Middle East and North Africa | Council on Foreign Relations

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/apple-touch-icon.png" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="10234472029" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1202896923085736" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="ed21dLJA4q-k2GnrORmTFP8mc97sOOWjd-ZkJbmPCgw" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="846D62D6CE4E94B1C328BE585F36F0DE" /> <title>Middle East and North Africa | Council on Foreign Relations</title> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script>var dataLayer = [{"region":["Middle East and North Africa"],"pubType":"regions"}];</script> <style>/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#broken-image-symbol */.js img.lazyload:not([src]) { visibility: hidden; }/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#automatically-setting-the-sizes-attribute */.js img.lazyloaded[data-sizes=auto] { display: block; width: 100%; }</style> <meta name="description" content="Middle East and North Africa" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Council on Foreign Relations" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.cfr.org//themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-logo-og.png" /> <meta property="og:street_address" content="58 East 68th Street" /> <meta property="og:locality" content="New York" /> <meta property="og:region" content="NY" /> <meta property="og:postal_code" content="10065" /> <meta property="og:country_name" content="USA" /> <meta property="og:phone_number" content="1.212.434.9400" /> <meta property="og:fax_number" content="1.212.434.9800" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@CFR_org" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=0" /> <style>div#sliding-popup, div#sliding-popup .eu-cookie-withdraw-banner, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab {background: #0779bf} div#sliding-popup.eu-cookie-withdraw-wrapper { background: transparent; } #sliding-popup h1, #sliding-popup h2, #sliding-popup h3, #sliding-popup p, #sliding-popup label, #sliding-popup div, .eu-cookie-compliance-more-button, .eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { color: #ffffff;} .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { border-color: #ffffff;}</style> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.cfr.org/middle-east-and-north-africa" /> <link rel="icon" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.cfr.org/middle-east-and-north-africa" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.cfr.org/taxonomy/term/118" /> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];var j=d.createElement(s);var dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+'';j.async=true;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KFS3NQ');</script> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_9EmiuoL_e6MeEGXaUTz9-kQwAGGFEocj3uUM0_xAgKQ.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFu3SAMhl-IHB5i06ReV7tGDjiBFmJkm5xmTz-StF2qHu0GxV9-fn5j_MROIxa0c6YR8pBxBr8Z3_lJbAGeEPOBIhWsMKMT9JpoEQthhcVjcNCUPJWaUfHQCqSskZt9gRXEc6rqoCaX08jAmwmgkGFDthFzRb6AESOsiVhMhj-b3RcjCOzjl2PskfxW0pIK5JsXMZ4YbeBWe_0lkWyiWOwIggab80SvCd3xO-0N2EfQBZygZTUhuM90Tomy2M_6qfvKI4VvolR-poKL9Lv6Lcg_QHGmvfnv8jUFpGcFbQ_dKgUPor96sxL_I-gOrGZNeN8t-3orFFrGEzl4gTc3o9qPj3eelqk7a5-sZ8r53Dp80OGkx1zP5-KBwzAztXqBr8qdpTAo1eRlmPoL6IO9CFgPwQVFhIA8eFoU37TB9RDI2Hv5V4_z0Cc99zj3pD5-czHSs977Pbpjp92z_wUmrCHu" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_OUguONaqMKR7AQ0xfh0z9t-vIG7NDXj_lZ3itSyejQA.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFu3SAMhl-IHB5i06ReV7tGDjiBFmJkm5xmTz-StF2qHu0GxV9-fn5j_MROIxa0c6YR8pBxBr8Z3_lJbAGeEPOBIhWsMKMT9JpoEQthhcVjcNCUPJWaUfHQCqSskZt9gRXEc6rqoCaX08jAmwmgkGFDthFzRb6AESOsiVhMhj-b3RcjCOzjl2PskfxW0pIK5JsXMZ4YbeBWe_0lkWyiWOwIggab80SvCd3xO-0N2EfQBZygZTUhuM90Tomy2M_6qfvKI4VvolR-poKL9Lv6Lcg_QHGmvfnv8jUFpGcFbQ_dKgUPor96sxL_I-gOrGZNeN8t-3orFFrGEzl4gTc3o9qPj3eelqk7a5-sZ8r53Dp80OGkx1zP5-KBwzAztXqBr8qdpTAo1eRlmPoL6IO9CFgPwQVFhIA8eFoU37TB9RDI2Hv5V4_z0Cc99zj3pD5-czHSs977Pbpjp92z_wUmrCHu" /> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"taxonomy\/term\/118","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJx9ktFu5CAMRX8oDB_R1Up9Xu0zcsAJbiGObJPp9OuXZNoq1Y76guBcY-yL4yRhLjxC8RVkQixD7ChzxRVmDIrRiBf1kDZYIqYAzThyXQsaHrEKVCxL8y-wgUah1QKsFAqNAnI7YixjRQ8FxU7ncXZU-ytOr2Qxn5QIktws3NYTvNfpCs4Qz2kzQkL5D7jIi-GbNSgn7VWsJ6Z0RiYHcsYrRXVT72fPx4I-SVuhXL41ncCgwA3Fj5hhIxY9sYxl7bdTCl8sGHNRH5sa119UcdHu6V9FeQLDmbtJD8K_zs-GVR9FrJwiqP2mhTT_EPDHoPv-QN8oIXfVmg7YQmR-JQxHo7T_tn8EQ8IJWrGhwPvN78ugCBLzt9Hwh7eX2mur3cCoOigZXvuL4ZgD3xUb9Ka9Oz-C4rARXvea-nqpnFr5QAFe4C3MaP5z88FpmfYkfUqjcCn3q-6Tujv9B88qIe4","theme":"cfr_theme","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"\/middle-east-and-north-africa":true},"cfr_sailthru":{"customerId":"16a6a423ea139031de8812f22132ba91"},"dataLayer":{"defaultLang":"en","languages":{"en":{"id":"en","name":"English","direction":"ltr","weight":0}}},"lazy":{"lazysizes":{"lazyClass":"lazyload","loadedClass":"lazyloaded","loadingClass":"lazyloading","preloadClass":"lazypreload","errorClass":"lazyerror","autosizesClass":"lazyautosizes","srcAttr":"data-src","srcsetAttr":"data-srcset","sizesAttr":"data-sizes","minSize":40,"customMedia":[],"init":true,"expFactor":1.5,"hFac":0.8,"loadMode":2,"loadHidden":true,"ricTimeout":0,"throttleDelay":125,"plugins":[]},"placeholderSrc":"","preferNative":false,"minified":true,"libraryPath":"\/libraries\/lazysizes"},"search_autocomplete":{"header_search":{"source":"\/callback\/search_autocomplete","selector":".main-header__autocomplete","minChars":3,"maxSuggestions":10,"autoSubmit":true,"autoRedirect":true,"theme":"minimal","filters":["q","keyword"],"noResult":{"group":{"group_id":"no_results"},"label":"Search CFR.org for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""},"moreResults":{"group":{"group_id":"more_results"},"label":"View all results for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""}},"keyword_search":{"source":"\/callback\/search_autocomplete","selector":"#views-exposed-form-site-search-page-1 input.form-text","minChars":3,"maxSuggestions":10,"autoSubmit":true,"autoRedirect":true,"theme":"minimal","filters":["q","keyword"],"noResult":{"group":{"group_id":"no_results"},"label":"Search CFR.org for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""},"moreResults":{"group":{"group_id":"more_results"},"label":"View all results for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""}}},"eu_cookie_compliance":{"cookie_policy_version":"1.0.0","popup_enabled":true,"popup_agreed_enabled":false,"popup_hide_agreed":false,"popup_clicking_confirmation":false,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003EThis site uses cookies to improve your user experience. By continuing to browse this site you accept the use of cookies as explained in our \u003Ca href=\u0022\/privacy-policy#cookies\u0022\u003EPrivacy Policy\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_accept_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_decline_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EDecline\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022\u003E\n \n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_accept_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_decline_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EDecline\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","mobile_breakpoint":768,"popup_html_agreed":false,"popup_use_bare_css":false,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":"100%","popup_delay":1000,"popup_link":"\/report\/protecting-data-privacy-user-friendly-software","popup_link_new_window":true,"popup_position":false,"fixed_top_position":true,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":false,"better_support_for_screen_readers":false,"cookie_name":"cookie-agreed","reload_page":false,"domain":"","domain_all_sites":false,"popup_eu_only":false,"popup_eu_only_js":true,"cookie_lifetime":100,"cookie_session":0,"set_cookie_session_zero_on_disagree":0,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":false,"method":"opt_in","automatic_cookies_removal":false,"allowed_cookies":"","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EPrivacy settings\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou have given your consent for us to set cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button \u0022\u003EWithdraw consent\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","withdraw_enabled":false,"reload_options":null,"reload_routes_list":"","withdraw_button_on_info_popup":false,"cookie_categories":[],"cookie_categories_details":[],"enable_save_preferences_button":false,"cookie_value_disagreed":"0","cookie_value_agreed_show_thank_you":"1","cookie_value_agreed":"2","containing_element":"body","settings_tab_enabled":false,"olivero_primary_button_classes":"","olivero_secondary_button_classes":"","close_button_action":"","open_by_default":true,"modules_allow_popup":true,"hide_the_banner":false,"geoip_match":true},"dd_datalayer_tools":{"data_layers":{"0":{"type":"bypass"},"Head":[{"type":"open_text","id":"246330","value":"\/\/ Content Text Copied\r\nconsole.log(\u0027Content Text Copied: Loaded\u0027);\r\nfunction getSelectionText() {\r\n var text = \u0022\u0022;\r\n if (window.getSelection) {\r\n text = window.getSelection().toString();\r\n } else if (document.selection \u0026\u0026 document.selection.type !