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href="#1948–1949:_South_African_recognition_of_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 1948–1949: South African recognition of Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1948–1949:_South_African_recognition_of_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s–1960s:_Israeli_renunciation_of_apartheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s–1960s:_Israeli_renunciation_of_apartheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1950s–1960s: Israeli renunciation of apartheid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s–1960s:_Israeli_renunciation_of_apartheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1967–1994" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1967–1994"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 1967–1994 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1967–1994-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1967–1994 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1967–1994-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1967–1987:_Strategic_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1967–1987:_Strategic_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 1967–1987: Strategic cooperation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1967–1987:_Strategic_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_and_political_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_and_political_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Diplomatic and political cooperation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_and_political_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_and_demographic_ties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_and_demographic_ties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Cultural and demographic ties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_and_demographic_ties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Military cooperation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ballistic_missile_collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballistic_missile_collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3.1 Ballistic missile collaboration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballistic_missile_collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_nuclear_collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_nuclear_collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3.2 Alleged nuclear collaboration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_nuclear_collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1987–1994:_Sanctions_against_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1987–1994:_Sanctions_against_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1987–1994: Sanctions against South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1987–1994:_Sanctions_against_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1991–1994:_Normalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1991–1994:_Normalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1991–1994: Normalisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1991–1994:_Normalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1994–2018:_Post-apartheid_strain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1994–2018:_Post-apartheid_strain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 1994–2018: Post-apartheid strain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1994–2018:_Post-apartheid_strain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_relations_(1992-2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_relations_(1992-2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economic relations (1992-2015) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_relations_(1992-2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BDS_in_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BDS_in_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 BDS in South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BDS_in_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_African_criticism_of_Israeli_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_African_criticism_of_Israeli_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 South African criticism of Israeli occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_African_criticism_of_Israeli_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018–2023:_Downgraded_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018–2023:_Downgraded_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 2018–2023: Downgraded relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018–2023:_Downgraded_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_months_of_the_Israel-Gaza_war_(2023)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_months_of_the_Israel-Gaza_war_(2023)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 First months of the Israel-Gaza war (2023) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_months_of_the_Israel-Gaza_war_(2023)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023–24_genocide_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023–24_genocide_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 2023–24 genocide case 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mw-first-heading">Israel–South Africa relations</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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hreflang="fr" data-title="Relations entre l'Afrique du Sud et Israël" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%E2%80%93_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" title="יחסי דרום אפריקה – ישראל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי דרום אפריקה – ישראל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Израильско-южноафриканские отношения – Russian" lang="ru" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">Israel–South Africa relations relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_South_Africa_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Israel and South Africa"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Israel and South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Israel_South_Africa_Locator.svg/250px-Israel_South_Africa_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Israel_South_Africa_Locator.svg/375px-Israel_South_Africa_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Israel_South_Africa_Locator.svg/500px-Israel_South_Africa_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/62px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/83px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/68px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/90px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> Israel–South Africa relations refer to the <a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">current and historic relationship</a> between the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">Republic of South Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a>. As of January 2024, South Africa maintains only “limited political and diplomatic interaction” with Israel due to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> In 1947, South Africa voted in favor of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">UN Partition Plan</a> to create Israel. During the 1950s and 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> criticized the racial policies of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983172-2">[2]</a> But from 1967 onwards, Israel deepened relations with the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid South African regime</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983184-185-3">[3]</a> and maintained diplomatic relations with the "<a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a>". Israel and South Africa also had a military alliance, including collaboration on nuclear weapons.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> Up to 1986, Israel also had a vibrant economic relationship but was forced to sanction South Africa in 1987 as a consequence of American pressure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMizroch2006-4">[4]</a> Relations began to deteriorate after apartheid ended in 1994. <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> visited Israel, but was critical of its treatment of Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In 2019, South Africa downgraded relations with Israel in response to its <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Gaza_border_protests" title="2018–2019 Gaza border protests">killing of Gazan protestors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> In 2023, during the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>, South Africa <a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">sued Israel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>, accusing Israel of committing <a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">genocide against Palestinians</a> in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a>. Israel currently maintains an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> and a trade office in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabricius2022a-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> while South Africa has an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_relations_(up_to_1967)">Early relations (up to 1967)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1948–1949:_South_African_recognition_of_Israel">1948–1949: South African recognition of Israel</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_South_African_delegation,_1935_Maccabiah_Games_(26).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_South_African_delegation%2C_1935_Maccabiah_Games_%2826%29.jpg/220px-The_South_African_delegation%2C_1935_Maccabiah_Games_%2826%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_South_African_delegation%2C_1935_Maccabiah_Games_%2826%29.jpg/330px-The_South_African_delegation%2C_1935_Maccabiah_Games_%2826%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_South_African_delegation%2C_1935_Maccabiah_Games_%2826%29.jpg/440px-The_South_African_delegation%2C_1935_Maccabiah_Games_%2826%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2141" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The South African delegation to the <a href="/wiki/1935_Maccabiah_Games" title="1935 Maccabiah Games">1935 Maccabiah Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> was among the thirty-three states that voted in favour of the 1947 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">Partition Plan</a>, which endorsed the establishment of a Jewish state in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_General_Assembly1947-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishku2010154-10">[10]</a> On 24 May 1948, nine days after <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israel's declaration of independence</a>, the South African government of <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> became the seventh foreign government to grant de facto <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">recognition</a> to the State of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenberg1950394-11">[11]</a> Two days later, Smuts – a long-time supporter of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> and a personal friend of <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaron19973-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens1971126-13">[13]</a> – was voted out in <a href="/wiki/1948_South_African_general_election" title="1948 South African general election">elections</a>; the new South African government was formed by <a href="/wiki/D._F._Malan" title="D. F. Malan">D.F. Malan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> (NP), which had run on a platform of legislating <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>. This result was of interest to Israel primarily because of the presence in South Africa of a large <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa">Jewish population</a>: by 1949, there were 120,000 Jews living in South Africa, the overwhelming majority of whom were Zionists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens1971123–125-14">[14]</a> and many of whom had provided important financial support to the Zionist movement in the decades after the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarmont1989147–148-15">[15]</a> After its election to government, the NP apparently overcame its earlier tendency towards "virulent anti-Semitism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens1971125-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin195728–29-17">[17]</a> The South African government granted de jure recognition to Israel on 14 May 1949.<a href="#cite_note-Beit-Hallahmi-18">[18]</a>: 109–111 <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimoni200323-19">[19]</a> Formal diplomatic relations between the countries began in the same year, with the opening of Israel's <a href="/wiki/Consulate-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate-general">consulate-general</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Beit-Hallahmi-18">[18]</a>: 110  later – in November 1950 – raised to the status of a <a href="/wiki/Legation" title="Legation">legation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1952390-20">[20]</a> However, South Africa had no direct diplomatic representation in Israel, and was represented by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> instead, until it sent a consul-general to <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishku2010158-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation2022a-22">[22]</a> In addition to granting Israel diplomatic recognition, Malan permitted Jewish volunteer reserves to serve in Israel, and relaxed South Africa's rigid currency regulations to permit the export of commodities and foreign exchange to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens1971127-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarmont1989149-24">[24]</a> Indeed, in late 1948, Malan and his <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (South Africa)">Minister of Defence</a> had approved – and the South African Customs Department provided logistical assistance for – a $1.2 million shipment of goods to Israel, sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Zionist_Federation" title="South African Zionist Federation">South African Zionist Federation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1950292-25">[25]</a> In 1951, Israeli <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sharett" title="Moshe Sharett">Moshe Sharett</a> visited South Africa;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983172-2">[2]</a> and in 1953, Malan visited Israel personally, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> prime minister to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens1971127-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishku2010153-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadelmann1981212-27">[27]</a> Once elected in 1958, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Verwoerd" title="Hendrik Verwoerd">Hendrik Verwoerd</a> assured Jewish South Africans that he would continue the friendly policies inaugurated by his predecessors, Malan and <a href="/wiki/J._G._Strijdom" title="J. G. Strijdom">J.G. Strijdom</a>. For this and for "helping Israel to attain its present status", he was publicly thanked by a visiting member of the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Nurock" title="Mordechai Nurock">Mordechai Nurok</a>, in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens1971128-28">[28]</a> Annual flows of funds to Israel from South Africa were estimated at $700,000 by that time,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens1971128-28">[28]</a> and in all it was estimated that South African Jews sent more than $19.6 million to Israel between 1951 and 1961.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens1971141-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s–1960s:_Israeli_renunciation_of_apartheid">1950s–1960s: Israeli renunciation of apartheid</h3></div> However, this ostensibly auspicious start to relations was complicated by Israel's stance in the increasingly vociferous <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> debates over South African <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>. This had begun in the very week of Israel's accession to the UN in May 1949, when it had supported a motion requiring South Africa to enter into roundtable discussions with <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> over apartheid and its implications for Indian and Pakistani citizens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_General_Assembly1949-30">[30]</a> In December 1950, diplomat <a href="/wiki/Michael_Comay" title="Michael Comay">Michael Comay</a> wrote in an internal memo that the Israeli strategy in such votes was to:<blockquote>"generally refrain from condemnation of South Africa, and from passing any judgment on the specific merits of the issues... On the other hand, we can and should refrain from any express or implied support for the South African caste system..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiladi20171454-31">[31]</a></blockquote> In a letter in December, Comay summarised this position as responding to the need to "find a compromise between our principles and convictions on matters of racialism, and our desire to maintain friendship with South Africa".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiladi20171456-32">[32]</a> According to legal historian Rotem Giladi, during the 1950s this manifested in frequent "equivocation" on apartheid by the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_Israel_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations">Israeli mission to the UN</a> – though Giladi also argues that Israel's speeches and votes on apartheid were nonetheless "considerably more progressive" than those of many Western states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiladi20171457-1463-33">[33]</a> And, during the 1960s, Israel became increasingly consistent in its criticism of the South African government:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolakow-Suransky201030-34">[34]</a> it frequently voted against South Africa and apartheid at the UN.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuberger200918-35">[35]</a> In October 1961, Israel voted at the UN to censure a speech made in virulent defence of apartheid by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Louw" title="Eric Louw">Eric Louw</a>, the South African <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation" title="Minister of International Relations and Cooperation">Foreign Minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens1971134-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimoni200346–47-37">[37]</a> Israel and the Netherlands were the only two Western states to support the censure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadelmann1981212-27">[27]</a> South African prime minister and architect of South Africa's apartheid policies, <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Verwoerd" title="Hendrik Verwoerd">Hendrik Verwoerd</a>, dismissed an Israeli vote against South African apartheid at the United Nations, saying, "Israel is not consistent in its new anti-apartheid attitude ... they took Israel away from the Arabs after the Arabs lived there for a thousand years. In that, I agree with them. Israel, like South Africa, is an apartheid state."<a href="#cite_note-Clarno-38">[38]</a> His successor <a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">John Vorster</a> also maintained the same view.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In October 1962 at the UN General Assembly, Israel voted in favour of the landmark <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1761" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761">Resolution 1761</a>, which strongly condemned apartheid and called for voluntary <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_apartheid" title="International sanctions during apartheid">sanctions against South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_General_Assembly1962-40">[40]</a> Members of the Israeli legislature, the Knesset, approved the measure in a 63–11 vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewish_Telegraphic_Agency1962-41">[41]</a> The following year, Israel announced that it had withdrawn its <a href="/wiki/Envoy_(title)" title="Envoy (title)">envoy</a> to South Africa, thus unilaterally reducing the status of its diplomatic representation, with its South African legation henceforth headed by a <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">chargé d'affaires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.1963-42">[42]</a> It also announced that it was taking steps to enforce an embargo against the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">South African military</a>, as called for by Resolution 1761.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.1963-42">[42]</a> In October 1967, Israel was among the large majority of UN member states which voted in favour of a resolution terminating South Africa's <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandate</a> over <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_General_Assembly1966-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983172-2">[2]</a> In the 1960s, senior Israeli politicians frequently framed diplomatic opposition to apartheid as a matter of principle: in October 1963, <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a>, then Israel's Foreign Minister, told the UN General Assembly that Israel's "deep abhorrence for all forms of <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> on the grounds of race, colour or religion... stems from our age-old spiritual values, and from our long and tragic historical experience as a victim".