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href="#Dependent_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Dependent pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependent_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Independent pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Classic Maya language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_maya_cl%C3%A1sicu" title="Idioma maya clásicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma maya clásicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Класічная мова мая – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Класічная мова мая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia_cl%C3%A0ssic" title="Maia clàssic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maia clàssic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassisches_Maya" title="Klassisches Maya – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klassisches Maya" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_maya_cl%C3%A1sico" title="Idioma maya clásico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma maya clásico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia_klasiko" title="Maia klasiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maia klasiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_classique" title="Maya classique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maya classique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_maia_cl%C3%A1sica" title="Lingua maia clásica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua maia clásica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84_%EB%A7%88%EC%95%BC%EC%96%B4" title="고전 마야어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고전 마야어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Maya_Klasik" title="Bahasa Maya Klasik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Maya Klasik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieroglifin%C4%97_maj%C5%B3_kalba" title="Hieroglifinė majų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hieroglifinė majų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Класичен мајански јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Класичен мајански јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassiek_Maya" title="Klassiek Maya – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klassiek Maya" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A4%E8%AA%9E" title="古典マヤ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古典マヤ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassisk_maya" title="Klassisk maya – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klassisk maya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassisk_maya" title="Klassisk maya – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klassisk maya" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_maja%C5%84ski_klasyczny" title="Język majański klasyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język majański klasyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_maia_cl%C3%A1ssica" title="Língua maia clássica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua maia clássica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_maya%C8%99%C4%83_clasic%C4%83" title="Limba mayașă clasică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba mayașă clasică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F" title="Классический язык майя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Классический язык майя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Класична мова мая – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Класична мова мая" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%A6%AC%E9%9B%85%E8%AA%9E" title="古典馬雅語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古典馬雅語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q301355#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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Mayan language family member</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Classic Maya</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;"><i>*Chʼoltiʼ tziij</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Palenque_glyphs-edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Palenque_glyphs-edit1.jpg/200px-Palenque_glyphs-edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Palenque_glyphs-edit1.jpg/300px-Palenque_glyphs-edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Palenque_glyphs-edit1.jpg/400px-Palenque_glyphs-edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="624" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Part of an inscription at <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lowlands" title="Maya Lowlands">Maya Lowlands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">200–900</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> Western<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BColan_languages" title="Chʼolan languages">Cholan–Tzeltalan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Cholan<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Ch'olti'<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Classic Maya</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script"> Lowland Maya Hieroglyphs</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/emy" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:emy">emy</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/emy">emy</a></code> Epigraphic Mayan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/epig1241">epig1241</a></code>  Epigraphic Mayan</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Classic Maya</b> (or properly <b>Classical Chʼoltiʼ</b>) is the oldest historically attested member of the <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan language family</a>. It is the main language documented in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> inscriptions of the classical period of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the common ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BColan_languages" title="Chʼolan languages">Cholan branch</a> of the Mayan language family. Contemporary descendants of classical Maya include <a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_language" title="Chʼol language">Chʼol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%E2%80%99orti%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ch’orti’ language">Chʼortiʼ</a>. Speakers of these languages can understand many Classic Mayan words. </p><p>Classic Maya is quite a morphologically <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">binding</a> language, and most words in the language consist of multiple <a href="/wiki/Morphemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphemes">morphemes</a> with relatively little irregularity. It shows some regional and temporal variations, which is completely normal considering the long period of use of the language. Even so, the texts make it clear that it is a single, uniform language. Classical Maya shows <a href="/wiki/Ergative_alignment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative alignment">ergative alignment</a> in its morphology, as well as syntactically in focus constructs. Although the descendant Cholan languages limit this pattern of ergative alignment to sentences in completive aspect, classical Mayan does not show evidence of <a href="/wiki/Split_ergativity" title="Split ergativity">split ergativity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its