== \u0022Control\u0022) {\r\n text = document.selection.createRange().text;\r\n }\r\n return text;\r\n}\r\ndocument.addEventListener(\u0022copy\u0022, function(e){\r\n console.log(\u0027Text Copied\u0027);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022contentTextCopiedMetric\u0022: \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Content Text Copied\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022,\r\n \u0022target\u0022: getSelectionText()\r\n });\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246327","value":"$(document).ajaxComplete(function(event, request, settings) {\r\n var eventLabel = $(document).find(\u0022head title\u0022).text();\r\n var responseUrl = settings.url;\r\n if(responseUrl.indexOf(\u0022view_name=topic_filters_cards\u0026view_display_id=filters_block\u0022) !== -1) {\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Infinite Scroll Article\u0022,\r\n \u0022infiniteScrollMetric\u0022: \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022\r\n });\r\n }\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246326","value":"var currentUrl = window.location.href;\r\nvar contentRecirculationCount = 1;\r\n$(document).ajaxComplete(function( event, request, settings ) {\r\n var responseText = request.responseText;\r\n if((responseText.indexOf(\u0022cfr-transported-content\u0022) !== -1) \u0026\u0026 (responseText.indexOf(\u0022article--blog-post\u0022) !== -1)) {\r\n var newUrl = window.location.protocol + \u0022\/\/\u0022 + location.host;\r\n var eventLabel = currentUrl + \u0022 to \u0022 + newUrl + \u0022 : \u0022 + contentRecirculationCount + \u0022-\u0022 + (contentRecirculationCount+1);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022event\u0022 : \u0022Infinite Scroll Next Article\u0022,\r\n \u0022infiniteScrollMetric\u0022 : \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022 : \u0022False\u0022\r\n });\r\n\r\n contentRecirculationCount = contentRecirculationCount + 1;\r\n currentUrl = newUrl;\r\n }\r\n});\r\n"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246325","value":"var scroll_name_array=[];\r\n$(window).bind(\u0022scroll\u0022, function() {\r\n if($(window).scrollTop() \u003E= $(\u0022.body-content\u0022).offset().top + $(\u0022.body-content\u0022).outerHeight() - window.innerHeight) {\r\n if(!scroll_name_array.includes(\u0022scroll\u0022)) {\r\n scroll_name_array.push(\u0022scroll\u0022);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022contentBottomReachedMetric\u0022 : \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Content Bottom Reached\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022,\r\n \u0022source\u0022: \u0022\u0022\r\n });\r\n }\r\n }\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"231361","value":"function getQueryParams(qs) {\r\n var params = {}, tokens, re = \/[?\u0026]?([^=]+)=([^\u0026]*)\/g;\r\n qs = qs.split(\u0022+\u0022).join(\u0022 \u0022);\r\n while (tokens === re.exec(qs)) {\r\n params[decodeURIComponent(tokens[1])] = decodeURIComponent(tokens[2]);\r\n }\r\n return params;\r\n}\r\nvar query_params = getQueryParams(document.location.search);\r\ndataLayer.push(query_params);"},{"type":"open_text","id":"229167","value":"dataLayer.push({\u0022contentGroup4\u0022: \u0022Section Pages\u0022});"},{"event":"Social Share Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Social Share Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246351","domSpecificClassId":".share-kit__icons button.share-kit__hotspot","domSelectElement":"","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":".share-kit__icons button.share-kit__hotspot"},{"event":"Order Print Copy Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Order Print Copy Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246350","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Print Copy)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Print Copy)"},{"event":"Order Paperback Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Order Paperback Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246349","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Paperback)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Paperback)"},{"event":"order e-book click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"order e-book click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246348","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom button.button-container__btn:contains(Order E-Book)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom button.button-container__btn:contains(Order E-Book)"},{"event":"Footer Logo Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Footer Logo Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246322","domSpecificClassId":" a.main-footer__logo-btn","domSelectElement":"footer","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"footer a.main-footer__logo-btn"}],"1":{"type":"bypass"}}},"customDimensionUserCategory":[{"role":["anonymous"]}],"views":{"ajax_path":"\/views\/ajax","ajaxViews":{"views_dom_id:1c3e20793433fc8cf14799a95c6afca9071405412b362bace839f1b1c86aa00c":{"view_name":"topic_filters_cards","view_display_id":"filters_block","view_args":"118","view_path":"\/taxonomy\/term\/118","view_base_path":null,"view_dom_id":"1c3e20793433fc8cf14799a95c6afca9071405412b362bace839f1b1c86aa00c","pager_element":0}}},"viewsAjaxGet":{"topic_filters_cards":"topic_filters_cards"},"sitewideAlert":{"refreshInterval":15000,"automaticRefresh":false},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"e331052eb0a1bc4b2feb3d0cfc1f0f2f6ec5dfd9a50125d1397e4ccee31da7be"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_XIMlUC5DxSL957ExeQbfOmMl67HrazEjW48P7tVUEUM.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFu3SAMhl-IHB5i06ReV7tGDjiBFmJkm5xmTz-StF2qHu0GxV9-fn5j_MROIxa0c6YR8pBxBr8Z3_lJbAGeEPOBIhWsMKMT9JpoEQthhcVjcNCUPJWaUfHQCqSskZt9gRXEc6rqoCaX08jAmwmgkGFDthFzRb6AESOsiVhMhj-b3RcjCOzjl2PskfxW0pIK5JsXMZ4YbeBWe_0lkWyiWOwIggab80SvCd3xO-0N2EfQBZygZTUhuM90Tomy2M_6qfvKI4VvolR-poKL9Lv6Lcg_QHGmvfnv8jUFpGcFbQ_dKgUPor96sxL_I-gOrGZNeN8t-3orFFrGEzl4gTc3o9qPj3eelqk7a5-sZ8r53Dp80OGkx1zP5-KBwzAztXqBr8qdpTAo1eRlmPoL6IO9CFgPwQVFhIA8eFoU37TB9RDI2Hv5V4_z0Cc99zj3pD5-czHSs977Pbpjp92z_wUmrCHu"></script> <script src="https://ak.sail-horizon.com/spm/spm.v1.min.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_bkuE6ZcVhImEOv9sRH5dD7sYTUv7uZtHFHDcqEA9N08.js?scope=header&delta=2&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFu3SAMhl-IHB5i06ReV7tGDjiBFmJkm5xmTz-StF2qHu0GxV9-fn5j_MROIxa0c6YR8pBxBr8Z3_lJbAGeEPOBIhWsMKMT9JpoEQthhcVjcNCUPJWaUfHQCqSskZt9gRXEc6rqoCaX08jAmwmgkGFDthFzRb6AESOsiVhMhj-b3RcjCOzjl2PskfxW0pIK5JsXMZ4YbeBWe_0lkWyiWOwIggab80SvCd3xO-0N2EfQBZygZTUhuM90Tomy2M_6qfvKI4VvolR-poKL9Lv6Lcg_QHGmvfnv8jUFpGcFbQ_dKgUPor96sxL_I-gOrGZNeN8t-3orFFrGEzl4gTc3o9qPj3eelqk7a5-sZ8r53Dp80OGkx1zP5-KBwzAztXqBr8qdpTAo1eRlmPoL6IO9CFgPwQVFhIA8eFoU37TB9RDI2Hv5V4_z0Cc99zj3pD5-czHSs977Pbpjp92z_wUmrCHu"></script> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=explicit" async defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_uk-5W4zAfhQ3FmPSivCT6EkSWlziJZObe2mecXVbs9A.js?scope=header&delta=4&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFu3SAMhl-IHB5i06ReV7tGDjiBFmJkm5xmTz-StF2qHu0GxV9-fn5j_MROIxa0c6YR8pBxBr8Z3_lJbAGeEPOBIhWsMKMT9JpoEQthhcVjcNCUPJWaUfHQCqSskZt9gRXEc6rqoCaX08jAmwmgkGFDthFzRb6AESOsiVhMhj-b3RcjCOzjl2PskfxW0pIK5JsXMZ4YbeBWe_0lkWyiWOwIggab80SvCd3xO-0N2EfQBZygZTUhuM90Tomy2M_6qfvKI4VvolR-poKL9Lv6Lcg_QHGmvfnv8jUFpGcFbQ_dKgUPor96sxL_I-gOrGZNeN8t-3orFFrGEzl4gTc3o9qPj3eelqk7a5-sZ8r53Dp80OGkx1zP5-KBwzAztXqBr8qdpTAo1eRlmPoL6IO9CFgPwQVFhIA8eFoU37TB9RDI2Hv5V4_z0Cc99zj3pD5-czHSs977Pbpjp92z_wUmrCHu"></script> <script src="/modules/custom/cfr_sailthru/js/sailthru_init.js?stqriz" async defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_CbV9V9GP4z2EKAekMUWajSbaWrzv5LACNDNnfYnq5WQ.js?scope=header&delta=6&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFu3SAMhl-IHB5i06ReV7tGDjiBFmJkm5xmTz-StF2qHu0GxV9-fn5j_MROIxa0c6YR8pBxBr8Z3_lJbAGeEPOBIhWsMKMT9JpoEQthhcVjcNCUPJWaUfHQCqSskZt9gRXEc6rqoCaX08jAmwmgkGFDthFzRb6AESOsiVhMhj-b3RcjCOzjl2PskfxW0pIK5JsXMZ4YbeBWe_0lkWyiWOwIggab80SvCd3xO-0N2EfQBZygZTUhuM90Tomy2M_6qfvKI4VvolR-poKL9Lv6Lcg_QHGmvfnv8jUFpGcFbQ_dKgUPor96sxL_I-gOrGZNeN8t-3orFFrGEzl4gTc3o9qPj3eelqk7a5-sZ8r53Dp80OGkx1zP5-KBwzAztXqBr8qdpTAo1eRlmPoL6IO9CFgPwQVFhIA8eFoU37TB9RDI2Hv5V4_z0Cc99zj3pD5-czHSs977Pbpjp92z_wUmrCHu"></script> </head> <body class="page--immersive page--type--regions"> <div class="body-clip-overflow"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KFS3NQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><div data-sitewide-alert></div> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="layout-container"> <header role="banner"> <div> <div id="block-topicnavigationblock"> <header class="main-header main-header--without-msp"> <div class="main-header__container"> <div class="main-header__search"> <div class="main-header__search-container"> <form action="/search" autocomplete="off" class="main-header__search-form"> <input