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All Rights Reserved. * * Licensed under the W3C SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENT NOTICE AND LICENSE. * * https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2015/copyright-software-and-document * */ (function() { 'use strict'; // Exit early if we're not running in a browser. if (typeof window !== 'object') { return; } // Exit early if all IntersectionObserver and IntersectionObserverEntry // features are natively supported. if ('IntersectionObserver' in window && 'IntersectionObserverEntry' in window && 'intersectionRatio' in window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype) { // Minimal polyfill for Edge 15's lack of `isIntersecting` // See: https://github.com/w3c/IntersectionObserver/issues/211 if (!('isIntersecting' in window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype)) { Object.defineProperty(window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype, 'isIntersecting', { get: function () { return this.intersectionRatio > 0; } }); } return; } /** * Returns the embedding frame element, if any. * @param {!Document} doc * @return {!Element} */ function getFrameElement(doc) { try { return doc.defaultView && doc.defaultView.frameElement || null; } catch (e) { // Ignore the error. return null; } } /** * A local reference to the root document. */ var document = (function(startDoc) { var doc = startDoc; var frame = getFrameElement(doc); while (frame) { doc = frame.ownerDocument; frame = getFrameElement(doc); } return doc; })(window.document); /** * An IntersectionObserver registry. This registry exists to hold a strong * reference to IntersectionObserver instances currently observing a target * element. Without this registry, instances without another reference may be * garbage collected. */ var registry = []; /** * The signal updater for cross-origin intersection. When not null, it means * that the polyfill is configured to work in a cross-origin mode. * @type {function(DOMRect|ClientRect, DOMRect|ClientRect)} */ var crossOriginUpdater = null; /** * The current cross-origin intersection. Only used in the cross-origin mode. * @type {DOMRect|ClientRect} */ var crossOriginRect = null; /** * Creates the global IntersectionObserverEntry constructor. * https://w3c.github.io/IntersectionObserver/#intersection-observer-entry * @param {Object} entry A dictionary of instance properties. * @constructor */ function IntersectionObserverEntry(entry) { this.time = entry.time; this.target = entry.target; this.rootBounds = ensureDOMRect(entry.rootBounds); this.boundingClientRect = ensureDOMRect(entry.boundingClientRect); this.intersectionRect = ensureDOMRect(entry.intersectionRect || getEmptyRect()); this.isIntersecting = !!entry.intersectionRect; // Calculates the intersection ratio. var targetRect = this.boundingClientRect; var targetArea = targetRect.width * targetRect.height; var intersectionRect = this.intersectionRect; var intersectionArea = intersectionRect.width * intersectionRect.height; // Sets intersection ratio. if (targetArea) { // Round the intersection ratio to avoid floating point math issues: // https://github.com/w3c/IntersectionObserver/issues/324 this.intersectionRatio = Number((intersectionArea / targetArea).toFixed(4)); } else { // If area is zero and is intersecting, sets to 1, otherwise to 0 this.intersectionRatio = this.isIntersecting ? 1 : 0; } } /** * Creates the global IntersectionObserver constructor. * https://w3c.github.io/IntersectionObserver/#intersection-observer-interface * @param {Function} callback The function to be invoked after intersection * changes have queued. The function is not invoked if the queue has * been emptied by calling the `takeRecords` method. * @param {Object=} opt_options Optional configuration options. * @constructor */ function IntersectionObserver(callback, opt_options) { var options = opt_options || {}; if (typeof callback != 'function') { throw new Error('callback must be a function'); } if ( options.root && options.root.nodeType != 1 && options.root.nodeType != 9 ) { throw new Error('root must be a Document or Element'); } // Binds and throttles `this._checkForIntersections`. this._checkForIntersections = throttle( this._checkForIntersections.bind(this), this.THROTTLE_TIMEOUT); // Private properties. this._callback = callback; this._observationTargets = []; this._queuedEntries = []; this._rootMarginValues = this._parseRootMargin(options.rootMargin); // Public properties. this.thresholds = this._initThresholds(options.threshold); this.root = options.root || null; this.rootMargin = this._rootMarginValues.map(function(margin) { return margin.value + margin.unit; }).join(' '); /** @private @const {!Array<!Document>} */ this._monitoringDocuments = []; /** @private @const {!Array<function()>} */ this._monitoringUnsubscribes = []; } /** * The minimum interval within which the document will be checked for * intersection changes. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.THROTTLE_TIMEOUT = 100; /** * The frequency in which the polyfill polls for intersection changes. * this can be updated on a per instance basis and must be set prior to * calling `observe` on the first target. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.POLL_INTERVAL = null; /** * Use a mutation observer on the root element * to detect intersection changes. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.USE_MUTATION_OBSERVER = true; /** * Sets up the polyfill in the cross-origin mode. The result is the * updater function that accepts two arguments: `boundingClientRect` and * `intersectionRect` - just as these fields would be available to the * parent via `IntersectionObserverEntry`. This function should be called * each time the iframe receives intersection information from the parent * window, e.g. via messaging. * @return {function(DOMRect|ClientRect, DOMRect|ClientRect)} */ IntersectionObserver._setupCrossOriginUpdater = function() { if (!crossOriginUpdater) { /** * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} boundingClientRect * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} intersectionRect */ crossOriginUpdater = function(boundingClientRect, intersectionRect) { if (!boundingClientRect || !intersectionRect) { crossOriginRect = getEmptyRect(); } else { crossOriginRect = convertFromParentRect(boundingClientRect, intersectionRect); } registry.forEach(function(observer) { observer._checkForIntersections(); }); }; } return crossOriginUpdater; }; /** * Resets the cross-origin mode. */ IntersectionObserver._resetCrossOriginUpdater = function() { crossOriginUpdater = null; crossOriginRect = null; }; /** * Starts observing a target element for intersection changes based on * the thresholds values. * @param {Element} target The DOM element to observe. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.observe = function(target) { var isTargetAlreadyObserved = this._observationTargets.some(function(item) { return item.element == target; }); if (isTargetAlreadyObserved) { return; } if (!(target && target.nodeType == 1)) { throw new Error('target must be an Element'); } this._registerInstance(); this._observationTargets.push({element: target, entry: null}); this._monitorIntersections(target.ownerDocument); this._checkForIntersections(); }; /** * Stops observing a target element for intersection changes. * @param {Element} target The DOM element to observe. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.unobserve = function(target) { this._observationTargets = this._observationTargets.filter(function(item) { return item.element != target; }); this._unmonitorIntersections(target.ownerDocument); if (this._observationTargets.length == 0) { this._unregisterInstance(); } }; /** * Stops observing all target elements for intersection changes. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.disconnect = function() { this._observationTargets = []; this._unmonitorAllIntersections(); this._unregisterInstance(); }; /** * Returns any queue entries that have not yet been reported to the * callback and clears the queue. This can be used in conjunction with the * callback to obtain the absolute most up-to-date intersection information. * @return {Array} The currently queued entries. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.takeRecords = function() { var records = this._queuedEntries.slice(); this._queuedEntries = []; return records; }; /** * Accepts the threshold value from the user configuration object and * returns a sorted array of unique threshold values. If a value is not * between 0 and 1 and error is thrown. * @private * @param {Array|number=} opt_threshold An optional threshold value or * a list of threshold values, defaulting to [0]. * @return {Array} A sorted list of unique and valid threshold values. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._initThresholds = function(opt_threshold) { var threshold = opt_threshold || [0]; if (!Array.isArray(threshold)) threshold = [threshold]; return threshold.sort().filter(function(t, i, a) { if (typeof t != 'number' || isNaN(t) || t < 0 || t > 1) { throw new Error('threshold must be a number between 0 and 1 inclusively'); } return t !== a[i - 1]; }); }; /** * Accepts the rootMargin value from the user configuration object * and returns an array of the four margin values as an object containing * the value and unit properties. If any of the values are not properly * formatted or use a unit other than px or %, and error is thrown. * @private * @param {string=} opt_rootMargin An optional rootMargin value, * defaulting to '0px'. * @return {Array<Object>} An array of margin objects with the keys * value and unit. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._parseRootMargin = function(opt_rootMargin) { var marginString = opt_rootMargin || '0px'; var margins = marginString.split(/\s+/).map(function(margin) { var parts = /^(-?\d*\.?\d+)(px|%)$/.exec(margin); if (!parts) { throw new Error('rootMargin must be specified in pixels or percent'); } return {value: parseFloat(parts[1]), unit: parts[2]}; }); // Handles shorthand. margins[1] = margins[1] || margins[0]; margins[2] = margins[2] || margins[0]; margins[3] = margins[3] || margins[1]; return margins; }; /** * Starts polling for intersection changes if the polling is not already * happening, and if the page's visibility state is visible. * @param {!Document} doc * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._monitorIntersections = function(doc) { var win = doc.defaultView; if (!win) { // Already destroyed. return; } if (this._monitoringDocuments.indexOf(doc) != -1) { // Already monitoring. return; } // Private state for monitoring. var callback = this._checkForIntersections; var monitoringInterval = null; var domObserver = null; // If a poll interval is set, use polling instead of listening to // resize and scroll events or DOM mutations. if (this.POLL_INTERVAL) { monitoringInterval = win.setInterval(callback, this.POLL_INTERVAL); } else { addEvent(win, 'resize', callback, true); addEvent(doc, 'scroll', callback, true); if (this.USE_MUTATION_OBSERVER && 'MutationObserver' in win) { domObserver = new win.MutationObserver(callback); domObserver.observe(doc, { attributes: true, childList: true, characterData: true, subtree: true }); } } this._monitoringDocuments.push(doc); this._monitoringUnsubscribes.push(function() { // Get the window object again. When a friendly iframe is destroyed, it // will be null. var win = doc.defaultView; if (win) { if (monitoringInterval) { win.clearInterval(monitoringInterval); } removeEvent(win, 'resize', callback, true); } removeEvent(doc, 'scroll', callback, true); if (domObserver) { domObserver.disconnect(); } }); // Also monitor the parent. var rootDoc = (this.root && (this.root.ownerDocument || this.root)) || document; if (doc != rootDoc) { var frame = getFrameElement(doc); if (frame) { this._monitorIntersections(frame.ownerDocument); } } }; /** * Stops polling for intersection changes. * @param {!Document} doc * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._unmonitorIntersections = function(doc) { var index = this._monitoringDocuments.indexOf(doc); if (index == -1) { return; } var rootDoc = (this.root && (this.root.ownerDocument || this.root)) || document; // Check if any dependent targets are still remaining. var hasDependentTargets = this._observationTargets.some(function(item) { var itemDoc = item.element.ownerDocument; // Target is in this context. if (itemDoc == doc) { return true; } // Target is nested in this context. while (itemDoc && itemDoc != rootDoc) { var frame = getFrameElement(itemDoc); itemDoc = frame && frame.ownerDocument; if (itemDoc == doc) { return true; } } return false; }); if (hasDependentTargets) { return; } // Unsubscribe. var unsubscribe = this._monitoringUnsubscribes[index]; this._monitoringDocuments.splice(index, 1); this._monitoringUnsubscribes.splice(index, 1); unsubscribe(); // Also unmonitor the parent. if (doc != rootDoc) { var frame = getFrameElement(doc); if (frame) { this._unmonitorIntersections(frame.ownerDocument); } } }; /** * Stops polling for intersection changes. * @param {!Document} doc * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._unmonitorAllIntersections = function() { var unsubscribes = this._monitoringUnsubscribes.slice(0); this._monitoringDocuments.length = 0; this._monitoringUnsubscribes.length = 0; for (var i = 0; i < unsubscribes.length; i++) { unsubscribes[i](); } }; /** * Scans each observation target for intersection changes and adds them * to the internal entries queue. If new entries are found, it * schedules the callback to be invoked. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._checkForIntersections = function() { if (!this.root && crossOriginUpdater && !crossOriginRect) { // Cross origin monitoring, but no initial data available yet. return; } var rootIsInDom = this._rootIsInDom(); var rootRect = rootIsInDom ? this._getRootRect() : getEmptyRect(); this._observationTargets.forEach(function(item) { var target = item.element; var targetRect = getBoundingClientRect(target); var rootContainsTarget = this._rootContainsTarget(target); var oldEntry = item.entry; var intersectionRect = rootIsInDom && rootContainsTarget && this._computeTargetAndRootIntersection(target, targetRect, rootRect); var rootBounds = null; if (!this._rootContainsTarget(target)) { rootBounds = getEmptyRect(); } else if (!crossOriginUpdater || this.root) { rootBounds = rootRect; } var newEntry = item.entry = new IntersectionObserverEntry({ time: now(), target: target, boundingClientRect: targetRect, rootBounds: rootBounds, intersectionRect: intersectionRect }); if (!oldEntry) { this._queuedEntries.push(newEntry); } else if (rootIsInDom && rootContainsTarget) { // If the new entry intersection ratio has crossed any of the // thresholds, add a new entry. if (this._hasCrossedThreshold(oldEntry, newEntry)) { this._queuedEntries.push(newEntry); } } else { // If the root is not in the DOM or target is not contained within // root but the previous entry for this target had an intersection, // add a new record indicating removal. if (oldEntry && oldEntry.isIntersecting) { this._queuedEntries.push(newEntry); } } }, this); if (this._queuedEntries.length) { this._callback(this.takeRecords(), this); } }; /** * Accepts a target and root rect computes the intersection between then * following the algorithm in the spec. * TODO(philipwalton): at this time clip-path is not considered. * https://w3c.github.io/IntersectionObserver/#calculate-intersection-rect-algo * @param {Element} target The target DOM element * @param {Object} targetRect The bounding rect of the target. * @param {Object} rootRect The bounding rect of the root after being * expanded by the rootMargin value. * @return {?Object} The final intersection rect object or undefined if no * intersection is found. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._computeTargetAndRootIntersection = function(target, targetRect, rootRect) { // If the element isn't displayed, an intersection can't happen. if (window.getComputedStyle(target).display == 'none') return; var intersectionRect = targetRect; var parent = getParentNode(target); var atRoot = false; while (!atRoot && parent) { var parentRect = null; var parentComputedStyle = parent.nodeType == 1 ? window.getComputedStyle(parent) : {}; // If the parent isn't displayed, an intersection can't happen. if (parentComputedStyle.display == 'none') return null; if (parent == this.root || parent.nodeType == /* DOCUMENT */ 9) { atRoot = true; if (parent == this.root || parent == document) { if (crossOriginUpdater && !this.root) { if (!crossOriginRect || crossOriginRect.width == 0 && crossOriginRect.height == 0) { // A 0-size cross-origin intersection means no-intersection. parent = null; parentRect = null; intersectionRect = null; } else { parentRect = crossOriginRect; } } else { parentRect = rootRect; } } else { // Check if there's a frame that can be navigated to. var frame = getParentNode(parent); var frameRect = frame && getBoundingClientRect(frame); var frameIntersect = frame && this._computeTargetAndRootIntersection(frame, frameRect, rootRect); if (frameRect && frameIntersect) { parent = frame; parentRect = convertFromParentRect(frameRect, frameIntersect); } else { parent = null; intersectionRect = null; } } } else { // If the element has a non-visible overflow, and it's not the <body> // or <html> element, update the intersection rect. // Note: <body> and <html> cannot be clipped to a rect that's not also // the document rect, so no need to compute a new intersection. var doc = parent.ownerDocument; if (parent != doc.body && parent != doc.documentElement && parentComputedStyle.overflow != 'visible') { parentRect = getBoundingClientRect(parent); } } // If either of the above conditionals set a new parentRect, // calculate new intersection data. if (parentRect) { intersectionRect = computeRectIntersection(parentRect, intersectionRect); } if (!intersectionRect) break; parent = parent && getParentNode(parent); } return intersectionRect; }; /** * Returns the root rect after being expanded by the rootMargin value. * @return {ClientRect} The expanded root rect. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._getRootRect = function() { var rootRect; if (this.root && !isDoc(this.root)) { rootRect = getBoundingClientRect(this.root); } else { // Use <html>/<body> instead of window since scroll bars affect size. var doc = isDoc(this.root) ? this.root : document; var html = doc.documentElement; var body = doc.body; rootRect = { top: 0, left: 0, right: html.clientWidth || body.clientWidth, width: html.clientWidth || body.clientWidth, bottom: html.clientHeight || body.clientHeight, height: html.clientHeight || body.clientHeight }; } return this._expandRectByRootMargin(rootRect); }; /** * Accepts a rect and expands it by the rootMargin value. * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} rect The rect object to expand. * @return {ClientRect} The expanded rect. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._expandRectByRootMargin = function(rect) { var margins = this._rootMarginValues.map(function(margin, i) { return margin.unit == 'px' ? margin.value : margin.value * (i % 2 ? rect.width : rect.height) / 100; }); var newRect = { top: rect.top - margins[0], right: rect.right + margins[1], bottom: rect.bottom + margins[2], left: rect.left - margins[3] }; newRect.width = newRect.right - newRect.left; newRect.height = newRect.bottom - newRect.top; return newRect; }; /** * Accepts an old and new entry and returns true if at least one of the * threshold values has been crossed. * @param {?IntersectionObserverEntry} oldEntry The previous entry for a * particular target element or null if no previous entry exists. * @param {IntersectionObserverEntry} newEntry The current entry for a * particular target element. * @return {boolean} Returns true if a any threshold has been crossed. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._hasCrossedThreshold = function(oldEntry, newEntry) { // To make comparing easier, an entry that has a ratio of 0 // but does not actually intersect is given a value of -1 var oldRatio = oldEntry && oldEntry.isIntersecting ? oldEntry.intersectionRatio || 0 : -1; var newRatio = newEntry.isIntersecting ? newEntry.intersectionRatio || 0 : -1; // Ignore unchanged ratios if (oldRatio === newRatio) return; for (var i = 0; i < this.thresholds.length; i++) { var threshold = this.thresholds[i]; // Return true if an entry matches a threshold or if the new ratio // and the old ratio are on the opposite sides of a threshold. if (threshold == oldRatio || threshold == newRatio || threshold < oldRatio !== threshold < newRatio) { return true; } } }; /** * Returns whether or not the root element is an element and is in the DOM. * @return {boolean} True if the root element is an element and is in the DOM. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._rootIsInDom = function() { return !this.root || containsDeep(document, this.root); }; /** * Returns whether or not the target element is a child of root. * @param {Element} target The target element to check. * @return {boolean} True if the target element is a child of root. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._rootContainsTarget = function(target) { var rootDoc = (this.root && (this.root.ownerDocument || this.root)) || document; return ( containsDeep(rootDoc, target) && (!this.root || rootDoc == target.ownerDocument) ); }; /** * Adds the instance to the global IntersectionObserver registry if it isn't * already present. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._registerInstance = function() { if (registry.indexOf(this) < 0) { registry.push(this); } }; /** * Removes the instance from the global IntersectionObserver registry. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._unregisterInstance = function() { var index = registry.indexOf(this); if (index != -1) registry.splice(index, 1); }; /** * Returns the result of the performance.now() method or null in browsers * that don't support the API. * @return {number} The elapsed time since the page was requested. */ function now() { return window.performance && performance.now && performance.now(); } /** * Throttles a function and delays its execution, so it's only called at most * once within a given time period. * @param {Function} fn The function to throttle. * @param {number} timeout The amount of time that must pass before the * function can be called again. * @return {Function} The throttled function. */ function throttle(fn, timeout) { var timer = null; return function () { if (!timer) { timer = setTimeout(function() { fn(); timer = null; }, timeout); } }; } /** * Adds an event handler to a DOM node ensuring cross-browser compatibility. * @param {Node} node The DOM node to add the event handler to. * @param {string} event The event name. * @param {Function} fn The event handler to add. * @param {boolean} opt_useCapture Optionally adds the even to the capture * phase. Note: this only works in modern browsers. */ function addEvent(node, event, fn, opt_useCapture) { if (typeof node.addEventListener == 'function') { node.addEventListener(event, fn, opt_useCapture || false); } else if (typeof node.attachEvent == 'function') { node.attachEvent('on' + event, fn); } } /** * Removes a previously added event handler from a DOM node. * @param {Node} node The DOM node to remove the event handler from. * @param {string} event The event name. * @param {Function} fn The event handler to remove. * @param {boolean} opt_useCapture If the event handler was added with this * flag set to true, it should be set to true here in order to remove it. */ function removeEvent(node, event, fn, opt_useCapture) { if (typeof node.removeEventListener == 'function') { node.removeEventListener(event, fn, opt_useCapture || false); } else if (typeof node.detatchEvent == 'function') { node.detatchEvent('on' + event, fn); } } /** * Returns the intersection between two rect objects. * @param {Object} rect1 The first rect. * @param {Object} rect2 The second rect. * @return {?Object|?ClientRect} The intersection rect or undefined if no * intersection is found. */ function computeRectIntersection(rect1, rect2) { var top = Math.max(rect1.top, rect2.top); var bottom = Math.min(rect1.bottom, rect2.bottom); var left = Math.max(rect1.left, rect2.left); var right = Math.min(rect1.right, rect2.right); var width = right - left; var height = bottom - top; return (width >= 0 && height >= 0) && { top: top, bottom: bottom, left: left, right: right, width: width, height: height } || null; } /** * Shims the native getBoundingClientRect for compatibility with older IE. * @param {Element} el The element whose bounding rect to get. * @return {DOMRect|ClientRect} The (possibly shimmed) rect of the element. */ function getBoundingClientRect(el) { var rect; try { rect = el.getBoundingClientRect(); } catch (err) { // Ignore Windows 7 IE11 "Unspecified error" // https://github.com/w3c/IntersectionObserver/pull/205 } if (!rect) return getEmptyRect(); // Older IE if (!