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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="روبرت لانجلاندس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت لانجلاندس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B2" title="رابرت لانقلندز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رابرت لانقلندز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81" title="Роберт Ленглендс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роберт Ленглендс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert Langlands" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Langlands" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Langlands" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%82" title="Ρόμπερτ Λάνγκλαντς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρόμπερτ Λάνγκλαντς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Langlands" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Robert Langlands" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B2" title="رابرت لنگلندز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت لنگلندز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Langlands" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EB%9E%AD%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EC%A6%88" title="로버트 랭글랜즈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로버트 랭글랜즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%BD" title="Ռոբերտ Լենգլենդս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբերտ Լենգլենդս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Langlands" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1" title="רוברט לנגלנדס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט לנגלנדס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Robert Langlands" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="റോബർട്ട് ലാംഗ്‍ലൻഡ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോബർട്ട് ലാംഗ്‍ലൻഡ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="روبرت لانجلاندس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت لانجلاندس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Langlands" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA" title="ロバート・ラングランズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・ラングランズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert Langlands" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Robert Langlands" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Langlands" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Langlands" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Robert Langlands" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Ленглендс, Роберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ленглендс, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert Langlands" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Robert Langlands" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Robert Langlands" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81" title="Роберт Ленглендс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Ленглендс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robert Langlands" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%B9" title="罗伯特·朗兰兹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗伯特·朗兰兹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q711278#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canadian mathematician</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Robert Langlands <br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada">FRSC</a></span></span> </span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Langlands2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Langlands2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Langlands2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Langlands2_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Langlands2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Langlands2_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Langlands2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="1054" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1936-10-06</span>) </span>October 6, 1936<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 88)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/New_Westminster" title="New Westminster">New Westminster</a>, British Columbia, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Canadian/American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/BSc" class="mw-redirect" title="BSc">BSc</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSc" class="mw-redirect" title="MSc">MSc</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Langlands_program" title="Langlands program">Langlands program</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jeffery%E2%80%93Williams_Prize" title="Jeffery–Williams Prize">Jeffery–Williams Prize</a> (1980)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cole_Prize" title="Cole Prize">Cole Prize</a> (1982)<br /><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Mathematics" title="Wolf Prize in Mathematics">Wolf Prize</a> (1995–96)<br /><a href="/wiki/Leroy_P._Steele_Prize#The_Leroy_P._Steele_Prize_for_Seminal_Contribution_to_Research" title="Leroy P. Steele Prize">Steele Prize</a> (2005)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nemmers_Prize_in_Mathematics" title="Nemmers Prize in Mathematics">Nemmers Prize</a> (2006)<br /><a href="/wiki/Shaw_Prize" title="Shaw Prize">Shaw Prize</a> (2007)<br /><a href="/wiki/Abel_Prize" title="Abel Prize">Abel Prize</a> (2018)<br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> (2019)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Mathematics</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University" title="Middle East Technical University">Middle East Technical University</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Semi-Groups and Representations of Lie Groups </i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1960)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Ionescu-Tulcea" title="Cassius Ionescu-Tulcea">Cassius Ionescu-Tulcea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Arthur_(mathematician)" title="James Arthur (mathematician)">James Arthur</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Callister_Hales" title="Thomas Callister Hales">Thomas Callister Hales</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diana_Shelstad" title="Diana Shelstad">Diana Shelstad</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Phelan Langlands</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada">FRSC</a></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>; born October 6, 1936) is a Canadian mathematician.<sup id="cite_ref-TG_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is best known as the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Langlands_program" title="Langlands program">Langlands program</a>, a vast web of conjectures and results connecting <a href="/wiki/Representation_theory" title="Representation theory">representation theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automorphic_form" title="Automorphic form">automorphic forms</a> to the study of <a href="/wiki/Galois_group" title="Galois group">Galois groups</a> in <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-star_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for which he received the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Abel_Prize" title="Abel Prize">Abel Prize</a>. He is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emeritus" class="extiw" title="wikt:emeritus">emeritus</a> professor and occupied <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s office at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> in Princeton, until 2020 when he retired.<sup id="cite_ref-EF_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EF-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Langlands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Langlands was born in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada, in 1936 to Robert Langlands and Kathleen J Phelan. He has two younger sisters (Mary b. 1938; Sally b. 1941). In 1945, his family moved to <a href="/wiki/White_Rock,_British_Columbia" title="White Rock, British Columbia">White Rock</a>, near the US border, where his parents had a building supply and construction business.