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open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ja" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101346560">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{margin:0.5em 0;padding:3px 2em;background-color:transparent;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:90%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .hatnote>table{color:inherit}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .hatnote>table{color:inherit}}</style> <div class="hatnote dablink noprint"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:25px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Disambig_gray.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="曖昧さ回避"><img alt="曖昧さ回避" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168"></a></span></td> <td>この項目では、紀元前の中国の王朝について説明しています。その他の用法については「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7_(%E6%9B%96%E6%98%A7%E3%81%95%E5%9B%9E%E9%81%BF)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="殷 (曖昧さ回避)">殷 (曖昧さ回避)</a>」をご覧ください。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101443328">.mw-parser-output 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th.infoboxCountrySucc{border-left:#ccc 1px solid}.mw-parser-output dd/**/#Infobox_before-after td.infoboxCountryPrev{width:50%;padding:2px 4px;font-size:80%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-color:#ccc;border-width:1px;border-style:solid solid none none}.mw-parser-output dd/**/#Infobox_before-after td.infoboxCountrySucc{width:50%;padding:2px 4px;font-size:80%;text-align:right;vertical-align:top;border-color:#ccc;border-width:1px;border-style:solid none none solid}.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry dd.infoboxCountryNote{font-size:0.75em;width:290px;margin:0;padding:2px 4px;border-color:#a2a9b1;border-width:1px;border-style:none solid solid}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry{float:none!important;margin:0!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry dd{width:auto!important}.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry,.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry table{display:table}}</style> <dl id="infoboxCountry"> <dt class="infoboxCountryNameJa"> 殷 </dt> <dt class="infoboxCountryName"> <span lang="zht">大邑商</span> </dt> <dd class="infoboxCountryDataA"> <table class="infoboxCountryPrevSucc"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="infoboxCountryPrev"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%8F_(%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="夏 (三代)">←</a> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Blank.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="夏 (三代)"><img alt="夏 (三代)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></a></span><br><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%87%8C%E9%A0%AD%E9%81%BA%E8%B7%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="二里頭遺跡">←</a> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Blank.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="二里頭遺跡"><img alt="二里頭遺跡" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D16%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紀元前16世紀">紀元前16世紀</a>頃 - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D1046%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="紀元前1046年">紀元前1046年</a></td> <td class="infoboxCountrySucc"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Blank.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="西周 (王朝)"><img alt="西周 (王朝)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></a></span> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西周 (王朝)">→</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> <dd class="infoboxCountryMap"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Shang_dynasty.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="殷の位置"><img alt="殷の位置" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Shang_dynasty.svg/250px-Shang_dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Shang_dynasty.svg/375px-Shang_dynasty.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Shang_dynasty.svg/500px-Shang_dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="744"></a></span> </dd> <dd class="infoboxCountryDataB"> <table border="1" frame="void" rules="all" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="公用語">公用語</a></th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="上古中国語">上古中国語</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="甲骨文字">甲骨文字</a>）</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="首都">首都</a></th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7%E5%A2%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="殷墟">殷墟</a>（現在の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%99%BD%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安陽市">安陽市</a>）<br><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="朝歌">朝歌</a><br><small>（詳細は<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2595%2586%25E6%259C%259D%23%25E9%2583%25BD%25E5%259F%258E" class="extiw" title="zh:商朝">殷の都城</a>を参照）</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infoboxCountrySome" style="padding:0"> <dl> <dt class="infoboxCountryLeader"> </dt> </dl></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infoboxCountrySome" style="padding:0"> <dl> <dt class="infoboxCountryLeader"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="王">王</a> </dt> <dd> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>紀元前16世紀 - ？</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B9%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天乙">天乙</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>？ - 紀元前1046年</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E8%BE%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="帝辛">紂王</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> <dt> 変遷 </dt> <dd> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>夏を滅ぼして成立</th> <td>紀元前16世紀</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%8B%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武王克殷">周の反乱により滅亡</a></th> <td>紀元前1046年</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> </dl></td> </tr> <tr> <th>現在</th> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="中華人民共和国の旗"><img alt="中華人民共和国の旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華人民共和国">中華人民共和国</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> </dl> <p><b>殷</b>（いん、<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r99057670">.mw-parser-output .pinyin{font-family:system-ui,"Helvetica Neue","Helvetica","Arial","Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .jyutping{font-family:"Helvetica Neue","Helvetica","Arial","Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif}</style><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="拼音">拼音</a>: <span lang="zh-Latn"><span class="pinyin">Yīn</span></span>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D16%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紀元前16世紀">紀元前16世紀</a>頃 - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D1046%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="紀元前1046年">紀元前1046年</a>）は、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国大陸">中国大陸</a>にあった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="王朝">王朝</a>。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="考古学">考古学</a>的に実在が確認されている中国大陸最古の王朝である。<b>殷代</b>、<b>商</b>（しょう、 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r99057670"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="拼音">拼音</a>: <span lang="zh-Latn"><span class="pinyin">Shāng</span></span>）、<b>商朝</b>、<b>殷商</b>とも呼ばれる。</p> <table style="width:158px; height:1000px; border-collapse:collapse; clear:right; float:right; border:1px solid #aaa; margin-left:5px; margin-bottom:5px; font-size:80%; text-align:center; line-height:120%; table-layout:fixed; white-space:nowrap;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="12" style="background:#efeeee;"> <div style="padding:3px;"> <big><big><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国の歴史">中国の歴史</a></big></big> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:History_of_China.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="中国歴史"><img alt="中国歴史" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/History_of_China.png" decoding="async" width="158" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="84"></a> <figcaption> 中国歴史 </figcaption> </figure></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="background:#ffeeee;padding:3px;"><b><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E5%85%88%E5%8F%B2%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="中国の先史時代 (存在しないページ)">先史時代</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%258F%25B2%25E5%2589%258D%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596" class="extiw" title="zh:中国史前文化">中国語版</a>）</span></span></b><br><span style="font-size:smaller"><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="中国の中石器文化の一覧 (存在しないページ)">中石器時代</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E7%259F%25B3%25E5%2599%25A8%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596%25E5%2588%2597%25E8%25A1%25A8" class="extiw" title="zh:中国中石器文化列表">中国語版</a>）</span></span></span><br><span style="font-size:smaller"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国の新石器文化の一覧">新石器時代</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="height:50px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9A%87%E4%BA%94%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="三皇五帝">三皇五帝</a></b><br><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="古国時代">古国時代</a>）</span></td> <td colspan="6" style="height:50px; background:#ffffff;padding:3px;"><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="黄河文明">黄河文明</a>・<br><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%B1%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="長江文明">長江文明</a>・<br><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%B2%B3%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼河文明">遼河文明</a>）</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:45px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%8F_(%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="夏 (三代)">夏</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:55px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">殷</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:28px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="周">周</a></b><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西周 (王朝)">西周</a>）</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="height:55px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="周">周</a></b><br><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東周">東周</a>）</span></td> <td colspan="8" style="height:30px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="春秋時代">春秋時代</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="height:25px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="戦国時代 (中国)">戦国時代</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:2px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="秦朝">秦</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:21px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢">漢</a></b><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="前漢">前漢</a>）</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:2px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="新">新</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:20px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢">漢</a></b><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後漢">後漢</a>）</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="height:6px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;">呉<br><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%91%89_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="呉 (三国)">孫呉</a>）</span></td> <td