(rect.width && rect.height)) { rect = { top: rect.top, right: rect.right, bottom: rect.bottom, left: rect.left, width: rect.right - rect.left, height: rect.bottom - rect.top }; } return rect; } /** * Returns an empty rect object. An empty rect is returned when an element * is not in the DOM. * @return {ClientRect} The empty rect. */ function getEmptyRect() { return { top: 0, bottom: 0, left: 0, right: 0, width: 0, height: 0 }; } /** * Ensure that the result has all of the necessary fields of the DOMRect. * Specifically this ensures that `x` and `y` fields are set. * * @param {?DOMRect|?ClientRect} rect * @return {?DOMRect} */ function ensureDOMRect(rect) { // A `DOMRect` object has `x` and `y` fields. if (!rect || 'x' in rect) { return rect; } // A IE's `ClientRect` type does not have `x` and `y`. The same is the case // for internally calculated Rect objects. For the purposes of // `IntersectionObserver`, it's sufficient to simply mirror `left` and `top` // for these fields. return { top: rect.top, y: rect.top, bottom: rect.bottom, left: rect.left, x: rect.left, right: rect.right, width: rect.width, height: rect.height }; } /** * Inverts the intersection and bounding rect from the parent (frame) BCR to * the local BCR space. * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} parentBoundingRect The parent's bound client rect. * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} parentIntersectionRect The parent's own intersection rect. * @return {ClientRect} The local root bounding rect for the parent's children. */ function convertFromParentRect(parentBoundingRect, parentIntersectionRect) { var top = parentIntersectionRect.top - parentBoundingRect.top; var left = parentIntersectionRect.left - parentBoundingRect.left; return { top: top, left: left, height: parentIntersectionRect.height, width: parentIntersectionRect.width, bottom: top + parentIntersectionRect.height, right: left + parentIntersectionRect.width }; } /** * Checks to see if a parent element contains a child element (including inside * shadow DOM). * @param {Node} parent The parent element. * @param {Node} child The child element. * @return {boolean} True if the parent node contains the child node. */ function containsDeep(parent, child) { var node = child; while (node) { if (node == parent) return true; node = getParentNode(node); } return false; } /** * Gets the parent node of an element or its host element if the parent node * is a shadow root. * @param {Node} node The node whose parent to get. * @return {Node|null} The parent node or null if no parent exists. */ function getParentNode(node) { var parent = node.parentNode; if (node.nodeType == /* DOCUMENT */ 9 && node != document) { // If this node is a document node, look for the embedding frame. return getFrameElement(node); } // If the parent has element that is assigned through shadow root slot if (parent && parent.assignedSlot) { parent = parent.assignedSlot.parentNode } if (parent && parent.nodeType == 11 && parent.host) { // If the parent is a shadow root, return the host element. return parent.host; } return parent; } /** * Returns true if `node` is a Document. * @param {!Node} node * @returns {boolean} */ function isDoc(node) { return node && node.nodeType === 9; } // Exposes the constructors globally. window.IntersectionObserver = IntersectionObserver; window.IntersectionObserverEntry = IntersectionObserverEntry; }()); window.performance.mark('apstagLoadEnd'); window.performance.measure('apstagLoad', 'apstagLoadStart', 'apstagLoadEnd'); var timing = window.performance.getEntriesByName('apstagLoad')[0].duration; window.dataLayer.push({ event: 'apstagLoad', page: page, timing: timing }); /**----------------- Initialize apstag (A9) -----------------*/ function apstagInitAndFetch() { apstag.init({ pubID: "3067", adServer: "googletag", bidTimeout: 1000 }); window.dataLayer.push({ event: "initialA9RequestInitiated", timing: generateFormattedTime(), sessionId: sessionId }); apstag.fetchBids( { slots: apstagSlots, timeout: 1000 // Make sure this timeout is less than or equal to OpenWrap TimeOut }, function(bids) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { apstag.setDisplayBids(); PWT.a9_Bids = bids; PWT.a9_BidsReceived = true; initAdserver(false); }); } ); } /**-------------------------- Mup Fpb integration --------------------------*/ var MAGIC = 0xbeefcafe; function getMupFpbParams(mupFpbSlotConfigs, mupFpbConfig) { var mupParams = {}; mupFpbSlotConfigs.forEach(function(slotConfig) { try { mupParams[slotConfig.placement] = { site: mupFpbConfig.site, geo: mupFpbConfig.adlerGeo || "", platform: mupFpbConfig.detectedDevice, sizes: slotConfig.sizes, position: slotConfig.targeting.pos }; } catch (error) { console.log("Error forming mup params:", error.message); return false; } return true; }); return mupParams; } function getAdlerKey(size) { var keyMap = { "970x250": "adler_a", "300x600": "adler_a", "320x100": "adler_a", "970x90": "adler_b", "728x90": "adler", "300x250": "adler", "320x50": "adler", "160x600": "adler" }; return keyMap[size]; } function parseMupResponse(mupFpbAjaxCall) { try { window.adlerData.mup.values = JSON.parse(mupFpbAjaxCall.responseText); initAdserver(false); } catch (err) { console.log("Error parsing mupResponse: ".concat(err.message)); } } function processMupFpbValues(adUnitsArray) { if (!window.adlerData.mup.values) return false; var mupFpbValues = window.adlerData.mup.values; adUnitsArray.forEach(function(adUnit) { if (adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtsz) { try { var adlerKey = getAdlerKey(adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtsz); if ( adlerKey === null || !mupFpbValues[adUnit.code] || !mupFpbValues[adUnit.code][adlerKey] ) { return false; } var markup = mupFpbValues[adUnit.code][adlerKey]; var deobfuscatedMarkup = deobMup(markup.adler); var muv = 100 + deobfuscatedMarkup; var centPwtecp = parseInt( adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtecp.replace(".", ""), 10 ); var adjustedPwtecp = (centPwtecp * muv) / 10000; adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtecp = adjustedPwtecp.toFixed(2); adUnit.bidData.kvp.mup = "".concat(deobfuscatedMarkup); } catch (error) { console.log("Error applying mup for:", adUnit.code); return false; } } return true; }); window.adlerData.mup.processed = true; return true; } function callMupFpb(slotConfigs, mupFpbConfig) { var mupFpbReq = new XMLHttpRequest(); mupFpbReq.addEventListener( "load", parseMupResponse.bind(null, mupFpbReq) ); mupFpbReq.open("POST", mupFpbConfig.mupFpbApiEndpoint, true); mupFpbReq.timeout = 1000; mupFpbReq.send( JSON.stringify(getMupFpbParams(slotConfigs, mupFpbConfig)) ); } function reverse(n) { var x = new Uint32Array(1); x[0] = n; x[0] = ((x[0] & 0x0000ffff) << 16) | ((x[0] & 0xffff0000) >>> 16); x[0] = ((x[0] & 0x55555555) << 1) | ((x[0] & 0xaaaaaaaa) >>> 1); x[0] = ((x[0] & 0x33333333) << 2) | ((x[0] & 0xcccccccc) >>> 2); x[0] = ((x[0] & 0x0f0f0f0f) << 4) | ((x[0] & 0xf0f0f0f0) >>> 4); x[0] = ((x[0] & 0x00ff00ff) << 8) | ((x[0] & 0xff00ff00) >>> 8); return x[0]; } function unflip(n) { return reverse(n ^ MAGIC); } function deobMup(encryptedMup) { if (!encryptedMup) { throw new Error( "Missing Mup. Please confirm value is being passed in." ); } var decryptedMup = unflip(parseInt(encryptedMup, 10)); return decryptedMup; } /**-------------- End of Mup Fpb integration --------------*/ /**--------------------- Rtf integration ------------------*/ function setRtfInstrumentationKV(rtfSlotConfigs, status, error) { rtfSlotConfigs.forEach(function(slotConfig) { slotConfig.targeting.adler_status = status; if (error) { slotConfig.targeting.adler_error = error; } }); } function getRtfParams(rtfSlotConfigs, rtfFpbConfig) { var requestParams = {}; var geo = rtfFpbConfig.adlerGeo || ""; if (geo === "") { setRtfInstrumentationKV(rtfSlotConfigs, "nogeo", "nogeo"); } rtfSlotConfigs.forEach(function(slotConfig) { try { requestParams[slotConfig.placement] = { site: rtfFpbConfig.site, geo: geo, platform: rtfFpbConfig.detectedDevice, sizes: slotConfig.sizes, position: slotConfig.targeting.pos }; } catch (error) { console.log("Error forming rtf params:", error.message); return false; } return true; }); return requestParams; } function rtfFallback(rtfSlotConfigs, event) { setRtfInstrumentationKV(rtfSlotConfigs, event.type); } function injectRtfValue(adUnit, rtfSlotConfigs) { var rtfFpbValues = window.adlerData.rtf.values; rtfSlotConfigs.forEach(function(slotConfig) { if (slotConfig.placement !== adUnit.code) return false; if (!rtfFpbValues[slotConfig.placement]) { slotConfig.targeting.adler_status = "nofloor"; } else { slotConfig.targeting.adler = rtfFpbValues[slotConfig.placement].adler; slotConfig.targeting.adler_a = rtfFpbValues[slotConfig.placement].adler_a; slotConfig.targeting.adler_b = rtfFpbValues[slotConfig.placement].adler_b; slotConfig.targeting.adler_status = "ok"; } return true; }); } function parseRtfValues(rtfAjaxCall, rtfSlotConfigs) { try { window.adlerData.rtf.values = JSON.parse(rtfAjaxCall.responseText); initAdserver(false); } catch (err) { setRtfInstrumentationKV(rtfSlotConfigs, "parse", err.message); } } function processRtfFpbValues( pubmaticAdUnitsArray, a9BidsArray, rtfSlotConfigs, shouldSetLoki ) { if (!window.adlerData.rtf.values) return false; var rtfFpbValues = window.adlerData.rtf.values; var a9NoBidValues = ["0", "1", "2"]; for (var i = 0; i < pubmaticAdUnitsArray.length; i += 1) { var adUnit = pubmaticAdUnitsArray[i]; var noA9bidForSlot = false; for (var j = 0; j < a9BidsArray.length; j += 1) { var a9Bid = a9BidsArray[j]; if ( a9Bid.slotID === pubmaticAdUnitsArray[i].code && (!a9Bid.amznbid || a9NoBidValues.indexOf(a9Bid.amznbid) !== -1) ) { noA9bidForSlot = true; break; } } if ( !adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtsz && (noA9bidForSlot || a9BidsArray.length === 0) && shouldSetLoki ) { try { if (!rtfFpbValues[adUnit.code]) { return false; } var rtfValue = rtfFpbValues[adUnit.code].adler_a || rtfFpbValues[adUnit.code].adler; adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtpid = "loki"; adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtecp = rtfValue; adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtbst = "1"; injectRtfValue(adUnit, rtfSlotConfigs); } catch (error) { console.log("Error applying rtf for:", adUnit.code); } } } window.adlerData.rtf.processed = true; return true; } function callRTFFpb(slotConfigs, rtfFpbConfig) { var rtfReq = new XMLHttpRequest(); rtfReq.addEventListener( "load", parseRtfValues.bind(null, rtfReq, slotConfigs) ); rtfReq.addEventListener("timeout", rtfFallback.bind(null, slotConfigs)); rtfReq.addEventListener("error", rtfFallback.bind(null, slotConfigs)); rtfReq.open("POST", rtfFpbConfig.rtfFpbApiEndpoint, true); rtfReq.timeout = 1000; rtfReq.send(JSON.stringify(getRtfParams(slotConfigs, rtfFpbConfig))); } /**------------------ End of Rtf integration ------------------*/ googletag.cmd.push(function() { callMupFpb(allSlotConfigs, mupFpbConfiguration); callRTFFpb(allSlotConfigs, rtfFpbConfig); }); var testAdParam = {}; var mupData = undefined; var updatePageTargeting = function(pageTargeting, testParam) { pageTargeting.spe = 'n'; pageTargeting.kw = ''; pageTargeting.loc = mupFpbConfiguration && mupFpbConfiguration.adlerGeo ? mupFpbConfiguration.adlerGeo : ''; pageTargeting.rpv = Math.floor(Math.random() * 100 + 1).toString(); pageTargeting.evince = 'ad'; pageTargeting.ref = 'organic'; pageTargeting.lang = window.navigator.userLanguage || window.navigator.language; pageTargeting.dow = new Date().getDay().toString(); pageTargeting.pv = typeof SCCookie !== "undefined" ? SCCookie.getPageViewCount() + "" : ""; if (mupData) { pageTargeting.mup = mupData.profileNumber; } window.adlerData.shouldSetLoki = pageTargeting.rpv > bidRpvThreshold; const objs = [pageTargeting, testParam]; const targeting = objs.reduce(function(r, o) { Object.keys(o).forEach(function(key) { r[key] = o[key]; }); return r; }); return targeting; } function refreshAds(event) { var refreshSlotConfigs = event.detail.slotConfigs.concat(event.detail.lazySlotConfigs); var pageTargeting = updatePageTargeting(event.detail.pageTargeting, testAdParam); window.performance.mark('adStackStart'); (function refreshLazySlots(lazySlotConfigs) { window.refreshLazyAds = lazySlotConfigs.map(function(slot) { return { placement: slot.placement, refresh: true }; }); })(event.detail.lazySlotConfigs); // Clear old state window.initAdserverFlag = false; // Delete old config googletag.destroySlots(); callMupFpb(refreshSlotConfigs, mupFpbConfiguration); callRTFFpb(refreshSlotConfigs, rtfFpbConfig); determineConsent(); /**---------- Set page level targeting for DFP ----------*/ (function setPageLevelTargeting(googletag) { /* Both Bidders Set targeting params pertaining to all slots on page. */ googletag = googletag || window.googletag; Object.keys(pageTargeting).forEach(function(pageTarget) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(pageTargeting, pageTarget)) { (function(key, value) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().setTargeting(key, value); }); })(pageTarget, pageTargeting[pageTarget]); } }); })(googletag); /**---------- Set ad slot level targeting for DFP ----------*/ if (typeof event.detail.slotConfigs === "object") { (function setSpecificAdSlotTargeting(googletag, specificSlotConfigs) { var refresh = arguments.length > 2 && arguments[2] !== undefined ? arguments[2] : false; /* FPB 1. Define initial (static) slots for DPT. 2. Add listeners for events relevant to analytics. 3. Set targeting params pertaining to individual slots. */ var adSlotRenderPeriods = {}; googletag = googletag || window.googletag; specificSlotConfigs.forEach(function(slot) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { adSlots.slots[slot.placement] = googletag.defineSlot(slot.code, slot.sizes, slot.placement).addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function(event) { if (event.slot === adSlots.slots[slot.placement]) { adSlotRenderPeriods[slot.placement] = Date.now(); } }); googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotOnload', function(event) { if (event.slot === adSlots.slots[slot.placement]) { window.dataLayer.push({ event: 'gptSlotRenderPeriod', page: page, slotId: slot.placement, code: slot.code, position: slot.targeting.pos, position2: slot.targeting.pos2, time: Date.now() - adSlotRenderPeriods[slot.placement] }); } }); googletag.pubads().addEventListener('impressionViewable', function(event) { if (event.slot === adSlots.slots[slot.placement]) { window.dataLayer.push({ event: 'gptImpressionViewable', page: page, slotId: slot.placement, code: slot.code, position: slot.targeting.pos, position2: slot.targeting.pos2 }); } }); Object.keys(slot.targeting).forEach(function(target) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(slot.targeting, target)) { adSlots.slots[slot.placement].setTargeting(target, slot.targeting[target]); } }); adSlots.slots[slot.placement].setTargeting('adrefresh', refresh ? 