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiladi20171441-44">[44]</a> Israel also had strategic reasons to distance itself from South Africa: as a counterbalance to the hostility of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> blocs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimoni200349-45">[45]</a> it increasingly sought closer ties with black African states, which were gaining <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">their political independence</a> during that time and which strongly opposed the apartheid policy and South Africa's regional hegemony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983172-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens1971133-46">[46]</a> These moral and strategic considerations had to be balanced against the concerns of South African Jews: the influential <a href="/wiki/South_African_Jewish_Board_of_Deputies" title="South African Jewish Board of Deputies">South African Jewish Board of Deputies</a> feared an <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitic</a> backlash if Israel alienated the South African government,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolakow-Suransky201030-34">[34]</a> and, indeed, it passed a resolution declaring that "Israel should have joined the other western nations in abstaining from voting against South Africa" on Resolution 1761.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens1971135-47">[47]</a> No matter Israel's motivations, the South African government highly resented its stance at the UN.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishku2010159-48">[48]</a> Louw accused the Israeli government of "hostility and ingratitude... in view of the fact that the South African government and individual members of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_South_Africa" title="Cabinet of South Africa">Cabinet</a> have in the past gone out of their way to foster good relations with Israel", and Verwoerd argued publicly that "Israel, like South Africa, is an apartheid state".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens1971134-36">[36]</a> As a retaliatory measure, the concessions previously granted on foreign exchange flows to Israel were terminated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarmont1989149-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens1971135-47">[47]</a> By 1967, diplomatic contact between Israel and South Africa was minimal, though not entirely non-existent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolakow-Suransky201037,_45-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983172-2">[2]</a> However, as academic Richard P. Stevens observes, "while recriminations increased on the international level so did the volume of trade between the two countries."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens1971141-29">[29]</a> Although Israel had begun to implement a military embargo, it had not severed commercial, maritime, and air links with South Africa, as encouraged in Resolution 1761.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.1963-42">[42]</a> In 1967, Israeli exports to South Africa amounted to $4 million (more than double the figure for 1961), while South African exports to Israel were $3.3 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens1971141-29">[29]</a> This would indicate that, Israel's diplomatic emphasis on black Africa notwithstanding – and despite this representing only a small fraction of each country's total trade – South Africa had become Israel's largest trading partner in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens1971140–141-50">[50]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "We view Israel's position and problems with understanding and sympathy. Like us they have to deal with terrorist infiltration across the border; and like us they have enemies bent on their destruction." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">– South African Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">John Vorster</a>, April 1971<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulzberger1971-51">[51]</a></cite> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1967–1994">1967–1994</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1967–1987:_Strategic_cooperation">1967–1987: Strategic cooperation</h3></div> In 1967, Israel's victory in the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> and subsequent occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> alienated it diplomatically from much of the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> and black Africa, whose <a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">nationalist movements</a> began to view Israel as a <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolakow-Suransky2010173-52">[52]</a> At the same time, Israel became the object of admiration among parts of the South African white population, particularly among the country's political and military leadership. An editorial in <a href="/wiki/Die_Burger" title="Die Burger">Die Burger</a>, then the mouthpiece of the South African NP, declared: <blockquote>"Israel and South Africa... are engaged in a struggle for existence... The anti-Western powers have driven Israel and South Africa into a community of interests which had better be utilized than denied."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolakow-Suransky201046–47-53">[53]</a> </blockquote>The government of <a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">John Vorster</a> permitted South African civilian and paramilitary volunteers to travel to Israel, and permitted the expansion of Zionist organising and fundraising inside South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens1971141-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaron19978,_10-54">[54]</a> Efforts were made, particularly on the South African side, to strengthen trade and commercial contacts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983172-2">[2]</a> facilitated by an Israeli–South African Friendship League and an Israel–South Africa Trade Association, both established in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishku2010161–162-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHusain198270-56">[56]</a> By April 1971, <a href="/wiki/C._L._Sulzberger" title="C. L. Sulzberger">C. L. Sulzberger</a> had observed "a remarkably close if little known partnership" between the countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulzberger1971-51">[51]</a> Yet Israel continued to pursue friendship with black Africa,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevey200471-57">[57]</a> and, in a final expression of this strategy, in 1971, it offered $2,850 in aid to the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_African_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of African Unity">Organization of African Unity</a>'s fund for liberation movements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStudy_Commission_on_U.S._Policy_Toward_Southern_Africa1981307-58">[58]</a> The donation was rejected, but not before it severely irked the South African government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann1971-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983172-2">[2]</a> The 1973 <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>, however, came with "the near-complete collapse of Israel's position in Africa."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevey200471-57">[57]</a> By the end of 1973, all but four African states had severed diplomatic relations with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983173-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadelmann1981200-61">[61]</a> This was partly due to the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Oil_embargo" title="Oil embargo">oil embargo</a> instituted by the <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries</a> against Israel's Western partners, which reinforced a new alliance between the Arab and black African states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStudy_Commission_on_U.S._Policy_Toward_Southern_Africa1981307-58">[58]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Chazan" title="Naomi Chazan">Naomi Chazan</a>, the oil embargo also created a partial rupture in Israel's relations with the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983173-60">[60]</a> After 1973, Israel sought closer ties with South Africa, a decision which has often been analysed as a pragmatic response to the former's increased international isolation – supported by what journalist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a> describes as its newfound "'<a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">realpolitik</a>' attitude that Israel has too few friends in the world to be choosey about its partners in trade and arms sales".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1987a-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadelmann1981212-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983184-185-3">[3]</a> A related but somewhat different interpretation posits a concerted effort to shore up a strategic tripartite alliance between South Africa, Israel, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrnes1996-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHusain198263,_72–73-64">[64]</a> This arrangement would have supported the American policy of <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a> in Africa,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHusain198245–46-65">[65]</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">Economist</a> by allowing the United States to use Israel "as a clandestine conduit to South Africa" amid escalating public and international condemnation of the South African regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983183-66">[66]</a> The interests of South African Jews also remained an avowed foreign policy concern of the Israeli government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarmont1989143-67">[67]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "For years, Israel's policy toward South Africa was one of deliberate ambiguity – publicly condemning apartheid, while privately maintaining a pragmatic and mutually beneficial array of commercial and military ties." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 1987<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1987a-62">[62]</a></cite> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diplomatic_and_political_cooperation">Diplomatic and political cooperation</h4></div> At the UN General Assembly in the 1970s, Israel abstained from some key votes affecting South Africa, such as the vote on granting <a href="/wiki/Observer_status" title="Observer status">observer status</a> to the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC) in 1972,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishku2010162-68">[68]</a> and votes against apartheid in later years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983173-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadelmann1981203-69">[69]</a> South Africa returned the favour by abstaining from a vote which condemned the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_annexation_of_East_Jerusalem" title="Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem">Israeli annexation</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHusain198270-56">[56]</a> For the most part, however, and like many other Western nations at the time,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1987a-62">[62]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurkittBurgess2005pp._33–50:_"Throughout_the_first_several_decades_after_World_War_II,_South_Africa's_apartheid_system_was_not_a_liability_in_dealing_with_Western_leaders"_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurkittBurgess2005pp._33–50:_"Throughout_the_first_several_decades_after_World_War_II,_South_Africa's_apartheid_system_was_not_a_liability_in_dealing_with_Western_leaders"-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHusain198261-71">[71]</a> Israel remained officially opposed to the apartheid system,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadelmann1981203-69">[69]</a> while privately it cultivated relations with South Africa, and generally did not impose or enforce sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrnes1996-63">[63]</a> In early 1974, the same year that South Africa's credentials to the UN General Assembly were rejected, Israel upgraded its South African legation to an embassy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983173-60">[60]</a> The following year, South Africa upgraded its Tel Aviv legation – established as a consulate in 1972 – to an embassy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishku2010162-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadelmann1981213-72">[72]</a> In April 1976, Prime Minister Vorster made a <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a> to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadelmann1981213-72">[72]</a> Later in 1976,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983173-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter198654-73">[73]</a> South Africa and Israel concluded a <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_Agreement" title="Israel–South Africa Agreement">comprehensive cooperation pact</a>, to be implemented by a joint ministerial committee. The contents of the agreement were not made public but appeared to be extensive and broad, covering both military and economic cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983173-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter198654-73">[73]</a> Initially, due to a desire to downplay its intimacy with Pretoria, the Israeli government reportedly prohibited ministerial visits to South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983173-60">[60]</a> And South Africa's apartheid policies continued to cause tension: in 1978, there was a "diplomatic incident" when Israel's ambassador to South Africa, Yitzak Unna, announced he was boycotting Golda, a play about Golda Meir's life, because it was being staged at a whites-only theatre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983183-66">[66]</a> At least ten other Western ambassadors joined the boycott, and Meir herself said she fully supported Unna's decision.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewish_Telegraphic_Agency1978-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.1978b-75">[75]</a> However, high-level diplomatic contact increased into the 1980s, especially after a <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> coalition came to power in Israel in 1977 – the new Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a>, was the chairman of the Israel–South Africa Friendship League.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983173–174-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadelmann1981213-72">[72]</a> Bilateral visits were reportedly made, formally or informally, by, among others, South African Information Minister <a href="/wiki/Connie_Mulder" title="Connie Mulder">Connie Mulder</a> (1974),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983173-60">[60]</a> South African Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Pik_Botha" title="Pik Botha">Pik Botha</a> (1979, 1984),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.1984-77">[77]</a> Israeli <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Finance (Israel)">Finance Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Simha_Erlich" title="Simha Erlich">Simcha Erlich</a> (February 1978),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadelmann1981213-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.1978a-78">[78]</a> and (secretly) Israeli <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Defense (Israel)">Defense Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ezer_Weizman" title="Ezer Weizman">Ezer Weizmann</a> (March 1980).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadelmann1981213-72">[72]</a> Israel also developed ties with South Africa's nominally independent <a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">"homelands"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beit-Hallahmi-18">[18]</a>: 143–44  From the late 1970s, it began to establish direct economic links with the <a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Boputhatswana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_Investment_Corporation_Act,_1959" title="Bantu Investment Corporation Act, 1959">Bantu Investment Corporations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983181-79">[79]</a> In Boputhatswana, this involved the employment of Israeli companies in several major projects, including an international airport and Olympic-sized stadium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarmont1989150–151-80">[80]</a> The premiers of Bophuthatswana and <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu" title="KwaZulu">KwaZulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Mangope" title="Lucas Mangope">Lucas Mangope</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELissoni201558-81">[81]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangosuthu_Buthelezi" title="Mangosuthu Buthelezi">Mangosuthu Buthelezi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelman2003-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter198653-83">[83]</a> both visited Israel in 1985. Moreover, Bophuthatswana established a mission in Tel Aviv called Bophuthatswana House, the only place outside South Africa to fly the homeland's flag, reportedly against the objections of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.1985-84">[84]</a> In 1984, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Israel_to_South_Africa" title="List of ambassadors of Israel to South Africa">Israeli Ambassador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Lankin" title="Eliyahu Lankin">Eliyahu Lankin</a>, said that Israeli policy was to comply with the 1979 UN General Assembly resolution urging against <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">recognising</a> the homelands, though he personally supported recognition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewish_Telegraphic_Agency1984-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_and_demographic_ties">Cultural and demographic ties</h4></div> Ties between the populations of the two countries also strengthened after 1967. Over the 1970s, bilateral tourism grew: in 1979, approximately 10,000 Israelis visited South Africa, and the next year approximately 25,000 South Africans visited Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983181-79">[79]</a> More importantly, by 1983, there were 12,000 South African Jews residing in Israel, and about 20,000 Israelis residing in South Africa (a figure which increased to 25,000 in 1987<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarmont1989151-86">[86]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983176-87">[87]</a> Chazan reports that 1,500 South African Jews had participated in the 1967 Yom Kippur War,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983188-88">[88]</a> and that white South Africans declared Israel their favourite foreign country in a 1981 opinion poll.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983195-89">[89]</a> Several South African cities were formally <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with Israeli cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarmont1989150-90">[90]</a> However, by 1980, the South African Jewish Board of Deputies – an influential representative of the South African Jewish community – had announced its support for the abolition of an apartheid, another factor which was likely to hinder overt diplomatic and political collaboration between Israel and the apartheid state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChazan1983177-91">[91]</a> By 1980, a sizeable contingent of South African military and government officials were living permanently in Israel, to oversee the numerous joint projects between the countries, while their children attended local Israeli schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolakow-Suransky2010149-92">[92]</a> Scientific collaboration also continued to increase, with many scientists working in each other's countries. Perhaps most sensitive was the large group of Israeli scientists working at South Africa's <a href="/wiki/Pelindaba" title="Pelindaba">Pelindaba nuclear facility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolakow-Suransky2010149-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways" title="South African Airways">South African Airways</a> began operating flights between <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, but as it was banned from using the airspace of most African countries, it had to take a detour around West Africa, doubling the distance and flying time involved.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/El_Al" title="El Al">El Al</a>, the Israeli national carrier, was able to operate flights between the two cities via <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The cultural and demographic ties between the two countries also manifested in sports. According to Itamar Dubinsky, Israeli sports institutions and athletes circumvented the sports sanctions against the apartheid regime because of professional, Zionist, and national interests.