<sup id="cite_ref-ubc_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ubc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-star_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TG_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He graduated from <a href="/wiki/Semiahmoo_Secondary_School" title="Semiahmoo Secondary School">Semiahmoo Secondary School</a> and started enrolling at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> at the age of 16, receiving his undergraduate degree in mathematics in 1957;<sup id="cite_ref-nyt20180320_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20180320-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he continued at UBC to receive a M.Sc. in 1958. He then went to <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, where he received a Ph.D. in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His first academic position was at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> from 1960 to 1967, where he worked as an associate professor.<sup id="cite_ref-star_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent a year in Turkey at <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University" title="Middle East Technical University">METU</a> during 1967–68 in an office next to <a href="/wiki/Cahit_Arf" title="Cahit Arf">Cahit Arf's</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a Miller Research Fellow at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, from 1964 to 1965, then was a professor at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> from 1967 to 1972. He was appointed Hermann Weyl Professor at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> in 1972, and became professor emeritus in January 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-EF_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EF-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Langlands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Langlands' Ph.D. thesis was on the analytical theory of <a href="/wiki/Lie_group" title="Lie group">Lie</a> <a href="/wiki/Semigroup" title="Semigroup">semigroups</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he soon moved into <a href="/wiki/Representation_theory" title="Representation theory">representation theory</a>, adapting the methods of <a href="/wiki/Harish-Chandra" title="Harish-Chandra">Harish-Chandra</a> to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Automorphic_form" title="Automorphic form">automorphic forms</a>. His first accomplishment in this field was a formula for the dimension of certain spaces of automorphic forms, in which particular types of Harish-Chandra's discrete series appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He next constructed an analytical theory of <a href="/wiki/Eisenstein_series" title="Eisenstein series">Eisenstein series</a> for <a href="/wiki/Reductive_group" title="Reductive group">reductive groups</a> of <a href="/wiki/Linear_algebraic_group#Tori" title="Linear algebraic group">rank</a> greater than one, thus extending work of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Maass" title="Hans Maass">Hans Maass</a>, Walter Roelcke, and <a href="/wiki/Atle_Selberg" title="Atle Selberg">Atle Selberg</a> from the early 1950s for rank one groups such as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/343891e8bae1112f354d1b6bfcf9a63c4e729639" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.717ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2)}"></span>. This amounted to describing in general terms the continuous <a href="/wiki/Spectral_geometry" title="Spectral geometry">spectra</a> of arithmetic quotients, and showing that all automorphic forms arise in terms of cusp forms and the residues of Eisenstein series induced from cusp forms on smaller subgroups. As a first application, he proved the <a href="/wiki/Weil_conjecture_on_Tamagawa_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Weil conjecture on Tamagawa numbers">Weil conjecture on Tamagawa numbers</a> for the large class of arbitrary simply connected <a href="/wiki/Chevalley_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevalley group">Chevalley groups</a> defined over the rational numbers. Previously this had been known only in a few isolated cases and for certain classical groups where it could be shown by induction.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a second application of this work, he was able to show <a href="/wiki/Meromorphic_function" title="Meromorphic function">meromorphic</a> continuation for a large class of <a href="/wiki/L-function" title="L-function"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}"></span>-functions</a> arising in the theory of automorphic forms, not previously known to have them. These occurred in the constant terms of Eisenstein series, and meromorphicity as well as a weak <a href="/wiki/Functional_equation_(L-function)" title="Functional equation (L-function)">functional equation</a> were a consequence of functional equations for Eisenstein series. This work led in turn, in the winter of 1966–67, to the now well known conjectures<sup id="cite_ref-publications.ias.edu_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publications.ias.edu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making up what is often called the <a href="/wiki/Langlands_program" title="Langlands program">Langlands program</a>. Very roughly speaking, they propose a huge generalization of previously known examples of reciprocity, including (a) classical <a href="/wiki/Class_field_theory" title="Class field theory">class field theory</a>, in which characters of local and arithmetic abelian <a href="/wiki/Galois_group" title="Galois group">Galois groups</a> are identified with characters of local <a href="/wiki/Multiplicative_group" title="Multiplicative group">multiplicative groups</a> and the idele quotient group, respectively; (b) earlier results of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Eichler" title="Martin Eichler">Martin Eichler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goro_Shimura" title="Goro Shimura">Goro Shimura</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Hasse%E2%80%93Weil_zeta_function" title="Hasse–Weil zeta function">Hasse–Weil zeta functions</a> of arithmetic quotients of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_half_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper half plane">upper half plane</a> are identified with <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}"></span>-functions occurring in <a href="/wiki/Erich_Hecke" title="Erich Hecke">Hecke</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Holomorphic_function" title="Holomorphic function">holomorphic</a> automorphic forms. These conjectures were first posed in relatively complete form in a famous letter to Weil,<sup id="cite_ref-publications.ias.edu_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publications.ias.edu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written in January 1967. It was in this letter that he introduced what has since become known as the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}"></span>-group and along with it, the notion of functoriality. </p><p>The book by <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Jacquet" title="Hervé Jacquet">Hervé Jacquet</a> and Langlands on <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (2)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (2)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fb41ff887a99e2f1c7a0df34c2f383bc4f3a18fd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.249ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (2)}"></span> presented a theory of automorphic forms for the <a href="/wiki/General_linear_group" title="General linear group">general linear group</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (2)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (2)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fb41ff887a99e2f1c7a0df34c2f383bc4f3a18fd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.249ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (2)}"></span>, establishing among other things the <a href="/wiki/Jacquet%E2%80%93Langlands_correspondence" title="Jacquet–Langlands correspondence">Jacquet–Langlands correspondence</a> showing that functoriality was capable of explaining very precisely how automorphic forms for <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (2)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (2)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fb41ff887a99e2f1c7a0df34c2f383bc4f3a18fd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.249ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (2)}"></span> related to those for <a href="/wiki/Quaternion_algebra" title="Quaternion algebra">quaternion algebras</a>. This book applied the adelic <a href="/wiki/Selberg_trace_formula" title="Selberg trace formula">trace formula</a> for <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (2)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (2)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fb41ff887a99e2f1c7a0df34c2f383bc4f3a18fd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.249ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (2)}"></span> and quaternion algebras to do this. Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/James_Arthur_(mathematician)" title="James Arthur (mathematician)">James Arthur</a>, a student of Langlands while he was at Yale, successfully developed the trace formula for groups of higher rank. This has become a major tool in attacking functoriality in general, and in particular has been applied to demonstrating that the <a href="/wiki/Hasse%E2%80%93Weil_zeta_function" title="Hasse–Weil zeta function">Hasse–Weil zeta functions</a> of certain <a href="/wiki/Shimura_variety" title="Shimura variety">Shimura varieties</a> are among the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}"></span>-functions arising from automorphic forms.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The functoriality conjecture is far from proven, but a special case (the octahedral <a href="/wiki/Artin_L-function#The_Artin_conjecture" title="Artin L-function">Artin conjecture</a>, proved by Langlands<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tunnell<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was the starting point of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a>' attack on the <a href="/wiki/Taniyama%E2%80%93Shimura_conjecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Taniyama–Shimura conjecture">Taniyama–Shimura conjecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fermat%27s_Last_Theorem" title="Fermat's Last Theorem">Fermat's Last Theorem</a>. </p><p>In the mid-1980s Langlands turned his attention<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, particularly the problems of <a href="/wiki/Percolation" title="Percolation">percolation</a> and conformal invariance. In 1995, Langlands started a collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Bill_Casselman_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Casselman (mathematician)">Bill Casselman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> with the aim of posting nearly all of his writings—including publications, preprints, as well as selected correspondence—on the Internet. The correspondence includes a copy of the original letter to Weil that introduced the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}"></span>-group. In recent years he has turned his attention back to automorphic forms, working in particular on a theme he calls "beyond <a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_group" title="Endoscopic group">endoscopy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Langlands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Langlands has received the 1996 <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize" title="Wolf Prize">Wolf Prize</a> (which he shared with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 2005 AMS <a href="/wiki/Steele_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Steele Prize">Steele Prize</a>, the 1980 <a href="/wiki/Jeffery%E2%80%93Williams_Prize" title="Jeffery–Williams Prize">Jeffery–Williams Prize</a>, the 1988 <a href="/wiki/NAS_Award_in_Mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="NAS Award in Mathematics">NAS Award in Mathematics</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NASMath_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASMath-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 2000 grande médaille de l'Académie des sciences de Paris, the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Nemmers_Prize_in_Mathematics" title="Nemmers Prize in Mathematics">Nemmers Prize in Mathematics</a>, the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Prize" title="Shaw Prize">Shaw Prize</a> in Mathematical Sciences (with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(mathematician)" title="Richard Taylor (mathematician)">Richard Taylor</a>) for his work on automorphic forms. In 2018, Langlands was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Abel_Prize" title="Abel Prize">Abel Prize</a> for "his visionary program connecting representation theory to number theory".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada">Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada</a> in 1972 and a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, he became a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society" title="American Mathematical Society">American Mathematical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Langlands was elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1993<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among other honorary degrees, in 2003, Langlands received a doctorate <i>honoris causa</i> from <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, Langlands was appointed a Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 10, 2020, Langlands was honoured at <a href="/wiki/Semiahmoo_Secondary_School" title="Semiahmoo Secondary School">Semiahmoo Secondary</a>, which installed a mural to celebrate his contributions to mathematics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Langlands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Langlands has been married to Charlotte Lorraine Cheverie (b 1935) since 1957. They have four children (2 daughters and 2 sons).<sup id="cite_ref-star_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He holds Canadian and American citizenships. </p><p>Langlands spent a year in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> in 1967–68, where his office at the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University" title="Middle East Technical University">Middle East Technical University</a> was next to that of <a href="/wiki/Cahit_Arf" title="Cahit Arf">Cahit Arf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Interview_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interview-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to his mathematical studies, Langlands likes to learn foreign languages, both for better understanding of foreign publications on his topic and just as a hobby. He speaks English, French, Turkish and German, and reads (but does not speak) Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-Interview_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interview-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Langlands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Euler Products</i>, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01395-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-01395-7"><bdi>0-300-01395-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Euler+Products&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-300-01395-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Langlands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>On the Functional Equations Satisfied by Eisenstein Series</i>, Berlin: Springer, 1976, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-07872-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-07872-X"><bdi>3-540-07872-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Functional+Equations+Satisfied+by+Eisenstein+Series&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=3-540-07872-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Langlands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tt6cmSdgVdcC"><i>Base Change for GL(2)</i></a>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08272-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08272-3"><bdi>0-691-08272-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Base+Change+for+GL%282%29&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-691-08272-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTt6cmSdgVdcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Langlands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunsite.ubc.ca/DigitalMathArchive/Langlands/pdf/autoreps-ps.pdf"><i>Automorphic Representations, Shimura Varieties, and Motives. Ein Märchen</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Chelsea Publishing Company, 1979</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automorphic+Representations%2C+Shimura+Varieties%2C+and+Motives.