'y' : 'n'); }); }); })(googletag, event.detail.slotConfigs, event.detail.isNotPageTransition); } (function pushAdSlots(googletag) { googletag = googletag || window.googletag; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.enableServices(); window.dfpReady = true; }); })(googletag); googletag.display(); PWT.requestBidSlots = googletag.pubads().getSlots(); if (typeof PWT.requestBids === 'function') { const config = PWT.generateConfForGPT(PWT.requestBidSlots); PWT.requestBids( config, function(adUnitsArray) { PWT.ow_Bids = adUnitsArray; PWT.ow_BidsReceived = true; initAdserver(false); } ); } apstag.fetchBids({ slots: apstagSlots, timeout: 1000 // Make sure this timeout is less than or equal to OpenWrap TimeOut }, function(bids) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { apstag.setDisplayBids(); PWT.a9_Bids = bids; PWT.a9_BidsReceived = true; initAdserver(false); }); }); } function requestLazyAd(event) { var results = {}; var lazyInitAdserver = function(slot) { if (results.a9_BidsReceived && results.ow_BidsReceived && window.adlerData.mup.values && window.adlerData.rtf.values) { if (!results.ow_Bids) { var owBackup = []; for (var i = 0; i < slotConfigs.length; i++) { owBackup.push({ adUnitIndex: '' + i, adUnitId: slotConfigs[i].code, bidData: { kvp: {} }, code: slotConfigs[i].placement, divId: slotConfigs[i].placement, }); } results.ow_Bids = owBackup; } if (!results.a9_Bids) { results.a9_Bids = []; } processMupFpbValues(results.ow_Bids); processRtfFpbValues(results.ow_Bids, results.a9_Bids, allSlotConfigs, window.adlerData.shouldSetLoki); PWT.addKeyValuePairsToGPTSlots(results.ow_Bids); googletag.display(slotConfig.placement); googletag.pubads().refresh([slot]); } } var slotConfig = lazySlotConfigs.find( (function(config) { return config.placement === event.detail; }) ); if (slotConfig && googletag) { var apstagSlot = (function formatApstagSlot(slot) { var slots = [{ slotID: slot.placement, sizes: 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etymology","wordcount":"5793","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Lexico.com","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413135907/https://www.lexico.com/lexico-logo.svg"}},"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413135907/https://lexico.com","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413135907/https://lexico.com/explore"},"datePublished":"2019-03-26","dateCreated":"2019-03-26","dateModified":"2019-12-16","description":"Many words that were once common in English fall out of use or change their meanings, but that doesn’t mean you won’t come across them…","articleBody":"\u003cp\u003eThese words are no longer in everyday use or have lost a particular meaning in current usage but are sometimes used to impart an old-fashioned flavour to historical novels, for example, or in standard conversation or writing just for a humorous effect. Some, such as \u003cem\u003ebedlam\u003c/em\u003e, reveal the origin of their current meaning, while others reveal the origin of a different modern word, as with \u003cem\u003egentle\u003c/em\u003e, the sense of which is preserved in \u003cem\u003egentleman\u003c/em\u003e. Some, such as \u003cem\u003elearn\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003elet\u003c/em\u003e, now mean the opposite of their former use.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eabroad\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eout of doors\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eaccouchement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ebirthing\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eadvertisement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea notice to readers in a book\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eafeard\u003c/strong\u003e/\u003cstrong\u003eafeared\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003efrightened\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eaffright\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003efrighten (someone)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eague\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003emalaria or a similar illness\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ealiment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003efood; nourishment\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eambuscade\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ean ambush\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eanimalcule\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea microscopic animal\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eapothecary\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea person who prepared and sold medicine\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eappetency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea longing or desire\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eassay\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eattempt\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003easunder\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eapart\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eaudition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ethe power of hearing\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eaught\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eanything at all\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eavaunt\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ego away\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebane\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003epoison\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebaseborn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eof low birth or social standing\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebedlam\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ean asylum\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebehold\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003esee or observe\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebehoof\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ebenefit or advantage\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebeldam\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ean old woman\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebethink oneself of\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eremember; recollect\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebetimes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ein good time; early\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebibliopole\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea dealer in books\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebijoux\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ejewellery; trinkets\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebillow\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea large sea wave\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eblackguard\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea scoundrel\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eblow\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eproduce flowers or be in flower\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebodkin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea dagger\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebootless\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e(of a task) ineffectual; useless\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebreech\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea person's buttocks\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebridewell\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea prison or reform school for petty offenders\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebrimstone\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003esulphur\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebruit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea report or rumour\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebuck\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea fashionable and daring young man\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebumper\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea generous glass of an alcoholic drink\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eburgess\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea full citizen of a town or borough\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebuss\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea kiss\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecaboose\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea kitchen on a ship's deck\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecadet\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea younger son or daughter\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecaducity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ethe infirmity of old age; senility\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecamelopard\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea giraffe\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecannonade\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ebombard\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecarl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea man of low birth\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eceil\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eline or plaster the roof of (a building)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003echampaign\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eopen level countryside\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003echapman\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea peddler\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003echicane\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003edeceive; hoodwink\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecircumjacent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003esurrounding\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecicisbeo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea married woman's male companion or lover\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecispontine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eon the north side of the Thames in London\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecleanse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003erestore to health\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclerk\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea literate or scholarly person\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclew\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea ball of thread\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclout\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea piece of cloth or clothing\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecollogue\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003etalk confidentially\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecommend\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eentrust someone or something to\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecommons\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eprovisions shared in common; rations\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecommunicant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea person who imparts information\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecompass\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eencircle or surround\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecompeer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea companion or close associate\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003econ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003estudy attentively or learn by heart (a piece of writing)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003econdition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003esocial position\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003econjure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eimplore (someone) to do something\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003econtemn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003etreat or regard with contempt\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003econtumely\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003einsolent