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Israel and South Africa have one thing above all else in common: they are both situated in a predominantly hostile world inhabited by dark peoples." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">– Official yearbook of the South African government, 1978<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Information197859-96">[96]</a></cite> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_cooperation">Military cooperation</h4></div> In the 1970s, Israel aided the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Angola" title="National Liberation Front of Angola">National Liberation Front of Angola</a> proxy forces organized and trained by South Africa and the CIA to forestall the formation of a government led by the <a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">MPLA</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a>. Israel sent a plane full of 120 mm shells sent via Zaire to the FNLA and <a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">Unita</a> and a shipment of 50 SA-7 missiles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadelmann1981-97">[97]</a> By 1973, an economic and military alliance between Israel and South Africa was in the ascendancy. The military leadership of both countries was convinced that both nations faced a fundamentally similar predicament, fighting for their survival against the common enemy of the PLO and the ANC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolakow-Suransky20108-98">[98]</a> Within less than a decade, South Africa would be one of Israel's closest military and economic allies, whilst Israel would occupy the position of South Africa's closest military ally, and Israel had become the most important foreign arms supplier to the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">South African Defence Force</a> (SADF).<a href="#cite_note-Beit-Hallahmi-18">[18]</a>: 117–19  In 1976, the 5th Conference of <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Nations</a> in Colombo, Sri Lanka, adopted a resolution calling for an oil embargo against France and Israel because of their arms sales to South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-sahist70s-99">[99]</a> Israeli and South African intelligence chiefs held regular conferences with each other to share information on enemy weapons and training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolakow-Suransky2010142-100">[100]</a> The co-ordination between the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> (IDF) and the SADF was unprecedented, with Israeli and South African generals giving each other unfettered access to each other's battlefields and military tactics, and Israel sharing with South Africa highly classified information about its missions, such as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a>, which had previously only been reserved for the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolakow-Suransky2010145–147-101">[101]</a> Israel was one of the most important allies in South Africa's weapons procurement during the years of PW Botha's regime.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Operation_Protea" title="Operation Protea">Operation Protea</a> in 1981, the SADF made military history, as arguably the first user of modern drone technology, when it operated the Israeli <a href="/wiki/IAI_Scout" title="IAI Scout">IAI Scout</a> drones in combat in Angola. They would only be used in combat by the Israel Defense Forces a year later during the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mole_Cricket_19" title="Operation Mole Cricket 19">Operation Mole Cricket 19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zaloga22-103">[103]</a> In 1981, Israeli Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> visited South African forces in <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a> for 10 days,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> later saying that South Africa needed more weapons to fight Soviet infiltration in the region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ballistic_missile_collaboration">Ballistic missile collaboration</h5></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jericho_(missile)" title="Jericho (missile)">Jericho (missile)</a></div> The commanders of the South African Defense Force were present at the test-firings of Israel's Jericho ballistic missile system, where they stood alongside the IDF generals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolakow-Suransky2010133-105">[105]</a> Israel's ballistic missile system, the Jericho II missile, was subsequently licensed for production in South Africa as the RSA series of space launch vehicles and ballistic missiles. The RSA-3 was produced by the Houwteq (a discontinued division of <a href="/wiki/Denel" title="Denel">Denel</a>) company at <a href="/wiki/Grabouw" title="Grabouw">Grabouw</a>, 30 km east of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>. Test launches were made from <a href="/wiki/Overberg" title="Overberg">Overberg</a> <a href="/wiki/Denel_Overberg_Test_Range" title="Denel Overberg Test Range">Test Range</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bredasdorp" title="Bredasdorp">Bredasdorp</a>, 200 km east of Cape Town. <a href="/wiki/Rooi-Els,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooi-Els, Western Cape">Rooi Els</a> was where the engine test facilities were located. Development continued even after South African renunciation of its <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">nuclear weapons</a> for use as a commercial satellite launcher.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The RSA-2 was a local copy of the Jericho II ballistic missile and the RSA-1 was a local copy of the Jericho II second stage for use as a mobile missile.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Alleged_nuclear_collaboration">Alleged nuclear collaboration</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">South Africa and weapons of mass destruction</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vela_incident" title="Vela incident">Vela incident</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Israel and weapons of mass destruction">Israel and weapons of mass destruction</a></div> From the mid-1970s, the two countries were allegedly involved in joint nuclear-weapons development and testing. According to <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh">Seymour Hersh</a>, for example, the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Vela_incident" title="Vela incident">Vela incident</a> was the third joint Israeli–<a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> nuclear test in the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHersh1991-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Richard Rhodes</a> concludes the incident was an <a href="/wiki/Israeli_nuclear_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli nuclear test">Israeli nuclear test</a>, conducted in cooperation with South Africa, and that the United States administration deliberately obscured this fact in order to avoid complicating relations with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes2011-112">[112]</a> South Africa provided much of the <a href="/wiki/Yellowcake_uranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellowcake uranium">yellowcake uranium</a> that Israel required to develop its nuclear weapons. South Africa built <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">its own nuclear bombs</a>, possibly with Israeli assistance.<a href="#cite_note-McGreal-113">[113]</a> Some Resolutions of the UN General Assembly in the early 1980s which condemned the cooperation between Israel and Apartheid South Africa, also mentioned nuclear collaboration.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Intelligence">U.S. Intelligence</a> believed that Israel participated in South African nuclear research projects and supplied advanced non-nuclear weapons technology to South Africa during the 1970s, while South Africa was developing its own atomic bombs.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/David_Albright" title="David Albright">David Albright</a>, "Faced with sanctions, South Africa began to organize clandestine procurement networks in Europe and the United States, and it began a long, secret collaboration with Israel." He goes on to say "A common question is whether Israel provided South Africa with weapons design assistance, although available evidence argues against significant cooperation."<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_McGreal" title="Chris McGreal">Chris McGreal</a> has written that "Israel provided expertise and technology that was central to South Africa's development of its nuclear bombs".<a href="#cite_note-guardian1-118">[118]</a> In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Gerhardt" title="Dieter Gerhardt">Dieter Gerhardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> spy and former commander in the South African Navy, stated that Israel agreed in 1974 to arm eight <a href="/wiki/Jericho_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Jericho missile">Jericho II</a> missiles with "special warheads" for South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> According to journalist <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh">Seymour Hersh</a>, the 1979 Vela incident, was the third joint Israeli-South African nuclear weapons test in the Indian Ocean, and the Israelis had sent two <a href="/wiki/Tsahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsahal">IDF</a> ships and "a contingent of Israeli military men and nuclear experts" for the test.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHersh1991271-120">[120]</a> Author <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Richard Rhodes</a> also concludes the incident was an Israeli nuclear test, conducted in cooperation with South Africa, and that the United States administration deliberately obscured this fact in order to avoid complicating relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes2011164–169-121">[121]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported that newly declassified South African documents uncovered by academic Sasha Polakow-Suransky showed details of a meeting on 31 March 1975 between the two countries' defence ministers, at the time South African <a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a> and Israeli <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a>, in which Peres purportedly offered South Africa "three sizes." The report suggested that the "three sizes" referred to nuclear warheads, but the deal never materialised.<a href="#cite_note-McGreal-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Backed by former minister <a href="/wiki/Yossi_Beilin" title="Yossi Beilin">Yossi Beilin</a>, Peres said the allegations were untrue and based on a selective interpretation of the minutes. Former apartheid foreign minister Pik Botha, as well as various Israeli insiders and experts, also said the allegations were highly improbable.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Later, in 1991, as apartheid was drawing to a close, Botha continued to maintain that allegations of nuclear cooperation were "a figment of the imagination of someone".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan1991-126">[126]</a> Avner Cohen, author of Israel and the Bomb and The Worst-Kept Secret: Israel's Bargain with the Bomb, said, "Nothing in the documents suggests there was an actual offer by Israel to sell nuclear weapons to the regime in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>."<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1987–1994:_Sanctions_against_South_Africa">1987–1994: Sanctions against South Africa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_apartheid" title="International sanctions during apartheid">International sanctions during apartheid</a></div> By 1987, Israel found itself the only developed nation in the world that still maintained strong <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa_during_apartheid" title="Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid">relations with South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMizroch2006-4">[4]</a> Since 1974, this relationship had been mentioned and condemned by various international organisations and, several times, in the UN General Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-Beit-Hallahmi-18">[18]</a>: 114  Thus by the late 1980s foreign policy towards South Africa had become a matter of disagreement within the Israeli government. A minority of Israeli officials and a number of liberal intellectuals, led by <a href="/wiki/Yossi_Beilin" title="Yossi Beilin">Yossi Beilin</a> at the Foreign Ministry, pressed for greater distance and even harsh sanctions. They were reportedly opposed by, among others, Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>, and former Defense Ministers <a href="/wiki/Ezer_Weizman" title="Ezer Weizman">Ezer Weizman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Arens" title="Moshe Arens">Moshe Arens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1987a-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankel1987-128">[128]</a> Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> took the middle-ground view, saying that Israel would not "lead" an anti-South African campaign, but would follow the approach taken by the United States and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1987a-62">[62]</a> Reinforcing the anti-apartheid argument was increasing political pressure from the United States, which had passed its <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Anti-Apartheid_Act" title="Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act">Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act</a>. In March 1987, American President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> was required to report to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> on arms sales to South Africa by Israel and other American allies, and unfavourable findings could result in Israel losing its $1.8 billion in <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">American military aid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1987a-62">[62]</a> The week before the report was due, Peres announced that Israel would not sign any further military contracts with South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreudenheimRobertsClarity1987-129">[129]</a> Existing contracts would remain in force but would be allowed to lapse over an unspecified period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrnes1996-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankel1987-128">[128]</a> Israel would also curtail its cultural, diplomatic, and tourist relations with South Africa, and would set up a committee to look into economic sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreudenheimRobertsClarity1987-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1987b-130">[130]</a> Peres also reiterated Israel's opposition to apartheid, saying: <blockquote>"There is no room for discrimination, whether it's called apartheid or any other name... We repeat that we express our denunciation of the system of apartheid. The Jewish outlook is that every man was born in the image of God and created equal."<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> </blockquote>According to the New York Times, the Israeli Cabinet "made no attempt to hide the fact" that its decision was being made in response to political pressure from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1987b-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreudenheimRobertsClarity1987-129">[129]</a> South African Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Roelof_Botha" title="Roelof Botha">Roelof Botha</a> downplayed it as "clearly a direct result of pressure by the United States".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreudenheimRobertsClarity1987-129">[129]</a> In September 1987, under further American pressure and ahead of another review by Congress, Israel imposed ten economic and cultural sanctions against South Africa, including bans on new investments and on governmental, scientific, sports, and cultural exchanges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankel1987-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1987c-132">[132]</a> Israeli diplomat <a href="/wiki/Alon_Liel" title="Alon Liel">Alon Liel</a> later recalled South African President <a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P.W. Botha</a> was surprised and outraged by the decision.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMizroch2006-4">[4]</a> However, because the sanctions did not apply retroactively to agreements already made, some exchanges continued – for example, in 1990, bilateral trade was worth $317 million, with Israel incurring a $125 million trade deficit because of the restrictions on its exports to South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewish_Telegraphic_Agency1991-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1991–1994:_Normalisation">1991–1994: Normalisation</h3></div> The sanctions remained in place until <a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">negotiations to end apartheid</a> were underway in South Africa: on July 14, 1991, Israel lifted its sanctions, four days after the United States had done the same.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewish_Telegraphic_Agency1991-133">[133]</a> In November of that year, Botha's successor, <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F.W. De Klerk</a> made a <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a> to Israel, and he and Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a> agreed to normalise relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewish_Telegraphic_Agency1991-133">[133]</a> During that visit, the countries' foreign ministers – Pik Botha in South Africa and <a href="/wiki/David_Levy_(Israeli_politician)" title="David Levy (Israeli politician)">David Levy</a> in Israel – signed a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> to facilitate increased cooperation in science, culture, industry, agriculture, tourism, commerce, and other fields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan1991-126">[126]</a> Botha said publicly that neither the agreement nor general Israeli–South African relations would include military cooperation, because the latter "belong[ed] to the past".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan1991-126">[126]</a> Over the next two years, there was reportedly strain between the Israeli embassy in South Africa and De Klerk's government, as the Israeli ambassador focused his diplomatic and political outreach on the ascendant black leaders of the ANC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolakow-Suransky2010219-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishku2010155-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1994–2018:_Post-apartheid_strain">1994–2018: Post-apartheid strain</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydcohen12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sydcohen12.jpg/220px-Sydcohen12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sydcohen12.jpg/330px-Sydcohen12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sydcohen12.jpg/440px-Sydcohen12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1331" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>Former South African President <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> with Israeli President <a href="/wiki/Ezer_Weizman" title="Ezer Weizman">Ezer Weizmann</a> and Syd Cohen of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a>, 1999. </figcaption></figure> In 1994, South Africa held its <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">first democratic elections</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> was elevated to the presidency. In a speech in August 1993, Mandela had said that his party, the ANC, had been "extremely unhappy" with the apartheid-era Israel–South Africa connection, but was willing to move past it, including in seeking a resolution to the longstanding <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>: <blockquote>"As a movement, we recognize the legitimacy of <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> nationalism just as we recognize the legitimacy of Zionism as a Jewish nationalism... We insist on the right of the state of Israel to exist within secure borders, but with equal vigor, support the Palestinian right to national <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaberman1994-136">[136]</a></blockquote>In September 1995, South African Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baphethuxolo_Nzo" title="Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo">Alfred Nzo</a> made an official visit to Israel, where the countries signed an agreement establishing a Joint Commission of Cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation2022a-22">[22]</a> The next year, the commission negotiated five bilateral cooperation agreements, in the areas of agriculture, tourism, culture, environment and science, and <a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">nature conservation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation2022a-22">[22]</a> In November 1995, Mandela and other ANC leaders attended a memorial service for Rabin, who had been assassinated while serving as Israeli Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.1995-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShain1997-138">[138]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> of Palestine first visited South Africa in 1998, and several times thereafter,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishku2010166-139">[139]</a> Mandela did not visit Israel while president. He noted that, although he had received invitations to visit Israel during his presidency, "almost every country in the world, except Israel" had invited him to visit after his release from prison in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESydow2013-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrme1999-141">[141]</a> He finally visited Israel in October 1999, during a tour of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. He reiterated his unwavering opposition to Israeli control of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">the West Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">Southern Lebanon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrme1999-141">[141]</a> but also said:<blockquote>"To the many people who have questioned why I came, I say: Israel worked very closely with the apartheid regime. I say: I've made peace with many men who slaughtered our people like animals. Israel cooperated with the apartheid regime, but it did not participate in any atrocities."