colspan="4" style="height:6px; background:#d1f8f7;padding:3px;">漢<br><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%9C%80%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="蜀漢">蜀漢</a>）</span></td> <td colspan="4" style="height:6px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;">魏<br><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AD%8F_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="魏 (三国)">曹魏</a>）</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:5px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%8B_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="晋 (王朝)">晋</a></b><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西晋">西晋</a>）</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="height:14px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%8B_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="晋 (王朝)">晋</a><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東晋">東晋</a>）</span></td> <td colspan="6" style="height:14px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五胡十六国時代">十六国</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="height:6px; background:#d1f8f7;padding:3px;">宋<span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%8B_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宋 (南朝)">劉宋</a>）</span></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="6" style="height:9px; background:#f2d5d5;padding:3px;">魏<span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北魏">北魏</a>）</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="height:3px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;">斉<span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%89_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="斉 (南朝)">南斉</a>）</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="height:3px; background:#eeeeff;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A2%81_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="梁 (南朝)">梁</a></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:3px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;"><span style="font-size:smaller">魏<br> (<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西魏">西魏</a>)</span></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:3px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><span style="font-size:smaller">魏<br> (<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%AD%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東魏">東魏</a>)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="height:3px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%B3_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="陳 (南朝)">陳</a></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:3px; background:#eeeeff;padding:3px;"><span style="font-size:smaller">梁<br> (<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%A2%81_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後梁 (南朝)">後梁</a>)</span></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:3px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;">周<br><span style="font-size:smaller">(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北周">北周</a>)</span></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:3px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;">斉<br><span style="font-size:smaller">(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北斉">北斉</a>)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:4px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9A%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="隋">隋</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="height:7px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="唐">唐</a></b></td> <td colspan="8" style="height:7px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="height:2px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;">周<span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武周">武周</a>）</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="height:20px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="height:7px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五代十国時代">五代十国</a></td> <td colspan="4" style="height:7px; background:#f2d5d5;padding:3px;"><span style="font-size:smaller"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼">契丹</a></b></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="height:17px; background:#eeeeff;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%8B_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宋 (王朝)">宋</a></b><br><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北宋">北宋</a>）</span></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:15px; background:#d1f8f7;padding:3px;" rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:smaller">夏<br> (<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西夏">西夏</a>)</span></td> <td colspan="4" style="height:17px; background:#f2d5d5;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼">遼</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="height:15px; background:#eeeeff;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%8B_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宋 (王朝)">宋</a></b><br><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="南宋">南宋</a>）</span></td> <td colspan="4" style="height:15px; background:#ffeec1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%91_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="金 (王朝)">金</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:10px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%83_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="元 (王朝)">元</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="height:28px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="明">明</a></b></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="height:28px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"><span style="font-size:smaller">元<br> (<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%85%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北元">北元</a>)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="height:2px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;" rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:smaller">明<br> （<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="南明">南明</a>）</span></td> <td colspan="2" style="height:2px; background:#f2d5d5;padding:3px;"><span style="font-size:smaller"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A0%86_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="順 (王朝)">順</a></span></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:2px; background:#ffeec1;padding:3px;"><span style="font-size:smaller"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%87%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後金">後金</a></b></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="height:1px; background:#ffeec1;padding:3px;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:28px; background:#ffeec1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="清">清</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:2px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="height:2px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD_(1912%E5%B9%B4-1949%E5%B9%B4)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華民国 (1912年-1949年)">中華民国</a></b></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:2px; background:#ffeec1;padding:3px;"><span style="font-size:smaller"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲国">満洲国</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:1px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="height:7px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華民国">中華<br> 民国</a><br><span style="font-size:smaller">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="台湾">台湾</a>） </span></td> <td colspan="8" style="height:7px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華人民共和国">中華人民共和国</a></b> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><style 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(";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child:after{content:")\a0 ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li:before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child:before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r96787822">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:75%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style> <div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:中国の歴史"><abbr title="参照先のページを表示します。">表</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template%E2%80%90%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template‐ノート:中国の歴史"><abbr title="参照先のノートを表示します。">話</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DTemplate:%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E3%2581%25AE%25E6%25AD%25B4%25E5%258F%25B2%26action%3Dedit"><abbr title="参照先のページを編集します。">編</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-hist"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DTemplate:%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E3%2581%25AE%25E6%25AD%25B4%25E5%258F%25B2%26action%3Dhistory"><abbr title="参照先のページの履歴を表示します。">歴</abbr></a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>文献によれば、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B9%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天乙">天乙</a>（湯王）が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%8F_(%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="夏 (三代)">夏</a>（の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A1%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="桀">桀</a>王）を滅ぼし建立したとされる（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D16%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紀元前16世紀">紀元前16世紀</a>以前）。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D11%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紀元前11世紀">紀元前11世紀</a>に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E8%BE%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="帝辛">帝辛</a>（紂王）の代に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西周 (王朝)">周</a>によって滅ぼされた（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7%E5%91%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="殷周革命">殷周革命</a>）。</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="ja" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">目次</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">名称</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%8F%B2%E6%9B%B8%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">史書上の歴史</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%89%B5%E5%BB%BA%E4%BB%A5%E5%89%8D"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">創建以前</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%98%93%E5%A7%93%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">易姓革命</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%AD%B4%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%96"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">歴代の治世</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%BB%85%E4%BA%A1%E5%BE%8C"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">滅亡後</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%BB%85%E4%BA%A1%E3%81%AB%E5%AF%BE%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E5%91%A8%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">滅亡に対する周の認識</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%BB%85%E4%BA%A1%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">滅亡年について</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%AD%B4%E4%BB%A3%E7%8E%8B"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">歴代王</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%8E%8B%E6%A8%A9%E3%81%AE%E6%80%A7%E8%B3%AA%E3%81%A8%E7%B6%99%E6%89%BF"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">王権の性質と継承</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%8E%8B%E3%81%AE%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">王の名称</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B0%8F%E6%97%8F%E9%96%93%E7%B6%99%E6%89%BF"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">氏族間継承　</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%B3%BB%E8%AD%9C%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%A3%E7%A2%BA%E6%80%A7"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">系譜の正確性</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">考古学研究</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%BA%8C%E9%87%8C%E5%B2%A1%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">二里岡文化</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%81%83%E5%B8%AB%E5%95%86%E5%9F%8E"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">偃師商城</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B4%B9%E5%8C%97%E5%95%86%E5%9F%8E"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">洹北商城</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%AE%B7%E5%A2%9F"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">殷墟</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">甲骨文字</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">政治</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">軍事</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">脚注</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E9%96%A2%E9%80%A3%E9%A0%85%E7%9B%AE"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">関連項目</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">外部リンク</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="名称"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E7.A7.B0"></span>名称</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 名称" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7%E5%A2%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="殷墟">殷墟</a>から出土した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="甲骨文字">甲骨文字</a>には、王朝名及び「殷」は見当たらず、殷後期の首都名は「商」と呼ばれた。