or insulting language or treatment\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecordwainer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea shoemaker\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecorrupt\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003erotten or putrid\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecorse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea corpse\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecottier\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea rural labourer living in a cottage\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecoxcomb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea vain and conceited man; a dandy\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecoz\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ecousin\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecrinkum-crankum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eelaborate decoration or detail\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecrookback\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea person with a hunchback\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecrumpet\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea person's head\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecruse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ean earthenware pot or jar\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecully\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea friendly form of address for a man\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecutpurse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea pickpocket\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edame\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ean elderly or mature woman\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edamsel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea young unmarried woman\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edandiprat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea young or insignificant person\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edarbies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ehandcuffs\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edark\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eignorant\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edegrade\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ereduce to a lower rank, especially as a punishment\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edegree\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003esocial or official rank\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edelate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ereport (an offence)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edemesne\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea region or domain\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edemit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eresign from (an office or position)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edemoralize\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ecorrupt the morals of\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edight\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eclothed or equipped\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ediscover\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003edivulge (a secret)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edisport\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003efrolic\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edispraise\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ecensure or criticize\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edivers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eof varying types; several\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edoit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea very small amount of money\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edot\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea dowry from which only the interest or annual income was available to the husband\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edoxy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea lover or mistress\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edrab\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea slovenly woman\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edrought\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ethirst\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eegad\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eexclamation of surprise, anger, or affirmation\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eembarrass\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ehamper or impede\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eembouchure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ethe mouth of a river\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eequipage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003egear; equipment\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eere\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ebefore (in time)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eespousal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea marriage or engagement\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eestate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea particular state, period, or condition in life\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eesurient\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ehungry\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eexpectations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eone's prospects of inheritance\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eexpiry\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003edeath\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003epleased or willing under the circumstances\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efainéant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ean idle or ineffective person\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efair\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ebeautiful\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efandangle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea useless or purely ornamental thing\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efane\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea shrine or temple\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efare\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003etravel\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efell\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ean animal skin; a pelt\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efeminal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003efeminine; womanly\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efervent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ehot or glowing\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efie\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eexclamation used to express disgust or outrage\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efilibeg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea kilt\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efishwife\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea woman who sells fish\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efizgig\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea silly or flirtatious young woman\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eflux\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ediarrhoea or dysentery\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eforfend\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eavert or prevent (something evil or unpleasant)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eforsooth\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eindeed\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efourscore\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eeighty\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efreak\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea whim\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efrore\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003efrozen or 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addition\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ewithout\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eoutside\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ewondrous\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ewonderfully\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ewont\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eaccustomed\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ewonted\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eusual\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ewool-stapler\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea dealer in wool\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ewright\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ea maker or builder\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eyclept\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eby the name of\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eye\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eyou\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eyea\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eyes\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eyoke\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ethe amount of land that one pair of oxen could plough in a day\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eyonder\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eover there\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ezounds\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003ean expression of surprise or indignation\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e"} //]]> </script><div id="content"><div class="lex-container"><div class="banbox mobile_banner"><div class="container content-ban"><div class="banner adUnit"><div id="lexi_serp_dkt_atf_728x90_10"></div><div id="lexi_serp_mweb_atf_320x50_1"></div></div></div></div><div class="main-content"><div class="container layout"><div class="lex-content"><div class="lex-filling"><div><div class="breadcrumbs layout"><p><a href="/web/20210413135907/https://www.lexico.com/" data-behaviour="ga-event-breadcrumb" data-value="Homepage anchor">Home</a><span class="chevron"></span> <a data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="secondary breadcrumb" href="/web/20210413135907/https://www.lexico.com/explore">Explore 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Some, such as <em>bedlam</em>, reveal the origin of their current meaning, while others reveal the origin of a different modern word, as with <em>gentle</em>, the sense of which is preserved in <em>gentleman</em>. Some, such as <em>learn</em> and <em>let</em>, now mean the opposite of their former use.