type="search" name="keyword" placeholder="What are you searching for?" class="main-header__search-input main-header__autocomplete" /> <button type="button" class="main-header__search-cancel"> Cancel </button> </form> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__belt"> <div class="main-header__belt-container"> <div class="main-header__branding"> <a href="/" class="main-header__branding-link"> <svg viewBox="0 0 125 60" class="main-header__branding-icon icon-logo-signature" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Council on Foreign Relations</title> <path d="M106.909 13.178c-.502.92-1.081 1.458-1.854 1.458-.713 0-1.01-.522-.975-1.458.062-1.772 1.163-4.833 2.824-4.833.6 0 .999.416.97 1.371-.026.912-.386 2.406-.965 3.462m-.055-5.377c-2.64 0-4.56 2.264-4.63 4.755-.04 1.428.743 2.647 2.703 2.647 3.06 0 4.676-2.7 4.73-4.714.053-1.57-.944-2.688-2.803-2.688m17.484 3.789c0-.612-.316-1.01-.782-1.01-.404 0-.679.3-.679.677 0 .483.45.613.45 1.239-.001.259-.103.519-.32.765-.31.297-.748.513-2.042.513h-3.142c-.364 0-.465-.154-.313-.587.468-1.341 1.109-2.92 1.241-3.587.176-.876-.203-1.687-1.315-1.687-1.749 0-2.89 1.524-4.426 4.42h-.089s1.115-2.606 1.115-3.464c0-.61-.367-.946-1.026-.946-1.009 0-2.041 1.05-2.486 1.63l.31.302c.203-.255.51-.557.737-.733.402-.312.808-.263.687.407-.155.866-1.328 3.959-1.961 5.535h1.827c1.875-3.756 3.251-6.174 4.345-6.174.317 0 .483.196.483.53 0 .675-.985 2.959-1.389 4.312-.238.8-.183 1.332.52 1.332h3.498c1.451 0 2.618-.677 3.122-1.04 1.003-.68 1.635-1.614 1.635-2.433M10.751 24.923v-2.138H2.058v14.48h2.448V30.94h5.657v-2.143H4.506v-3.874zm71.256-.185c-1.474-1.462-3.291-2.302-5.748-2.302-4.258 0-7.677 3.079-7.676 7.66-.001 4.576 3.074 7.48 7.453 7.48h.014c4.075 0 7.1-2.548 7.115-6.755v-.448h-7.093v2.06h4.397c-.473 2.002-2.291 2.938-4.271 2.938-3.055 0-5.025-2.035-5.028-5.347.008-3.065 2.025-5.4 4.976-5.405 2.104 0 3.426.977 4.223 1.776l1.638-1.657zM4.49 51.483v-4.486h2.005c2.614 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.105 0 .888-.377 2.381-2.901 2.381H4.49zm3.519 1.851s-.018-.018.112-.034c2.109-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.893-4.18-4.818-4.18H2.058v14.535H4.49v-6.019h.592l4.895 6.02h3.09l-5.06-6.07zm9.314-8.445v14.533h9.205v-2.114h-6.68v-4.337h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.21v-2.108zm13.937-.022v14.535h8.865v-2.094h-6.343v-12.44zm24.952 0v2.13h4.494v12.407h2.438V46.995h4.49v-2.13zM71.44 59.402h2.529V44.866H71.44zm35.288-5.305l-9.756-9.776v15.082h2.43v-9.167c.423.418 9.757 9.764 9.757 9.764V44.867h-2.431v9.23zm11.854-3.111c-1.794-.892-2.6-1.555-2.6-2.6 0-1.58 1.623-1.775 2.107-1.775 1.029 0 1.988.344 2.834 1.133l1.234-1.761c-1.366-1.073-2.622-1.393-4.068-1.393-2.648 0-4.5 1.61-4.5 3.924 0 2.215 1.455 3.317 3.917 4.575 1.699.867 2.557 1.632 2.557 2.654 0 1.142-.993 1.819-2.301 1.819-1.38 0-2.47-.465-3.567-1.488l-1.375 1.721c1.582 1.46 3.24 1.87 4.763 1.87 3.286 0 4.942-1.864 4.942-4.14 0-2.331-1.765-3.454-3.943-4.54M12.08 11.201c-1.172 1.342-2.672 2.016-4.33 2.016-2.959 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.403 0-3.105 2.076-5.258 4.862-5.258 1.55 0 2.882.51 4.066 1.695l1.618-1.64C11.686 1.083 9.828.363 7.47.363 3.244.363 0 3.586 0 7.884c0 4.511 3.088 7.523 7.433 7.523 2.561 0 4.584-.862 6.046-2.523l-1.399-1.683zm66.172.03c-1.172 1.341-2.547 1.975-4.422 1.975-3.084 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.402 0-3.104 2.084-5.267 4.87-5.267 1.55 0 2.883.51 4.066 1.695l1.6-1.619c-1.39-1.536-3.287-2.25-5.645-2.25-4.343 0-7.472 3.223-7.472 7.521 0 4.511 3 7.523 7.435 7.523 2.677 0 4.676-.822 6.137-2.483l-1.4-1.693zm-38.644 4.05c3.432 0 5.411-1.862 5.973-4.36.11-.496.165-1.217.165-1.834V.548H43.31v8.468c0 2.721-1.342 4.075-3.68 4.075-2.41 0-3.854-1.398-3.854-4.075V.548H33.34v8.54c0 .642.057 1.338.17 1.833.573 2.498 2.598 4.36 6.1 4.36m13.05-9.512c.425.419 9.83 9.91 9.83 9.91V.548h-2.372v9.365L50.294 0v15.082h2.366V5.769zm30.062 9.313h2.525V.548h-2.525zM90.25.548V15.08h8.942v-2.095h-6.41V.548zM22.66 2.403c-2.794 0-5.06 2.216-5.06 5.466s2.154 5.467 5.06 5.467c2.904 0 5.056-2.217 5.056-5.467 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.057-5.466m-7.613 5.464C15.042 3.503 18.316.25 22.66.25c4.344 0 7.614 3.254 7.613 7.618.001 4.362-3.136 7.617-7.613 7.617-4.478 0-7.617-3.255-7.613-7.617m5.94 16.692c-2.793 0-5.057 2.216-5.057 5.467 0 3.25 2.152 5.467 5.057 5.467 2.906 0 5.057-2.217 5.057-5.467 0-3.251-2.263-5.467-5.057-5.467m-7.613 5.465c-.005-4.365 3.269-7.62 7.613-7.62 4.345 0 7.616 3.255 7.614 7.62.002 4.363-3.137 7.617-7.614 7.617s-7.618-3.254-7.613-7.617m36.748.788h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.208v-2.108h-8.734v14.534h9.205v-2.114h-6.679zm11.533 6.452h2.525V22.73h-2.525zm-26.489-7.92v-4.487h2.004c2.613 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.107 0 .887-.378 2.38-2.901 2.38h-2.022zm3.519 1.85s-.019-.017.111-.033c2.108-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.894-4.182-4.818-4.182h-4.975v14.537h2.433v-6.018h.592l4.895 6.018h3.09l-5.058-6.07zm3.449 28.204h2.541l1.416-3.376h5.558l1.393 3.376h2.682l-6.774-15.49-6.816 15.49zm6.732-10.073l1.89 4.542h-3.789l1.9-4.542zm36.612-2.6c-2.792 0-5.056 2.216-5.056 5.466 0 3.251 2.153 5.468 5.056 5.468 2.907 0 5.06-2.217 5.06-5.468 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.06-5.466m-7.613 5.464c-.004-4.365 3.27-7.617 7.614-7.617 4.344 0 7.617 3.252 7.614 7.617.002 4.362-3.138 7.618-7.615 7.618s-7.617-3.256-7.613-7.618m11.558-24.238c.424.419 9.829 9.909 9.829 9.909V22.73h-2.37v9.366l-9.823-9.913v15.082h2.364v-9.313z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="main-header__corporate"> <ul class="main-header__corporate-list"> <li class="main-header__corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://foreignaffairs.com" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link main-header__corporate-link--fa" rel="noopener"> Foreign Affairs </a> </li> <li class="main-header__corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://education.cfr.org/" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link" rel="noopener"> CFR Education </a> </li> <li class="main-header__corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link main-header__corporate-link-- js-sailthru-newsletter" rel="noopener"> Newsletters </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="main-header__controls"> <ul class="main-header__controls-list"> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--initiatives"> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-toggle"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__initiatives-grid-icon icon-grid"> <rect x="1" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="1" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="1" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="8" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="8" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="8" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="15" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="15" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="15" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </button> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-title">Related Sites</div> <ul class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list"> <li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-coc-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Council of Councils" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" /> Council of Councils </a> </li> <li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-tgh-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Think Global Health" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" /> Think Global Health </a> </li> <li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item"> <a href="https://cfrorg.store" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-store.png" loading="lazy" alt="Online Store" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" /> Online Store </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--user"> <a href="/member/login" class="main-header__controls-link"> <svg viewBox="0 0 22 22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__controls-icon-user icon-user-circle-outlined" fill="none"> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 21c5.523 0 10-4.477 10-10S16.523 1 11 1 1 5.477 1 11s4.477 10 10 10z"/> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 12.25a3.25 3.25 0 100-6.5 3.25 3.25 0 000 6.5zM5.468 19.153v-1.6A2.553 2.553 0 018.021 15h5.958a2.553 2.553 0 012.553 2.553v1.702"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--search-cta"> <button type="submit" class="main-header__search-cta"> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="main-header__search-icon icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Search</title> <g class="icon-fill" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <path d="M10 18a8 8 0 1 0 0-16 8 8 0 0 0 0 16zm0-2a6 6 0 1 1 0-12 6 6 0 0 1 0 12z"/> <path d="M14.293 15.707l7 7 1.414-1.414-7-7z"/> </g> </svg> </button> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--menu"> <div class="main-header__menu-hotspot"> <div class="main-header__menu-btn"> <span