周は先代の王朝名として「殷」を用いた。</p> <p>「殷」は商の蔑称であるとする説があるが、殷の字義や出土文献の用例からはそのような要素は見出せない<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。また殷の時代には「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国">中国</a>」という言葉の使用は確認されていない（「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E5%B0%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="何尊">何尊</a>」を参照）。</p> <p>商の名前は『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%BF%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="通志">通志</a>』などで殷王朝の祖の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%91_(%E6%AE%B7)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="契 (殷)">契</a>が商に封じられたとあるのに由来するとされ<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E7%B5%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="書経">尚書</a>』でも「商」が使われている。</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="史書上の歴史"><span id=".E5.8F.B2.E6.9B.B8.E4.B8.8A.E3.81.AE.E6.AD.B4.E5.8F.B2"></span>史書上の歴史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 史書上の歴史" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>以下、大部分は『史記』に基づく。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="創建以前"><span id=".E5.89.B5.E5.BB.BA.E4.BB.A5.E5.89.8D"></span>創建以前</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 創建以前" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>伝説上、殷の始祖は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%91_(%E6%AE%B7)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="契 (殷)">契</a>とされている。契は、有娀氏の娘で帝<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9A%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="嚳">嚳</a>の次妃であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E7%8B%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="簡狄">簡狄</a>が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%90%E3%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ツバメ">玄鳥</a>の卵を食べたために産んだ子とされる。契は帝<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%88%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="舜">舜</a>のときに<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A6%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="禹">禹</a>の治水を援けた功績が認められ、帝舜により商に封じられ子姓を賜った。</p> <p>なお「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="帝">帝</a>」は上古の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="五帝">五帝</a>、天帝を指す<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="甲骨文字">甲骨文字</a>。周が贈った殷の帝乙と帝辛の諡号により初めて人へ用いられ、秦始皇帝が初めて称号として用いた。</p> <p>有娀（有戎）の「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="戎">戎</a>」は西方の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E7%89%A7%E6%B0%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遊牧民">遊牧民</a>を意味し、有娀（有戎）の娘である簡狄の「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8B%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="狄">狄</a>」は北方（当時は牧畜民が河北に広く散在していた）の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E7%95%9C%E6%B0%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="牧畜民">牧畜民</a>を意味する。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%A5%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="女神">女神</a>が野外の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E6%B5%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="入浴">水浴</a>の場で、天から降りてきた鳥の卵を呑んで妊娠し、男の子を産むというのは、商に始まる始祖伝説の類型で、夫余等の東夷も模倣している。</p> <p>その後、契の子孫は代々夏王朝に仕えた。また、契から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B9%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天乙">天乙</a>（湯）までの14代の間に8回都を移したという。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="易姓革命"><span id=".E6.98.93.E5.A7.93.E9.9D.A9.E5.91.BD"></span>易姓革命</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 易姓革命" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>史書の記述では、夏の桀王は暴政を敷き、その治世はひどく乱れた。これに対し、殷の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B9%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天乙">湯王</a>（契から数えて14代目、天乙ともいう）は天命を受けて悪政を正すとして、賢人<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="伊尹">伊尹</a>の助けを借りて蜂起、鳴条の戦で夏軍を撃破し、各都市を破壊、こうして夏は滅亡した。現代の考古学調査によると、夏の都市のひとつであった望京楼遺跡では、殷による激しい破壊と虐殺の跡が見つかっている。遺骨の多くは手足が刃物で切断されたり、顔が陥没しており、実際には殷が力によって、中原の支配者の座を勝ち取ったことがしのばれる。夏の旧領であった西部地域の遺跡からは、各地で殷人の拷問に因り毀損された夏人遺骨と殷の青銅武器が出土する<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="歴代の治世"><span id=".E6.AD.B4.E4.BB.A3.E3.81.AE.E6.B2.BB.E4.B8.96"></span>歴代の治世</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 歴代の治世" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>このようにして夏を打倒した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B9%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天乙">天乙</a>は諸侯に推挙されて王となった。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="亳">亳</a>に都を置いた。</p> <p>4代目の王<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%94%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="太甲">太甲</a>は暴君であったため、伊尹に追放された。後に太甲が反省したので、伊尹は許した。後、太甲は善政を敷き太宗と称された。</p> <p>王<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E5%B7%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="雍己">雍己</a>の時に、王朝は一旦衰えた。王雍己の次の王<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%88%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="太戊">太戊</a>は賢人<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E9%99%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="伊陟">伊陟</a>を任用し、善政に努めたことで殷は復興した。王太戊の功績を称えて、王太戊は中宗と称された。</p> <p>中宗の死後、王朝は再び衰えた。王<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E4%B9%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="祖乙">祖乙</a>は賢人<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%AB%E8%B3%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="巫賢">巫賢</a>を任用し、善政に努め、殷は再び復興した。</p> <p>王祖乙の死後また王朝は衰えた。王<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%A4%E5%BA%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="盤庚">盤庚</a>は殷墟（大邑商）に遷都し、湯の頃の善政を復活させた。</p> <p>王<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%A4%E5%BA%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="盤庚">盤庚</a>の死後にも王朝は衰えた。王<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E4%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武丁">武丁</a>は賢人<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%82%85%E8%AA%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="傅説">傅説</a>を任用し、殷の中興を果たした。武丁の功績を称えて彼は高宗と称された。</p> <p>武丁以降の王は概ね暗愚な暴君であった。王朝最後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E8%BE%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="帝辛">帝辛</a>（紂王）は即位後、妃の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A6%B2%E5%B7%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="妲己">妲己</a>を溺愛し暴政を行った。そのため、周の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E7%8E%8B_(%E5%91%A8)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武王 (周)">武王</a>に誅され（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E9%87%8E%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="牧野の戦い">牧野の戦い</a>）、殷はあっけなく滅亡した<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>現代の考古学調査によると、殷は占いによって政治を行い、その為に多数の人身御供を必要とした。中国の文字である漢字は、骨に刻むための象形文字として始まった。これまでに（2012年現在）、少なくとも1万4000体の殷代に生贄の犠牲となった人骨が発掘されており、それらは殷以外の他の部族から見せしめ的に要求され、献上された人身御供であった。このような恐怖政治は他の多くの部族の反感を買い、やがて、周や微など東西南北の８つの従属国家が密かに連絡を取り合い、連携し、やがて紂王が東夷の征伐に乗り出した隙をついて、反乱、牧野の戦いで殷軍を撃破し、王朝は滅亡した<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="滅亡後"><span id=".E6.BB.85.E4.BA.A1.E5.BE.8C"></span>滅亡後</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 滅亡後" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg/220px-HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3380" data-file-height="4400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 286px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg/220px-HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="286" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg/330px-HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg/440px-HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 殷王朝で作られた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%AF%8D%E6%88%8A%E9%BC%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="后母戊鼎">后母戊鼎</a>はこれまでに中国で見つかった青銅器のうち最も重い物である。 </figcaption> </figure> <p>紂王の子である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%BA%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武庚">武庚</a>は、周の武王に殷の故地に封じられた。武王の死後、武庚は、武王の兄弟の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%8F%94%E9%AE%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="管叔鮮">管叔鮮</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E5%8F%94%E5%BA%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="蔡叔度">蔡叔度</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%8F%94%E5%87%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="霍叔処">霍叔処</a>と共に反乱を起こした（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%A3%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="三監の乱">三監の乱</a>）が失敗し、叔度以外誅殺された。（叔度は追放されたがその子が継いだ。）その後、武庚（禄父）の伯父の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90%E5%95%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="微子啓">微子啓</a>（紂王の兄）が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%8B_(%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宋 (春秋)">宋</a>に封じられ、殷の祭祀を続けた。微子啓には嫡子が無かったため、同じく紂王の兄の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E4%BB%B2%E8%A1%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="微仲衍">微仲衍</a>が宋公を継ぐ。異説もあるが、その微仲衍の子孫が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="孔子">孔子</a>とされ、その後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%B6%E5%AB%A1%E6%B5%81%E7%B3%BB%E5%9B%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="孔子世家嫡流系図">孔子の家系</a>は世界最長の家系として現在まで続いている。</p> <p>紂王の叔父<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AE%95%E5%AD%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="箕子">箕子</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="朝鮮半島">朝鮮</a>に渡り<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AE%95%E5%AD%90%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="箕子朝鮮">箕子朝鮮</a>を建国したと<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華人民共和国">中華人民共和国</a>では主張されているが、中国人によって朝鮮が建国されたことになってしまうため、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%93%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大韓民国">韓国</a>側は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AA%80%E5%90%9B%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="檀君朝鮮">檀君朝鮮</a>こそ初の王朝であり箕子朝鮮は単なる後世の創作であると主張している。</p> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%95%86%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="商人">商人</a>という言葉は、商（殷）人が国の滅亡した後の生業として、各地を渡り歩き、物を売っていたことに由来するとされる。