+Ein+M%C3%A4rchen&rft.pub=Chelsea+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1979&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunsite.ubc.ca%2FDigitalMathArchive%2FLanglands%2Fpdf%2Fautoreps-ps.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Langlands" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Langlands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automorphic_L-function" title="Automorphic L-function">Automorphic L-function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_group" title="Endoscopic group">Endoscopic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_Langlands_correspondence" title="Geometric Langlands correspondence">Geometric Langlands correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquet%E2%80%93Langlands_correspondence" title="Jacquet–Langlands correspondence">Jacquet–Langlands correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langlands_classification" title="Langlands classification">Langlands classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langlands_decomposition" title="Langlands decomposition">Langlands decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langlands%E2%80%93Deligne_local_constant" title="Langlands–Deligne local constant">Langlands–Deligne local constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langlands_dual" class="mw-redirect" title="Langlands dual">Langlands dual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langlands_group" title="Langlands group">Langlands group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langlands%E2%80%93Shahidi_method" title="Langlands–Shahidi method">Langlands–Shahidi method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Langlands_conjectures" title="Local Langlands conjectures">Local Langlands conjectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_L-function" title="Standard L-function">Standard L-function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taniyama_group" title="Taniyama group">Taniyama group</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Langlands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TG-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TG_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TG_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Bellos2018" class="citation web cs1">Alex Bellos (March 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/alexs-adventures-in-numberland/2018/mar/20/abel-prize-2018-robert-langlands-wins-for-unified-theory-of-maths">"Abel Prize 2018: Robert Langlands wins for 'unified theory of maths'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Abel+Prize+2018%3A+Robert+Langlands+wins+for+%27unified+theory+of+maths%27&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft.au=Alex+Bellos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2Falexs-adventures-in-numberland%2F2018%2Fmar%2F20%2Fabel-prize-2018-robert-langlands-wins-for-unified-theory-of-maths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Langlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/47401.html">"Robert Phelan Langlands"</a>. <i>NAS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NAS&rft.atitle=Robert+Phelan+Langlands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fmembers%2F47401.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Langlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-star-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-star_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-star_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-star_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-star_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContento2015" class="citation cs2">Contento, Sandro (March 27, 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.thestar.com/math-the-canadian-who-reinvented-mathematics/">"The Canadian Who Reinvented Mathematics"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=The+Canadian+Who+Reinvented+Mathematics&rft.date=2015-03-27&rft.aulast=Contento&rft.aufirst=Sandro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojects.thestar.com%2Fmath-the-canadian-who-reinvented-mathematics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Langlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D Mackenzie (2000) <i>Fermat's Last Theorem's First Cousin</i>, <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> 287(5454), 792–793.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EF-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EF_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EF_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Frenkel2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frenkel" title="Edward Frenkel">Edward Frenkel</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loveandmathbook.com/">"preface"</a>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lovemathheartofh0000fren"><i>Love and Math: The Heart of Hidden Reality</i></a></span>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05074-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05074-1"><bdi>978-0-465-05074-1</bdi></a>. <q>Robert Langlands, the mathematician who currently occupies Albert Einstein's office at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=preface&rft.btitle=Love+and+Math%3A+The+Heart+of+Hidden+Reality&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-465-05074-1&rft.au=Edward+Frenkel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loveandmathbook.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Langlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ubc-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ubc_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083054/http://www.math.ubc.ca/Dept/Newsletters/Robert_Langlands_interview_2010.pdf">"UBC Newsletter: Robert Langlands Interview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.math.ubc.ca/Dept/Newsletters/Robert_Langlands_interview_2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UBC+Newsletter%3A+Robert+Langlands+Interview&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.math.ubc.ca%2FDept%2FNewsletters%2FRobert_Langlands_interview_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Langlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt20180320-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt20180320_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth2018" class="citation news cs1">Kenneth, Chang (March 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/20/science/robert-langlands-abel-prize-mathematics.html">"Robert P. Langlands Is Awarded the Abel Prize, a Top Math Honor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Robert+P.+Langlands+Is+Awarded+the+Abel+Prize%2C+a+Top+Math+Honor&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft.aulast=Kenneth&rft.aufirst=Chang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F03%2F20%2Fscience%2Frobert-langlands-abel-prize-mathematics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Langlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2018/mar/21/canadian-mathematician-robert-langlands-wins-abel-prize-for-2018-1790351.html">"Canadian mathematician Robert Langlands wins Abel Prize for 2018"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a></i>. March 21, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Canadian+mathematician+Robert+Langlands+wins+Abel+Prize+for+2018&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fmar%2F21%2Fcanadian-mathematician-robert-langlands-wins-abel-prize-for-2018-1790351.