class="main-header__menu-btn-bar"></span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--search"> <div class="main-header__search-inline"> <form action="/search" autocomplete="off" class="main-header__search-inline-form"> <input type="search" name="keyword" placeholder="What are you searching for?" class="main-header__search-inline-input main-header__autocomplete" /> <button type="submit" class="main-header__search-inline-cta"> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="main-header__search-inline-icon icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Search</title> <g class="icon-fill" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <path d="M10 18a8 8 0 1 0 0-16 8 8 0 0 0 0 16zm0-2a6 6 0 1 1 0-12 6 6 0 0 1 0 12z"/> <path d="M14.293 15.707l7 7 1.414-1.414-7-7z"/> </g> </svg> </button> </form> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav"> <div class="main-header__nav-container"> <ul class="main-header__nav-list main-header__nav--with-featured"> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--featured"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/experts" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--featured"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/initiative/ukraine" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Securing Ukraine</a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/topics" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Topics</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/energy-and-environment/climate-change" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Climate Change </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">International efforts, such as the Paris Agreement, aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But experts say countries aren’t doing enough to limit dangerous global warming. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland and <a href="/bio/clara-fong" class="card-article__authors-link">Clara Fong</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 21, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/renewing-america" class="card-article__series"> Renewing America </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/defense-and-security" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Defense & Security</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Diplomacy & International Institutions</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/economics" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Economics</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/energy-and-environment" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Energy & Environment</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/health" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Health</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/human-rights" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Human Rights</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/politics-and-government" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Politics & Government</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/social-issues" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Social Issues</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/regions" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Regions</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/myanmar" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Myanmar </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/myanmar-history-coup-military-rule-ethnic-conflict-rohingya " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Myanmar’s Troubled History</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2021/02/myanmarbgr.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Throughout its decades of independence, Myanmar has struggled with military rule, civil war, poor governance, and widespread poverty. A military coup in February 2021 dashed hopes for…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland</span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 31, 2022</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/americas" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Americas</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/asia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Asia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Europe & Eurasia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/global-commons" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Global Commons</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Middle East & North Africa</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/oceania" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Oceania</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/sub-saharan-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/explainers" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Explainers</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/health" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Health </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/article/how-new-tobacco-control-laws-could-help-close-racial-gap-us-cancer " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/01/GettyImages-1409152899_Resized_0.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">During the 2020 presidential campaign, Joe Biden promised that his administration would make a “historic effort” to reduce long-running racial inequities in health. Tobacco use—the leading cause of p…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Interactive</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Olivia Angelino, <a href="/expert/thomas-j-bollyky" class="card-article__authors-link">Thomas J. Bollyky</a>, Elle Ruggiero and Isabella Turilli</span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 1, 2023</span> <a href="/programs/global-health-program" class="card-article__series"> Global Health Program </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/backgrounders" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Backgrounders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/inbriefs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">In Briefs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/podcasts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/videos" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Videos</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/timelines" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Timelines</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/special-projects" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Special Projects</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/infoguides" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">InfoGuides</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Research & Analysis</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article report card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/china" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> China </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/report/countering-threats-posed-chinese-communist-party-us-national-security " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Countering Threats Posed by the Chinese Communist Party to U.S. National Security</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/2025-03/KSD_5014%20%281%29.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Three questions framed Dr. Doshi’s remarks to the U.S. House Committee on Homeland Security. First, what are Beijing’s ambitions? Second, how does it threaten homeland security in the cyber d…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Testimony</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/rush-doshi" class="card-article__authors-link">Rush Doshi</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> March 5, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/china-strategy" class="card-article__series"> China Strategy Initiative </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers & Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books & Reports</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/outreach" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Communities</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/oil-and-petroleum-products" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Oil and Petroleum Products </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/academic-webinar-geopolitics-oil " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Academic Webinar: The Geopolitics of Oil</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2023/04/cms%20Saudi%20Arabia%20oil%20refinery%20by%20Ahmed%20Jadallah%20Reuters.