spoken form, the <a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BColti%CA%BC_language" title="Chʼoltiʼ language">Chʼoltiʼ</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Manche_Ch%CA%BCol" title="Manche Chʼol">Manche Chʼol</a> region, is known from a manuscript written between 1685 and 1695, first studied by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Garrison_Brinton" title="Daniel Garrison Brinton">Daniel Garrison Brinton</a>. This language has become of particular interest for the study of <a href="/wiki/Mayan_glyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayan glyphs">Mayan glyphs</a>, since most of the glyphic texts are written in the classical variety of Chʼoltiʼ, known as Classical Maya by <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is believed to have been spoken as a prestigious language form throughout the <a href="/wiki/Maya_Region" title="Maya Region">Maya region</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Classic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic period">classic period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Maya_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Classic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic period">Classic Period</a>, the main branches of Proto-Mayan began to diversify into separate languages. The division between Proto-Yucatecan (in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a>) and Proto-Cholan (in the south, the <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> highlands and the <a href="/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_Basin" title="Petén Basin">Petén Basin</a>) had already occurred in the Classic, when most of the Mayan inscriptions existing were written. Both variants are attested in hieroglyphic inscriptions at Maya sites of the time, and both are commonly known as the "classical Mayan language". </p><p>Although a single prestigious language was by far the most frequently recorded in extant <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">hieroglyphic</a> texts, evidence of at least three different varieties of Maya has been discovered within the hieroglyphic corpus: an Eastern Ch'olan variety found in texts written in the southern Maya area and the highlands, a western Ch'olan variety spread from the <a href="/wiki/Usumacinta_River" title="Usumacinta River">Usumacinta</a> region from the mid-7th century onwards, and a Yucatecan variety found in texts from the Yucatan Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason that only a few linguistic varieties are found in the glyphic texts is probably that they served as prestigious dialects throughout the Maya region; hieroglyphic texts would have been written in the language of the elite. </p><p>Stephen Houston, John Robertson, and David Stuart have suggested that the specific variety of Chʼolan found in most southern lowland glyphic texts was a language they called "classical Chʼoltiʼ," the ancestor language of the Chʼortiʼ languages and modern Chʼoltiʼ. They propose that it originated in the western and south-central basin of the <a href="/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_Basin" title="Petén Basin">Petén</a>, and that it was used in inscriptions and perhaps also spoken by elites and priests. However, Mora-Marín has argued that the traits shared by the Classic Lowland Maya and Chʼoltian languages are retentions rather than innovations, and that the diversification of Chʼolan is indeed <a href="/wiki/Post-Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Classic">Post-Classical</a>. The language of the classical lowland inscriptions would then have been Proto-Cholan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships">Relationships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Maya_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is now thought that the codices and other Classic texts were written by scribes, usually members of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_priesthood" title="Maya priesthood">Maya priesthood</a>, in a literary form of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BColti%CA%BC_language" title="Chʼoltiʼ language">Chʼoltiʼ language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kettunen_Helmke_2005_12_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kettunen_Helmke_2005_12-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that the Maya elite spoke this language as a <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> over the entire Maya-speaking area, but also that texts were written in other <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_Basin" title="Petén Basin">Petén</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec</a>. There is also some evidence that the <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya script</a> may have been occasionally used to write Mayan languages of the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Highlands" title="Guatemalan Highlands">Guatemalan Highlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kettunen_Helmke_2005_12_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kettunen_Helmke_2005_12-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if other languages were written, they may have been written by Chʼoltiʼ <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribes</a>, and therefore have Chʼoltiʼ elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Maya_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya script</a></div> <p>Classic Maya is the principal language documented in the <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> used by the pre-Columbian Maya, and is particularly represented in inscriptions from the lowland regions in Mexico and the period c. 200—900. The writing system (generally known as the <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya script</a>) has some similarities in function (but is not related) to other <a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">logosyllabic writing systems</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> originating in <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, in which a combination of <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logographic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabic</a> signs (<a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a>) are used. The script's corpus of graphemes features a core of syllabic signs which reflect the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> of the Classic Maya language spoken in the region and at that time, which were also combined or complemented by a larger number of logograms. Thus the expressions of Classic Maya could be written in a variety of ways, represented either as logograms, logograms with <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_complement" title="Phonetic complement">phonetic complements</a>, logograms plus syllables, or in a purely syllabic combination. For example, in one common pattern many verb and noun roots are given by logographs, while their grammatical <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> were written syllabically, much like the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese writing system</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Maya_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The classical Maya consonant system can be represented