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Langlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://math.metu.edu.tr/en/announcement/robert-langlands-wins-abel-prize-2018-unified-theory-maths">"Robert Langlands wins Abel Prize 2018 for 'unified theory of maths' | Mathematics Department"</a>. <i>math.metu.edu.tr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=math.metu.edu.tr&rft.atitle=Robert+Langlands+wins+Abel+Prize+2018+for+%27unified+theory+of+maths%27+%7C+Mathematics+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmath.metu.edu.tr%2Fen%2Fannouncement%2Frobert-langlands-wins-abel-prize-2018-unified-theory-maths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Langlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For context, see the note by Derek Robinson at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.ias.edu/rpl/section/3">IAS site</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.ias.edu/rpl/section/14">"IAS publication paper 14"</a>. <i>IAS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IAS&rft.atitle=IAS+publication+paper+14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.ias.edu%2Frpl%2Fsection%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Langlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._P._Langlands1963" class="citation journal cs1">R. P. Langlands (January 1963). "The dimension of spaces of automorphic forms". <i>American Journal of Mathematics</i>. <b>85</b> (1): 99–125. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.637.9130">10.1.1.637.9130</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2373189">10.2307/2373189</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2373189">2373189</a>. <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0156362">0156362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Mathematics&rft.atitle=The+dimension+of+spaces+of+automorphic+forms&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-125&rft.date=1963-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.637.9130%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D156362%23id-name%3DMR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2373189%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2373189&rft.au=R.+P.+Langlands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Langlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langlands, Robert P. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gg.ca/en/media/news/2019/governor-general-announces-83-new-appointments-order-canada">the original</a> on June 28, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Governor+General+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Governor+General+Announces+83+New+Appointments+to+the+Order+of+Canada&rft.date=2019-06-20&rft.au=Office+of+the+Secretary+to+the+Governor+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gg.ca%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fnews%2F2019%2Fgovernor-general-announces-83-new-appointments-order-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Langlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlevy2019" class="citation news cs1">Dunlevy, T'Cha (June 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/16-quebecers-to-receive-order-of-canada-honours">"Alanis Obomsawin, 15 other Quebecers to receive Order of Canada"</a>. <i>Montreal Gazette</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704041620/https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/16-quebecers-to-receive-order-of-canada-honours">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Montreal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Alanis+Obomsawin%2C+15+other+Quebecers+to+receive+Order+of+Canada&rft.date=2019-06-27&rft.aulast=Dunlevy&rft.aufirst=T%27Cha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmontrealgazette.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2F16-quebecers-to-receive-order-of-canada-honours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Langlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunsite.ubc.ca/DigitalMathArchive/Langlands/miscellaneous.html">The work of Robert Langlands – Miscellaneous items</a>, Digital Mathematics Archive, UBC SunSITE, last accessed December 10, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interview-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Interview_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interview_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.ubc.ca/Dept/Newsletters/Robert_Langlands_interview_2010.pdf">Interview with Robert Langlands</a>, UBC Dept. of Math., 2010; last accessed April 5, 2014.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Langlands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Robert_Langlands" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Robert Langlands">Robert Langlands</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Langlands.html">"Robert Langlands"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robert+Langlands&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FLanglands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Langlands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=31056">Robert Langlands</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.ias.edu/rpl/">The work of Robert Langlands (a nearly complete archive)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.ias.edu/people/faculty/rpl">Faculty page at IAS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49anoCJOJ9I">The Abel Prize Interview 2018 with Robert Langlands</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContenta" class="citation news cs1">Contenta, Sandro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.thestar.com/math-the-canadian-who-reinvented-mathematics/">"The Canadian who reinvented mathematics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=The+Canadian+who+reinvented+mathematics&rft.aulast=Contenta&rft.aufirst=Sandro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojects.thestar.com%2Fmath-the-canadian-who-reinvented-mathematics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Langlands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Julia Mueller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/0000-000-00/S0273-0979-2018-01609-1/home.html">On the genesis of Robert P. Langlands' conjectures and his letter to André Weil</a>, Bull. Amer. Math. 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style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Mathematics" title="Wolf Prize in Mathematics">Wolf Prize in Mathematics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Gelfand" title="Israel Gelfand">Israel Gelfand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Siegel" title="Carl Ludwig Siegel">Carl L. Siegel</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Leray" title="Jean Leray">Jean Leray</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil">André Weil</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Cartan" title="Henri Cartan">Henri Cartan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kolmogorov" title="Andrey Kolmogorov">Andrey Kolmogorov</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Ahlfors" title="Lars Ahlfors">Lars Ahlfors</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Zariski" title="Oscar Zariski">Oscar Zariski</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassler_Whitney" title="Hassler Whitney">Hassler Whitney</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mark_Krein" title="Mark Krein">Mark Krein</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Erd%C5%91s" title="Paul Erdős">Paul Erdős</a> (1983/84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunihiko_Kodaira" title="Kunihiko Kodaira">Kunihiko Kodaira</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lewy" title="Hans Lewy">Hans Lewy</a> (1984/85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eilenberg" title="Samuel Eilenberg">Samuel Eilenberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Atle_Selberg" title="Atle Selberg">Atle Selberg</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyosi_It%C3%B4" title="Kiyosi Itô">Kiyosi Itô</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lax" title="Peter Lax">Peter Lax</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hirzebruch" title="Friedrich Hirzebruch">Friedrich Hirzebruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lars_H%C3%B6rmander" title="Lars Hörmander">Lars Hörmander</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Alberto Calderón">Alberto Calderón</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Milnor" title="John Milnor">John