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Webinar</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Carolyn Kissane and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/irina-faskianos" class="card-article__authors-link">Irina A. Faskianos</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> April 12, 2023</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/membership" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Members</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/media" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Media</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/congressional-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Congress</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/academic/cfr-academic" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Students and Educators</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/state-and-local" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">State & Local Officials</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Religion Leaders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/localjournalists" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Local Journalists</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/event" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Events</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/beijing30-global-status-women " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Beijing+30: The Global Status of Women</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2025/03/status%20of%20woman.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">As member states convene for the 69th UN Commission on the Status of Women and commemorate the 30th anniversary of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, please join us for a dialogue on the impact of U.S. policy initiatives undertaken by the Gender Policy Council, the current global status of women and girls, and recommendations for priority actions to advance gender equality and women's leadership globally.<strong>While remarks will be on the record, the discussion portion of the meeting is not for attribution. </strong>This means that participants are free to make use of the information shared at the meeting but may not attribute any quotes or content to any speakers or participants. Use of personal recording devices and cameras is prohibited. CFR reserves the right to take or use photographs for its own use.This meeting is part of the Council on Foreign Relations Women and Foreign Policy Program Roundtable Series on Women’s Global Leadership.Please note there is no virtual component to the meeting. The audio, video, and transcript of the discussion portion of this event will be posted on the CFR website.<strong>Members may bring a guest to this event. </strong> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Event</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Susana Malcorra, Rachel B. Vogelstein and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/linda-robinson" class="card-article__authors-link">Linda Robinson</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> March 13, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Lectureship Series</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/conference-call-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Webinars & Conference Calls</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/meeting-types/symposia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Symposia</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown main-header__nav-list-item--initiatives"> <a href="#" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Related Sites</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu main-header__nav-dropdown-menu--without-featured"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-coc-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Council of Councils" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Council of Councils </a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-tgh-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Think Global Health" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Think Global Health </a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://cfrorg.store" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-store.png" loading="lazy" alt="Online Store" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Online Store </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown main-header__nav-list-item--more"> <a href="#" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">More</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu main-header__nav-dropdown-menu--without-featured"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> Research & Analysis </a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers & Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books & Reports</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> Communities </a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/membership" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Members</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/media" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Media</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/congressional-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Congress</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/academic/cfr-academic" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Students and Educators</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/state-and-local" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">State & Local Officials</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Religion Leaders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/localjournalists" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Local Journalists</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> Events </a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Lectureship Series</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/conference-call-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Webinars & Conference Calls</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/meeting-types/symposia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Symposia</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="main-header__nav-corporate"> <ul class="main-header__nav-corporate-list"> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link main-header__nav-corporate-link-- js-sailthru-newsletter"> Newsletters </a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://education.cfr.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link"> CFR Education </a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://foreignaffairs.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link main-header__nav-corporate-link--fa"> Foreign Affairs </a> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--user"> <a href="/member/login" class="main-header__controls-link"> <svg viewBox="0 0 22 22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__controls-icon-user icon-user-circle-outlined" fill="none"> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 21c5.523 0 10-4.477 10-10S16.523 1 11 1 1 5.477 1 11s4.477 10 10 10z"/> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 12.25a3.25 3.25 0 100-6.5 3.25 3.25 0 000 6.5zM5.468 19.153v-1.6A2.553 2.553 0 018.021 15h5.958a2.553 2.553 0 012.553 2.553v1.702"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item main-header__nav-corporate-list-item--essay-member"> <a href="/member/login" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link"> Member Login </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div id="block-newsalert"> </div> </div> </header> <main role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="layout-content"> <div id="block-cfr-theme-messages"> </div> <header class="header-contextual header-contextual--immersive header-contextual--without-content header-contextual--content-typeless header-contextual--color-custom header-contextual--with-dropdown header-contextual--with-image empty header-contextual--without-eyebrow "> <div class="header-contextual__main-wrapper"> <div class="header-contextual__primary-bg-image" style="background-image: url('//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/term_header_xl_1280/public/image/2017/08/MiddleEast_0.jpg');"></div> <div class="header-contextual__section-wrapper"> <h1 class="header-contextual__main-title">Middle East and North Africa</h1> <div class="header-contextual__links-layout"> <div class="header-contextual__links-wrapper"> <ul class="header-contextual__links-list "> <li class="header-contextual__links-list-item "> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/algeria" class="macro-utils__link-to">Algeria</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual__links-list-item "> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/bahrain" class="macro-utils__link-to">Bahrain</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual__links-list-item "> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/egypt" class="macro-utils__link-to">Egypt</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual__links-list-item "> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/iran" class="macro-utils__link-to">Iran</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual__links-list-item "> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/iraq" class="macro-utils__link-to">Iraq</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual__links-list-item