as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasals</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosives</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨’⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">t’</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">k’</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosive</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricates</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tz⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>ejective</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡s’</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tz’⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃ’</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ch’⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricatives</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximants</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Latin alphabet of the classical Maya transliteration is: ’, a, b, ch, ch’, e, h, i, k, k’ (ꜭ), l, m, n, o, p, p’, s, t, t’, tz, tz’ (ꜯ), u, w, x, y. </p><p>In Classic Maya, there are five vowels: a, e, i, o, u. Long vowels are written double: aa, ee, ii, oo, uu. Furthermore, no word begins with a vowel; these actually begin with a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, the initial <a href="/wiki/Saltillo_(linguistics)" title="Saltillo (linguistics)">letter ’</a> is often omitted to facilitate transcription and alphabetic structuring. </p><p>The most widespread phonological process attested in Maya glyphs is the elimination of the underlying vowels in a trisyllabic word. When a sequence of the form CVCVCVC appears as a single word, the second vowel (the nucleus of the second syllable) is elided to form two CVC syllables. Examples: <i>CHUM(mu)-la-ja</i> 'he sits' is transcribed <i>chumlaj</i>. <i>AJAW-le-le</i> 'lordship' is transliterated <a href="/wiki/Ajaw" title="Ajaw"><i>ajawlel</i></a>. <i>Tu-’u-B’AAH</i> 'in itself' is transcribed <i>tu’b’aah</i>. <i>Sa-ku-WINIK-ki</i> 'elder brother' is transliterated <i>saku(n) winik</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Maya_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most other Mayan languages, Classic Maya is <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">verb–subject–object</a> and is an <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">ergative–absolutive language</a>. Being <a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">polysynthetic</a>, it uses both prefixes and suffixes to show grammatical function. Nouns are not inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>. There is also an entire class of intransitives that convey the object's spatial position. In addition, the language employs <a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">counter</a> words when quantifying nouns and uses a <a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal</a> number system. Verbs are not conjugated according to tense, but rather are semantically altered by a series of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> particles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Maya_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linguists and epigraphers still debate the accurate reading of classical Maya numerals. Numbers greater than 20 are recorded in classical Mayan inscriptions, as part of the so-called "lunar series", for example, when describing the number of days that a "lunar month" specifically has (for example, "20 + 9"; "20 + 10") or the count or order of dynasties to be counted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>List of numerals: </p> <ul><li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">mih</i></span> (0)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">jun</i></span> (1)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">cha’</i></span> / <span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">ka’</i></span> (2)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">ox</i></span> / <span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">ux</i></span> (3)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">chan</i></span> / <span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">kan</i></span> (4)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">ho’</i></span> (5)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">wak</i></span> (6)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">huk</i></span> / <span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">wuk</i></span> (7)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">waxak</i></span> (8)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">balun</i></span> / <span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">bolon</i></span> (9)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">lajun</i></span> (10)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">buluch</i></span> / <span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">buluj</i></span> (11)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">laj cha’</i></span> / <span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">laj ka’</i></span> (12)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">ox lajun</i></span> / <span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">ux lajun</i></span> (13)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">chan lajun</i></span> / <span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">kan lajun</i></span> (14)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">ho’ lajun</i></span> (15)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">wak lajun</i></span> (16)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">huk lajun</i></span> / <span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">wuk lajun</i></span> (17)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">waxak lajun</i></span> (18)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">balun lajun</i></span> / <span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">bolon lajun</i></span> (19)</li> <li><span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">winak</i></span> / <span title="Epigraphic Mayan-language text"><i lang="emy">k'al</i></span> (20).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Maya_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dependent_pronouns">Dependent pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Maya_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dependent pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ergative pronouns are morphemes prefixed to the word (noun, adjective, verb). Their function is to mark: </p> <ol><li>the Subject of transitive constructions</li> <li>the possessor in possessive constructions</li> <li>the person in relational nouns (see below)</li></ol> <p>There are two allomorphs of ergative pronouns depending on whether the word to which they prefix begins with a consonant or a vowel </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Ergative series<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>before consonant </th> <th>before vowel </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>ni- </td> <td>w- </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>ka- </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>a- </td> <td>aw- </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>u- </td> <td>y- </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>u- </td> <td>y- </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Absolutive pronouns are morphemes suffixed to the word (noun, adjective, verb). Their function is to mark: </p> <ol><li>the Object of transitive verbs</li> <li>the Subject of intransitive and stative verbs</li></ol> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Absolutive series<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>-eʔn </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>-oʔn </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>-at </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>-Ø </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>-oʔb’ > -ob’ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independent_pronouns">Independent pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Maya_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Independent pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Independent pronouns are built with the particle <i>haʔ</i> plus a pronoun of the Absolutive Series. Thus haʔ-en, haʔ-at, haʔ-Ø, haʔ-oʔb’. The resultant forms, influenced by morphophonemic processes, are not predictable. Thus, haʔ-oʔb’ gives haʔoʔb’, but haʔ-at gives hat and haʔ-eʔn gives seemingly hiin. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Independent pronouns<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>hiin > hin </td> <td>hi-na > hi-ni </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>hat </td> <td>ha-ta </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>haaʔ > haʔ </td> <td>ha-i > ha-a </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>haʔoʔb’ >haʔob’ </td> <td>ha-o-b’a > ha-o-b’o </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Maya_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many verbal roots of classical Maya have been attested. Some of these are:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>ak'</i> – give</li> <li><i>al</i> – speak</li> <li><i>cha'</i> – do</li> <li><i>tz'ib</i> – write, paint</li> <li><i>ch'ab</i>- / <i>kob'</i> – create</li> <li><i>ch'am</i> – receive</li> <li><i>hul</i> – arrive</li> <li><i>pok</i> – wash</li> <li><i>chum</i> – sit</li> <li><i>jel</i> – change</li> <li><i>il</i> – see</li> <li><i>k'at</i> – want</li> <li><i>och</i> – enter, give of eat</li> <li><i>pitz</i> – play ball</li> <li><i>way</i> – sleep, transform</li> <li><i>k'ay</i> – sing</li> <li><i>tal</i> – come</li> <li><i>nak</i> – conquer</li> <li><i>pas</i> – open</li> <li><i>pay</i> – guide</li> <li><i>tzutz</i> – finish</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Maya_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike verbs and positionals, most nouns do not require <a href="/wiki/Morphological_derivation" title="Morphological derivation">morphological derivation</a>. For these words, the morpheme used to derive non-possessed forms is the suffix -<i>Vl</i>, although the vowel for these can vary from word to word, and some words take a suffix -<i>is</i> or -<i>aas</i>. Examples: <i>u-ch’ahb’</i> 'his penance' > <i>ch’ahb’-il</i> 'penance', <i>y-ohl</i> 'his heart from him' > <i>ohl-is</i> 'heart'. On the other hand, other nouns are generally not possessed and require derivation when possessed, usually with the abstract suffix -V (V) l. This is written with the syllabic sign -<i>li</i>, but it can have two allomorphs that are mostly phonologically conditioned, -<i>il</i> for CVC roots and -<i>aal</i> for non-CVC roots. The exceptions to this appear to be lexically determined. Example: <i>lakam-tuun</i> 'wake' > u <i>lakam-tuun-il</i> 'his wake'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Maya_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maya literature is among the oldest in the world, spanning two millennia from pre-Columbian antiquity to the present.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maya used to draw and write on some surfaces that were not intended to be a means of graphic expression. The most abundant preserved works of this type are found within rooms of buildings whose ceilings and walls are preserved. The only place where significant effort has been made to document writing on surfaces is <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the period of classical Mayan writing, which lasted from the 3rd century BC until the 13th century, the texts that have survived to the present day were painted or carved in stones, bones, resistant wood, ceramics, shells or stucco. It is possible that much more had also been written on paper, but what little has come to this day is illegible. In places dating from the <a href="/wiki/Classic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic period">Classic Period</a>, remains of books have been found in tombs, which would have been placed in chests or next to the heads of their deceased owners. There are only four still readable books that have survived to the present time.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Maya_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoustonRobertsonStuart2000" class="citation journal cs1">Houston, Stephen; Robertson, John; Stuart, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/300142">"The Language of Classic Maya Inscriptions"</a>. <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 321–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F300142">10.1086/300142</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3204">0011-3204</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/300142">10.1086/300142</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10768879">10768879</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:741601">741601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Language+of+Classic+Maya+Inscriptions&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=321-356&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A741601%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F300142&rft.issn=0011-3204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F300142%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10768879&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Robertson%2C+John&rft.au=Stuart%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F300142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Maya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuartLaw2017" class="citation journal cs1">Stuart, David; Law, Danny (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34169418">"Classic Mayan: An overview of language in ancient hieroglyphic script"</a>. <i>In: Aissen, Judith, Nora C. England and Roberto Zavala Maldonado (Eds.) the Mayan Languages. Routledge Language Family Series. New York: Routledge.</i>: 128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In%3A+Aissen%2C+Judith%2C+Nora+C.+England+and+Roberto+Zavala+Maldonado+%28Eds.%29+the+Mayan+Languages.+Routledge+Language+Family+Series.+New+York%3A+Routledge.&rft.atitle=Classic+Mayan%3A+An+overview+of+language+in+ancient+hieroglyphic+script&rft.pages=128&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Law%2C+Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34169418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Maya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houston, Robertson & Stuart (2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kettunen & Helmke (2006) p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/handbook/index.html">"Mesoweb Resources"</a>. <i>www.mesoweb.