Milnor</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ennio_De_Giorgi" title="Ennio De Giorgi">Ennio De Giorgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Piatetski-Shapiro" title="Ilya Piatetski-Shapiro">Ilya Piatetski-Shapiro</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Carleson" title="Lennart Carleson">Lennart Carleson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_G._Thompson" title="John G. Thompson">John G. Thompson</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Leonidovich_Gromov" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Leonidovich Gromov">Mikhail Gromov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tits" title="Jacques Tits">Jacques Tits</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Moser" title="Jürgen Moser">Jürgen Moser</a> (1994/95)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Langlands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a> (1995/96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Keller" title="Joseph Keller">Joseph Keller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sinai" title="Yakov Sinai">Yakov G. Sinai</a> (1996/97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Lov%C3%A1sz" title="László Lovász">László Lovász</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elias_M._Stein" title="Elias M. Stein">Elias M. Stein</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Bott" title="Raoul Bott">Raoul Bott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Serre" title="Jean-Pierre Serre">Jean-Pierre Serre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Arnold" title="Vladimir Arnold">Vladimir Arnold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Saharon_Shelah" title="Saharon Shelah">Saharon Shelah</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikio_Sato" title="Mikio Sato">Mikio Sato</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Tate_(mathematician)" title="John Tate (mathematician)">John Tate</a> (2002/03)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Margulis" title="Grigory Margulis">Grigory Margulis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Novikov_(mathematician)" title="Sergei Novikov (mathematician)">Sergei Novikov</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smale" title="Stephen Smale">Stephen Smale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Furstenberg" title="Hillel Furstenberg">Hillel Furstenberg</a> (2006/07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Deligne" title="Pierre Deligne">Pierre Deligne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Griffiths" title="Phillip Griffiths">Phillip A. Griffiths</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Mumford" title="David Mumford">David B. Mumford</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Sullivan" title="Dennis Sullivan">Dennis Sullivan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Shing-Tung Yau</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Aschbacher" title="Michael Aschbacher">Michael Aschbacher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luis_Caffarelli" title="Luis Caffarelli">Luis Caffarelli</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mostow" title="George Mostow">George Mostow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Artin" title="Michael Artin">Michael Artin</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sarnak" title="Peter Sarnak">Peter Sarnak</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Arthur_(mathematician)" title="James Arthur (mathematician)">James G. Arthur</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Schoen" title="Richard Schoen">Richard Schoen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fefferman" title="Charles Fefferman">Charles Fefferman</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Beilinson" title="Alexander Beilinson">Alexander Beilinson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Drinfeld" title="Vladimir Drinfeld">Vladimir Drinfeld</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Gall" title="Jean-François Le Gall">Jean-François Le Gall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Greg_Lawler" title="Greg Lawler">Gregory Lawler</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Donaldson" title="Simon Donaldson">Simon K. Donaldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Eliashberg" title="Yakov Eliashberg">Yakov Eliashberg</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lusztig" title="George Lusztig">George Lusztig</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Daubechies" title="Ingrid Daubechies">Ingrid Daubechies</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noga_Alon" title="Noga Alon">Noga Alon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shamir" title="Adi Shamir">Adi Shamir</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shaw_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shaw_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Shaw Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shaw_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Shaw Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shaw_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shaw Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shaw_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shaw_Prize" title="Shaw Prize">Shaw Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Jim Peebles</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Marcy" title="Geoffrey Marcy">Geoffrey Marcy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Saul Perlmutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Adam Riess</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Brian Schmidt</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Goldreich" title="Peter Goldreich">Peter Goldreich</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Reinhard Genzel</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Shu" title="Frank Shu">Frank Shu</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Bennett" title="Charles L. Bennett">Charles Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Page" title="Lyman Page">Lyman Page</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Spergel" title="David Spergel">David Spergel</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Costa_(physicist)" title="Enrico Costa (physicist)">Enrico Costa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_J._Fishman" title="Gerald J. Fishman">Gerald Fishman</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Jewitt" title="David C. Jewitt">David C. Jewitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Luu" title="Jane Luu">Jane Luu</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Balbus" title="Steven Balbus">Steven Balbus</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_F._Hawley" title="John F. Hawley">John F. Hawley</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Eisenstein" title="Daniel Eisenstein">Daniel Eisenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Cole" title="Shaun Cole">Shaun Cole</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_A._Peacock" title="John A. Peacock">John A. Peacock</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Borucki" title="William J. Borucki">William J. Borucki</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Drever" title="Ronald Drever">Ronald Drever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_White" title="Simon White">Simon White</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Loup_Puget" title="Jean-Loup Puget">Jean-Loup Puget</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Stone" title="Edward C. Stone">Edward C. Stone</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Blandford" title="Roger Blandford">Roger Blandford</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Kaspi" title="Victoria Kaspi">Victoria Kaspi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chryssa_Kouveliotou" title="Chryssa Kouveliotou">Chryssa Kouveliotou</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Lindegren" title="Lennart Lindegren">Lennart Lindegren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Perryman" title="Michael Perryman">Michael Perryman</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Bailes" title="Matthew Bailes">Matthew Bailes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Lorimer" title="Duncan Lorimer">Duncan Lorimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maura_McLaughlin" title="Maura McLaughlin">Maura McLaughlin</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinivas_R._Kulkarni" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinivas R. Kulkarni">Shrinivas R. Kulkarni</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">Life science<br />and medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Norman_Cohen" title="Stanley Norman Cohen">Stanley Norman Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Boyer" title="Herbert Boyer">Herbert Boyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuet_Wai_Kan" title="Yuet Wai Kan">Yuet-Wai Kan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Doll" title="Richard Doll">Richard Doll</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berridge" title="Michael Berridge">Michael Berridge</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaodong_Wang_(biochemist)" title="Xiaodong Wang (biochemist)">Xiaodong Wang</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert Lefkowitz</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Wilmut" title="Ian Wilmut">Ian Wilmut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Campbell_(biologist)" title="Keith Campbell (biologist)">Keith H. S. Campbell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_L._Coleman" title="Douglas L. Coleman">Douglas Coleman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_M._Friedman" title="Jeffrey M. Friedman">Jeffrey Friedman</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann" title="Jules A. Hoffmann">Jules Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Medzhitov" title="Ruslan Medzhitov">Ruslan Medzhitov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Ulrich_Hartl" title="Franz-Ulrich Hartl">Franz-Ulrich Hartl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Horwich" title="Arthur L. Horwich">Arthur L. Horwich</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Jeffrey C. Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Michael W. Young</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazutoshi_Mori" title="Kazutoshi Mori">Kazutoshi Mori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Walter" title="Peter Walter">Peter Walter</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Bassler" title="Bonnie Bassler">Bonnie Bassler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Everett_Peter_Greenberg" title="Everett Peter Greenberg">Everett Peter Greenberg</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Bird" title="Adrian Bird">Adrian Bird</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huda_Zoghbi" title="Huda Zoghbi">Huda Zoghbi</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_R._Gibbons" title="Ian R. Gibbons">Ian R. Gibbons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Vale" title="Ronald Vale">Ronald Vale</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary-Claire_King" title="Mary-Claire King">Mary-Claire King</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Jasin" title="Maria Jasin">Maria Jasin</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gero_Miesenb%C3%B6ck" title="Gero Miesenböck">Gero Miesenböck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hegemann" title="Peter Hegemann">Peter Hegemann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Nagel" title="Georg Nagel">Georg Nagel</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_D._Emr" title="Scott D. Emr">Scott D. Emr</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Negulescu" title="Paul Negulescu">Paul A. Negulescu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Welsh_(biologist)" title="Michael J. Welsh (biologist)">Michael J. Welsh</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Cramer" title="Patrick Cramer">Patrick Cramer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eva_Nogales" title="Eva Nogales">Eva Nogales</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_H._Orkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart H. Orkin">Stuart H. Orkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swee_Lay_Thein" title="Swee Lay Thein">Swee Lay Thein</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">Mathematical<br />science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mumford" title="David Mumford">David Mumford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wu_Wenjun" title="Wu Wenjun">Wentsun Wu</a> (2006)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Langlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(mathematician)" title="Richard Taylor (mathematician)">Richard Taylor</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Arnold" title="Vladimir Arnold">Vladimir Arnold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Faddeev" title="Ludvig Faddeev">Ludwig Faddeev</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Donaldson" title="Simon Donaldson">Simon Donaldson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Taubes" title="Clifford Taubes">Clifford Taubes</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bourgain" title="Jean Bourgain">Jean Bourgain</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Christodoulou" title="Demetrios Christodoulou">Demetrios Christodoulou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Hamilton" title="Richard S. Hamilton">Richard S. Hamilton</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Kontsevich" title="Maxim Kontsevich">Maxim Kontsevich</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Donoho" title="David Donoho">David Donoho</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lusztig" title="George Lusztig">George Lusztig</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Faltings" title="Gerd Faltings">Gerd Faltings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Iwaniec" title="Henryk Iwaniec">Henryk Iwaniec</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Hitchin" title="Nigel Hitchin">Nigel Hitchin</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Koll%C3%A1r" title="János Kollár">János Kollár</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claire_Voisin" title="Claire Voisin">Claire Voisin</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Caffarelli" title="Luis Caffarelli">Luis Caffarelli</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Talagrand" title="Michel Talagrand">Michel Talagrand</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Beilinson" title="Alexander Beilinson">Alexander Beilinson</a> and <a 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style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abel_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Abel Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abel_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Abel Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abel_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abel Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div 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href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2008  <a href="/wiki/John_G._Thompson" title="John G. Thompson">John G. Thompson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tits" title="Jacques Tits">Jacques Tits</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2009  <a href="/wiki/Mikhael_Gromov_(mathematician)" title="Mikhael Gromov (mathematician)">Mikhail Gromov</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2010  <a href="/wiki/John_Tate_(mathematician)" title="John Tate (mathematician)">John Tate</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2011  <a href="/wiki/John_Milnor" title="John Milnor">John Milnor</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2012  <a href="/wiki/Endre_Szemer%C3%A9di" title="Endre Szemerédi">Endre Szemerédi</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2013  <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Deligne" title="Pierre Deligne">Pierre Deligne</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2014  <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sinai" title="Yakov Sinai">Yakov Sinai</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2015  <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." title="John Forbes Nash Jr.">John Forbes Nash Jr.