</p><p><br></p><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>abroad</strong></td><td>out of doors</td></tr><tr><td><strong>accouchement</strong></td><td>birthing</td></tr><tr><td><strong>advertisement</strong></td><td>a notice to readers in a book</td></tr><tr><td><strong>afeard</strong>/<strong>afeared</strong></td><td>frightened</td></tr><tr><td><strong>affright</strong></td><td>frighten (someone)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>ague</strong></td><td>malaria or a similar illness</td></tr><tr><td><strong>aliment</strong></td><td>food; nourishment</td></tr><tr><td><strong>ambuscade</strong></td><td>an ambush</td></tr><tr><td><strong>animalcule</strong></td><td>a microscopic animal</td></tr><tr><td><strong>apothecary</strong></td><td>a person who prepared and sold medicine</td></tr><tr><td><strong>appetency</strong></td><td>a longing or desire</td></tr><tr><td><strong>assay</strong></td><td>attempt</td></tr><tr><td><strong>asunder</strong></td><td>apart</td></tr><tr><td><strong>audition</strong></td><td>the power of hearing</td></tr><tr><td><strong>aught</strong></td><td>anything at all</td></tr><tr><td><strong>avaunt</strong></td><td>go away</td></tr><tr><td><strong>bane</strong></td><td>poison</td></tr><tr><td><strong>baseborn</strong></td><td>of low birth or social standing</td></tr><tr><td><strong>bedlam</strong></td><td>an asylum</td></tr><tr><td><strong>behold</strong></td><td>see or observe</td></tr><tr><td><strong>behoof</strong></td><td>benefit or advantage</td></tr><tr><td><strong>beldam</strong></td><td>an old woman</td></tr><tr><td><strong>bethink oneself of</strong></td><td>remember; recollect</td></tr><tr><td><strong>betimes</strong></td><td>in good time; early</td></tr><tr><td><strong>bibliopole</strong></td><td>a dealer in books</td></tr><tr><td><strong>bijoux</strong></td><td>jewellery; trinkets</td></tr><tr><td><strong>billow</strong></td><td>a large sea wave</td></tr><tr><td><strong>blackguard</strong></td><td>a scoundrel</td></tr><tr><td><strong>blow</strong></td><td>produce flowers or be in flower</td></tr><tr><td><strong>bodkin</strong></td><td>a dagger</td></tr><tr><td><strong>bootless</strong></td><td>(of a task) ineffectual; useless</td></tr><tr><td><strong>breech</strong></td><td>a person's buttocks</td></tr><tr><td><strong>bridewell</strong></td><td>a prison or reform school for petty offenders</td></tr><tr><td><strong>brimstone</strong></td><td>sulphur</td></tr><tr><td><strong>bruit</strong></td><td>a report or rumour</td></tr><tr><td><strong>buck</strong></td><td>a fashionable and daring young man</td></tr><tr><td><strong>bumper</strong></td><td>a generous glass of an alcoholic drink</td></tr><tr><td><strong>burgess</strong></td><td>a full citizen of a town or borough</td></tr><tr><td><strong>buss</strong></td><td>a kiss</td></tr><tr><td><strong>caboose</strong></td><td>a kitchen on a ship's deck</td></tr><tr><td><strong>cadet</strong></td><td>a younger son or daughter</td></tr><tr><td><strong>caducity</strong></td><td>the infirmity of old age; senility</td></tr><tr><td><strong>camelopard</strong></td><td>a giraffe</td></tr><tr><td><strong>cannonade</strong></td><td>bombard</td></tr><tr><td><strong>carl</strong></td><td>a man of low birth</td></tr><tr><td><strong>ceil</strong></td><td>line or plaster the roof of (a building)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>champaign</strong></td><td>open level countryside</td></tr><tr><td><strong>chapman</strong></td><td>a peddler</td></tr><tr><td><strong>chicane</strong></td><td>deceive; hoodwink</td></tr><tr><td><strong>circumjacent</strong></td><td>surrounding</td></tr><tr><td><strong>cicisbeo</strong></td><td>a married woman's male companion or lover</td></tr><tr><td><strong>cispontine</strong></td><td>on the north side of the Thames in London</td></tr><tr><td><strong>cleanse</strong></td><td>restore to health</td></tr><tr><td><strong>clerk</strong></td><td>a literate or scholarly person</td></tr><tr><td><strong>clew</strong></td><td>a ball of thread</td></tr><tr><td><strong>clout</strong></td><td>a piece of cloth or clothing</td></tr><tr><td><strong>collogue</strong></td><td>talk confidentially</td></tr><tr><td><strong>commend</strong></td><td>entrust someone or something to</td></tr><tr><td><strong>commons</strong></td><td>provisions shared in common; rations</td></tr><tr><td><strong>communicant</strong></td><td>a person who imparts information</td></tr><tr><td><strong>compass</strong></td><td>encircle or surround</td></tr><tr><td><strong>compeer</strong></td><td>a companion or close associate</td></tr><tr><td><strong>con</strong></td><td>study attentively or learn by heart (a piece of writing)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>condition</strong></td><td>social position</td></tr><tr><td><strong>conjure</strong></td><td>implore (someone) to do something</td></tr><tr><td><strong>contemn</strong></td><td>treat or regard with contempt</td></tr><tr><td><strong>contumely</strong></td><td>insolent or insulting language or treatment</td></tr><tr><td><strong>cordwainer</strong></td><td>a shoemaker</td></tr><tr><td><strong>corrupt</strong></td><td>rotten or putrid</td></tr><tr><td><strong>corse</strong></td><td>a corpse</td></tr><tr><td><strong>cottier</strong></td><td>a rural labourer living in a cottage</td></tr><tr><td><strong>coxcomb</strong></td><td>a vain and conceited man; a dandy</td></tr><tr><td><strong>coz</strong></td><td>cousin</td></tr><tr><td><strong>crinkum-crankum</strong></td><td>elaborate decoration or detail</td></tr><tr><td><strong>crookback</strong></td><td>a person with a hunchback</td></tr><tr><td><strong>crumpet</strong></td><td>a person's head</td></tr><tr><td><strong>cruse</strong></td><td>an earthenware pot or jar</td></tr><tr><td><strong>cully</strong></td><td>a friendly form of address for a man</td></tr><tr><td><strong>cutpurse</strong></td><td>a pickpocket</td></tr><tr><td><strong>dame</strong></td><td>an elderly or mature woman</td></tr><tr><td><strong>damsel</strong></td><td>a young unmarried woman</td></tr><tr><td><strong>dandiprat</strong></td><td>a young or insignificant person</td></tr><tr><td><strong>darbies</strong></td><td>handcuffs</td></tr><tr><td><strong>dark</strong></td><td>ignorant</td></tr><tr><td><strong>degrade</strong></td><td>reduce to a lower rank, especially as a punishment</td></tr><tr><td><strong>degree</strong></td><td>social or official rank</td></tr><tr><td><strong>delate</strong></td><td>report (an offence)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>demesne</strong></td><td>a region or domain</td></tr><tr><td><strong>demit</strong></td><td>resign from (an office or position)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>demoralize</strong></td><td>corrupt the morals of</td></tr><tr><td><strong>dight</strong></td><td>clothed or equipped</td></tr><tr><td><strong>discover</strong></td><td>divulge (a secret)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>disport</strong></td><td>frolic</td></tr><tr><td><strong>dispraise</strong></td><td>censure or criticize</td></tr><tr><td><strong>divers</strong></td><td>of varying types; several</td></tr><tr><td><strong>doit</strong></td><td>a very small amount of money</td></tr><tr><td><strong>dot</strong></td><td>a dowry from which only the interest or annual income was available to the husband</td></tr><tr><td><strong>doxy</strong></td><td>a lover or mistress</td></tr><tr><td><strong>drab</strong></td><td>a slovenly woman</td></tr><tr><td><strong>drought</strong></td><td>thirst</td></tr><tr><td><strong>egad</strong></td><td>exclamation of surprise, anger, or affirmation</td></tr><tr><td><strong>embarrass</strong></td><td>hamper or impede</td></tr><tr><td><strong>embouchure</strong></td><td>the mouth of a river</td></tr><tr><td><strong>equipage</strong></td><td>gear; equipment</td></tr><tr><td><strong>ere</strong></td><td>before (in time)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>espousal</strong></td><td>a marriage or engagement</td></tr><tr><td><strong>estate</strong></td><td>a particular state, period, or condition in life</td></tr><tr><td><strong>esurient</strong></td><td>hungry</td></tr><tr><td><strong>expectations</strong></td><td>one's prospects of inheritance</td></tr><tr><td><strong>expiry</strong></td><td>death</td></tr><tr><td><strong>fain</strong></td><td>pleased or willing under the circumstances</td></tr><tr><td><strong>fainéant</strong></td><td>an idle or ineffective person</td></tr><tr><td><strong>fair</strong></td><td>beautiful</td></tr><tr><td><strong>fandangle</strong></td><td>a useless or purely ornamental thing</td></tr><tr><td><strong>fane</strong></td><td>a shrine or temple</td></tr><tr><td><strong>fare</strong></td><td>travel</td></tr><tr><td><strong>fell</strong></td><td>an animal skin; a pelt</td></tr><tr><td><strong>feminal</strong></td><td>feminine; womanly</td></tr><tr><td><strong>fervent</strong></td><td>hot or glowing</td></tr><tr><td><strong>fie</strong></td><td>exclamation used to express disgust or outrage</td></tr><tr><td><strong>filibeg</strong></td><td>a kilt</td></tr><tr><td><strong>fishwife</strong></td><td>a woman who sells fish</td></tr><tr><td><strong>fizgig</strong></td><td>a silly or flirtatious young woman</td></tr><tr><td><strong>flux</strong></td><td>diarrhoea or dysentery</td></tr><tr><td><strong>forfend</strong></td><td>avert or prevent (something evil or unpleasant)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>forsooth</strong></td><td>indeed</td></tr><tr><td><strong>fourscore</strong></td><td>eighty</td></tr><tr><td><strong>freak</strong></td><td>a whim</td></tr><tr><td><strong>frore</strong></td><td>frozen or frosty</td></tr><tr><td><strong>froward</strong></td><td>(of a person) difficult to deal with; contrary</td></tr><tr><td><strong>fruit</strong></td><td>offspring</td></tr><tr><td><strong>fudge</strong></td><td>nonsense</td></tr><tr><td><strong>furbish</strong></td><td>polish (a weapon)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>gadzooks</strong></td><td>an expression of surprise or annoyance</td></tr><tr><td><strong>gage</strong></td><td>a valued object deposited as a guarantee</td></tr><tr><td><strong>gallant</strong></td><td>a dashing gentleman</td></tr><tr><td><strong>gammer</strong></td><td>an old woman</td></tr><tr><td><strong>garland</strong></td><td>a literary anthology</td></tr><tr><td><strong>garth</strong></td><td>a yard or garden</td></tr><tr><td><strong>gaud</strong></td><td>a trinket</td></tr><tr><td><strong>gentle</strong></td><td>noble or courteous</td></tr><tr><td><strong>glabriety</strong></td><td>baldness</td></tr><tr><td><strong>glaciate</strong></td><td>freeze over</td></tr><tr><td><strong>glebe</strong></td><td>a meadow</td></tr><tr><td><strong>glim</strong></td><td>a candle</td></tr><tr><td><strong>go-cart</strong></td><td>a baby walker</td></tr><tr><td><strong>God's acre</strong></td><td>a churchyard</td></tr><tr><td><strong>goodly</strong></td><td>attractive, excellent, or virtuous</td></tr><tr><td><strong>goody</strong></td><td>(with a name) an elderly woman of humble position</td></tr><tr><td><strong>grateful</strong></td><td>received with gratitude</td></tr><tr><td><strong>greenwood</strong></td><td>a forest</td></tr><tr><td><strong>grimalkin</strong></td><td>a cat</td></tr><tr><td><strong>gudgeon</strong></td><td>a credulous person</td></tr><tr><td><strong>guerdon</strong></td><td>a reward</td></tr><tr><td><strong>gyve</strong></td><td>a fetter or shackle</td></tr><tr><td><strong>habiliment</strong></td><td>clothing</td></tr><tr><td><strong>halt</strong></td><td>lame</td></tr><tr><td><strong>handmaid</strong></td><td>a female servant</td></tr><tr><td><strong>hearken</strong></td><td>listen</td></tr><tr><td><strong>hence</strong></td><td>from here</td></tr><tr><td><strong>herbary</strong></td><td>a herb garden</td></tr><tr><td><strong>hereat</strong></td><td>as a result of this</td></tr><tr><td><strong>hereunto</strong></td><td>to this document</td></tr><tr><td><strong>hereupon</strong></td><td>after or as a result of this</td></tr><tr><td><strong>hie</strong></td><td>go quickly</td></tr><tr><td><strong>hight</strong></td><td>named</td></tr><tr><td><strong>hither</strong></td><td>to or toward this place</td></tr><tr><td><strong>hoar</strong></td><td>frost</td></tr><tr><td><strong>horse-coper</strong></td><td>a person who deals in horses</td></tr><tr><td><strong>horseless carriage</strong></td><td>a car</td></tr><tr><td><strong>host</strong></td><td>an army</td></tr><tr><td><strong>howbeit</strong></td><td>nevertheless</td></tr><tr><td><strong>husbandman</strong></td><td>a farmer</td></tr><tr><td><strong>immedicable</strong></td><td>untreatable</td></tr><tr><td><strong>imminent</strong></td><td>overhanging</td></tr><tr><td><strong>indite</strong></td><td>write; compose</td></tr><tr><td><strong>inscribe</strong></td><td>enter the name of (someone) on a list</td></tr><tr><td><strong>in sooth</strong></td><td>actually</td></tr><tr><td><strong>intelligence</strong></td><td>news</td></tr><tr><td><strong>intelligencer</strong></td><td>a person who gathers intelligence</td></tr><tr><td><strong>invest</strong></td><td>surround (a place) in order to besiege or blockade it</td></tr><tr><td><strong>iron horse</strong></td><td>a steam locomotive</td></tr><tr><td><strong>izzard</strong></td><td>the letter Z</td></tr><tr><td><strong>jade</strong></td><td>a bad-tempered or disreputable woman</td></tr><tr><td><strong>jakes</strong></td><td>an outdoor toilet</td></tr><tr><td><strong>job</strong></td><td>turn a public office or a position of trust to private advantage</td></tr><tr><td><strong>kickshaw</strong></td><td>a fancy but insubstantial cooked dish</td></tr><tr><td><strong>kine</strong></td><td>cows collectively</td></tr><tr><td><strong>kirtle</strong></td><td>a woman's gown or a man's tunic</td></tr><tr><td><strong>knave</strong></td><td>a dishonest or unscrupulous man</td></tr><tr><td><strong>larcener</strong></td><td>thief</td></tr><tr><td><strong>latchet</strong></td><td>a narrow thong or lace for fastening a shoe or sandal</td></tr><tr><td><strong>laud</strong></td><td>praise</td></tr><tr><td><strong>laver</strong></td><td>a basin or similar container used for washing oneself</td></tr><tr><td><strong>learn</strong></td><td>teach</td></tr><tr><td><strong>leech</strong></td><td>a doctor or healer</td></tr><tr><td><strong>leman</strong></td><td>a lover or sweetheart</td></tr><tr><td><strong>let</strong></td><td>hinder</td></tr><tr><td><strong>levant</strong></td><td>abscond leaving unpaid debts</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Levant</strong></td><td>the eastern part of the Mediterranean</td></tr><tr><td><strong>levy</strong></td><td>a body of enlisted troops</td></tr><tr><td><strong>lief</strong></td><td>as happily; as gladly</td></tr><tr><td><strong>like enough</strong></td><td>probably</td></tr><tr><td><strong>loathly</strong></td><td>repulsive</td></tr><tr><td><strong>lordling</strong></td><td>a minor lord</td></tr><tr><td><strong>love