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mesoweb.com&rft.atitle=Mesoweb+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesoweb.com%2Fresources%2Fhandbook%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Maya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoustonRobertsonStuart2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Houston" title="Stephen D. Houston">Houston, Stephen D.</a>; Robertson, John; <a href="/wiki/David_Stuart_(Mayanist)" title="David Stuart (Mayanist)">Stuart, David</a> (2000). "The Language of Classic Maya Inscriptions". <i><a href="/wiki/Current_Anthropology" title="Current Anthropology">Current Anthropology</a></i>. <b>41</b> (3): 321–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F300142">10.1086/300142</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3204">0011-3204</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10768879">10768879</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:741601">741601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Language+of+Classic+Maya+Inscriptions&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=321-356&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0011-3204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A741601%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10768879&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F300142&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=Stephen+D.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+John&rft.au=Stuart%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Maya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kettunen_Helmke_2005_12-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kettunen_Helmke_2005_12_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kettunen_Helmke_2005_12_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kettunen and Helmke (2005, p.12)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawStuart2017" class="citation book cs1">Law, Danny; Stuart, David (2017). <i>Classic Mayan: An overview of language in ancient hieroglyphic script</i>. In Judith Aissen, Nora C. England, and Roberto Zavala Maldonado, The Mayan Languages: Routledge: London and New York. pp. 128–172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classic+Mayan%3A+An+overview+of+language+in+ancient+hieroglyphic+script&rft.place=In+Judith+Aissen%2C+Nora+C.+England%2C+and+Roberto+Zavala+Maldonado%2C+The+Mayan+Languages&rft.pages=128-172&rft.pub=Routledge%3A+London+and+New+York&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft.au=Stuart%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Maya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mesoweb.com/resources/vocabulary/Vocabulary-2009.01.pdf">"The Updated Preliminary Classic Maya-English/English-Classic Maya Vocabulary of Hieroglyphic Readings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Updated+Preliminary+Classic+Maya-English%2FEnglish-Classic+Maya+Vocabulary+of+Hieroglyphic+Readings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesoweb.com%2Fresources%2Fvocabulary%2FVocabulary-2009.01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Maya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canvas.harvard.edu/courses/2573/files/285067/download?verifier=PIUVjvVyH4aDStgyhmxAGHz3rG18jF54S0nobQp1&wrap=1">GRAMMAR OF HIEROGLYPHIC MAYA, Brussels, October 29–31 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTedlock2011" class="citation book cs1">Tedlock, Dennis (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520271371/2000-years-of-mayan-literature"><i>2000 Years of Mayan Literature</i></a>. Univ of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27137-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27137-1"><bdi>978-0-520-27137-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2000+Years+of+Mayan+Literature&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011-11&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27137-1&rft.aulast=Tedlock&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbook%2F9780520271371%2F2000-years-of-mayan-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Maya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTEDLOCK2010" class="citation book cs1">TEDLOCK, DENNIS (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pp1qq"><i>2000 Years of Mayan Literature</i></a> (1 ed.). University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23221-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23221-1"><bdi>978-0-520-23221-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pp1qq">10.1525/j.ctt1pp1qq</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2000+Years+of+Mayan+Literature&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fj.ctt1pp1qq%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23221-1&rft.aulast=TEDLOCK&rft.aufirst=DENNIS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fj.ctt1pp1qq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Maya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAulieEvelyn_W._Aulie1998" class="citation book cs1">Aulie, H. Wilbur; Evelyn W. Aulie, eds. (1998) [1978]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/mexico/maya/chol-tumbala/S121a-Diccionario-CTU.htm"><i>Diccionario Chʼol de Tumbalá, Chiapas, con variaciones dialectales de Tila y Sabanilla</i></a> [<i>Chʼol Dictionary of Tumbalá, Chiapas with dialectal variations from Tila and Sabanilla</i>]. Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas "Mariano Silva y Aceves", No. 121. Emily Stairs (electronic reproduction with March 2005 corrections, 2nd ed.). Coyoacán, D.F.: <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico_de_Verano_(Mexico)" title="Instituto Lingüístico de Verano (Mexico)">Instituto Lingüístico de Verano</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-31-0291-3" title="Special:BookSources/968-31-0291-3"><bdi>968-31-0291-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42692322">42692322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+Ch%CA%BCol+de+Tumbal%C3%A1%2C+Chiapas%2C+con+variaciones+dialectales+de+Tila+y+Sabanilla&rft.place=Coyoac%C3%A1n%2C+D.F.&rft.series=Serie+de+vocabularios+y+diccionarios+ind%C3%ADgenas+%22Mariano+Silva+y+Aceves%22%2C+No.+121&rft.edition=electronic+reproduction+with+March+2005+corrections%2C+2nd&rft.pub=Instituto+Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico+de+Verano&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42692322&rft.isbn=968-31-0291-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fmexico%2Fmaya%2Fchol-tumbala%2FS121a-Diccionario-CTU.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Maya+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoot,_Erik2002" class="citation web cs1">Boot, Erik (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/vocabulary/Vocabulary.pdf">"A Preliminary Classic Maya-English/English-Classic Maya Vocabulary of Hieroglyphic Readings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mesoweb Articles</i>. Mesoweb<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mesoweb+Articles&rft.atitle=A+Preliminary+Classic+Maya-English%2FEnglish-Classic+Maya+Vocabulary+of+Hieroglyphic+Readings&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Boot%2C+Erik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesoweb.com%2Fresources%2Fvocabulary%2FVocabulary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Maya+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe,_Michael_D.1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Coe" title="Michael D. Coe">Coe, Michael D.