedings. After this comes the time of the celebration itself, which includes feasting, dancing and performing traditional songs. All this looks very exciting and speaks about the beauty and importance of the marital union being concluded.<ref name="TM262">{{cite journal|title=Tobelo Marriage. 1982 (released in U.S. 1990). 106 minutes, color. A film by Dirk Nijland |journal = American Anthropologist|volume = 94|author=Janet Alison Hoskins |date=March 1992 |page=262|doi=10.1525/aa.1992.94.1.02a01050 }}</ref> In the case of incest, a special ceremony of rupturing the hereditary line takes place, during which it is believed by sending the Tobelo couple floating or drowning into the river is done in order to prevent floods.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Burns|title=Concepts of Law in Indonesia|year=1999|publisher=PT Pradnya Paramita|isbn=978-97-940-8444-1|page=153}}</ref> ===Clothing=== Earlier, they wore [[Tapa cloth]] garments, but these were replaced by common clothes and of European style.<ref name="TE"/> ===Dietary=== The main food products are raw, dried and salted fish, as well as vegetable-based foods (baked and cooked products from rice, bananas, sago, sweet potato and cassava).<ref name="PAROTW"/> Dishes from rice are not common, but are prepared on holidays.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Tobelo Marriage. 1982 (released in U.S. 1990). 106 minutes, color. A film by Dirk Nijland |journal = American Anthropologist|volume = 94|author=Janet Alison Hoskins |date=March 1992 |page=261|doi=10.1525/aa.1992.94.1.02a01050 }}</ref> ===Traditional activities=== The most common occupations are fishing, fishery and manual farming (bananas, copra, palm wine, root crops, tubers, beans, dry rice). Also, the production of [[sago]] among the Kao and Boeng speakers.<ref name="TE"/> ==In popular culture== In 1982, in the [[Netherlands]], in the town of [[Leiden]], a film "[[Tobelo Marriage]]" was shot by the director [[Dirk Niland]]. The film allows one to look at the remote islander society, little known even to most Indonesians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tobelo Marriage |url=https://www.filmfestival.nl/en/film/tobelo-marriage |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Nederlands Film Festival |language=en}}</ref> The strengths of this work are its clarity, the research base and the provision of important information about this little-known people.<ref name="TM262"/> A program on Indonesian national TV presented the habits and customs of the [[Togutil people]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=ETHNIC RUNAWAY: Keseruan Bersama Suku Togutil - Trans TV |url=https://www.transtv.co.id/program/episode/8250/ethnic-runaway-keseruan-bersama-suku-togutil |access-date=2024-05-10 |website= |language=en}} </ref> and a Tik Tok account uses to publish videos to better know them.<ref>https://www.merdeka.com/jateng/mengenal-suku-togutil-kelompok-etnis-yang-hidup-secara-nomaden -di-kawasan-hutan-pulau-halmahera-64368-mvk.html?screen=2</ref> == References 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