apple</strong></td><td>a tomato</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Lucifer</strong></td><td>a match</td></tr><tr><td><strong>lurdan</strong></td><td>an idle or incompetent person</td></tr><tr><td><strong>lying-in</strong></td><td>seclusion before and after childbirth</td></tr><tr><td><strong>magdalen</strong></td><td>a reformed prostitute</td></tr><tr><td><strong>mage</strong></td><td>a magician or learned person</td></tr><tr><td><strong>magnify</strong></td><td>glorify; extol</td></tr><tr><td><strong>maid</strong></td><td>a girl or young woman</td></tr><tr><td><strong>malapert</strong></td><td>presumptuous and impudent</td></tr><tr><td><strong>malison</strong></td><td>a curse</td></tr><tr><td><strong>man-at-arms</strong></td><td>a soldier</td></tr><tr><td><strong>marry</strong></td><td>an expression of surprise, indignation, or emphatic assertion</td></tr><tr><td><strong>mayhap</strong></td><td>perhaps; possibly</td></tr><tr><td><strong>mazed</strong></td><td>bewildered</td></tr><tr><td><strong>measure</strong></td><td>a dance</td></tr><tr><td><strong>meat</strong></td><td>food of any kind</td></tr><tr><td><strong>mechanical</strong></td><td>a manual worker</td></tr><tr><td><strong>meet</strong></td><td>suitable or proper</td></tr><tr><td><strong>melodist</strong></td><td>a singer</td></tr><tr><td><strong>methinks</strong></td><td>it seems to me</td></tr><tr><td><strong>moil</strong></td><td>drudgery</td></tr><tr><td><strong>mooncalf</strong></td><td>a foolish person</td></tr><tr><td><strong>morrow, the</strong></td><td>the following day</td></tr><tr><td><strong>mummer</strong></td><td>an actor in the theatre</td></tr><tr><td><strong>natheless</strong></td><td>nevertheless</td></tr><tr><td><strong>natural</strong></td><td>a person born with impaired intelligence</td></tr><tr><td><strong>naught</strong></td><td>nothing</td></tr><tr><td><strong>nay</strong></td><td>no</td></tr><tr><td><strong>neat</strong></td><td>a bovine animal or animals</td></tr><tr><td><strong>nice</strong></td><td>fastidious</td></tr><tr><td><strong>nigh</strong></td><td>near</td></tr><tr><td><strong>nithing</strong></td><td>a contemptible or despicable person</td></tr><tr><td><strong>noise (something) about</strong></td><td>talk about or make known publicly</td></tr><tr><td><strong>nubbing- cheat</strong></td><td>a gallows</td></tr><tr><td><strong>numbles</strong></td><td>a deer's entrails as food</td></tr><tr><td><strong>orison</strong></td><td>a prayer</td></tr><tr><td><strong>orts</strong></td><td>scraps; remains</td></tr><tr><td><strong>otherwhere</strong></td><td>elsewhere</td></tr><tr><td><strong>otiose</strong></td><td>lazy; slothful</td></tr><tr><td><strong>overbrim</strong></td><td>spill; overflow</td></tr><tr><td><strong>overleap</strong></td><td>jump over or across</td></tr><tr><td><strong>overset</strong></td><td>capsize; flip over</td></tr><tr><td><strong>pale</strong></td><td>an area within determined bounds or subject to a particular jurisdiction</td></tr><tr><td><strong>palfrey</strong></td><td>a docile riding horse</td></tr><tr><td><strong>pate</strong></td><td>a person's head</td></tr><tr><td><strong>paynim</strong></td><td>a pagan</td></tr><tr><td><strong>peccant</strong></td><td>sinful; offending</td></tr><tr><td><strong>peeler</strong></td><td>a police officer</td></tr><tr><td><strong>pelf</strong></td><td>money, especially when gained dishonestly</td></tr><tr><td><strong>peradventure</strong></td><td>perhaps</td></tr><tr><td><strong>perchance</strong></td><td>by some chance</td></tr><tr><td><strong>peregrinate</strong></td><td>travel or wander from place to place</td></tr><tr><td><strong>periapt</strong></td><td>a charm or amulet</td></tr><tr><td><strong>pest</strong></td><td>bubonic plague</td></tr><tr><td><strong>pestilence</strong></td><td>a fatal epidemic disease, especially bubonic plague</td></tr><tr><td><strong>peterman</strong></td><td>a thief or safecracker</td></tr><tr><td><strong>physic</strong></td><td>medicinal drugs or medical treatment</td></tr><tr><td><strong>picaroon</strong></td><td>a scoundrel</td></tr><tr><td><strong>piepowder</strong></td><td>a traveller or an itinerant merchant or trader</td></tr><tr><td><strong>pismire</strong></td><td>an ant</td></tr><tr><td><strong>pistoleer</strong></td><td>a soldier armed with a pistol</td></tr><tr><td><strong>plain over</strong></td><td>lament; cry over</td></tr><tr><td><strong>plight</strong></td><td>solemnly pledge or promise (faith or loyalty)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>pollard</strong></td><td>an animal that has lost its horns or cast its antlers</td></tr><tr><td><strong>poltroon</strong></td><td>an utter coward</td></tr><tr><td><strong>popinjay</strong></td><td>a parrot</td></tr><tr><td><strong>pore on</strong></td><td>think about</td></tr><tr><td><strong>portage</strong></td><td>the action of carrying or transporting</td></tr><tr><td><strong>portion</strong></td><td>a dowry</td></tr><tr><td><strong>portion</strong></td><td>a person's destiny or lot</td></tr><tr><td><strong>posy</strong></td><td>a short motto or line of verse inscribed inside a ring</td></tr><tr><td><strong>potation</strong></td><td>a beverage</td></tr><tr><td><strong>pouncet-box</strong></td><td>a small box with a perforated lid used for holding a substance impregnated with perfume</td></tr><tr><td><strong>prithee</strong></td><td>please</td></tr><tr><td><strong>profess</strong></td><td>teach (a subject) as a professor</td></tr><tr><td><strong>purblind</strong></td><td>short-sighted</td></tr><tr><td><strong>purfle</strong></td><td>an ornamental or embroidered edge of a garment</td></tr><tr><td><strong>pythoness</strong></td><td>a woman believed to be possessed by a spirit and to be able to foresee the future</td></tr><tr><td><strong>quaggy</strong></td><td>marshy or boggy</td></tr><tr><td><strong>quality</strong></td><td>high social standing</td></tr><tr><td><strong>quean</strong></td><td>an impudent girl or woman</td></tr><tr><td><strong>quick, the</strong></td><td>the living</td></tr><tr><td><strong>quidnunc</strong></td><td>an inquisitive, gossipy person</td></tr><tr><td><strong>quiz</strong></td><td>look intently at (someone)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>quoth</strong></td><td>said (in I/he/she quoth)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>rack</strong></td><td>(of a cloud) be driven by the wind</td></tr><tr><td><strong>raiment</strong></td><td>clothing</td></tr><tr><td><strong>rapscallion</strong></td><td>a mischievous person</td></tr><tr><td><strong>rathe-ripe</strong></td><td>(of fruit) ripening early in the year; (of a person) precocious</td></tr><tr><td><strong>reave</strong></td><td>carry out a plundering raid</td></tr><tr><td><strong>receipt</strong></td><td>a recipe</td></tr><tr><td><strong>recipe</strong></td><td>a medical prescription</td></tr><tr><td><strong>recompense</strong></td><td>punish or reward appropriately</td></tr><tr><td><strong>recreant</strong></td><td>cowardly</td></tr><tr><td><strong>rede</strong></td><td>advice or counsel</td></tr><tr><td><strong>reduce</strong></td><td>besiege and capture (a town or fortress)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>relieve</strong></td><td>make (something) stand out</td></tr><tr><td><strong>remit</strong></td><td>diminish</td></tr><tr><td><strong>repair</strong></td><td>an abode or haunt</td></tr><tr><td><strong>repulsive</strong></td><td>lacking friendliness or sympathy</td></tr><tr><td><strong>riband</strong></td><td>a ribbon</td></tr><tr><td><strong>rover</strong></td><td>a pirate</td></tr><tr><td><strong>rude</strong></td><td>ignorant and uneducated</td></tr><tr><td><strong>ruth</strong></td><td>a feeling of pity, distress, or grief</td></tr><tr><td><strong>sables</strong></td><td>black mourning clothes</td></tr><tr><td><strong>sacring</strong></td><td>the consecration of a bishop, a sovereign, or the Eucharistic elements</td></tr><tr><td><strong>saddle-bow</strong></td><td>the pommel of a saddle</td></tr><tr><td><strong>salamander</strong></td><td>a red-hot iron or poker</td></tr><tr><td><strong>sanative</strong></td><td>healing</td></tr><tr><td><strong>sanguinary</strong></td><td>involving or causing much bloodshed</td></tr><tr><td><strong>sap</strong></td><td>make (a building, etc.) insecure by removing its foundations</td></tr><tr><td><strong>saturnism</strong></td><td>lead poisoning</td></tr><tr><td><strong>scantling</strong></td><td>a specimen, sample, or small amount</td></tr><tr><td><strong>scapegrace</strong></td><td>a mischievous person; a rascal</td></tr><tr><td><strong>scaramouch</strong></td><td>a boastful but cowardly person</td></tr><tr><td><strong>schoolman</strong></td><td>a teacher</td></tr><tr><td><strong>science</strong></td><td>knowledge</td></tr><tr><td><strong>sciolist</strong></td><td>a person who pretends to be knowledgeable</td></tr><tr><td><strong>scold</strong></td><td>a woman who nags or grumbles constantly</td></tr><tr><td><strong>scot</strong></td><td>a tax-like payment</td></tr><tr><td><strong>scrag</strong></td><td>a neck</td></tr><tr><td><strong>scruple</strong></td><td>a very small amount of something, especially a quality</td></tr><tr><td><strong>scullion</strong></td><td>a menial servant</td></tr><tr><td><strong>scurvy</strong></td><td>worthless or contemptible</td></tr><tr><td><strong>sea coal</strong></td><td>mineral coal</td></tr><tr><td><strong>sea smoke</strong></td><td>fog</td></tr><tr><td><strong>seizing</strong></td><td>a length of cord or rope on board a ship</td></tr><tr><td><strong>sennight</strong></td><td>a week</td></tr><tr><td><strong>sepulture</strong></td><td>burial</td></tr><tr><td><strong>shambles</strong></td><td>a slaughterhouse</td></tr><tr><td><strong>shrift</strong></td><td>forgiveness</td></tr><tr><td><strong>shrive</strong></td><td>(of a priest) absolve (a person making a confession)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>silly</strong></td><td>helpless; defenceless</td></tr><tr><td><strong>sippet</strong></td><td>a small piece of bread or toast for dipping into soup or sauce</td></tr><tr><td><strong>skirt</strong></td><td>an edge, border, or extreme part</td></tr><tr><td><strong>slay</strong></td><td>kill in a violent way</td></tr><tr><td><strong>slipshod</strong></td><td>(of shoes) worn down at the heel</td></tr><tr><td><strong>slugabed</strong></td><td>a lazy person who stays in bed late</td></tr><tr><td><strong>small beer</strong></td><td>weak beer</td></tr><tr><td><strong>smite</strong></td><td>defeat or conquer</td></tr><tr><td><strong>soak</strong></td><td>drink heavily</td></tr><tr><td><strong>soft tack</strong></td><td>bread, especially as rations for sailors or soldiers</td></tr><tr><td><strong>soil</strong></td><td>a stain</td></tr><tr><td><strong>sooth</strong></td><td>truth</td></tr><tr><td><strong>sore</strong></td><td>extremely; severely</td></tr><tr><td><strong>speed</strong></td><td>success; prosperity</td></tr><tr><td><strong>spence</strong></td><td>a pantry or larder</td></tr><tr><td><strong>statuary</strong></td><td>a sculptor</td></tr><tr><td><strong>steed</strong></td><td>a horse</td></tr><tr><td><strong>stoup</strong></td><td>a container for drinking beer, etc.; a flagon</td></tr><tr><td><strong>stripe</strong></td><td>a blow with a lash</td></tr><tr><td><strong>strumpet</strong></td><td>a female prostitute or a promiscuous woman</td></tr><tr><td><strong>success</strong></td><td>a good or bad outcome</td></tr><tr><td><strong>suffer</strong></td><td>endure; tolerate</td></tr><tr><td><strong>surety, of</strong>/<strong>for a</strong></td><td>for certain</td></tr><tr><td><strong>swain</strong></td><td>a country youth</td></tr><tr><td><strong>swash</strong></td><td>flamboyantly swagger about or wield a sword</td></tr><tr><td><strong>sweeting</strong></td><td>darling</td></tr><tr><td><strong>sweetmeat</strong></td><td>an item of confectionery or sweet food</td></tr><tr><td><strong>taiga</strong></td><td>a forest</td></tr><tr><td><strong>tantivy</strong></td><td>a rapid gallop or ride</td></tr><tr><td><strong>tapster</strong></td><td>a person who serves at a bar</td></tr><tr><td><strong>tenter</strong></td><td>a person in charge of something, especially factory machinery</td></tr><tr><td><strong>thenceforth</strong></td><td>from that time, place, or point onward</td></tr><tr><td><strong>thereunto</strong></td><td>to that</td></tr><tr><td><strong>therewith</strong></td><td>with or in the thing mentioned</td></tr><tr><td><strong>thither</strong></td><td>to or toward that place</td></tr><tr><td><strong>thrice</strong></td><td>three times</td></tr><tr><td><strong>tilt with</strong></td><td>engage in a contest with</td></tr><tr><td><strong>timbrel</strong></td><td>a tambourine or similar instrument</td></tr><tr><td><strong>'tis</strong></td><td>it is</td></tr><tr><td><strong>tithe</strong></td><td>a tenth</td></tr><tr><td><strong>tocsin</strong></td><td>an alarm bell or signal</td></tr><tr><td><strong>tope</strong></td><td>drink to excess</td></tr><tr><td><strong>trespass</strong></td><td>a sin or offence</td></tr><tr><td><strong>trig</strong></td><td>neat and