そこから転じて、店舗を持たずに各地を渡り歩いて物を売っていた人を「あれは商の人間だ」と呼んだことから「商人」という言葉が生まれたというものである。ただし、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%B7%9D%E9%9D%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="白川静">白川静</a>は「商に商業・商賈の意があるのは、亡殷の余裔が国亡んでのち行商に従ったからであるとする説もあるが、商には賞の意があり、代償・償贖（とく）のために賞が行なわれるようになり、のちにそのことが形式化して、商行為を意味するものとなったものと思われる」と否定している。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="滅亡に対する周の認識"><span id=".E6.BB.85.E4.BA.A1.E3.81.AB.E5.AF.BE.E3.81.99.E3.82.8B.E5.91.A8.E3.81.AE.E8.AA.8D.E8.AD.98"></span>滅亡に対する周の認識</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 滅亡に対する周の認識" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>殷の滅亡の理由について、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="周">周</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%8E%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="康王">康王</a>の時代に造られた「76大盂鼎」の銘文には、「私（王）が聞いたところによると、殷が天命を失ったのは、殷の諸侯と殷の百官がみな酒に耽り、軍隊を失ったからである。」とあるため、この頃から「殷は酒によって滅びた」という伝承が形成されていたことがわかる<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="滅亡年について"><span id=".E6.BB.85.E4.BA.A1.E5.B9.B4.E3.81.AB.E3.81.A4.E3.81.84.E3.81.A6"></span>滅亡年について</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 滅亡年について" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>周が殷を滅ぼしたのは具体的に何年の出来事かを推定する作業が進められている。中国の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%95%86%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="夏商周年表プロジェクト">夏商周年表プロジェクト</a>はこの出来事を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D11%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紀元前11世紀">紀元前1046年</a>であるとした。</p> <p>古い説では『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%B9%E6%9B%B8%E7%B4%80%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="竹書紀年">竹書紀年</a>』に武王から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E7%8E%8B_(%E5%91%A8)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="幽王 (周)">幽王</a>（西周最後の王）まで257年という記述があり、幽王が死んだのが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D771%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紀元前771年">紀元前771年</a>のことなので殷が亡んだのは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D11%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紀元前11世紀">紀元前1027年</a>の出来事となる。また『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢書">漢書</a>』には周は867年続いたという記述があり、これからは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D1123%E5%B9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="紀元前1123年 (存在しないページ)">紀元前1123年</a>の出来事となる。</p> <p>それ以外にも多数の説があり、殷滅亡を一番古い時代に置くのは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D12%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紀元前12世紀">紀元前1127年</a>、最も新しい時代では<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D11%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紀元前11世紀">紀元前1018年</a>となっている。</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="歴代王"><span id=".E6.AD.B4.E4.BB.A3.E7.8E.8B"></span>歴代王</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 歴代王" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ol> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%91_(%E6%AE%B7)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="契 (殷)">契</a>（始祖）</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="昭明 (存在しないページ)">昭明</a> - 契の子</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="相土 (存在しないページ)">相土</a> - 昭明の子</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8C%E8%8B%A5&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="昌若 (存在しないページ)">昌若</a> - 相土の子</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B9%E5%9C%89&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="曹圉 (存在しないページ)">曹圉</a> - 昌若の子</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%A5&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="冥 (存在しないページ)">冥</a> - 曹圉の子</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="振 (存在しないページ)">振</a> - 冥の子</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E7%94%B2%E5%BE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="上甲微 (存在しないページ)">上甲微</a>（微） - 振の子</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%A0%B1%E4%B9%99&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="報乙 (存在しないページ)">報乙</a>（匚乙） - 上甲微の子</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%A0%B1%E4%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="報丙 (存在しないページ)">報丙</a>（匚丙） - 報乙の子</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%A0%B1%E4%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="報丁 (存在しないページ)">報丁</a>（匚丁） - 報丙の子</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%A3%AC&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="主壬 (存在しないページ)">主壬</a>（示壬） - 報丁の子</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E7%99%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="主癸">主癸</a>（示癸） - 主壬の子</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B9%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天乙">天乙</a>（湯） - 主癸の子（殷の開祖）</li> </ol> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:In-syou-teishitu.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/In-syou-teishitu.PNG/200px-In-syou-teishitu.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="715" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="1012"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 715px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/In-syou-teishitu.PNG/200px-In-syou-teishitu.PNG" data-width="200" data-height="715" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/In-syou-teishitu.PNG 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 殷商王室系図 </figcaption> </figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody> <tr> <th>代数</th> <th>名(諡号含)</th> <th>在位年</th> <th>在位年数</th> </tr> <tr> <th>1</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B9%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天乙">天乙</a>（成湯）</td> <td>前1558年?- 前1546年?</td> <td>12年/29年</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>* <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="太丁">太丁</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>2</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%B8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="外丙">外丙</a></td> <td>前1546年? - 前1544年?</td> <td>2年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>3</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BB%B2%E5%A3%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="仲壬">仲壬</a></td> <td>前1544年? - 前1540年?</td> <td>4年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>4</th> <td>太宗<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%94%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="太甲">太甲</a></td> <td>前1540年? - 前1528年?</td> <td>12年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>5</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E4%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="沃丁">沃丁</a></td> <td>前1528年? - 前1509年?</td> <td>19年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>6</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%BA%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="太庚">太庚</a></td> <td>前1509年? - 前1504年?</td> <td>5年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>7</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%94%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="小甲">小甲</a></td> <td>前1504年? - 前1487年?</td> <td>17年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>8</th> <td>中宗<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%88%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="太戊">太戊</a></td> <td>前1487年? - 前1413年?</td> <td>74年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>9</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E5%B7%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="雍己">雍己</a></td> <td>前1412年? - 前1401年?</td> <td>11年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>10</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中丁">中丁</a>（仲丁）</td> <td>前1400年? - 前1391年?</td> <td>9年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>11</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%A3%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="外壬">外壬</a></td> <td>前1391年? - 前1381年?</td> <td>10年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>12</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E4%BA%B6%E7%94%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="河亶甲">河亶甲</a></td> <td>前1381年? - 前1372年?</td> <td>9年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>13</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E4%B9%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="祖乙">祖乙</a></td> <td>前1372年? - 前1353年?</td> <td>19年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>14</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E8%BE%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="祖辛">祖辛</a></td> <td>前1353年? - 前1339年?</td> <td>14年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>15</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E7%94%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="沃甲">沃甲</a></td> <td>前1339年? - 前1334年?</td> <td>5年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>16</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E4%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="祖丁">祖丁</a></td> <td>前1334年? - 前1325年?</td> <td>9年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>17</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%BA%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="南庚">南庚</a></td> <td>前1325年? - 前1319年?</td> <td>6年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>18</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%BD%E7%94%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="陽甲">陽甲</a></td> <td>前1319年? - 前1315年?</td> <td>4年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>19</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%A4%E5%BA%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="盤庚">盤庚</a></td> <td>前1315年? - 前1287年?</td> <td>28年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>20</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%BE%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="小辛">小辛</a></td> <td>前1287年? - 前1284年?</td> <td>3年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>21</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%B9%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="小乙">小乙</a></td> <td>前1284年? - 前1274年?</td> <td>10年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>22</th> <td>高宗<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E4%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武丁">武丁</a></td> <td>前1274年? - 前1215年?<br> 前1190年? - 前1132年?</td> <td>59年/58年</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>* <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%B7%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="祖己">祖己</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>23</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%BA%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="祖庚">祖庚</a></td> <td>前1215年? - 前1204年?</td> <td>11年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>24</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E7%94%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="祖甲">祖甲</a></td> <td>前1204年? - 前1171年?</td> <td>33年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>25</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BB%A9%E8%BE%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="廩辛">廩辛</a></td> <td>前1171年? - 前1167年?</td> <td>4年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>26</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%9A%E4%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="庚丁">庚丁</a></td> <td>前1167年? - 前1159年?</td> <td>8年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>27</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E4%B9%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武乙">武乙</a></td> <td>前1159年? - 前1124年?<br> 前1148年? - 前1113年?</td> <td>35年?