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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Instituto_de_Plasmas_e_Fus%C3%A3o_Nuclear##" title="Talk:Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instituto_de_Plasmas_e_Fus%C3%A3o_Nuclear&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Instituto+de+Plasmas+e+Fus%C3%A3o+Nuclear%22">"Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Instituto+de+Plasmas+e+Fus%C3%A3o+Nuclear%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Instituto+de+Plasmas+e+Fus%C3%A3o+Nuclear%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Instituto+de+Plasmas+e+Fus%C3%A3o+Nuclear%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Instituto+de+Plasmas+e+Fus%C3%A3o+Nuclear%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Instituto+de+Plasmas+e+Fus%C3%A3o+Nuclear%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear (IPFN)</b> (Institute for Plasmas and Nuclear Fusion) is a research unit of <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Superior_T%C3%A9cnico" title="Instituto Superior Técnico">Instituto Superior Técnico</a> (IST), Lisbon, and a leading <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> institution in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> research. IPFN has the status of Associate Laboratory in the thematic areas of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">controlled nuclear fusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma technologies</a> and intense <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>, granted by the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_para_a_Ci%C3%AAncia_e_Tecnologia" title="Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia">Foundation for Science and Technology</a>. </p><p>IPFN was formally created in January 2008, as a result of the merging between the former research units Center for Nuclear Fusion and Center for Plasma Physics. As of 2015, almost 190 people work at IPFN, of which more than 100 are PhDs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instituto_de_Plasmas_e_Fus%C3%A3o_Nuclear&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IPFN is organized in seven research groups: Engineering and Systems Integration, Experimental Physics, Materials Processing and Characterisation, Theory and Modelling, Lasers and Plasmas, Gas Discharges and Gaseous Electronics, and High Pressure Plasmas. The activities in the frame of the Associate Laboratory are evaluated by an External Evaluation Committee. IPFN is also the research unit of the Contract of Association between <a href="/wiki/EURATOM" class="mw-redirect" title="EURATOM">EURATOM</a> and IST, in force since 1990. These activities are coordinated by the Head of Research Unit and monitored by a steering committee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_research_fields">Main research fields</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instituto_de_Plasmas_e_Fus%C3%A3o_Nuclear&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Main research fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IPFN activities are centered on the following competences: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion" title="Magnetic confinement fusion">Magnetic Confinement Fusion Devices</a></li> <li>Fusion Engineering Systems</li> <li>Fusion Theory and Modelling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_fusion_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial fusion energy">Inertial fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_acceleration" title="Plasma acceleration">Laser-Plasma Accelerators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">High-Performance Computing</a></li> <li>Relativistic Astrophysics</li> <li>Novel Radiation Sources</li> <li>Ultra Intense Photonics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_physics" title="Space physics">Space Physics</a></li> <li>Environmental Plasma Engineering Laboratory</li> <li>Kinetics in Plasmas and Afterglows</li> <li>Modelling of Plasma Sources</li> <li>Quantum Plasmas</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instituto_de_Plasmas_e_Fus%C3%A3o_Nuclear&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Superior_T%C3%A9cnico" title="Instituto Superior Técnico">Instituto Superior Técnico</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instituto_de_Plasmas_e_Fus%C3%A3o_Nuclear&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipfn.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/">"Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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