smart</td></tr><tr><td><strong>trigon</strong></td><td>a triangle</td></tr><tr><td><strong>troth</strong></td><td>faith or loyalty when pledged in a solemn undertaking</td></tr><tr><td><strong>truck</strong></td><td>an exchange or transaction</td></tr><tr><td><strong>turnkey</strong></td><td>a jailer</td></tr><tr><td><strong>'tween</strong></td><td>between</td></tr><tr><td><strong>tweeny</strong></td><td>a maid who assisted both the cook and the housemaid</td></tr><tr><td><strong>twelvemonth</strong></td><td>a year</td></tr><tr><td><strong>uncle</strong></td><td>a pawnbroker</td></tr><tr><td><strong>uncommon</strong></td><td>remarkably</td></tr><tr><td><strong>unhand</strong></td><td>release from one's grasp</td></tr><tr><td><strong>up to snuff</strong></td><td>up to the required standard</td></tr><tr><td><strong>usher</strong></td><td>an assistant teacher</td></tr><tr><td><strong>vale</strong></td><td>a farewell; a send-off</td></tr><tr><td><strong>varlet</strong></td><td>an unprincipled rogue</td></tr><tr><td><strong>venery</strong></td><td>hunting</td></tr><tr><td><strong>verily</strong></td><td>truly; certainly</td></tr><tr><td><strong>verse</strong></td><td>a line of poetry</td></tr><tr><td><strong>very</strong></td><td>real; genuine</td></tr><tr><td><strong>virtue</strong></td><td>virginity</td></tr><tr><td><strong>visionary</strong></td><td>existing only in the imagination</td></tr><tr><td><strong>wain</strong></td><td>a wagon or cart</td></tr><tr><td><strong>wait on</strong>/<strong>upon</strong></td><td>pay a respectful visit to</td></tr><tr><td><strong>waits</strong></td><td>street singers of Christmas carols</td></tr><tr><td><strong>ware of</strong></td><td>aware of</td></tr><tr><td><strong>wassail</strong></td><td>revelry</td></tr><tr><td><strong>wast</strong></td><td>second person singular past of <em>be</em></td></tr><tr><td><strong>watch</strong></td><td>remain awake as religious observance</td></tr><tr><td><strong>watchful</strong></td><td>wakeful</td></tr><tr><td><strong>watchword</strong></td><td>a military password</td></tr><tr><td><strong>weasand</strong></td><td>the oesophagus or gullet</td></tr><tr><td><strong>ween</strong></td><td>think or suppose; be of the opinion</td></tr><tr><td><strong>wench</strong></td><td>a girl or young woman</td></tr><tr><td><strong>whence</strong></td><td>from what place or source</td></tr><tr><td><strong>whereat</strong></td><td>at which</td></tr><tr><td><strong>wherefore</strong></td><td>for what reason</td></tr><tr><td><strong>wherewith</strong></td><td>with or by which</td></tr><tr><td><strong>whilom</strong></td><td>formerly</td></tr><tr><td><strong>white goods</strong></td><td>domestic linen</td></tr><tr><td><strong>whither</strong></td><td>to what place or state</td></tr><tr><td><strong>wife</strong></td><td>a woman, especially an old or uneducated one</td></tr><tr><td><strong>wight</strong></td><td>a person of a specified kind</td></tr><tr><td><strong>wise</strong></td><td>manner, way, or extent</td></tr><tr><td><strong>withal</strong></td><td>in addition</td></tr><tr><td><strong>without</strong></td><td>outside</td></tr><tr><td><strong>wondrous</strong></td><td>wonderfully</td></tr><tr><td><strong>wont</strong></td><td>accustomed</td></tr><tr><td><strong>wonted</strong></td><td>usual</td></tr><tr><td><strong>wool-stapler</strong></td><td>a dealer in wool</td></tr><tr><td><strong>wright</strong></td><td>a maker or builder</td></tr><tr><td><strong>yclept</strong></td><td>by the name of</td></tr><tr><td><strong>ye</strong></td><td>you</td></tr><tr><td><strong>yea</strong></td><td>yes</td></tr><tr><td><strong>yoke</strong></td><td>the amount of land that one pair of oxen could plough in a day</td></tr><tr><td><strong>yonder</strong></td><td>over there</td></tr><tr><td><strong>zounds</strong></td><td>an expression of surprise or indignation</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br></p><table><tbody><tr><td><br></td><td><br></td></tr></tbody></table></p><div class="non-lexical-socials socials-mobile"><div class="socials"><ul><li><a class="ico-fb" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413135907/https://www.facebook.com/dialog/share?app_id=292327308384887&display=page&href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fexplore%2Farchaic-words&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fexplore%2Farchaic-words" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Share on Facebook" onclick="javascript:ga('send', 'event', 'share_this_entry', 'facebook', 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210413135907/https://www.lexico.com/explore/archaic-words');" data-behaviour="ga-event-entry-sharing" data-value="Facebook"><i class="transition"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 30 30" viewbox="0 0 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m15 0c-8.284 0-15 6.716-15 15 0 8.285 6.716 15 15 15 8.284 0 15-6.715 15-15 0-8.284-6.716-15-15-15m3.214 15.01h-2.102c0 3.357 0 7.495 0 7.495h-3.115c0 0 0-4.095 0-7.495h-1.482v-2.647h1.482v-1.714c0-1.227.582-3.144 3.143-3.144l2.307.009v2.571c0 0-1.404 0-1.676 0-.271 0-.66.136-.66.722v1.556h2.375l-.272 2.647" fill="#37589a"/></svg></i></a></li> <li><a class="ico-tw" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413135907/https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Archaic%20words%20that%20used%20to%20be%20common%20In%20English%20-%20Lexico.com&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fexplore%2Farchaic-words" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Share on Twitter" onclick="javascript:ga('send', 'event', 'share_this_entry', 'twitter', 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210413135907/https://www.lexico.com/explore/archaic-words');" data-behaviour="ga-event-entry-sharing" data-value="Twitter"><i class="transition"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 30 30" viewbox="0 0 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m15 0c-8.284 0-15 6.716-15 15 0 8.285 6.716 15 15 15 8.283 0 15-6.715 15-15 0-8.284-6.717-15-15-15m5.965 11.943c.006.132.001.264.001.397 0 4.066-3.095 8.755-8.757 8.755-1.738 0-3.356-.509-4.718-1.382.242.028.486.041.734.041 1.443 0 2.769-.489 3.821-1.314-1.345-.025-2.483-.916-2.874-2.136.188.033.38.053.579.053.281 0 .553-.039.81-.107-1.407-.284-2.468-1.527-2.468-3.02 0-.013 0-.026 0-.039.416.231.891.368 1.395.384-.825-.551-1.369-1.494-1.369-2.562 0-.564.152-1.093.417-1.547 1.517 1.863 3.786 3.087 6.342 3.215-.052-.226-.08-.459-.08-.701 0-1.699 1.377-3.076 3.079-3.076.885 0 1.685.374 2.246.97.699-.137 1.359-.394 1.955-.748-.232.719-.719 1.322-1.354 1.703.624-.073 1.217-.24 1.768-.483-.413.618-.936 1.16-1.536 1.595" fill="#38a8e0"/></svg></i></a></li> <li><a class="ico-lin" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413135907/https://www.linkedin.com/cws/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fexplore%2Farchaic-words" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Share on Linkedin+" onclick="javascript:window.open(this.href,'', 'menubar=no,toolbar=no,resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,height=600,width=600'); 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Lexico's first Word of the Year!</span></article></a></section><section><a href="/web/20210413135907/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/farther-or-further" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Sidebar - story 2"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="2.35" data-ratioy="1"><img alt="Farther or further" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413135907/https://s3.amazonaws.com/lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7222/medium/farther-or-further.jpg" class="lazy" src="data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs="/></div><article><span class="article-title">When To Use "Farther" vs. "Further"</span></article></a></section><section><a href="/web/20210413135907/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/enquire-or-inquire" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Sidebar - story 3"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="2.35" data-ratioy="1"><img alt="Enquire or inquire" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413135907/https://s3.amazonaws.com/lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7217/medium/enquire-or-inquire.jpg" class="lazy" src="data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs="/></div><article><span class="article-title">Is It "Enquire" Or "Inquire"?</span></article></a></section></div><div class="quiz-panel-odo"><div class="quiz-panel" id="quiz_81"><div class="quizTitle">'Climactic' or 'Climatic'?</div><form class="simple_form new_quiz_response" id="new_quiz_response" action="/web/20210413135907/https://www.lexico.com/quiz_responses" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-remote="true" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓"/><input type="hidden" name="quiz_id" id="quiz_id" value="81"/><div class="questions"><div class="question first current"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_5001" value="5001"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_5001">The game has 10 different climactic endings</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_5002" value="5002"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_5002">The game has 10 different climatic endings</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_4987" value="4987"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_4987">The locusts thrive in some climatic conditions</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_4988" value="4988"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_4988">The locusts thrive in some climactic conditions</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_4996" value="4996"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_4996">Mass extinctions are linked to climactic cooling</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_4995" value="4995"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_4995">Mass extinctions are linked to climatic cooling</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_4978" value="4978"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_4978">Their climatic confrontation is dramatic</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_4977" value="4977"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_4977">Their climactic confrontation is dramatic</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_4992" value="4992"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_4992">The body adapts to climactic variations</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_4991" value="4991"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_4991">The body adapts to climatic variations</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_5016" value="5016"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_5016">Her show finished with a big climatic song</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_5015" value="5015"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_5015">Her show finished with a big climactic song</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_4975" value="4975"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_4975">Birds are challenged by climatic variability</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_4976" value="4976"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_4976">Birds are challenged by climactic variability</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_4999" value="4999"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_4999">The saga's climactic chapter was boring </label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_5000" value="5000"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_5000">The saga's climatic chapter was boring </label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_5022" value="5022"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_5022">The music reached a climatic crescendo</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_5021" value="5021"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_5021">The music reached a climactic crescendo</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">Which of the following is correct?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_4973" value="4973"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_4973">She escaped in the climactic final scene</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_4974" value="4974"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_4974">She escaped in the climatic final scene</label></li></ul></div><div class="question last"><h3 class="score-message">You scored <span class="final-score"></span>/10 practise again?</h3><button class="retry-quiz">Retry</button></div></div></form><button name="button" type="button" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="next question" class="next-question" html="{:disabled=>"disabled"}">Next</button><div class="score-counter"><span class="current-score">0</span>/10</div></div><br/></div><div class="trending-panel-odo sideTrendWrap"><div 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