</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/breakingmayacode00coem_0"><i>Breaking the Maya Code</i></a></span>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05061-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05061-9"><bdi>0-500-05061-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+the+Maya+Code&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-500-05061-9&rft.au=Coe%2C+Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbreakingmayacode00coem_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Maya+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández_de_León-Portilla,_Ascención2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hernández de León-Portilla, Ascención (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515150042/http://www.arqueomex.com/S2N3nLENGUA70.html">"Lenguas y escrituras mesoamericanas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Arqueolog%C3%ADa_Mexicana" title="Arqueología Mexicana">Arqueología Mexicana</a></i> (in Spanish). <b>XII</b> (70): 20–25. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0188-8218">0188-8218</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arqueomex.com/S2N3nLENGUA70.html">the original</a> on 2008-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arqueolog%C3%ADa+Mexicana&rft.atitle=Lenguas+y+escrituras+mesoamericanas&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=70&rft.pages=20-25&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0188-8218&rft.au=Hern%C3%A1ndez+de+Le%C3%B3n-Portilla%2C+Ascenci%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farqueomex.com%2FS2N3nLENGUA70.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Maya+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston,_Stephen_D.1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Houston" title="Stephen D. Houston">Houston, Stephen D.</a> (1989). <i>Reading the Past: Maya Glyphs</i>. London: British Museum Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-8069-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-8069-6"><bdi>0-7141-8069-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Past%3A+Maya+Glyphs&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Museum+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-7141-8069-6&rft.au=Houston%2C+Stephen+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Maya+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettunen,_HarriChristophe_Helmke2005" class="citation book cs1">Kettunen, Harri; Christophe Helmke (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/handbook/index.html"><i>Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>)</span>. Wayeb and Leiden University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Maya+Hieroglyphs&rft.pub=Wayeb+and+Leiden+University&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Kettunen%2C+Harri&rft.au=Christophe+Helmke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesoweb.com%2Fresources%2Fhandbook%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Maya+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery,_JohnPeter_MathewsChristophe_Helmke2002–2007" class="citation web cs1">Montgomery, John; Peter Mathews; Christophe Helmke (2002–2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famsi.org/mayawriting/dictionary/montgomery/index.html">"Dictionary of Maya Hieroglyphs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(online version)</span>. <i>Maya Hieroglyphic writing: Dictionaries</i>. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc (FAMSI)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maya+Hieroglyphic+writing%3A+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Dictionary+of+Maya+Hieroglyphs&rft.date=2002%2F2007&rft.au=Montgomery%2C+John&rft.au=Peter+Mathews&rft.au=Christophe+Helmke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famsi.org%2Fmayawriting%2Fdictionary%2Fmontgomery%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Maya+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart,_David1987" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Stuart_(Mayanist)" title="David Stuart (Mayanist)">Stuart, David</a> (December 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030162741/http://www.mesoweb.com/bearc/cmr/14.html">"Ten Phonetic Syllables"</a>. <i>Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing, 14</i> (online publication: October 2005 ed.). Washington, D.C.: Center for Maya Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesoweb.com/bearc/cmr/14.html">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>)</span> on 2020-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Ten+Phonetic+Syllables&rft.btitle=Research+Reports+on+Ancient+Maya+Writing%2C+14&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=online+publication%3A+October+2005&rft.pub=Center+for+Maya+Research&rft.date=1987-12&rft.au=Stuart%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesoweb.com%2Fbearc%2Fcmr%2F14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Maya+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_J._Eric_S.1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Eric_S._Thompson" title="J. Eric S. Thompson">Thompson, J. Eric S.</a> (1971). <i>Maya Hieroglyphic Writing; An Introduction</i>. Civilization of the American Indian Series (No. 56) (3rd ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-0447-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-0447-3"><bdi>0-8061-0447-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maya+Hieroglyphic+Writing%3B+An+Introduction&rft.place=Norman&rft.series=Civilization+of+the+American+Indian+Series+%28No.+56%29&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-8061-0447-3&rft.au=Thompson%2C+J.+Eric+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Maya+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maya" title="Template:Maya"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maya" title="Template talk:Maya"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maya"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maya_civilization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization"><span style="color:white">Maya civilization</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization"><span style="color:white">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preclassic_Maya" title="Preclassic Maya">Preclassic Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">Classic Maya collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish conquest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/80px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/120px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/160px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="2032" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-Group" title="E-Group">E-Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadic_pyramid" title="Triadic pyramid">Triadic pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-pyramid_complex" title="Twin-pyramid complex">Twin-pyramid complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_graffiti" title="Ancient Maya graffiti">Graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_ceramics" title="Maya ceramics">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_dance" title="Maya dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="Economy of the Maya civilization">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maritime trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Languages</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mayan_languages" title="List of Mayan