header-contextual__links-list-item--mobile"><span class="header-contextual__dropdown-btn header-contextual__dropdown-btn--mobile">See All</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay"> <div class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__close-btn"></div> <div class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__left-panel"> <div class="button-container button-container--with-breakpoints header-contextual__dropdown-btn header-contextual__dropdown-btn--above-mobile header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__left-panel-title"> <button class="button-container__btn header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__title__btn">Close</button> </div> <ul class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-list"> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/algeria">Algeria</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/bahrain">Bahrain</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/egypt">Egypt</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/iran">Iran</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/iraq">Iraq</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/israel">Israel</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/jordan">Jordan</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/kuwait">Kuwait</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/lebanon">Lebanon</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/libya">Libya</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/morocco">Morocco</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/oman">Oman</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/palestinian-territories">Palestinian Territories</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/qatar">Qatar</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/saudi-arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/syria">Syria</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/tunisia">Tunisia</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/united-arab-emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/western-sahara">Western Sahara</a> </li> <li class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-item"> <a class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-link" href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/yemen">Yemen</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <style type="text/css"> .header-contextual--color-custom .header-contextual__main-wrapper:before, .header-contextual--color-custom .header-contextual__main-wrapper { background: none; background-color: #000000; } </style> <div class="topics-page"> <div class="e2020-promos-across"> <div class="e2020-promos-across__wrapper"> <div class="e2020-promos-across__container"> <div class="e2020-promos-across__promos-container"> <div class="e2020-promos-across__article-wrapper"> <a href="/expert-brief/us-iran-nuclear-diplomacy-stirring-it-serious" target="_blank" class="e2020-promos-across__article-anchor"> <div class="e2020-promos-across__image-container"> <div class="e2020-promos-across__image"> <div class="e2020-promos-across__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_m/public/image/2025/03/IranNukesDeal_EB_1.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </div> <div class="e2020-promos-across__data-container"> <div class="e2020-promos-across__title"> U.S.-Iran Nuclear Diplomacy Is Stirring: Is It Serious? </div> <div class="e2020-promos-across__separator"> </div> <div class="e2020-promos-across__intro"> A strategically weakened Iran has sent signals it would be willing to discuss the militarization of its nuclear program with the United States, but any diplomatic breakthroughs are highly unlikely. </div> <div class="e2020-promos-across__metadata"> <p class="e2020-promos-across__byline"> <span class="e2020-promos-across__pub-type">Expert Brief </span> by <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/ray-takeyh" class="e2020-promos-across__byline--author">Ray Takeyh</a> <span class="e2020-basic-promo__date"> Mar 11, 2025 </span> </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="e2020-promos-across__article-wrapper"> <a href="/podcasts/tpi/gaza-ceasefire-steven-cook" target="_blank" class="e2020-promos-across__article-anchor"> <div class="e2020-promos-across__image-container"> <div class="e2020-promos-across__image"> <span class="card-article-large__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 25" class="icon icon-podcast" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Podcast</title> <path d="M8.005 20.469v3.489h3.283a.523.523 0 0 1 0 1.042H3.712a.523.523 0 0 1 0-1.042h3.282v-3.49C2.954 20.183 0 16.929 0 12.76c0-.78 1.06-.78 1.06 0 0 3.646 2.88 6.64 6.44 6.64 3.56 0 6.439-2.994 6.439-6.64a.533.533 0 0 1 1.061 0c0 4.167-2.954 7.422-6.995 7.709m4.292-15.495v7.76c0 2.76-2.12 4.975-4.798 4.975-2.676 0-4.797-2.24-4.797-4.975v-7.76C2.702 2.239 4.823 0 7.499 0c2.678 0 4.798 2.239 4.798 4.974m-1.01 7.76v-1.276H9.016c-.505 0-.505-.781 0-.781h2.273V9.375H9.015c-.505 0-.505-.781 0-.781h2.273V7.29H9.015c-.505 0-.505-.78 0-.78h2.273V4.974c0-2.136-1.718-3.88-3.789-3.88-2.07 0-3.787 1.744-3.787 3.88V6.51h2.273c.505 0 .505.78 0 .78H3.712v1.303h2.273c.505 0 .505.781 0 .781H3.712v1.302h2.273c.505 0 .505.781 0 .781H3.712v1.276c0 2.135 1.717 3.88 3.787 3.88 2.071 0 3.789-1.745 3.789-3.88" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="e2020-promos-across__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_m/public/image/2025/01/250128_TPI-pic.jpeg.webp)"></div> </div> </div> <div class="e2020-promos-across__data-container"> <div class="e2020-promos-across__title"> The Gaza Cease-Fire, With Steven Cook </div> <div class="e2020-promos-across__separator"> </div> <div class="e2020-promos-across__intro"> Steven Cook, the Eni Enrico Mattei Senior Fellow for Middle East and Africa Studies at CFR, sits down with James M. Lindsay to discuss how the Israel-Hamas cease-fire over Gaza came together, what the agreement requires each side to do, and what will come next.  </div> <div class="e2020-promos-across__metadata"> <p class="e2020-promos-across__byline"> <span class="e2020-promos-across__pub-type">Podcast </span> by <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="e2020-promos-across__byline--author">James M. Lindsay</a>, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/steven-cook" class="e2020-promos-across__byline--author">Steven A. Cook</a>, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/staff/justin-schuster" class="e2020-promos-across__byline--author">Justin Schuster</a>, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/staff/molly-mcanany" class="e2020-promos-across__byline--author">Molly McAnany</a>, and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/gabrielle-sierra" class="e2020-promos-across__byline--author">Gabrielle Sierra</a> <span class="e2020-basic-promo__date"> Jan 28, 2025 </span> </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="e2020-promos-across__article-wrapper"> <a href="/in-brief/uns-palestinian-aid-controversy-whats-stake" target="_blank" class="e2020-promos-across__article-anchor"> <div class="e2020-promos-across__image-container"> <div class="e2020-promos-across__image"> <div class="e2020-promos-across__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_m/public/2025-03/UNWRA_IB.jpg.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </div> <div class="e2020-promos-across__data-container"> <div class="e2020-promos-across__title"> The UN’s Palestinian Aid Controversy </div> <div class="e2020-promos-across__separator"> </div> <div class="e2020-promos-across__intro"> The leading UN aid agency for Palestinian refugees faces severe funding cuts and suspended services, with huge consequences for millions of Palestinians. It remains enmeshed in controversy over accusations that some of its employees were involved in Hamas’s 2023 attack on Israel. </div> <div class="e2020-promos-across__metadata"> <p class="e2020-promos-across__byline"> <span class="e2020-promos-across__pub-type">In Brief </span> by <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/christina-bouri" class="e2020-promos-across__byline--author">Christina Bouri</a> <span class="e2020-basic-promo__date"> Mar 6, 2025 </span> </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="krt-grid"> <div class="krt-grid__container"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-1c3e20793433fc8cf14799a95c6afca9071405412b362bace839f1b1c86aa00c"> <form class="views-exposed-form" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-topic-filters-cards-filters-block" action="/middle-east-and-north-africa" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-topic-filters-cards-filters-block" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-select form-item-topics js-form-item-topics"> <label for="edit-topics">Topics</label> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-topics" id="edit-topics" name="topics" class="form-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="338">Defense and Security</option><option value="339">Diplomacy and International Institutions</option><option value="340">Economics</option><option value="341">Energy and