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelling1999-142">[142]</a></blockquote><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AyalonMatjila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AyalonMatjila.jpg/200px-AyalonMatjila.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AyalonMatjila.jpg/300px-AyalonMatjila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AyalonMatjila.jpg/400px-AyalonMatjila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2227" data-file-height="2276" /></a><figcaption>Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Danny_Ayalon" title="Danny Ayalon">Danny Ayalon</a> meets with Jerry Matjila, South African <a href="/wiki/Director_general#South_Africa" title="Director general">Director General</a> for Foreign Affairs, September 2009.</figcaption></figure>In late 2004, South African President <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> held a series of bilateral talks focused on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, hosting a delegation from Israel's governing Likud in September,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2004b-143">[143]</a> and then in October Israeli Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuters2004-144">[144]</a> This followed a particularly tense phase in relations: earlier that year, the South African government had criticised Israel's construction of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">Israeli West Bank barrier</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2004b-143">[143]</a> and an official delegation led by Deputy Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Pahad" title="Aziz Pahad">Aziz Pahad</a> had made representations in support of the Palestinian case at the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2004a-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_relations_(1992-2015)">Economic relations (1992-2015)</h2></div> After the end of apartheid, trade between Israel and South Africa increased, from $387.8 million in 1992<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank1992-146">[146]</a> and $474.7 million in 1994,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank1994-147">[147]</a> to $706.4 million in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2000-148">[148]</a> It reached $1.03 billion in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2010-149">[149]</a> by which time Israel was South Africa's 40th largest source of imports and 24th largest destination for exports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishku2010169-170-150">[150]</a> South Africa was Israel's main trading partner in Africa between 2006 and 2016,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruzdRawhaniBenjamin201814–16-151">[151]</a> with its imports from South Africa dominated by diamonds and coal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruzdRawhaniBenjamin201832-152">[152]</a> However, after peaking at $1.19 billion in 2012,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2012-153">[153]</a> bilateral trade began to decline. In 2019, bilateral trade amounted to only $407.7 million, with a trade imbalance of $19.5 million in South Africa's favour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2019-154">[154]</a> Israel and South Africa signed a <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_investment_treaty" title="Bilateral investment treaty">bilateral investment treaty</a> in 2004, which included provisions for <a href="/wiki/Most_favoured_nation" title="Most favoured nation">most favoured nation</a> treatment, but it lapsed in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development2016-155">[155]</a> In 2015, according to the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Reserve_Bank" title="South African Reserve Bank">South African Reserve Bank</a>, the stock of Israeli <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> in South Africa was worth <a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">R</a>2.93 billion, or 0.15% of all foreign investment in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper2017-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="BDS_in_South_Africa">BDS in South Africa</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Academic_boycott_of_Israel#South_Africa" title="Academic boycott of Israel">Academic boycott of Israel § South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_supporters_in_Cape_Town_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Israel_supporters_in_Cape_Town_1.jpg/220px-Israel_supporters_in_Cape_Town_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Israel_supporters_in_Cape_Town_1.jpg/330px-Israel_supporters_in_Cape_Town_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Israel_supporters_in_Cape_Town_1.jpg/440px-Israel_supporters_in_Cape_Town_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4827" data-file-height="3218" /></a><figcaption>A pro-Israel solidarity rally outside the South African Jewish Museum in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, August 2014.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durban_protest_against_Israeli_bombardment_against_Gaza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Durban_protest_against_Israeli_bombardment_against_Gaza.jpg/220px-Durban_protest_against_Israeli_bombardment_against_Gaza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Durban_protest_against_Israeli_bombardment_against_Gaza.jpg/330px-Durban_protest_against_Israeli_bombardment_against_Gaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Durban_protest_against_Israeli_bombardment_against_Gaza.jpg/440px-Durban_protest_against_Israeli_bombardment_against_Gaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>A protest in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> against Israeli bombardment of Gaza during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014 Gaza War</a>.</figcaption></figure>An additional contributor to tensions between Israel and South Africa over the past two decades has been high-level political support in South Africa for the pro-Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a> campaign. As early as June 2006,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadisha2006-157">[157]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Congress of South African Trade Unions">Congress of South African Trade Unions</a> – then the largest union federation in South Africa, and <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Alliance" title="Tripartite Alliance">a close partner</a> of the ruling ANC – declared its support for boycotts of Israel, calling the latter an apartheid state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2014-158">[158]</a> In September 2011, due to lobbying by <a href="/wiki/Zackie_Achmat" title="Zackie Achmat">Zackie Achmat</a> and his pro-Palestinian Open <a href="/wiki/Al-Shuhada_Street" title="Al-Shuhada Street">Shuhuda Street</a> organisation, South African <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Trade,_Industry_and_Competition" title="Minister of Trade, Industry and Competition">Trade and Industry Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Davies_(politician)" title="Rob Davies (politician)">Rob Davies</a>, "agreed in principle" that imports manufactured in occupied Palestinian territories should not be labelled as products of Israel, in order to facilitate voluntary boycotts of Israeli goods under BDS.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawoot2011-159">[159]</a> At its 2012 <a href="/wiki/52nd_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="52nd National Conference of the African National Congress">elective conference</a>, the ANC formally resolved to support the BDS campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordin2012-160">[160]</a> Particularly sensitive has been the <a href="/wiki/Academic_boycott_of_Israel" title="Academic boycott of Israel">academic boycott of Israel</a> by some South African universities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_African_criticism_of_Israeli_occupation">South African criticism of Israeli occupation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Palestine–South Africa relations">Palestine–South Africa relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid#Comments_by_South_Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">Israel and apartheid § Comments by South Africans</a></div> Although a 2007 public opinion poll found mixed opinions among the South African population,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPew_Research_Center2007p._96:_In_the_Israeli–Palestinian_conflict,_28%_of_South_Africans_surveyed_said_they_sympathized_more_with_Israel;_while_19%_sympathized_more_with_Palestine._19%_sympathized_with_both_parties_equally_and_20%_sympathized_with_neither._14%_didn't_know_or_didn't_answer._161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPew_Research_Center2007p._96:_In_the_Israeli–Palestinian_conflict,_28%_of_South_Africans_surveyed_said_they_sympathized_more_with_Israel;_while_19%_sympathized_more_with_Palestine._19%_sympathized_with_both_parties_equally_and_20%_sympathized_with_neither._14%_didn't_know_or_didn't_answer.-161">[161]</a> some prominent South African figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> and Cabinet minister <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Kasrils" title="Ronnie Kasrils">Ronnie Kasrils</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETutu2002-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasrils2007-163">[163]</a> have long been vocal critics of Israel's actions during the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">drawing parallels</a> between apartheid South Africa and modern-day Israel. Others, such as opposition politician <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Meshoe" title="Kenneth Meshoe">Kenneth Meshoe</a>, have objected to such comparisons;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeshoe2013-164">[164]</a> and South Africa's former ambassador to Israel, <a href="/wiki/Fumanekile_Gqiba" title="Fumanekile Gqiba">Fumanekile Gqiba</a>, was more ambivalent, concluding, "It’s difficult to say Israel is racist, in a classic sense. I will say a certain culture is dominant over the others – the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> culture seems to dominate the systems of authority."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollak2007-165">[165]</a> In any case, more recently, both the ruling ANC and its government have been willing to endorse openly an analogy between Israel and South African apartheid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfrican_National_Congress2018"...we_are_awakened_to_the_realisation_that_the_apartheid_regime_lives_on_in_Israel,_with_its_crude_viciousness."-166">[166]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMthethwa2022"Our_country_draws_a_direct_parallel_between_the_former_apartheid_regime_and_the_Israeli_occupation_of_Palestinian_land._Like_the_[[Non-Aligned_Movement]],_we_consider_Palestine,_together_with_[[Western_Sahara]],_as_unfinished_decolonisation_struggles."_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMthethwa2022"Our_country_draws_a_direct_parallel_between_the_former_apartheid_regime_and_the_Israeli_occupation_of_Palestinian_land._Like_the_[[Non-Aligned_Movement]],_we_consider_Palestine,_together_with_[[Western_Sahara]],_as_unfinished_decolonisation_struggles."-167">[167]</a> Other prominent South African <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">anti-apartheid</a> activists have used apartheid comparisons to criticize the occupation of the West Bank, and particularly the construction of the separation barrier. These include <a href="/wiki/Farid_Esack" title="Farid Esack">Farid Esack</a>, a writer who is currently William Henry Bloomberg Visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Harvard Divinity School</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cjpip.org-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Kasrils" title="Ronnie Kasrils">Ronnie Kasrils</a>,<a href="#cite_note-aljazeerah.info-169">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela" title="Winnie Madikizela-Mandela">Winnie Madikizela-Mandela</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Winnie_Mandela_on_apartheid_Israel-170">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Goldberg" title="Denis Goldberg">Denis Goldberg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ameu.org-171">[171]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arun_Manilal_Gandhi" title="Arun Manilal Gandhi">Arun Ghandhi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> In 2008, a delegation of <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC) veterans visited Israel and the Occupied Territories, and said that in some respects it was worse than apartheid.<a href="#cite_note-LikeApartheidANC-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-HaaretzWorse-174">[174]</a> In May 2018, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/2018_Gaza_border_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Gaza border protests">Gaza border protests</a>, the ANC issued a statement comparing the actions of Palestinians to "our struggle against the apartheid regime". It also accused the Israeli military of "the same cruelty" as Hitler, and stated that "all South Africans must rise up and treat Israel like the pariah that it is".<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Around the same time, the South African government withdrew indefinitely its Ambassador to Israel, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisa_Ngombane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sisa Ngombane (page does not exist)">Sisa Ngombane</a>, to protest "the indiscriminate and grave manner of the latest Israeli attack".<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Into the 2010s, these views increasingly led to diplomatic spats. South Africa has consistently supported anti-Israel resolutions at the UN.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruzdRawhaniBenjamin201830-177">[177]</a> Following the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Gaza flotilla raid</a>, South Africa recalled its ambassador from Israel,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2010-178">[178]</a> and summoned the Israeli ambassador for a reprimand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2013-179">[179]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Maite_Nkoana-Mashabane" title="Maite Nkoana-Mashabane">Maite Nkoana-Mashabane</a>, the South African <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation" title="Minister of International Relations and Cooperation">Minister of International Relations and Cooperation</a>, said that South Africa had not been sending its ministers to Israel, having decided "to slow down and curtail senior leadership contact with that regime until things begin to look better".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2013-179">[179]</a> Later that year, Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> cancelled his planned trip to South Africa for Mandela's funeral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMataboge2013-180">[180]</a> In April 2015, Israel denied South African <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Higher_Education,_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology">Higher Education Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Blade_Nzimande" title="Blade Nzimande">Blade Nzimande</a> and his aides permission to visit the Palestinian government in <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>, provoking an angry response from Nzimande.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhren2015a-181">[181]</a> And, later that year, the governing ANC in South Africa angered Israel by hosting a delegation from militant Palestinian nationalist group <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, which met with South African President <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> – though in his capacity as ANC party leader – and signed a memorandum of understanding with the ANC about ending <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israel's occupation</a> of Palestinian territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhumalo2015-182">[182]</a> In response, the Israeli foreign ministry summoned South Africa's deputy ambassador for a reprimand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhren2015b-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2018–2023:_Downgraded_relations">2018–2023: Downgraded relations</h2></div> Following an apparent détente in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhren2016-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2017-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhren2017a-186">[186]</a> on 14 May 2018, South Africa withdrew its ambassador indefinitely following the <a href="/wiki/2018_Gaza_border_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Gaza border protests">2018 Gaza border protests</a>. In a statement, its <a href="/wiki/Department_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation" title="Department of International Relations and Cooperation">Department of International Relations and Cooperation</a> reiterated South Africa's "view that the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israeli Defence Force</a> must withdraw from the Gaza Strip and bring to an end the violent and destructive incursions into Palestinian territories."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation2018-187">[187]</a> In a less restrained statement the following day, the ANC called "on all South Africans to demonstrate to the world that we regard the Israeli government and its armed forces as an outcast and blight on humanity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfrican_National_Congress2018-188">[188]</a> The ambassador returned to Tel Aviv in September of that year,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhren2018-189">[189]</a> but, in April 2019, the South African foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Lindiwe_Sisulu" title="Lindiwe Sisulu">Lindiwe Sisulu</a>, announced that the ambassador would not be replaced when his term ended, and the Tel Aviv embassy would be downgraded to a liaison office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnekoSchwikowski2019-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhren2019-191">[191]</a> This downgrade had earlier been endorsed as the official policy of the ANC by delegates to its December 2017 <a href="/wiki/54th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="54th National Conference of the African National Congress">elective conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhren2017b-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacharia2017-193">[193]</a> Since their unilateral downgrading by South Africa, diplomatic relations between the countries have remained strained. In 2021, South Africa's <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Sports,_Arts_and_Culture" title="Department of Sports, Arts and Culture">Department of Sports, Arts and Culture</a> withdrew its support from the <a href="/wiki/Miss_South_Africa_2021" title="Miss South Africa 2021">Miss South Africa</a> pageant after the latter refused to boycott the <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe_2021" title="Miss Universe 2021">Miss Universe</a> event in <a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat, Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchley2021-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta2021-195">[195]</a> In 2021 and late 2022, South Africa, alongside Algeria, spearheaded an unsuccessful campaign to strip Israel of its observer status at the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabricius2022b-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation2021a-197">[197]</a> And the South African government continued publicly to criticise Israeli actions and express solidarity with Palestine in the Israel–Palestine conflict,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation2021b-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation2022b-199">[199]</a> frequently reiterating its support for a peaceful <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamaphosa2021-200">[200]</a> In June 2021, however, South African foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Naledi_Pandor" title="Naledi Pandor">Naledi Pandor</a> told the South African <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament</a> that the government did not intend to sever relations entirely,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFelix2021-201">[201]</a> and her department said in early 2022 that ongoing diplomatic contact "allowed South Africa to play a role with its international partners in the ongoing efforts to end the occupation of Palestine".