</td> </tr> <tr> <th>28</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%AD%A6%E4%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="文武丁">太丁</a></td> <td>前1124年? - 前1111年?<br> 前1113年? - 前1102年?</td> <td>13年/11年</td> </tr> <tr> <th>29</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E4%B9%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="帝乙">帝乙</a></td> <td>前1111年 ?- 前1102年?<br> 前1102年? - 前1076年?</td> <td>9年/26年</td> </tr> <tr> <th>30</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E8%BE%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="帝辛">帝辛</a>（子受）</td> <td>前1102年? - 前1050年?<br> 前1076年? - 前1046年?</td> <td>52年/30年</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>在位年数は概ね『史記』及び『竹書紀年』の記述に基づくが、一部の王は文献資料によるばらつきが非常に大きい。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="王権の性質と継承"><span id=".E7.8E.8B.E6.A8.A9.E3.81.AE.E6.80.A7.E8.B3.AA.E3.81.A8.E7.B6.99.E6.89.BF"></span>王権の性質と継承</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 王権の性質と継承" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>殷の王位継承について、『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="史記">史記</a>』を著した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="司馬遷">司馬遷</a>は、これを<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="前漢">漢</a>の時代の制度を当て嵌め（漢の時代になると、いくつかの氏族で君主権力を共有することなど考えられなかった）、親子相続および兄弟相続と解釈したが（右記図表）、後年の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="甲骨文字">亀甲獣骨文字</a>の解読から、基本は非世襲で、必ずしも実子相続が行われていたわけではなかったことが判明した。殷は氏族共同体の連合体であり、殷王室は少なくとも二つ以上の王族（氏族）からなっていたと現在では考えられている。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="王の名称"><span id=".E7.8E.8B.E3.81.AE.E5.90.8D.E7.A7.B0"></span>王の名称</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 王の名称" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>王の諡号は基本的に甲・乙・丙・丁・戊・己・庚・辛・壬・癸からなる十干のいずれかの頭尾に何らかの接辞が付与した形となっている。これらの諡号の意味については諸説あるが、接辞の「大」「中」「小」は同世代の兄弟間での序列を示し、「祖」「父」「帝」は世代を表しているとする見解が有力である。また「外」は非王族出身の親を持つ者を示す他、後期に多い「文」「武」「康」は後代の諡号制度の原型であるとされる。これら以外の「沃」や「盤」といった字は王の出身地や支配領地を表していると考えられている<sup id="cite_ref-qufen_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-qufen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-minghao1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-minghao1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-minghao2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-minghao2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="氏族間継承"><span id=".E6.B0.8F.E6.97.8F.E9.96.93.E7.B6.99.E6.89.BF"></span>氏族間継承　</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 氏族間継承　" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>1960年代以降、歴代王の諡号の規則性に注目した張光直らは殷の系譜には「甲・乙」のどちらかを諡号に用いる王と「丁」を用いる王が世代をまたいで交互に出現する事を指摘し、殷の王族は「甲・乙・戊・己」と「丙・丁・壬・癸」の組み合わせで対になる大きな政治集団を構成しており、両勢力が交互に王を輩出したと考えた。これらは同じ政治集団の内部でも有力な上位の氏族とそれに従属する下位の氏族の間で主従関係が形成されており、「戊」「己」は「甲・乙」に従属し、「壬」「癸」は「丙・丁」に従属していた氏族に位置付けられる。ただし「庚」「辛」の位置づけは中立ないしは不明瞭とされる。また、、一つの氏族から二代連続で王を選ぶ事はできない、主従ないしは同盟関係にある氏族間での継承(甲族から戊族への継承など)は可能だが同世代の人間(系譜上の兄弟)に限られる、次世代(系譜上の親子)への継承の際は必ずもう一方の政治集団に(「甲・乙‐戊・己」ならば「丙・丁‐壬・癸」のいずれかの氏族に)譲位される、などの決まりがあったと推測されている。</p> <p>松丸道雄は張光直の説の問題点を指摘しつつ、歴代王の中で「甲」「乙」「丁」のいずれかを諡号に用いている王が最も多く、逆に王妃でこの三つの字を用いている者が極めて少ない事を踏まえ、殷の王室は原則として「甲」「乙」「丙」「丁」（「丙」は早い時期に消滅）の4つの有力氏族の間で、定期的に王を交替していたと推測している。また、甲骨文から王妃(妣)の存在が確認されている王を直系、王妃の有無が不明瞭な王を傍系に区分した時、「乙」グループと「丁」グループの王11人はその全員が直系に位置づけられる一方、残りの王19人の中で直系と見なせる王は5人しかいない事から、「甲」を除いた「戊」「己」「庚」「辛」「壬」「癸」の6つの氏族は王妃や臨時の中継ぎの王を輩出する血族集団であったと見なしている<sup id="cite_ref-松丸道雄_10-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%9D%BE%E4%B8%B8%E9%81%93%E9%9B%84-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>ただし、新たな出土史料からは貴族など王族以外の身分を対象にした祭祀でも父兄や祖先の名前に異なる干支を用いている事が判明しているため、十干がそのまま出身氏族の名称と見なすことはできないという反論もある。</p> <p>上記と関連して、殷の王族は太陽の末裔と当時考えられており、『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%B5%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="山海経">山海経</a>』の伝える10個の太陽の神話（十日神話）は、殷王朝の10の王族（氏族）の王位交替制度を表し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%BE%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="羿">羿</a>（げい）により9個の太陽が射落される（射日神話）のは、一つの氏族に権力が集中し強大化したことを反映したものとする解釈もある。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="系譜の正確性"><span id=".E7.B3.BB.E8.AD.9C.E3.81.AE.E6.AD.A3.E7.A2.BA.E6.80.A7"></span>系譜の正確性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 系譜の正確性" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>殷の実在した最初の王は湯王（天乙・大乙）とされるが、『史記』では微（上甲）以前に契（神話上の祖）、昭明、相土、昌若、曹圉、冥、振がいたとされる。しかし、この7名は殷後期の甲骨文字では祭祀の対象となっていない。加えて、7名に用いられる文字は甲骨文字に存在していないため、彼らやそれに付随する神話は周以降に創造されたと考えられる<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-20231105131249_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-20231105131249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>甲骨文においては、上甲が筆頭になっており、彼が殷代における「始祖」であったということになる。ただし、上甲、匚乙、匚丙、匚丁、示壬、示癸の6名も、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="十干">十干</a>の通りであるため、形式的に作られた神話であるとする説がある。特に、上甲から匚丁は、示壬以降とは異なり、甲骨文字に配偶者の祭祀に関する記録がないため、この4名はほぼ確実に神話であると言える<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-20231105131249_11-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-20231105131249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>また、『史記』で王とされる天乙の子・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A3%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中壬">中壬</a>や太甲の子・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E4%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="沃丁">沃丁</a>も、甲骨文に現れないため、後世の創作であるとする説がある。そして、後期の甲骨文に現れる9代・雍己、11代・卜壬、12代・戔甲は、初期の甲骨文に現れないため、殷後期に系譜に追加された王であるとする説がある。加えて、後世の甲骨文における2代・卜丙、7代・小甲も、他の王に比べて記述される例が少ないため、当初は祖先とされても王位についていなかったと考えられていたと思われる。したがって、殷において甲骨文字が使用され始めた当初から王として実在が確認できるのは、初代・大乙、大丁(史書では即位前に夭折)、4代・大甲、6代・大庚、8代・大戊、10代・中丁、13代・祖乙の7名である<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-20231105131249_11-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-20231105131249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>『史記』や『尚書』では、19代目の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%A4%E5%BA%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="盤庚">盤庚</a>が現在の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7%E5%A2%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="殷墟">殷墟</a>の地に遷都をし、国内の混乱を治めたとされているが、殷墟から出土した甲骨文には、22代目の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E4%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武丁">武丁</a>より前の王の時代のものが存在しないため、19・20・21代目の殷王は殷墟にはいなかったと考えられ、『史記』や『尚書』の記述は事実ではなかったこと、そして国内の混乱を治めたのは武丁であったことが明らかとなった。甲骨文では、上甲、成（大乙・湯王）、大丁、大甲、祖乙が「五示（5人の直系先祖）」とされ、祖乙以降の「直系先祖」が祭祀されていない。つまり、これ以降は系譜が成立しておらず、祖乙から武丁までが国内が混乱していたということになる。『史記』や『尚書』では、祖乙が名君であったとされるが、これは祖乙は殷初期の安定した時期の最後の王であり、各勢力が「祖乙の子孫であること」を正統性の根拠としていたからであると考えられる<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-20231105131249_11-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-20231105131249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>『史記』や『尚書』では、湯王が「亳（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E9%87%8C%E5%B2%A1%E9%81%BA%E8%B7%A1&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="二里岡遺跡 (存在しないページ)">二里岡遺跡</a>）」に都を置いた後、中丁が「囂（隞）」、河亶甲が「相」、祖乙が「耿」に遷都したとする。しかし、内紛が始まったのは祖乙以降であり、また甲骨文に亳以外の地名が見られないため、遷都の話も後世に作られたと考えられる<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-20231105131249_11-4" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-20231105131249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>上甲は『国語』の中で「上甲微」とされ、殷の末裔とされる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%8B_(%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宋 (春秋)">宋</a>の初代王は「微子」、2代目王は「微仲」とされる。また、「微」は殷代の甲骨文において「殷王朝の支配下の土地またはその領主」を意味している。これらのことから、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%90%BD%E5%90%88%E6%B7%B3%E6%80%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="落合淳思">落合淳思</a>は殷の系譜の成立について、</p> <ul> <li>殷王朝の支配下にあった微は、周が殷を滅ぼした際に周に加担して、その後「殷の末裔」として認められた。</li> <li>「殷の末裔」としての正統性を主張するため、自己の系譜を殷王朝に繋げた。『史記』で殷王朝の祖とされる契から上甲微の父・振は微の始祖神話であり、殷王朝の祖である上甲を振の子として系譜に繋げた。また、宋の初代王・微子が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E8%BE%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="帝辛">帝辛</a>の庶兄とされた。</li> <li>微子の孫が宋に領地を得てその君主になった。</li> </ul> <p>という過程を考察している<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-20231105131249_11-5" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-20231105131249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="考古学研究"><span id=".E8.80.83.E5.8F.A4.E5.AD.A6.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>考古学研究</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 考古学研究" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r89142240">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}</style> <div class="locmap noviewer thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px"> <div style="position:relative;width:250px;border:1px solid lightgray"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="殷の位置（華北平原内）"> <noscript> <img alt="殷の位置（華北平原内）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png/250px-China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1461" data-file-height="1248"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 214px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png/250px-China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png" data-alt="殷の位置（華北平原内）" data-width="250" data-height="214" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png/375px-China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png/500px-China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <div class="od" style="top:52.143%;left:48.5%"> <div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="（二里頭）"> <noscript> <img alt="（二里頭）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Purple_pog.svg/8px-Purple_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Purple_pog.svg/8px-Purple_pog.svg.png" data-alt="（二里頭）" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Purple_pog.svg/12px-Purple_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Purple_pog.svg/16px-Purple_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="pl" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;right:5px"> <div> （<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%87%8C%E9%A0%AD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="二里頭文化">二里頭</a>） </div> </div> </div> <div class="od" style="top:51.786%;left:53.4%"> <div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="二里岡"> <noscript> <img alt="二里岡" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="二里岡" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:5px"> <div> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%87%8C%E5%B2%A1%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="二里岡文化">二里岡</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="od" style="top:80.786%;left:56.35%"> <div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="盤龍城"> <noscript> <img alt="盤龍城" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="盤龍城" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:5px"> <div> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%A4%E9%BE%8D%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%BA%E8%B7%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="盤龍城遺跡">盤龍城</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="od" style="top:42%;left:56.6%"> <div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="殷墟"> <noscript> <img alt="殷墟" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" data-alt="殷墟" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:5px"> <div> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7%E5%A2%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="殷墟">殷墟</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="od" style="top:78.571%;left:6%"> <div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="三星堆"> <noscript> <img alt="三星堆" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" data-alt="三星堆" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:5px"> <div> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%98%9F%E5%A0%86%E9%81%BA%E8%B7%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="三星堆遺跡">三星堆</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="od" style="top:91.571%;left:65.05%"> <div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="呉城"> <noscript> <img alt="呉城" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" data-alt="呉城" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="pv" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"> <div> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%91%89%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="呉城文化">呉城</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ファイル:China Northern Plain relief location map.png"> </a> </div>殷代の主な遺跡（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%87%8C%E9%A0%AD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="二里頭文化">二里頭</a>は殷に先行する時代の遺跡）。