Environment</option><option value="342">Health</option><option value="343">Human Rights</option><option value="344">Politics and Government</option><option value="345">Social Issues</option></select> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-select form-item-regions js-form-item-regions"> <label for="edit-regions">Regions</label> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-regions" id="edit-regions" name="regions" class="form-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="114">Americas</option><option value="115">Asia</option><option value="116">Europe and Eurasia</option><option value="117">Global Commons</option><option value="118">Middle East and North Africa</option><option value="119">Oceania</option><option value="121">Sub-Saharan Africa</option></select> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-select form-item-type js-form-item-type"> <label for="edit-type">Type</label> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-type" id="edit-type" name="type" class="form-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="1">Articles</option><option value="12">Blogs</option><option value="9">Books</option><option value="7">Conference Calls</option><option value="11">Events</option><option value="0">Explainers</option><option value="4">Interviews</option><option value="8">Podcasts</option><option value="10">Reports</option><option value="5">Slideshows</option><option value="6">Timelines</option><option value="3">Videos</option></select> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-topic-filters-cards" type="submit" id="edit-submit-topic-filters-cards" value="Apply" class="button js-form-submit form-submit" /> </div> </form> <div data-drupal-views-infinite-scroll-content-wrapper class="views-infinite-scroll-content-wrapper clearfix"> <ul class="krt-grid__list-container krt-grid__list-container--with-breaker"> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large event card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Middle East and North Africa </a> </div> <a href="/event/trump-administrations-approach-middle-east " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> The Trump Administration’s Approach to the Middle East </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2025/03/transition%202025-middle%20east.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Panelists discuss the Trump administration’s role in the Israel-Hamas peace negotiations, U.S. relations with other Middle East countries, and the administration’s priorities regarding U.S. involvement and stability in the region. This meeting is part of CFR’s <strong>Transition 2025 series</strong>, which examines the major foreign policy issues confronting the Trump administration. Please note there is no virtual component to the meeting. The audio, video, and transcript of the discussion portion of this event will be posted on the CFR website. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Event</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">with <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/elliott-abrams" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Elliott Abrams</a> , Bernard Haykel, Denise Natali and Missy Ryan</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> March 28, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large event card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/defense-and-security" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Defense and Security </a> </div> <a href="/event/hauser-symposium-axis-autocracies " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Hauser Symposium: The Axis of Autocracies </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <span class="card-article-large__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2025/03/axis%20of%20autocracies_1.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">In recent years, China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea have deepened their cooperation, raising concerns about an emerging “Axis of Autocracies” challenging U.S. global leadership. From military support and weapons transfers to economic backing, these alliances are reshaping the geopolitical landscape. This symposium will examine the extent of their collaboration, its global implications, and how the United States should respond to the threats it poses to U.S. national security. Click <strong>here</strong> to view the full agenda. This <strong>Hauser Symposium</strong> is made possible by the generous support of the Hauser Foundation. If you wish to attend virtually, log-in information and instructions on how to participate during the question and answer portion will be provided the evening before the event to those who register. Please note the audio, video, and transcript of this hybrid event will be posted on the <strong>CFR website</strong>. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Virtual Event</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by Christopher S. Chivvis, Heather Conley, Ivo H. Daalder, Jennifer E. Kavanagh, Tanvi Madan, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/ebenezer-obadare" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Ebenezer Obadare</a> , <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-article-large__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a> , Suzanne Nossel and Laura Trevelyan</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> March 27, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/demonstrations-and-protests" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Demonstrations and Protests </a> </div> <a href="/blog/women-week-iran-using-electronic-surveillance-enforce-veiling-laws " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Women This Week: Iran Using Electronic Surveillance to Enforce Veiling Laws </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/03/iran.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Welcome to “Women Around the World: This Week,” a series that highlights noteworthy news related to women and U.S. foreign policy. This week’s post covers March 15 to March 21. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/noel-james" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Noël James</a> and Diya Mehta</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> March 24, 2025</span> <a href="/blog/women-around-world" class="card-article-large__series"> Women Around the World </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="card-group card-group--krt card-group--bg-color-light-grey "> <div class="card-group__background"></div> <div class="card-group__content-wrapper"> <h2 class="card-group__title"> Experts in this Region </h2> <div class="card-group__container"> <section class="card-expert-small card-expert-small--rail-with-image "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <div class="field--image"> <img width="278" height="278" alt="Elliot Abrams" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxl/public/profile-photos/EABRAMS_CFR.png" /> </div> </div> <a href="/expert/elliott-abrams" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Elliott Abrams </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Senior Fellow for Middle Eastern Studies </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small card-expert-small--rail-with-image "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <div class="field--image"> <img width="278" height="278" alt="Henri J. Barkey" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxl/public/profile-photos/Barkey.jpg" /> </div> </div> <a href="/experts/henri-j-barkey" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Henri J. Barkey </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Adjunct Senior Fellow for Middle East Studies </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small card-expert-small--rail-with-image "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <div class="field--image"> <img width="278" height="278" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxl/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.jpg" /> </div> </div> <a href="/expert/robert-d-blackwill" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Robert D. Blackwill </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small card-expert-small--rail-with-image "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <div class="field--image"> <img width="278" height="278" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxl/public/profile-photos/007_Cook_v2.jpg?h=b8a6c219" /> </div> </div> <a href="/expert/steven-cook" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Steven A. Cook </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Eni Enrico Mattei Senior Fellow for Middle East and Africa Studies and Director of the International Affairs Fellowship for Tenured International Relations Scholars </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small card-expert-small--rail-with-image "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <div class="field--image"> <img width="278" height="278" alt="Ed Husain Headshot" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxl/public/profile-photos/Husain%20Cropped.jpg" /> </div> </div> <a