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMthethwa2022-202">[202]</a> Israel currently retains its embassy in Pretoria, and South African President <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> accepted the credentials of its current ambassador, Eliav Belotsercovsky, in January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabricius2022a-6">[6]</a> The South African Department of International Relations summarises the prevailing situation as follows:<blockquote>"There is currently limited political and diplomatic interaction between South Africa and Israel, mainly due to Israel’s antagonistic attitude towards the MEPP [<a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Middle East peace process</a>] and disregard for International Law regarding the rights of the Palestinians and their territories. South Africa’s baseline is that Israel must return to negotiations and create favorable conditions for peaceful negotiations."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation2022a-22">[22]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_months_of_the_Israel-Gaza_war_(2023)">First months of the Israel-Gaza war (2023)</h2></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>, the South African government called on the world to use their influence against what the South African Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Naledi_Pandor" title="Naledi Pandor">Naledi Pandor</a> described as "this real crime against humanity",<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> a day later the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> passed a motion calling on the government to close its embassy in Tel Aviv.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> The South African <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_South_Africa" title="Cabinet of South Africa">governmental cabinet</a> also called on the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> to issue an arrest warrant for <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Israeli Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> and recalled the country's ambassador to Israel and withdrew all the country's diplomatic staff from Israel.<a href="#cite_note-magome2023-205">[205]</a> The Minister in the Presidency, <a href="/wiki/Khumbudzo_Ntshavheni" title="Khumbudzo Ntshavheni">Khumbudzo Ntshavheni</a> also said, at the time, that the Israeli ambassador to South Africa had made "disparaging remarks" about those opposing "atrocities and genocide of the Israeli government."<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> On November 21, the South African <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament</a> voted, by 248-91, in favor of a <a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a> parliamentary motion, which called on the Israeli embassy in South Africa to be closed and for South Africa to end diplomatic relations with Israel until Israel agrees to a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-magome2023-205">[205]</a> Prior to the vote, Israel recalled its ambassador from South Africa "for consultations"<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> On November 22, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa welcomed the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_ceasefire" title="2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire">four-day ceasefire</a> and expressed hope that it would bolster efforts to achieve an "outright end to the current conflict."<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> In March 2024, Naledi Pandor stated that South African citizens who had gone to Gaza to fight for Israel would be arrested upon their return to South Africa. <a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2023–24_genocide_case">2023–24 genocide case</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_v._Israel_(Genocide_Convention)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)">South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_stances_on_South_Africa_v._Israel_lawsuit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/International_stances_on_South_Africa_v._Israel_lawsuit.svg/220px-International_stances_on_South_Africa_v._Israel_lawsuit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/International_stances_on_South_Africa_v._Israel_lawsuit.svg/330px-International_stances_on_South_Africa_v._Israel_lawsuit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/International_stances_on_South_Africa_v._Israel_lawsuit.svg/440px-International_stances_on_South_Africa_v._Israel_lawsuit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>International stances on South Africa v. Israel lawsuit: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  South Africa</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Countries that have supported South Africa</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Countries that have supported Israel</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Israel</div></figcaption></figure> On December 29, South Africa <a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide#International_Court_of_Justice_application" title="Gaza genocide">filed a case</a> against <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, for committing genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity against Palestinians in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">Israel-Hamas conflict</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Proceedings were instituted at the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a>, to which both Israel and South Africa are signatory,<a href="#cite_note-:6-212">[212]</a> and brought pursuant to Article IX of the Convention.<a href="#cite_note-:5-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> In the country's 84-page application, filed on December 29, 2023, South Africa alleged that Israel's actions "are genocidal in character because they are intended to bring about the destruction of a substantial part of the Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group."<a href="#cite_note-:5-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-215">[215]</a> South Africa requested that the ICJ issue a binding legal order on an <a href="/wiki/Interim_order" title="Interim order">interim</a> basis (i.e., prior to a hearing on the merits of the application), requiring Israel to "immediately suspend its military operations in and against Gaza."<a href="#cite_note-:5-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-215">[215]</a> While adjudication of the merits of the case may take years, such an order could be issued within weeks.<a href="#cite_note-:6-212">[212]</a> Additionally, South Africa's president <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> also <a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">compared Israel's actions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Balkees_Jarrah" title="Balkees Jarrah">Balkees Jarrah</a>, associate international justice director at <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, noted that the ICJ case is not a prosecution of individuals, and does not directly involve the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>, which is a separate body, and stated that the case presents an opportunity to "provide clear, definitive answers on the question of whether Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinian people."<a href="#cite_note-:6-212">[212]</a> Israel rejected the allegations "with disgust"<a href="#cite_note-:6-212">[212]</a> and accused South Africa of working with Hamas,<a href="#cite_note-:1-210">[210]</a> describing the actions of South Africa as "<a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a>",<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> and called Palestinians "the modern heirs of the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a>".<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> On January 2, 2024, Israel decided to appear before the ICJ in response to the case made by South Africa that Israel was committing genocide, despite a prior history of ignoring international tribunals.<a href="#cite_note-:7-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> South Africa's case has been supported by <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> and peace groups such as <a href="/wiki/CodePink" class="mw-redirect" title="CodePink">CodePink</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Beyond_War" title="World Beyond War">World Beyond War</a>, <a href="/wiki/RootsAction" class="mw-redirect" title="RootsAction">RootsAction</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_People%E2%80%99s_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The People’s Forum (page does not exist)">The People’s Forum</a>, which urged over 25 countries to support South Africa's case,<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> while U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> Coordinator for Strategic Communications <a href="/wiki/John_Kirby_(admiral)" title="John Kirby (admiral)">John Kirby</a> said the U.S. found the "submission meritless, counterproductive, completely without any basis in fact whatsoever."<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa">History of the Jews in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Jews_in_Israel" title="South African Jews in Israel">South African Jews in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid#Jewish_resistance" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Jewish resistance to apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa" title="Military history of South Africa">Military history of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">Antisemitism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muldergate" title="Muldergate">Muldergate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeshoe2013-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeshoe2013_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeshoe2013">Meshoe 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollak2007-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollak2007_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPollak2007">Pollak 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfrican_National_Congress2018"...we_are_awakened_to_the_realisation_that_the_apartheid_regime_lives_on_in_Israel,_with_its_crude_viciousness."-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfrican_National_Congress2018"...we_are_awakened_to_the_realisation_that_the_apartheid_regime_lives_on_in_Israel,_with_its_crude_viciousness."_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAfrican_National_Congress2018">African National Congress 2018</a>, "...we are awakened to the realisation that the apartheid regime lives on in Israel, with its crude viciousness.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMthethwa2022"Our_country_draws_a_direct_parallel_between_the_former_apartheid_regime_and_the_Israeli_occupation_of_Palestinian_land._Like_the_[[Non-Aligned_Movement]],_we_consider_Palestine,_together_with_[[Western_Sahara]],_as_unfinished_decolonisation_struggles."-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMthethwa2022"Our_country_draws_a_direct_parallel_between_the_former_apartheid_regime_and_the_Israeli_occupation_of_Palestinian_land._Like_the_[[Non-Aligned_Movement]],_we_consider_Palestine,_together_with_[[Western_Sahara]],_as_unfinished_decolonisation_struggles."_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMthethwa2022">Mthethwa 2022</a>, "Our country draws a direct parallel between the former apartheid regime and the Israeli occupation of Palestinian land. Like the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, we consider Palestine, together with <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, as unfinished decolonisation struggles.". </li> <li id="cite_note-cjpip.org-168"><a href="#cite_ref-cjpip.org_168-0">^</a> "The logic of Apartheid is akin to the logic of Zionism.... Life for the Palestinians is infinitely worse than what we ever had experienced under Apartheid.... The price they (Palestinians) have had to pay for resistance much more horrendous." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021063756/http://cjpip.org/0609_esack.html">"Farid Esack--Learning from South Africa--September 6, 2006"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cjpip.org/0609_esack.html">the original</a> on 21 October 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Farid+Esack--Learning+from+South+Africa--September+6%2C+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcjpip.org%2F0609_esack.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"> Audio: Learning from South Africa – Religion, Violence, Nonviolence, and International Engagement in the Israeli-Palestinian Struggle </li> <li id="cite_note-aljazeerah.info-169"><a href="#cite_ref-aljazeerah.info_169-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeerah.info/Opinion%20editorials/2006%20Opinion%20Editorials/September/5%20o/Rage%20of%20the%20Elephant%20Israel%20in%20Lebanon%20By%20Ronnie%20Kasrils,%20MP.htm">Rage of the Elephant: Israel in Lebanon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607180940/http://www.aljazeerah.info/Opinion%20editorials/2006%20Opinion%20Editorials/September/5%20o/Rage%20of%20the%20Elephant%20Israel%20in%20Lebanon%20By%20Ronnie%20Kasrils%2C%20MP.htm">Archived</a> 7 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 3 November 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-Winnie_Mandela_on_apartheid_Israel-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Winnie_Mandela_on_apartheid_Israel_170-0">^</a> "Apartheid Israel can be defeated, just as apartheid in South Africa was defeated" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=139&art_id=qw1080274862652B243&set_id=1">Winnie Mandela on apartheid Israel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026142307/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=139&art_id=qw1080274862652B243&set_id=1">Archived</a> 26 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_Online" title="Independent Online">Independent Online</a>, 26 March 2004. Retrieved 3 November 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-ameu.org-171"><a href="#cite_ref-ameu.org_171-0">^</a> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ameu.org/summary1.asp?iid=165">Israeli-South African-U.S. Alliance</a>. Retrieved 6 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204631/http://www.ameu.org/summary1.asp?iid=165">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arun_Ghandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Arun Ghandhi">Arun Ghandhi</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipc.gov.ps/ipc_e/ipc_e-1/e_News/news2004/2004_08/179.html">Occupation "Ten Times Worse than Apartheid"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060827072819/http://www.ipc.gov.ps/ipc_e/ipc_e-1/e_News/news2004/2004_08/179.html">Archived</a> 27 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Speech, Palestinian International Press Center, 29 August 2004. Retrieved 17 September 2006. "When I come here and see the situation [in the Palestinian territories], I find that what is happening here is ten times worse than what I had experienced in South Africa. This is Apartheid." </li> <li id="cite_note-LikeApartheidANC-173"><a href="#cite_ref-LikeApartheidANC_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Macintyre2008" class="citation news cs1">Donald Macintyre (11 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080729031906/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/this-is-like-apartheid-anc-veterans-visit-west-bank-865063.html">"'This is like apartheid': ANC veterans visit West Bank"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/this-is-like-apartheid-anc-veterans-visit-west-bank-865063.html">the original</a> on 29 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=%27This+is+like+apartheid%27%3A+ANC+veterans+visit+West+Bank&rft.date=2008-07-11&rft.au=Donald+Macintyre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fthis-is-like-apartheid-anc-veterans-visit-west-bank-865063.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaaretzWorse-174"><a href="#cite_ref-HaaretzWorse_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGideon_Levy2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Levy" title="Gideon Levy">Gideon Levy</a> (12 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/twilight-zone-worse-than-apartheid-1.249503">"Twilight Zone / 'Worse than apartheid'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823182040/http://www.haaretz.com/twilight-zone-worse-than-apartheid-1.249503">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Twilight+Zone+%2F+%27Worse+than+apartheid%27&rft.date=2008-07-12&rft.au=Gideon+Levy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Ftwilight-zone-worse-than-apartheid-1.249503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael_Ahren2018" class="citation news cs1">Raphael Ahren (15 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/south-african-leaders-tell-countrys-jews-to-reject-nazi-like-israel/">"South African leaders tell country's Jews to reject 'Nazi-like' Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a>. Retrieved 12 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=South+African+leaders+tell+country%27s+Jews+to+reject+%27Nazi-like%27+Israel&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft.au=Raphael+Ahren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fsouth-african-leaders-tell-countrys-jews-to-reject-nazi-like-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Bachner2018" class="citation news cs1">Michael Bachner (14 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/south-africa-recalls-envoy-to-israel-over-violent-aggression-on-gaza-border/">"South Africa recalls envoy to Israel over 'violent aggression' on Gaza border"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a>. Retrieved 12 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=South+Africa+recalls+envoy+to+Israel+over+%27violent+aggression%27+on+Gaza+border&rft.date=2018-05-14&rft.au=Michael+Bachner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fsouth-africa-recalls-envoy-to-israel-over-violent-aggression-on-gaza-border%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruzdRawhaniBenjamin201830-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruzdRawhaniBenjamin201830_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGruzdRawhaniBenjamin2018">Gruzd, Rawhani & Benjamin 2018</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2010-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2010_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnon.2010">Anon. 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2013-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2013_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2013_179-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnon.2013">Anon. 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMataboge2013-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMataboge2013_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMataboge2013">Mataboge 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhren2015a-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhren2015a_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhren2015a">Ahren 2015a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhumalo2015-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhumalo2015_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhumalo2015">Khumalo 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhren2015b-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhren2015b_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhren2015b">Ahren 2015b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhren2016-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhren2016_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhren2016">Ahren 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2017-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2017_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnon.2017">Anon. 