殷王朝の都城は、二里岡、殷墟（安陽）。 </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="二里岡文化"><span id=".E4.BA.8C.E9.87.8C.E5.B2.A1.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96"></span>二里岡文化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 二里岡文化" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%87%8C%E5%B2%A1%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="二里岡文化">二里岡文化</a>」を参照 </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="鄭州市">鄭州市</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%87%8C%E5%B2%A1%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="二里岡文化">二里岡文化</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D16%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紀元前16世紀">紀元前1600年</a>頃 - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D14%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紀元前14世紀">紀元前1400年</a>頃）は、大規模な都城が発掘され、初期の商（殷）王朝（鄭州商城、建国者<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B9%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天乙">天乙</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="亳">亳</a>と推定）と同定するのが通説である<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="偃師商城"><span id=".E5.81.83.E5.B8.AB.E5.95.86.E5.9F.8E"></span>偃師商城</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 偃師商城" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%81%83%E5%B8%AB%E5%95%86%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%BA%E8%B7%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="偃師商城遺跡">偃師商城遺跡</a>」を参照 </div> <p>偃師の尸郷溝で、商（殷）王朝初期（鄭州商城と同時期）の大規模な都城が見つかっている。これは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%87%8C%E9%A0%AD%E9%81%BA%E8%B7%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="二里頭遺跡">二里頭遺跡</a>から約6km東にある。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="洹北商城"><span id=".E6.B4.B9.E5.8C.97.E5.95.86.E5.9F.8E"></span>洹北商城</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 洹北商城" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>殷墟のすぐ北東（洹水北岸）に、殷中期の都城の遺跡が発見されている（花園荘村）。文字を刻まず占卜した獣骨が出土している。殷中期に至っても文字資料はほとんど全く出土していない。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="殷墟"><span id=".E6.AE.B7.E5.A2.9F"></span>殷墟</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 殷墟" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7%E5%A2%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="殷墟">殷墟</a>」を参照 </div> <p>現在の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%99%BD%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安陽市">安陽市</a>の殷墟（大邑商）は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D13%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紀元前13世紀">紀元前1300年</a>頃から殷滅亡までの後期の首都。洹水南岸にあり、洹北商城のすぐ南西。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="甲骨文字">甲骨文字</a>が小屯村で出土することが契機で発掘が始められ、その地区が宮殿および工房と考えられ、首都の存在が推定された。都城の遺跡は見つかっていない。洹水を挟んだ北側では22代王の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E4%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武丁">武丁</a>以降の王墓が発掘されている。甲骨文からもここに都を置いたのは武丁の代からと考えられるが、『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%B9%E6%9B%B8%E7%B4%80%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="竹書紀年">竹書紀年</a>』では19代王の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%A4%E5%BA%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="盤庚">盤庚</a>によるとある。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="甲骨文字"><span id=".E7.94.B2.E9.AA.A8.E6.96.87.E5.AD.97"></span>甲骨文字</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 甲骨文字" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="甲骨文字">甲骨文字</a>」を参照 </div> <p>殷の考古学的研究は殷墟から出土する殷後期の甲骨文字（亀甲獣骨文字）（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢字">漢字</a>の源）の発見により本格的に始まった。これにより、『史記』にいうところの殷の実在性が疑いのないものとなった<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。甲骨占卜では上甲<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> が始祖として扱われ、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B9%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天乙">天乙</a>（名は唐）が建国者として極めて重要に祀られている。</p> <p>22代目の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E4%B8%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武丁">武丁</a>より以前の殷の文字はほとんど出土がない。ただし、筆や木簡・竹簡を表す漢字が甲骨文字に確認できることから、文字が以前から用いられた可能性を認める説もある。</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="政治"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB"></span>政治</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 政治" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>殷社会の基本単位は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%82%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="邑">邑</a>（ゆう）と呼ばれる氏族ごとの集落で、数千の邑が数百の豪族や王族に従属していた。殷王は多くの氏族によって推戴された君主だったが、方国とよばれる地方勢力の征伐や外敵からの防衛による軍事活動によって次第に専制的な性格を帯びていった。また、宗教においても殷王は神界と人界を行き来できる最高位の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="シャーマニズム">シャーマン</a>とされ、後期には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%A8%E7%A5%AD%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="周祭制度 (存在しないページ)">周祭制度</a>による大量の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E8%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="生贄">生贄</a>を捧げる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%AC%BC%E7%A5%9E%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9D&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="鬼神崇拝 (存在しないページ)">鬼神崇拝</a>が発展した。この王権と神権によって殷王はみずからの地位を強固なものにし、残酷な<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%88%91%E7%BD%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="刑罰">刑罰</a>を制定して統治の強化を図った。しかし祭祀のために戦争捕虜を生贄に捧げる慣習が、周辺諸氏族の恨みを買い、殷に対する反乱を招き、殷を滅亡に導いたとする説もある。現代の考古学調査では、これまでに発見された殷による生贄になった人の骨は計1万4000体にのぼる<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="軍事"><span id=".E8.BB.8D.E4.BA.8B"></span>軍事</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 軍事" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>殷王朝の軍隊は氏族で構成され、殷王による徴集を受けると普段は農耕に従事していた氏族の構成員が武器をとり、出征する軍隊を編成した。この軍隊を指揮するのは各氏族の貴族だった。</p> <p>強大な軍事力を誇った殷王朝は、度重なる戦争に勝利を収めるために、兵種・戦法・軍備などを発展させていった。その中で特筆すべきは、「三師戦法」という大量の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="チャリオット">戦車</a>を活用した戦術である。殷王朝が歩兵中心の軍制から、戦車を中心とした軍制に変化するのは、殷の支配域が拡大して黄河中下流域や中原など、戦車を疾駆させるのに適した平原地帯が戦場になっていったからと考えられる。『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%91%82%E6%B0%8F%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="呂氏春秋">呂氏春秋</a>』によると殷の湯王が夏の桀王を討ったとき、「良車七十乗（輌）、必死（決死隊）六千人」があったといい、「令三百射」「到三百射」と記載された甲骨文があることから、一度に戦役に出撃した戦車は300輌にも達していたことが窺える。</p> <p>戦車は歩兵と共同して戦いを行った。1輌の戦車には3人の兵が乗り、左側の兵士が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BC%93_(%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="弓 (武器)">弓</a>を、右側の兵士が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9F%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="矛">矛</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="戈">戈</a>を持ち、中央の兵士が御者となった。戦車部隊は5輌が最小単位で、戦車兵15人と付随する歩兵15人からなっていた。100輌の戦車と戦車兵と歩兵がそれぞれ300人、25輌の戦車と戦車兵と歩兵が75人というふうに、戦車が5の倍数で、戦車兵と歩兵は15の倍数で編成されていた。戦車の運用法では「三師戦法」が編み出され、これは軍隊を左・右・中の3つの部隊に分け、互いに連携して敵に対処するというものだった。</p> <p>軍備については戦車戦に適した戈・矛・弓矢・木製の盾・刀などが使われた。その他でも殷王朝では戈と矛を合体させた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="戟">戟</a>が発明されている。戈や矛の材質は青銅製で、弓矢の鏃の材質は石器や骨器なども使われた。防具については戦車兵が立ったままの状態で戦車に乗っていたため標的にされやすく、そのため重装化が進んだ。殷代の鎧は皮革から、兜は青銅で作られている。また、敵の弓矢から身を守るために盾も戦車には用意されていた<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="脚注"><span id=".E8.84.9A.E6.B3.A8"></span>脚注</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 脚注" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="noprint" style="float:right; font-size:90%;"> [<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8/%E8%AA%AD%E8%80%85%E5%90%91%E3%81%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:脚注/読者向け"><span title="この欄の操作法">脚注の使い方</span></a>] </div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E8%97%A4%E4%BF%A1%E5%BC%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="佐藤信弥">佐藤信弥</a>「周―理想化された古代王朝」（中央公論新社、2016年）</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">『図説中国文明史2 文明の原点』創元社、2007年、pp.6-7.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nhk-ondemand.jp/goods/G2012044292SA000/">『NHKスペシャル中国文明の謎第2集漢字誕生王朝交代の秘密』</a> 2012年、3:98-</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">この時代を小説にしたものが『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E7%A5%9E%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="封神演義">封神演義</a>』である。</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nhk-ondemand.jp/goods/G2012044292SA000/">『NHKスペシャル中国文明の謎第2集漢字誕生王朝交代の秘密』</a> 2012年</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">佐藤信弥「周―理想化された古代王朝」（中央公論新社、2016年）</span></li> <li id="cite_note-qufen-7"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-qufen_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">姜复宁, 田泽人. 应区分日名制与谥法制度——与杜元元同志商榷[J]. 齐鲁师范学院学报, 2018, 33(3):7.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-minghao1-8"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-minghao1_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">张富祥. 商王名号与上古日名制研究[J]. 历史研究, 2005(2):25.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-minghao2-9"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-minghao2_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">张富祥. 商王名号与日名制[J]. 文史知识, 2006(5):10.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-松丸道雄-10"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%9D%BE%E4%B8%B8%E9%81%93%E9%9B%84_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">松丸道夫　『甲骨文の話』</span></li> <li id="cite_note-名前なし-20231105131249-11">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-20231105131249_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-20231105131249_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-20231105131249_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-20231105131249_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-20231105131249_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-20231105131249_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">落合淳思『殷−中国史最古の王朝』（中央公論新書、2015年）</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">松丸道雄・永田英正『中国文明の成立』講談社、1985年、14頁</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">松丸道雄・永田英正『中国文明の成立』講談社、1985年、57頁</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">なお<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20世紀">20世紀</a>初頭まで、殷は伝説上の王朝とされていた。特に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/19%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="19世紀">19世紀</a>末期の中国古代史界では<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%96%91%E5%8F%A4%E6%B4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="疑古派">疑古派</a>と呼ばれる『過去の記録を疑う』方針の考えが強く、『史記』の記述も全て架空と考えられていた。</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">殷では王族・有力者に対して<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="十干">十干</a>を付した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AB%A1%E5%8F%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="諡号">諡号</a>を用いた。</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nhk-ondemand.jp/goods/G2012044292SA000/">『NHKスペシャル中国文明の謎第2集漢字誕生王朝交代の秘密』</a> 2012年、17:22-</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">『図説　中国文明史2　殷周　文明の原点』　稲畑耕一郎：監修　株式会社創元社　2007年</span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="関連項目"><span id=".E9.96.A2.E9.80.A3.