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Nirenberg" title="Louis Nirenberg">Louis Nirenberg</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2016  <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2017  <a href="/wiki/Yves_Meyer" title="Yves Meyer">Yves Meyer</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2018  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Langlands</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2019  <a href="/wiki/Karen_Uhlenbeck" title="Karen Uhlenbeck">Karen Uhlenbeck</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2020  <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Furstenberg" title="Hillel Furstenberg">Hillel Furstenberg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Margulis" title="Grigory Margulis">Grigory Margulis</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2021  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Lov%C3%A1sz" title="László Lovász">László Lovász</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Wigderson" title="Avi Wigderson">Avi Wigderson</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2022  <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Sullivan" title="Dennis Sullivan">Dennis Sullivan</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2023  <a href="/wiki/Luis_Caffarelli" title="Luis Caffarelli">Luis Caffarelli</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>2024  <a href="/wiki/Michel_Talagrand" title="Michel Talagrand">Michel Talagrand</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1981" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_1981" title="Template:FRS 1981"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_1981" title="Template talk:FRS 1981"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_1981" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 1981"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1981" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1981" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1981">in 1981</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165582" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165582">John Barker</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Barnard" title="Eric Barnard">Eric Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Bergersen" title="Fraser Bergersen">Fraser John Bergersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bradshaw_(aeronautical_engineer)" title="Peter Bradshaw (aeronautical engineer)">Peter Bradshaw</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1175374" class="extiw" title="d:Q1175374">David Brink</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Brown_(virologist)" title="Fred Brown (virologist)">Fred Brown</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165112" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165112">Ian Butterworth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Carter" title="Brandon Carter">Brandon Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Clarke_(zoologist)" title="Malcolm Clarke (zoologist)">Malcolm Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Clayton" title="Robert N. Clayton">Robert Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Horton_Conway" title="John Horton Conway">John Conway</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165380" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165380">Rex Dawson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_F._Evans" title="Dennis F. Evans">Dennis Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._R._Farmer" title="F. R. Farmer">Frank Farmer</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165004" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165004">Ned Franklin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165674" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165674">Christopher Graham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165007" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165007">Norman Green</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gutfreund" title="Herbert Gutfreund">Herbert Gutfreund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hay" title="Allan Hay">Allan Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McGregor_Hill" title="John McGregor Hill">John Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Holmes" title="Kenneth Holmes">Kenneth Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Honeycombe" title="Robert Honeycombe">Robert Honeycombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Horne_(engineer)" title="Michael Horne (engineer)">Michael Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuet_Wai_Kan" title="Yuet Wai Kan">Yuet Wai Kan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Langlands</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166006" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166006">Simon Maddrell</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McGregor_(malariologist)" title="Ian McGregor (malariologist)">Ian McGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelder" title="John Nelder">John Nelder</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166765" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166765">Mike O'Hara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autar_Singh_Paintal" title="Autar Singh Paintal">Autar Singh Paintal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Phillips_(zoologist)" title="John Phillips (zoologist)">John Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Roy_Pike" title="Edward Roy Pike">Edward Roy Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Plowright" title="Walter Plowright">Walter Plowright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Pounds" title="Ken Pounds">Ken Pounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Rees_(biochemist)" title="Dai Rees (biochemist)">Dai Rees</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165707" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165707">Colin Reese</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166153" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166153">Edward Reich</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_L._W._Sargent" title="Wallace L. W. Sargent">Wal Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clayton_Taylor" title="John Clayton Taylor">John Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wheeler_(computer_scientist)" title="David Wheeler (computer scientist)">David Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Britton Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Shafarevich" title="Igor Shafarevich">Igor Shafarevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q711278#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q711278#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109323197">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108958415">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1442917/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyrWjxfdPXRfPWrvQbjmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/172217431">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80002435">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123912447">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123912447">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35290976">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2015864578&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071529640">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90219204">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000154506&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810581330905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007585830505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01384236?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=31056">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6505777917">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:langlands.robert-p">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/01/2109">DBLP</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/110100">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/899756">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd172217431.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/172217431">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/083157530">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6v14g24">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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