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhren2017a-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhren2017a_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhren2017a">Ahren 2017a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation2018-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation2018_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDepartment_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation2018">Department of International Relations and Cooperation 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfrican_National_Congress2018-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfrican_National_Congress2018_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAfrican_National_Congress2018">African National Congress 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhren2018-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhren2018_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhren2018">Ahren 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnekoSchwikowski2019-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnekoSchwikowski2019_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOnekoSchwikowski2019">Oneko & Schwikowski 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhren2019-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhren2019_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhren2019">Ahren 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhren2017b-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhren2017b_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhren2017b">Ahren 2017b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacharia2017-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacharia2017_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacharia2017">Macharia 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchley2021-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchley2021_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchley2021">Mitchley 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta2021-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta2021_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDasgupta2021">Dasgupta 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabricius2022b-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabricius2022b_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFabricius2022b">Fabricius 2022b</a>. </li> <li 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/15/south-african-minister-says-world-has-seen-enough-violence-in-palestine">the original</a> on November 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=S+Africa%3A+World+must+urge+Israel+to+stop+%C2%B4crime+against+humanity%C2%B4&rft.date=2023-11-15&rft.au=Al+Jazeera+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F11%2F15%2Fsouth-african-minister-says-world-has-seen-enough-violence-in-palestine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231117235211/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-africas-anc-backs-motion-close-israeli-embassy-2023-11-16/">"S Africa:South Africa´s ANC backs motion to close embassy Israeli embassy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 16 November 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-africas-anc-backs-motion-close-israeli-embassy-2023-11-16/">the original</a> on November 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=S+Africa%3ASouth+Africa%C2%B4s+ANC+backs+motion+to+close+embassy+Israeli+embassy&rft.date=2023-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fsouth-africas-anc-backs-motion-close-israeli-embassy-2023-11-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-magome2023-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-magome2023_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-magome2023_205-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagome2023" class="citation web cs1">Magome, Mogomotsi (November 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-israel-ambassador-recall-gaza-bb30d780d0d33f2220dc08bf032a5738">"South African lawmakers vote in favor of closing Israel's embassy and cutting diplomatic ties"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231121135931/https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-israel-ambassador-recall-gaza-bb30d780d0d33f2220dc08bf032a5738">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=South+African+lawmakers+vote+in+favor+of+closing+Israel%27s+embassy+and+cutting+diplomatic+ties&rft.date=2023-11-21&rft.aulast=Magome&rft.aufirst=Mogomotsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fsouth-africa-israel-ambassador-recall-gaza-bb30d780d0d33f2220dc08bf032a5738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagome2023" class="citation news cs1">Magome, Mogomotsi (6 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesunion.com/news/world/article/south-africa-recalls-ambassador-and-diplomatic-18471371.php">"South Africa recalls ambassador and diplomatic mission to Israel and accuses it of genocide in Gaza"</a>. 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Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/CodePink" class="mw-redirect" title="CodePink">CodePink</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240103001846/https://www.codepink.org/icj_petition_delivery">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peace+Groups+Urge+Countries+to+Join+South+Africa+in+Charging+Israel+With+Genocide&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=CodePink&rft.date=2024-01-02&rft.aulast=Garriga&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.codepink.org%2Ficj_petition_delivery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com/us-rebukes-south-africa-for-meritless-genocide-suit-against-israel/">"US rebukes South Africa for 'meritless' genocide suit against Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_News_Syndicate" title="Jewish News Syndicate">Jewish News Syndicate</a>. January 4, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240105145530/https://jewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com/us-rebukes-south-africa-for-meritless-genocide-suit-against-israel/">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved January 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=US+rebukes+South+Africa+for+%27meritless%27+genocide+suit+against+Israel&rft.date=2024-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com%2Fus-rebukes-south-africa-for-meritless-genocide-suit-against-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_and_articles">Books and articles</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishku2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bishku, Michael B. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Strategy+in+Africa%2C+1961%E2%80%9367&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-87&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0020-7438&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153752886%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3880138%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743804361040&rft.aulast=Levey&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3880138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLissoni2015" class="citation book cs1">Lissoni, Arianna (2015). "Apartheid's 'Little Israel': Bophuthatswana". In Jacobs, Sean; Soske, Jon (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/931160029">Apartheid Israel: The Politics of an Analogy</a>. Chicago, Illinois: Haymarket Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-519-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-519-4"><bdi>978-1-60846-519-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/931160029">931160029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apartheid%27s+%27Little+Israel%27%3A+Bophuthatswana&rft.btitle=Apartheid+Israel%3A+The+Politics+of+an+Analogy&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F931160029&rft.isbn=978-1-60846-519-4&rft.aulast=Lissoni&rft.aufirst=Arianna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F931160029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarmont1989" class="citation journal cs1">Marmont, Jean-Jacques (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/161360">"Israel and the Socio-Economic Status of South Africa's Jewish Community"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Modern_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Modern African Studies">The Journal of Modern African Studies</a>. 27 (1): 143–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X00015688">10.1017/S0022278X00015688</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-278X">0022-278X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/161360">161360</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154488945">154488945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Israel+and+the+Socio-Economic+Status+of+South+Africa%27s+Jewish+Community&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=143-152&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0022-278X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154488945%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F161360%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022278X00015688&rft.aulast=Marmont&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F161360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadelmann1981" class="citation journal cs1">Nadelmann, Ethan A. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/160635">"Israel and Black Africa: A Rapprochement?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Modern_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Modern African Studies">The Journal of Modern African Studies</a>. 19 (2): 183–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X00016918">10.1017/S0022278X00016918</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-278X">0022-278X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/160635">160635</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154660695">154660695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Israel+and+Black+Africa%3A+A+Rapprochement%3F&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-219&rft.date=1981&rft.issn=0022-278X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154660695%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F160635%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022278X00016918&rft.aulast=Nadelmann&rft.aufirst=Ethan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F160635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuberger2009" class="citation book cs1">Neuberger, Benyamin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/abraham/publications/israel.pdf">Israel's Relations With the Third World (1948–2008)</a> (PDF). Tel Aviv: S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/637496259">637496259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Relations+With+the+Third+World+%281948%E2%80%932008%29&rft.place=Tel+Aviv&rft.pub=S.+Daniel+Abraham+Center+for+International+and+Regional+Studies%2C+Tel+Aviv+University&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F637496259&rft.aulast=Neuberger&rft.aufirst=Benyamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tau.ac.il%2Fhumanities%2Fabraham%2Fpublications%2Fisrael.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPew_Research_Center2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091214131220/http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/256topline.pdf">"Spring 2007 Survey"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Pew_Global_Attitudes_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Global Attitudes Project">Pew Global Attitudes Project</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/256topline.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 December 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Global+Attitudes+Project&rft.atitle=Spring+2007+Survey&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Pew+Research+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewglobal.org%2Freports%2Fpdf%2F256topline.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolakow-Suransky2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sasha_Polakow-Suransky" title="Sasha Polakow-Suransky">Polakow-Suransky, Sasha</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/656825836">The Unspoken Alliance: Israel's Secret Relationship With Apartheid South Africa</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77009-840-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77009-840-4"><bdi>978-1-77009-840-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/656825836">656825836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unspoken+Alliance%3A+Israel%27s+Secret+Relationship+With+Apartheid+South+Africa&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F656825836&rft.isbn=978-1-77009-840-4&rft.aulast=Polakow-Suransky&rft.aufirst=Sasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F656825836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurkittBurgess2005" class="citation book cs1">Purkitt, Helen E.; Burgess, Stephen F. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DtiJVtJBzvcC">South Africa's Weapons of Mass Destruction</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00306-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00306-5"><bdi>978-0-253-00306-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+Weapons+of+Mass+Destruction&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00306-5&rft.aulast=Purkitt&rft.aufirst=Helen+E.&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Stephen+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDtiJVtJBzvcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Rhodes, Richard</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qZgBYgfJvc8C">Twilight of the Bombs: Recent Challenges, New Dangers, and the Prospects for a World Without Nuclear Weapons</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-38741-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-38741-7"><bdi>978-0-307-38741-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+of+the+Bombs%3A+Recent+Challenges%2C+New+Dangers%2C+and+the+Prospects+for+a+World+Without+Nuclear+Weapons&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-38741-7&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqZgBYgfJvc8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1957" class="citation journal cs1">Rubin, Leslie (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files2/asapr57.8.pdf">"Afrikaner Nationalism and the Jews"</a> (PDF). Africa South. 1 (29): 28–34 – via <a href="/wiki/South_African_History_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="South African History Online">South African History Online</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa+South&rft.atitle=Afrikaner+Nationalism+and+the+Jews&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=28-34&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farchive-files2%2Fasapr57.8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimoni2003" class="citation book cs1">Shimoni, Gideon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRkpQAmnL8oC&pg=PA46">"Coping with Israel's Intrusion"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRkpQAmnL8oC&pg=coverpage">Community and Conscience: The Jews in Apartheid South Africa</a>. Lebanon, New Hampshire: <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University_Press" title="Brandeis University Press">Brandeis University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58465-329-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58465-329-9"><bdi>1-58465-329-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/20034623">20034623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coping+with+Israel%27s+Intrusion&rft.btitle=Community+and+Conscience%3A+The+Jews+in+Apartheid+South+Africa&rft.place=Lebanon%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.pub=Brandeis+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F20034623&rft.isbn=1-58465-329-9&rft.aulast=Shimoni&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRkpQAmnL8oC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens1971" class="citation journal cs1">Stevens, Richard P. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/273998">"Zionism, South Africa and Apartheid: The Paradoxical Triangle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phylon" title="Phylon">Phylon</a>. 32 (2): 123–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F273998">10.2307/273998</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8906">0031-8906</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/273998">273998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phylon&rft.atitle=Zionism%2C+South+Africa+and+Apartheid%3A+The+Paradoxical+Triangle&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=123-142&rft.date=1971&rft.issn=0031-8906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F273998%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F273998&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F273998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStudy_Commission_on_U.S._Policy_Toward_Southern_Africa1981" class="citation book cs1">Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southafricatimer0000stud/page/306/mode/2up">South Africa: Time Running Out</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520045477" title="Special:BookSources/9780520045477"><bdi>9780520045477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa%3A+Time+Running+Out&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780520045477&rft.au=Study+Commission+on+U.S.+Policy+Toward+Southern+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthafricatimer0000stud%2Fpage%2F306%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News">News</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon.1963" class="citation news cs1">Anon. (1963-09-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1963/09/25/archives/israel-calls-envoy-from-south-africa.html">"Israel Calls Envoy From South Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 2022-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Israel+Calls+Envoy+From+South+Africa&rft.date=1963-09-25&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.au=Anon.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1963%2F09%2F25%2Farchives%2Fisrael-calls-envoy-from-south-africa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon.1978a" class="citation news cs1">Anon. (1978-02-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/12/archives/south-african-to-visit-israel.html">"South African to Visit Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 2022-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=South+African+to+Visit+Israel&rft.date=1978-02-12&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.au=Anon.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1978%2F02%2F12%2Farchives%2Fsouth-african-to-visit-israel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon.1978b" class="citation news cs1">Anon. 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L. Sulzberger">Sulzberger, C. L.</a> (1971-04-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/04/30/archives/strange-nonalliance.html">"Strange Nonalliance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 2022-06-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Strange+Nonalliance&rft.date=1971-04-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Sulzberger&rft.aufirst=C.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F04%2F30%2Farchives%2Fstrange-nonalliance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSydow2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sydow, Christoph (2013-06-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/nelson-mandela-war-bei-thatcher-strauss-und-reagan-verhasst-a-937612.html">"Nelson Mandela's Gegner: "Dieser Schwarze Terrorist""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> (in German). Retrieved 10 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Nelson+Mandela%27s+Gegner%3A+%22Dieser+Schwarze+Terrorist%22&rft.date=2013-06-12&rft.aulast=Sydow&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fausland%2Fnelson-mandela-war-bei-thatcher-strauss-und-reagan-verhasst-a-937612.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTutu2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Tutu, Desmond</a> (29 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/israel/comment/0,10551,706911,00.html">"Apartheid in the Holy Land"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Apartheid+in+the+Holy+Land&rft.date=2002-04-29&rft.aulast=Tutu&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fisrael%2Fcomment%2F0%2C10551%2C706911%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official">Official</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfrican_National_Congress2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (2018-05-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516033417/http://anc.org.za/content/anc-condemns-israeli-massacre-innocent-palestinians">"ANC Condemns Israeli Massacre of Innocent Palestinians"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anc.org.za/content/anc-condemns-israeli-massacre-innocent-palestinians">the original</a> on 2018-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ANC+Condemns+Israeli+Massacre+of+Innocent+Palestinians&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft.au=African+National+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanc.org.za%2Fcontent%2Fanc-condemns-israeli-massacre-innocent-palestinians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Information1978" class="citation book cs1">Department of Information (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J8RFAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Israel+and+South+Africa+have+one+thing+above+all+else+in+common:+they+are+both+situated+in+a+predominantly+hostile+world+inhabited+by+dark+peoples.%22">Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa</a>. Vol. 5. South African State Department of Information. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-621-04865-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-621-04865-0"><bdi>978-0-621-04865-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Yearbook+of+the+Republic+of+South+Africa&rft.pub=South+African+State+Department+of+Information&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-621-04865-0&rft.au=Department+of+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ8RFAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Israel%2Band%2BSouth%2BAfrica%2Bhave%2Bone%2Bthing%2Babove%2Ball%2Belse%2Bin%2Bcommon%3A%2Bthey%2Bare%2Bboth%2Bsituated%2Bin%2Ba%2Bpredominantly%2Bhostile%2Bworld%2Binhabited%2Bby%2Bdark%2Bpeoples.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation" title="Department of International Relations and Cooperation">Department of International Relations and Cooperation</a> (2018-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dirco.gov.za/docs/2018/isra0514.htm">"South Africa Withdraws Its Ambassador to Israel Following Israel's Deadly Attack in the Gaza Strip"</a>. 