languages">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayanist" title="Mayanist">Mayanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_sites" title="List of Maya sites">Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_stelae" title="Maya stelae">Stelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_textiles" title="Maya textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society"><span style="color:white">Society</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_in_Maya_society" title="Childhood in Maya society">Childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Maya_society" title="Women in Maya society">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwifery_in_Maya_society" title="Midwifery in Maya society">Midwifery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_priesthood" title="Maya priesthood">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Sacrifice in Maya culture">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Maya culture">Human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_death_rituals" title="Maya death rituals">Death rituals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_social_classes" title="Maya social classes">Social classes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaw" title="Ajaw">Ajaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_households" title="Maya households">Households</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar"><span style="color:white">Calendar</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaw" title="Ajaw">Ajaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baktun" title="Baktun">Baktun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCatun" title="Kʼatun">Kʼatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCin" title="Kʼin">Kʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tun_(Maya_calendar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tun (Maya calendar)">Tun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winal" title="Winal">Winal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Cakchiquels" title="Annals of the Cakchiquels">Annals of the Cakchiquels</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilam_Balam" title="Chilam Balam">Chilam Balam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Codices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex"><i>Dresden</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Codex_of_Mexico" title="Maya Codex of Mexico"><i>Grolier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Codex_(Maya)" title="Madrid Codex (Maya)"><i>Madrid</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Codex" title="Paris Codex"><i>Paris</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabinal_Ach%C3%AD" title="Rabinal Achí">Rabinal Achí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_of_the_Bacabs" title="Ritual of the Bacabs">Ritual of the Bacabs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Dzitbalch%C3%A9" title="Songs of Dzitbalché">Songs of Dzitbalché</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADtulo_C%CA%BCoyoi" title="Título Cʼoyoi">Título Cʼoyoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADtulo_de_Totonicap%C3%A1n" title="Título de Totonicapán">Título de Totonicapán</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Maya gods and supernatural beings"><span style="color:white">Deities</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Classic</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bacab" title="Bacab">Bacab</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chaac" title="Chaac">Chaac</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_death_gods" title="Maya death gods">Death gods</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/God_L" title="God L">God L</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Goddess_I" title="Goddess I">Goddess I</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_Hero_Twins" title="Maya Hero Twins">Hero Twins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howler_monkey_gods" title="Howler monkey gods">Howler monkey gods</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Itzamna" title="Itzamna">Itzamna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ixchel" title="Ixchel">Ixchel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_jaguar_gods" title="Maya jaguar gods">Jaguar gods</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCawiil" title="Kʼawiil">Kʼawiil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kinich_Ahau" title="Kinich Ahau">Kinich Ahau</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_maize_god" title="Maya maize god">Maize god</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mam_(Maya_mythology)" title="Mam (Maya mythology)">Mam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_moon_goddess" title="Maya moon goddess">Moon goddess</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yopaat" title="Yopaat">Yopaat</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Post-Classic</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acat_(deity)" title="Acat (deity)">Acat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ah-Muzen-Cab" title="Ah-Muzen-Cab">Ah-Muzen-Cab</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Akna_(Maya_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akna (Maya mythology)">Akna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chin_(deity)" title="Chin (deity)">Chin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ixtab" title="Ixtab">Ixtab</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kukulkan" title="Kukulkan">Kukulkan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yum_Kaax" title="Yum Kaax">Yum Kaax</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Popol Vuh</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Awilix" title="Awilix">Awilix</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Camazotz" title="Camazotz">Camazotz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hun_Hunahpu" title="Hun Hunahpu">Hun Hunahpu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huracan" title="Huracan">Huracan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacawitz" title="Jacawitz">Jacawitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCuq%CA%BCumatz" title="Qʼuqʼumatz">Qʼuqʼumatz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tohil" title="Tohil">Tohil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vucub_Caquix" title="Vucub Caquix">Vucub Caquix</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xmucane_and_Xpiacoc" title="Xmucane and Xpiacoc">Xmucane and Xpiacoc</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xquic" title="Xquic">Xquic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zipacna" title="Zipacna">Zipacna</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Kings_and_Queens" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya Kings and Queens"><span style="color:white">Kings</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%CA%BCalaj_Chan_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil">Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%CA%BC_K%CA%BCin_Xook" title="Haʼ Kʼin Xook">Haʼ Kʼin Xook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzam_K%CA%BCan_Ahk_II" title="Itzam Kʼan Ahk II">Itzam Kʼan Ahk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCak%CA%BC_Tiliw_Chan_Yopaat" title="Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat">Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Janaab%CA%BC_Pakal" title="Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal">Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yat_Ahk_II" title="Kʼinich