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE"></span>関連項目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 関連項目" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="史記">史記</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="三代 (中国史)">三代 (中国史)</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%95%86%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="夏商周年表プロジェクト">夏商周年表プロジェクト</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%95%86%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="夏商周年表">夏商周年表</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%80%E7%94%B2%E7%8D%A3%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="亀甲獣骨文字">亀甲獣骨文字</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E5%99%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国の青銅器">中国の青銅器</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E7%A5%9E%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="封神演義">封神演義</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%87%8C%E5%B2%A1%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="二里岡文化">二里岡文化</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%A4%E9%BE%8D%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%BA%E8%B7%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="盤龍城遺跡">盤龍城遺跡</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%91%89%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="呉城文化">呉城文化</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7%E5%A2%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="殷墟">殷墟</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%82%AE%E7%83%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="炮烙">炮烙</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/093%E5%9E%8B%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E6%BD%9C%E6%B0%B4%E8%89%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="093型原子力潜水艦">093型原子力潜水艦</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="外部リンク"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E3.83.AA.E3.83.B3.E3.82.AF"></span>外部リンク</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 外部リンク" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r94202605">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox noprint" style="width:22em;"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="font-size:100%;"> ウィキメディア・コモンズには、<b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Shang_Dynasty?uselang%3Dja">殷</a></span></b>に関連するメディアがあります。 </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ha.xinhuanet.com/fuwu/kaogu/ysfg.htm">殷墟出土文物</a></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> 「<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%E6%AE%B7%26oldid%3D103578528">https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=殷&oldid=103578528</a>」から取得 </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%B7&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Kkddkkdd" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1738422485"> <span>最終更新: 2025年2月1日 (土) 15:08</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>言語</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang-Dynastie" title="スイスドイツ語: Shang-Dynastie" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Shang-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="スイスドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%2583%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25BA" title="アラビア語: مملكة شانغ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة شانغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="アラビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2582_%25E0%25A7%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B6" title="アッサム語: শ্বাং ৰাজবংশ" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শ্বাং ৰাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="アッサム語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%25C3%25ADa_Shang" title="アストゥリアス語: Dinastía Shang" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Shang" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="アストゥリアス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%259Ean_s%25C3%25BClal%25C9%2599si" title="アゼルバイジャン語: Şan sülaləsi" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şan sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="アゼルバイジャン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25E2%2580%258C%25D9%2584%25D9%2587%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C" title="South Azerbaijani: شان سولا‌له‌سی" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شان سولا‌له‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_(%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F)" title="バシキール語: Шан (династия)" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шан (династия)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="バシキール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Shang" title="ビコール語: Dinastiyang Shang" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dinastiyang Shang" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="ビコール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_(%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D1%258F)" title="ベラルーシ語: Шан (дынастыя)" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шан (дынастыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ベラルーシ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="ブルガリア語: Шан" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ブルガリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2582_%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF" title="ベンガル語: শাং সাম্রাজ্য" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শাং সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ベンガル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierniezh_Shang" title="ブルトン語: Tierniezh Shang" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tierniezh Shang" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ブルトン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Shang" title="ボスニア語: Dinastija Shang" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dinastija Shang" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ボスニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Shang" title="カタロニア語: Dinastia Shang" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Shang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="カタロニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%25C5%258Fng-di%25C3%25A8u" title="閩東語: Siŏng-dièu" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Siŏng-dièu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="閩東語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Shang" title="セブアノ語: Dinastiyang Shang" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dinastiyang Shang" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="セブアノ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25DB%2586%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DB%2595%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF" title="中央クルド語: ئیمپراتۆریەتیی شانگ" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی شانگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中央クルド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25A0ang" title="チェコ語: Šang" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šang" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="チェコ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenhinllin_Shang" title="ウェールズ語: Brenhinllin Shang" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brenhinllin Shang" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ウェールズ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang-dynastiet" title="デンマーク語: Shang-dynastiet" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shang-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="デンマーク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang-Dynastie" title="ドイツ語: Shang-Dynastie" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shang-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2594%25CF%2585%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B1%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25B5%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1_%25CE%25A3%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B3%25CE%25BA" title="ギリシャ語: Δυναστεία Σανγκ" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυναστεία Σανγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ギリシャ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="英語: Shang dynasty" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Shang dynasty" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Shang" title="エスペラント語: Dinastio Shang" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinastio Shang" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="エスペラント語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%25C3%25ADa_Shang" title="スペイン語: Dinastía Shang" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Shang" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="スペイン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangi_d%25C3%25BCnastia" title="エストニア語: Shangi dünastia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Shangi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="エストニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dinastia" title="バスク語: Shang dinastia" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shang dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="バスク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF" title="ペルシア語: دودمان شانگ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان شانگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ペルシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang-dynastia" title="フィンランド語: Shang-dynastia" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shang-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="フィンランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="良質な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Shang" title="フランス語: Dynastie Shang" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Shang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="フランス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang-dynasty" title="西フリジア語: Shang-dynasty" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Shang-dynasty" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西フリジア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2595%2586" title="贛語: 商" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="商" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%25C3%25ADa_Shang" title="ガリシア語: Dinastía Shang" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía Shang" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ガリシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25B4ng-chh%25C3%25A8u" title="客家語: Sông-chhèu" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sông-chhèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A9%25D7%2595%25D7%25A9%25D7%259C%25D7%25AA_%25D7%25A9%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2592" title="ヘブライ語: שושלת שאנג" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת שאנג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ヘブライ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%2597_%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B6" title="ヒンディー語: शांग राजवंश" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शांग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ヒンディー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Shang" title="クロアチア語: Dinastija Shang" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Shang" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="クロアチア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="秀逸な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang-dinasztia" title="ハンガリー語: Sang-dinasztia" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sang-dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ハンガリー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Shang" title="インドネシア語: Dinasti Shang" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Shang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="インドネシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Shang" title="イタリア語: Dinastia