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United Nations Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=A%2FRES%2F181%28II%29%5BA%5D+of+1947%3A+Future+Government+of+Palestine&rft.date=1947-11-29&rft.au=United+Nations+General+Assembly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.un.org%2Frecord%2F671195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_General_Assembly1949" class="citation journal cs1">United Nations General Assembly (1949-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/671032">"A/RES/265(III) of 1949: Treatment of People of Indian Origin in the Union of South Africa"</a>. United Nations Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=A%2FRES%2F265%28III%29+of+1949%3A+Treatment+of+People+of+Indian+Origin+in+the+Union+of+South+Africa&rft.date=1949-05-14&rft.au=United+Nations+General+Assembly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.un.org%2Frecord%2F671032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_General_Assembly1962" class="citation web cs1">United Nations General Assembly (1962-11-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/662066">"A/RES/1761(XVII) of 1962: The Policies of Apartheid of the Government of the Republic of South Africa"</a>. United Nations Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=A%2FRES%2F1761%28XVII%29+of+1962%3A+The+Policies+of+Apartheid+of+the+Government+of+the+Republic+of+South+Africa&rft.date=1962-11-06&rft.au=United+Nations+General+Assembly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.un.org%2Frecord%2F662066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_General_Assembly1966" class="citation journal cs1">United Nations General Assembly (1966-10-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/660461">"A/RES/2145(XXI): Question of South West Africa"</a>. United Nations Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=A%2FRES%2F2145%28XXI%29%3A+Question+of+South+West+Africa&rft.date=1966-10-27&rft.au=United+Nations+General+Assembly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.un.org%2Frecord%2F660461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank1992" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/ZAF/Year/1992/TradeFlow/EXPIMP">"South Africa Trade By Partner"</a>. WITS. Retrieved 2022-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WITS&rft.atitle=South+Africa+Trade+By+Partner&rft.date=1992&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwits.worldbank.org%2FCountryProfile%2Fen%2FCountry%2FZAF%2FYear%2F1992%2FTradeFlow%2FEXPIMP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank1994" class="citation web cs1">World Bank (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/ZAF/Year/1994/TradeFlow/EXPIMP">"South Africa Trade By Partner"</a>. WITS. Retrieved 2022-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WITS&rft.atitle=South+Africa+Trade+By+Partner&rft.date=1994&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwits.worldbank.org%2FCountryProfile%2Fen%2FCountry%2FZAF%2FYear%2F1994%2FTradeFlow%2FEXPIMP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank2000" class="citation web cs1">World Bank (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/ZAF/Year/2000/TradeFlow/EXPIMP">"South Africa Trade By Partner"</a>. WITS. Retrieved 2022-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WITS&rft.atitle=South+Africa+Trade+By+Partner&rft.date=2000&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwits.worldbank.org%2FCountryProfile%2Fen%2FCountry%2FZAF%2FYear%2F2000%2FTradeFlow%2FEXPIMP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank2010" class="citation web cs1">World Bank (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/ZAF/Year/2010/TradeFlow/EXPIMP">"South Africa Trade By Partner"</a>. WITS. Retrieved 2022-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WITS&rft.atitle=South+Africa+Trade+By+Partner&rft.date=2010&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwits.worldbank.org%2FCountryProfile%2Fen%2FCountry%2FZAF%2FYear%2F2010%2FTradeFlow%2FEXPIMP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank2012" class="citation web cs1">World Bank (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/ZAF/Year/2012/TradeFlow/EXPIMP">"South Africa Trade By Partner"</a>. WITS. Retrieved 2022-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WITS&rft.atitle=South+Africa+Trade+By+Partner&rft.date=2012&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwits.worldbank.org%2FCountryProfile%2Fen%2FCountry%2FZAF%2FYear%2F2012%2FTradeFlow%2FEXPIMP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank2019" class="citation web cs1">World Bank (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/ZAF/Year/2019/TradeFlow/EXPIMP/Partner/by-country">"South Africa Trade By Partner"</a>. WITS. Retrieved 2022-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WITS&rft.atitle=South+Africa+Trade+By+Partner&rft.date=2019&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwits.worldbank.org%2FCountryProfile%2Fen%2FCountry%2FZAF%2FYear%2F2019%2FTradeFlow%2FEXPIMP%2FPartner%2Fby-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon.1973" class="citation journal cs1">Anon. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2535545">"South Africa and Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a>. 3 (1): 172–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2535545">10.2307/2535545</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0377-919X">0377-919X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2535545">2535545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=South+Africa+and+Israel&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=172-185&rft.date=1973&rft.issn=0377-919X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2535545%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2535545&rft.au=Anon.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2535545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminGruzd2018" class="citation journal cs1">Benjamin, Larry; Gruzd, Steven (2018-05-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/23739770.2018.1519748">"South Africa and Israel Since 1994: The Changing Anatomy of a Complex Relationship"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Journal_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs">Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs</a>. 12 (2): 179–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23739770.2018.1519748">10.1080/23739770.2018.1519748</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2373-9770">2373-9770</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149602583">149602583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Journal+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=South+Africa+and+Israel+Since+1994%3A+The+Changing+Anatomy+of+a+Complex+Relationship&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-195&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149602583%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2373-9770&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23739770.2018.1519748&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.au=Gruzd%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F23739770.2018.1519748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenstein2014" class="citation book cs1">Greenstein, Ran (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/new-south-african-review/south-africa-and-israel-from-alliance-to-enstrangement/B6563A751EDEB7CB91B4F86843D23092">"South Africa and Israel: From Alliance to Enstrangement"</a>. In Khadiagala, Gilbert K.; Naidoo, Prishani; Pillay, Devan; Southall, Roger (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/915042186">New South African Review</a>. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. pp. 290–305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86814-764-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86814-764-9"><bdi>978-1-86814-764-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/915042186">915042186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Africa+and+Israel%3A+From+Alliance+to+Enstrangement&rft.btitle=New+South+African+Review&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pages=290-305&rft.pub=Wits+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F915042186&rft.isbn=978-1-86814-764-9&rft.aulast=Greenstein&rft.aufirst=Ran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fnew-south-african-review%2Fsouth-africa-and-israel-from-alliance-to-enstrangement%2FB6563A751EDEB7CB91B4F86843D23092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1995" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, Tim (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wrmea.org/1995-july-august/as-south-africa-integrates-israel-cutting-military-ties.html">"As South Africa Integrates, Israel Cutting Military Ties"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Report_on_Middle_East_Affairs" title="Washington Report on Middle East Affairs">Washington Report on Middle East Affairs</a>: 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Report+on+Middle+East+Affairs&rft.atitle=As+South+Africa+Integrates%2C+Israel+Cutting+Military+Ties&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrmea.org%2F1995-july-august%2Fas-south-africa-integrates-israel-cutting-military-ties.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOjo1982" class="citation journal cs1">Ojo, Olusola (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002088178202100103">"Israeli–South African Connections and Afro–Israeli Relations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Studies_(journal)" title="International Studies (journal)">International Studies</a>. 21 (1): 37–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002088178202100103">10.1177/002088178202100103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8817">0020-8817</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153651668">153651668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies&rft.atitle=Israeli%E2%80%93South+African+Connections+and+Afro%E2%80%93Israeli+Relations&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-51&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153651668%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-8817&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002088178202100103&rft.aulast=Ojo&rft.aufirst=Olusola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F002088178202100103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapanyane2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rapanyane, Makhura B. (2021-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pa.2746">"Consistency and Inconsistency in the Foreign Policy of the Republic of South Africa Towards Israel"</a>. Journal of Public Affairs. 22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpa.2746">10.1002/pa.2746</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1472-3891">1472-3891</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238653157">238653157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Consistency+and+Inconsistency+in+the+Foreign+Policy+of+the+Republic+of+South+Africa+Towards+Israel&rft.volume=22&rft.date=2021-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238653157%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1472-3891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpa.2746&rft.aulast=Rapanyane&rft.aufirst=Makhura+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fpa.2746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyders2021" class="citation journal cs1">Snyders, Hendrik (2021-07-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ufs.ac.za/index.php/jch/article/view/4930">"'A Partnership in the Challenges Facing Us': Apartheid and South African–Israeli Rugby Relations, c. 1948–1989"</a>. Southern Journal for Contemporary History. 46 (1): 86–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18820%2F24150509%2FSJCH46.v1.5">10.18820/24150509/SJCH46.v1.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2415-0509">2415-0509</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241780209">241780209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Journal+for+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=%27A+Partnership+in+the+Challenges+Facing+Us%27%3A+Apartheid+and+South+African%E2%80%93Israeli+Rugby+Relations%2C+c.+1948%E2%80%931989&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86-106&rft.date=2021-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241780209%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2415-0509&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18820%2F24150509%2FSJCH46.v1.5&rft.aulast=Snyders&rft.aufirst=Hendrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ufs.ac.za%2Findex.php%2Fjch%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Adams_(entrepreneur)" title="James Adams (entrepreneur)">Adams, James</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10718094">The Unnatural Alliance</a>. London: Quartet Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7043-2373-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7043-2373-5"><bdi>978-0-7043-2373-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10718094">10718094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unnatural+Alliance&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Quartet+Books&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10718094&rft.isbn=978-0-7043-2373-5&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F10718094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaapiseva-HunterPower1987" class="citation book cs1">Haapiseva-Hunter, Jane; Power, Jane (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123216409">Undercutting Sanctions: Israel, the U.S. and South Africa</a>. Washington, D.C.: Washington Middle East Associates. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/123216409">123216409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Undercutting+Sanctions%3A+Israel%2C+the+U.S.+and+South+Africa&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Washington+Middle+East+Associates&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123216409&rft.aulast=Haapiseva-Hunter&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Power%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F123216409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsia1981" class="citation book cs1">Osia, Kunirum (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=koFuQgAACAAJ">Israel, South Africa, and Black Africa: A Study of the Primacy of the Politics of Expediency</a>. University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-1938-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-1938-4"><bdi>978-0-8191-1938-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%2C+South+Africa%2C+and+Black+Africa%3A+A+Study+of+the+Primacy+of+the+Politics+of+Expediency&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8191-1938-4&rft.aulast=Osia&rft.aufirst=Kunirum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkoFuQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimoni1980" class="citation book cs1">Shimoni, Gideon (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6924863">Jews and Zionism: The South African Experience (1910–1967)</a>. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-570179-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-570179-1"><bdi>978-0-19-570179-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6924863">6924863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Zionism%3A+The+South+African+Experience+%281910%E2%80%931967%29&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6924863&rft.isbn=978-0-19-570179-1&rft.aulast=Shimoni&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F6924863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://embassies.gov.il/pretoria/Pages/default.aspx">Embassy of Israel in South Africa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saicc.co.za/">South Africa Israel Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israel-southafrica.org/">Israel South Africa Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/23/israel-south-africa-nuclear-documents">Documents about nuclear collaboration, released by The Guardian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305123346/http://archives.gov.il/nr/exeres/033c77cd-64b9-4e1a-ac27-047070b572ae,frameless.htm?nrmode=published">Israel-South Africa relations 1961-1967, documents published by Israel State Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0606/060633.html">South Africa and Israel: birds out of favor flock together</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guernicamag.com/polakow-suransky_5_15_10/">Excerpt from The Unspoken Alliance</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Israel&#124;link=Israel_Foreign_relations_of_Israel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Algeria–Israel relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Angola–Israel relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Botswana–Israel relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Cameroon–Israel relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Chad–Israel relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Israel relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Egypt–Israel relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–Israel relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Eritrea–Israel relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Ethiopia–Israel relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Ghana–Israel relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Guinea–Israel relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Israel–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="Israel–Liberia relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="Israel–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Malawi_relations" title="Israel–Malawi relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Mauritania_relations" title="Israel–Mauritania relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Mauritius_relations" title="Israel–Mauritius relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Israel–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="Israel–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Niger_relations" title="Israel–Niger relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="Israel–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Israel–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="Israel–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sierra_Leone_relations" title="Israel–Sierra Leone relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Somaliland_relations" title="Israel–Somaliland relations">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="Israel–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Israel–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Israel–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Israel–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="Israel–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Israel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Israel"><img alt="Emblem of Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/60px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/90px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1071" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Argentina–Israel relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Barbados–Israel relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Bolivia–Israel relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Brazil–Israel relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Canada–Israel relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Chile–Israel relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Colombia–Israel relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Cuba–Israel relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Haiti–Israel relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Israel–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Panama_relations" title="Israel–Panama relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Paraguay_relations" title="Israel–Paraguay relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Israel–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Israel–United States military relations">military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Israel–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Israel–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Afghanistan–Israel relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Armenia–Israel relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Israel relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Bahrain–Israel relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Bangladesh–Israel relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Bhutan–Israel relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Cambodia–Israel relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="China–Israel relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Hong Kong–Israel relations">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="East Timor–Israel relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Georgia–Israel relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="India–Israel relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Indonesia–Israel relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iran–Israel relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iraq–Israel relations">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Kurdistan_Region_relations" title="Israel–Kurdistan Region