Yat Ahk II">Kʼinich Yat Ahk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yax_K%CA%BCuk%CA%BC_Mo%CA%BC" title="Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ">Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_I" title="Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I">Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uaxaclajuun_Ub%CA%BCaah_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil">Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_III" title="Yoʼnal Ahk III">Yoʼnal Ahk III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuknoom_Ch%CA%BCeen_II" title="Yuknoom Chʼeen II">Yuknoom Chʼeen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuknoom_Yich%CA%BCaak_K%CA%BCahk%CA%BC" title="Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ">Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women_rulers_in_Maya_society" title="Women rulers in Maya society"><span style="color:white">Queens</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Eveningstar" title="Lady Eveningstar">Lady Eveningstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Itzan" title="Lady of Itzan">Lady of Itzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Tikal" title="Lady of Tikal">Lady of Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Xoc" title="Lady Xoc">Lady Xoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak_K%CA%BCuk%CA%BC" title="Sak Kʼukʼ">Sak Kʼukʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wak_Chanil_Ajaw" title="Wak Chanil Ajaw">Wak Chanil Ajaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohl_Ik%CA%BCnal" title="Yohl Ikʼnal">Yohl Ikʼnal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mayan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mayan_languages" title="Template:Mayan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mayan_languages" title="Template talk:Mayan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mayan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mayan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mayan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huastecan_languages" title="Huastecan languages">Huastecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicomuceltec_language" title="Chicomuceltec language">Chicomuceltec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_language" title="Huastec language">Huastec (Wastek)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yucatecan_languages" title="Yucatecan languages">Yucatecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mopan–Itza</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itza%CA%BC_language" title="Itzaʼ language">Itzaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopan_language" title="Mopan language">Mopan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yucatec–Lacandon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacandon_language" title="Lacandon language">Lacandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec Maya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BColan_languages" title="Chʼolan languages">Cholan–Tzeltalan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chʼol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya_language" title="Chontal Maya language">Chontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_language" title="Chʼol language">Chʼol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BColti%CA%BC_language" title="Chʼoltiʼ language">Chʼoltiʼ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCorti%CA%BC_language" title="Chʼortiʼ language">Chʼortiʼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tzeltalan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_language" title="Tzeltal language">Tzeltal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil_language" title="Tzotzil language">Tzotzil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjobalan_languages" title="Qʼanjobalan languages">Qʼanjobalan–Chujean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chujean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuj_language" title="Chuj language">Chuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tojolab%CA%BCal_language" title="Tojolabʼal language">Tojolabʼal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Qʼanjobʼalan–Jakaltek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akatek_language" title="Akatek language">Akatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_language" title="Jakaltek language">Jakaltek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_language" title="Qʼanjobʼal language">Qʼanjobʼal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mototzintleco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mocho%CA%BC_language" title="Mochoʼ language">Mochoʼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamean_languages" title="Mamean languages">Mamean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ixilean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awakatek_language" title="Awakatek language">Awakatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixil_language" title="Ixil language">Ixil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mamean proper</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mam_language" title="Mam language">Mam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektitek_language" title="Tektitek language">Tektitek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quichean_languages" title="Quichean languages">Greater Quichean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quichean proper</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achi_language" title="Achi language">Achi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language" title="Kʼicheʼ language">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_language" title="Kaqchikel language">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tz%CA%BCutujil_language" title="Tzʼutujil language">Tzʼutujil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poqom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poqomam_language" title="Poqomam language">Poqomam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poqomchi%CA%BC_language" title="Poqomchiʼ language">Poqomchiʼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC_language" title="Qʼeqchiʼ language">Qʼeqchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakapultek_language" title="Sakapultek language">Sakapultek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipakapa_language" title="Sipakapa language">Sipakapense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uspantek_language" title="Uspantek language">Uspantek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauque_Mayan_language" title="Cauque Mayan language">Cauque Mayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mayan_language" title="Proto-Mayan language">Proto-Mayan</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Classic Maya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC" title="Classical Kʼicheʼ">Classical Kʼicheʼ</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classic_Maya_language&oldid=1255407888">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classic_Maya_language&oldid=1255407888</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mayan_languages" title="Category:Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_Mesoamerican_languages" title="Category:Classical 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