Shang" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Shang" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="イタリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Shang" title="ジャワ語: Wangsa Shang" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wangsa Shang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ジャワ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A8%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1_%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="ジョージア語: შანგის დინასტია" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შანგის დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ジョージア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%2587%25E1%259E%259C%25E1%259E%2584%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%2584" title="クメール語: រាជវង្សសាង" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជវង្សសាង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="クメール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2583%2581%25EB%2582%2598%25EB%259D%25BC" title="韓国語: 상나라" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓国語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanedana_Shang" title="クルド語: Xanedana Shang" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xanedana Shang" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="クルド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25BD_(%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%2585%25D1%258B%25D0%25B9_%25D3%25A9%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BA%25D3%25A9)" title="キルギス語: Ин (тарыхый өлкө)" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ин (тарыхый өлкө)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="キルギス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Shang" title="リングア・フランカ・ノバ: Dinastia Shang" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dinastia Shang" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="リングア・フランカ・ノバ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25A0ang%25C5%25B3_dinastija" title="リトアニア語: Šangų dinastija" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šangų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="リトアニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25A0anu_dinastija" title="ラトビア語: Šanu dinastija" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šanu dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ラトビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2599_%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B6" title="マイティリー語: शाङ राजवंश" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="शाङ राजवंश" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="マイティリー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B7%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%2599%25E0%25B5%258D_%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%2582%25E0%25B4%25B6%25E0%25B4%2582" title="マラヤーラム語: ഷാങ് രാജവംശം" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷാങ് രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="マラヤーラム語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581" title="モンゴル語: Шан улс" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шан улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="モンゴル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Shang" title="マレー語: Dinasti Shang" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Shang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="マレー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25BE%25E1%2580%25B6%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2586%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%25BA" title="ミャンマー語: ရှံမင်းဆက်" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှံမင်းဆက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ミャンマー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2599_%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B6" title="ネパール語: साङ वंश" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="साङ वंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="ネパール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2599%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2597_%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B6" title="ネワール語: शाङ्ग राजवंश" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शाङ्ग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="ネワール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang-dynastie" title="オランダ語: Shang-dynastie" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shang-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="オランダ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang" title="ノルウェー語(ニーノシュク): Shang" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Shang" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ノルウェー語(ニーノシュク)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="良質な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang-dynastiet" title="ノルウェー語(ブークモール): Shang-dynastiet" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shang-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ノルウェー語(ブークモール)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Shang" title="オック語: Dinastia Shang" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dinastia Shang" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="オック語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25BC%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%2582%25E0%25A8%2597_%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%259C%25E0%25A8%25B5%25E0%25A9%25B0%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25BC" title="パンジャブ語: ਸ਼ਾਂਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਾਂਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="パンジャブ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Shang" title="ポーランド語: Dynastia Shang" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Shang" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ポーランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Shang" title="ポルトガル語: Dinastia Shang" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Shang" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ポルトガル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Shang" title="ルーマニア語: Dinastia Shang" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Shang" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ルーマニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_(%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F)" title="ロシア語: Шан (династия)" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шан (династия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ロシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Shang" title="セルボ・クロアチア語: Dinastija Shang" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Shang" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="セルボ・クロアチア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B7%2582%25E0%25B7%2591%25E0%25B6%2582_%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25A2%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B6%2582%25E0%25B7%2581%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="シンハラ語: ෂෑං රාජවංශය" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ෂෑං රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="シンハラ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="シンプル英語: Shang dynasty" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shang dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="シンプル英語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25A0ang_(dynastia)" title="スロバキア語: Šang (dynastia)" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šang (dynastia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="スロバキア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_%25C5%25A0ang" title="スロベニア語: Dinastija Šang" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dinastija Šang" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="スロベニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Shang" title="アルバニア語: Dinastia Shang" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dinastia Shang" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="アルバニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3" title="セルビア語: Династија Шанг" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Династија Шанг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="セルビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="秀逸な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangdynastin" title="スウェーデン語: Shangdynastin" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shangdynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="スウェーデン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasaba_ya_Shang" title="スワヒリ語: Nasaba ya Shang" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nasaba ya Shang" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="スワヒリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%2599%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%2585%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581" title="タミル語: சாங் அரசமரபு" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாங் அரசமரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="タミル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2587" title="タイ語: ราชวงศ์ชาง" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์ชาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="タイ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Shang" title="タガログ語: Dinastiyang Shang" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dinastiyang Shang" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="タガログ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_Hanedan%25C4%25B1" title="トルコ語: Shang Hanedanı" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Shang Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="トルコ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25DA%25AD_%25D8%25B3%25DB%2587%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2589%25D8%25B3%25D9%2589" title="ウイグル語: شاڭ سۇلالىسى" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شاڭ سۇلالىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ウイグル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%2596%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="ウクライナ語: Династія Шан" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Шан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ウクライナ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF_%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25DB%2581%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25DB%2581" title="ウルドゥー語: شانگ شاہی سلسلہ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شانگ شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ウルドゥー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_(tarixiy_davlat)" title="ウズベク語: In (tarixiy davlat)" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="In (tarixiy davlat)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ウズベク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%25C3%25A0_Th%25C6%25B0%25C6%25A1ng" title="ベトナム語: Nhà Thương" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà Thương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ベトナム語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiya_Shang" title="ワライ語: Dinastiya Shang" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dinastiya Shang" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ワライ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2595%2586%25E6%259C%259D" title="呉語: 商朝" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="商朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="呉語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siengciuz" title="チワン語: Siengciuz" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Siengciuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="チワン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2595%2586%25E6%259C%259D" title="中国語: 商朝" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="商朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中国語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a 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