relations">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Israel–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_relations" title="Israel–Jordan relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="Israel–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Israel–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Israel–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Israel–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="Israel–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="Israel–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="Israel–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Israel–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Israel–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Israel–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Israel–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Israel–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Israel–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Israel–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Israel–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Israel–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Israel–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Israel–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Israel–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Israel–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Israel–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Israel–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Israel–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Israel–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Albania–Israel relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Austria–Israel relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Belarus–Israel relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Belgium–Israel relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Croatia–Israel relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Cyprus–Israel relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Czech Republic–Israel relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Denmark–Israel relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Finland–Israel relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="France–Israel relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Germany–Israel relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Greece–Israel relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Holy See–Israel relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Hungary–Israel relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iceland–Israel relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Ireland–Israel relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Israel–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Israel–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="Israel–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel-Luxembourg_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel-Luxembourg relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Malta_relations" title="Israel–Malta relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Monaco_relations" title="Israel–Monaco relations">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Israel–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93North_Macedonia_relations" title="Israel–North Macedonia relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="Israel–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Israel–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Israel–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Israel–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93San_Marino_relations" title="Israel–San Marino relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Israel–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Israel–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Israel–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Israel–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Israel–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Israel–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Australia–Israel relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Fiji–Israel relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Marshall_Islands_relations" title="Israel–Marshall Islands relations">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Federated_States_of_Micronesia_relations" title="Israel–Federated States of Micronesia relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Nauru_relations" title="Israel–Nauru relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Israel–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palau_relations" title="Israel–Palau relations">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_relations" title="Israel–Papua New Guinea relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Samoa_relations" title="Israel–Samoa relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="Israel–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="East Germany–Israel relations">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Soviet Union and the Arab–Israeli conflict">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Israel–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_relations" title="Arab–Israeli relations">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Israel–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_the_United_Nations" title="Israel and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_the_periphery" title="Alliance of the periphery">Alliance of the periphery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Israel_normalization_agreement" title="Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement">Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sudan_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Sudan normalization agreement">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Morocco normalization agreement">Morocco</a></li> <li>Diplomatic missions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Israel" title="List of diplomatic missions of Israel">of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Israel" title="List of diplomatic missions in Israel">in Israel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">International recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_the_State_of_Israel" title="Legitimacy of the State of Israel">Legitimacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Africa&#124;link=South_Africa_Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Foreign relations of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Africa&#124;link=South_Africa_Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" title="Foreign relations of South Africa">Foreign relations of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Algeria–South Africa relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Angola–South Africa relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Botswana–South Africa relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–South Africa relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Egypt–South Africa relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Eswatini–South Africa relations">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Ethiopia–South Africa relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Ghana–South Africa relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Kenya–South Africa relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Lesotho–South Africa relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Libya–South Africa relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Madagascar–South Africa relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Malawi–South Africa relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Mauritius–South Africa relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Mozambique–South Africa relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Namibia–South Africa relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Nigeria–South Africa relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Rwanda–South Africa relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic–South Africa relations">Sahrawi Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="South Africa–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="South Africa–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="South Africa–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Argentina–South Africa relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Bolivia–South Africa relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Brazil–South Africa relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Canada–South Africa relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Colombia–South Africa relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Cuba–South Africa relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Mexico–South Africa relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Peru–South Africa relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="South Africa–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Africa–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="South Africa–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Azerbaijan–South Africa relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Bangladesh–South Africa relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="China–South Africa relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Hong Kong–South Africa relations">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="India–South Africa relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Indonesia–South Africa relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Iran–South Africa relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Japan–South Africa relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Malaysia–South Africa relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="North Korea–South Africa relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Pakistan–South Africa relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Palestine–South Africa relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Philippines–South Africa relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Qatar–South Africa relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–South Africa relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Singapore–South Africa relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="South Africa–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="South Africa–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="South Africa–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="South Africa–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="South Africa–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Bulgaria–South Africa relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Denmark–South Africa relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Finland–South Africa relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="France–South Africa relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Germany–South Africa relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Greece–South Africa relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Ireland–South Africa relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Italy–South Africa relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Netherlands–South Africa relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Poland–South Africa relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Portugal–South Africa relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Russia–South Africa relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Serbia–South Africa relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="South Africa–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="South Africa–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="South Africa–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="South Africa–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="South Africa–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Australia–South Africa relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="New Zealand–South Africa relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="South Africa–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">IBSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">SACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Africa_Forum_Summit" title="India–Africa Forum Summit">Africa–India Forum Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_South_Africa" title="List of diplomatic missions of South Africa">Diplomatic missions of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_South_Africa" title="List of diplomatic missions in South Africa">Diplomatic missions in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation" title="Department of International Relations and Cooperation">Department of International Relations and Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">UNSC reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Antarctic_Programme" title="South African National Antarctic Programme">South African National Antarctic Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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Template:Cite_web"," 5.78% 123.928 1 Template:Infobox_bilateral_relations"," 5.66% 121.287 26 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.13% 109.914 1 Template:Foreign_relations_of_Israel"," 5.10% 109.274 2 Template:Navbox"," 4.51% 96.631 18 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.451","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9151264,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdams1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAfrican_National_Congress2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhren2015a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhren2015b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhren2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhren2017a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhren2017b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhren2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhren2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl_Jazeera_Staff2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlbright1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon.1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon.1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon.1978a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon.1978b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon.1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon.1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon.2004a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon.2004b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnaout2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeit-Hallahmi1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelling1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjaminGruzd2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishku2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrnes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarl2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCase_Bryant2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChao-FongBelamAhmadBelam2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChazan1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConley2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorder\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasgupta2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_SimoneRukanga2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Information1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation2021a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation2021b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation2022a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation2022b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald_Macintyre2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraper2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubinsky2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFabricius2022a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFabricius2022b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederation_of_American_Scientists2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelix2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankel1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreudenheimRobertsClarity1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1987a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1987b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1987c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarriga2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGideon_Levy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiladi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenstein2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruzdRawhaniBenjamin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaapiseva-HunterPower1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaberman1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaron1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHersh1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofmann1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusain1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJewish_Telegraphic_Agency1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJewish_Telegraphic_Agency1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJewish_Telegraphic_Agency1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJewish_Telegraphic_Agency1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasrils2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhumalo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazaroff2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevey2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLissoni2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowenberg1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacharia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadisha2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagome2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMarmont1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMataboge2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGreal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGreal2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcGreal2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeshoe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Bachner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiddleton1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchley2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMizroch2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMthethwa2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadelmann1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuberger2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Sullivan1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOjo1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnekoSchwikowski2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrme1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsia1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPew_Research_Center2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolakow-Suransky2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollak2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurkittBurgess2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamaphosa2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRapanyane2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaphael_Ahren2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawoot2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReuters2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoelfSterling2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubin1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShain1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShimoni1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShimoni2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyders2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStudy_Commission_on_U.S._Policy_Toward_Southern_Africa1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSulzberger1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSydow2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTutu2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_General_Assembly1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_General_Assembly1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_General_Assembly1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_General_Assembly1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaloga2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_VuurenKriegler2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Cite book\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 45,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 74,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Israel-South Africa Relations\"] = 1,\n [\"Foreign relations of Israel\"] = 1,\n [\"Foreign relations of South Africa\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox bilateral relations\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 5,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 228,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","27.6"],["?","180","11.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","7.9"],["dataWrapper 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