href="/expert/ed-husain" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Ed Husain </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Senior Fellow </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small card-expert-small--rail-with-image "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <div class="field--image"> <img width="278" height="278" alt="Farah Pandith" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxl/public/image/20141230_CFR_Portrait_1064.jpg?h=168073b1" /> </div> </div> <a href="/expert/farah-pandith" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Farah Pandith </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Senior Fellow </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small card-expert-small--rail-with-image "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <div class="field--image"> <img width="278" height="278" alt="Linda Robinson Headshot" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxl/public/profile-photos/Linda%20Robinson%20-%20Headshot%20for%20External%20Use.png" /> </div> </div> <a href="/expert/linda-robinson" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Linda Robinson </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Senior Fellow for Women and Foreign Policy </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small card-expert-small--rail-with-image "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <div class="field--image"> <img width="278" height="278" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxl/public/profile-photos/Gideon%20Rose.jpg" /> </div> </div> <a href="/expert/gideon-rose" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Gideon Rose </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Adjunct Senior Fellow </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small card-expert-small--rail-with-image "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <div class="field--image"> <img width="278" height="278" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxl/public/profile-photos/RT%20Headshot%201.png" /> </div> </div> <a href="/expert/ray-takeyh" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Ray Takeyh </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Hasib J. Sabbagh Senior Fellow for Middle East Studies </p> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="krt-grid__list-container"> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/yemen" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Yemen </a> </div> <a href="/in-brief/irans-support-houthis-what-know " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Iran’s Support of the Houthis: What to Know </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2024/03/HouthisIran_IB.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Iranian support has boosted the military prowess of Yemen’s Houthi rebels, helping them project force into the Red Sea. Ramped up U.S.-led attacks on the group raise the prospect of military escalation with Iran. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">In Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by Kali Robinson</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> March 24, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/yemen" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Yemen </a> </div> <a href="/article/siege-red-sea " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> The Siege of the Red Sea </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/03/Houthis_TWTW_03212025_A.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The U.S. military continues to conduct large-scale strikes on Iran-backed Houthi targets in Yemen to counter their assault on global commerce and attempts to weaken Israel. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/michael-froman" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Michael Froman</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> March 21, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/syria" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Syria </a> </div> <a href="/expert-brief/syrias-surge-violence-does-not-signal-new-civil-war-now " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Syria’s Surge in Violence Does Not Signal a New Civil War—for Now </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/03/SyriaViolence_EB.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">A spate of attacks involving loyalists to former ruler President Bashar al-Assad has spurred concerns of a return to sectarian warfare in Syria, but there is still a path for the country’s new rulers to find stability. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Expert Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/steven-cook" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Steven A. Cook</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> March 12, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="krt-grid__list-container"> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/iran" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Iran </a> </div> <a href="/expert-brief/us-iran-nuclear-diplomacy-stirring-it-serious " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> U.S.-Iran Nuclear Diplomacy Is Stirring: Is It Serious? </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/03/IranNukesDeal_EB_1.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">A strategically weakened Iran has sent signals it would be willing to discuss the militarization of its nuclear program with the United States, but any diplomatic breakthroughs are highly unlikely. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Expert Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/ray-takeyh" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Ray Takeyh</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> March 11, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/palestinian-territories" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Palestinian Territories </a> </div> <a href="/in-brief/uns-palestinian-aid-controversy-whats-stake " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> The UN’s Palestinian Aid Controversy: What’s at Stake </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2025/03/UNWRA_IB.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The leading UN aid agency for Palestinian refugees faces severe funding cuts and suspended services, with huge consequences for millions of Palestinians. It remains enmeshed in controversy over accusations that some of its employees were involved in Hamas’s 2023 attack on Israel. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">In Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/christina-bouri" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Christina Bouri</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> March 6, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/israel" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Israel </a> </div> <a href="/blog/why-two-state-solution-no-solution " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Why the “Two-State Solution” is No Solution </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">In a brilliant new essay for Mosaic magazine, Rafi DeMogge explains why the "two-state solution" will exacerbate rather than diminish Israel's diplomatic isolation. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/elliott-abrams" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Elliott Abrams</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 3, 2025</span> <a href="/blog/pressure-points" class="card-article-large__series"> Pressure Points </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/nuclear-weapons" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Nuclear Weapons </a> </div> <a href="/article/risk-nuclear-war-continues-rise " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> The Risk of Nuclear War Continues to Rise </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/01/2024-12-26T181758Z_1990755453_RC26XBAO0QX2_RTRMADP_3_UKRAINE-CRISIS-RUSSIA-PUTIN_0.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">As the world became more dangerous in 2024, the use of its most dangerous weapons has become more likely. This trajectory raises the stakes for the new Trump administration as it tries to end wars in Europe and the Middle East and, more broadly, to reverse the ominous path toward the use and proliferation of nuclear weapons that has been accelerated by these conflicts. Vladimir Putin became more aggressive in Ukraine last year, engineering the collapse of the nuclear guardrails built over seven decades between the U.S. and Russia and lowering the threshold for the use of nuclear weapons. He announced that Russian nuclear forces were on full combat alert and soon followed with military exercises to test the readiness of Russia’s non-strategic nuclear forces in a combat scenario. Putin capped the year by launching Russia’s new hypersonic ballistic missile against targets in Ukraine, while formally announcing a revised Russian nuclear doctrine that officially lowered the threshold for the use of nuclear weapons to meet a conventional threat to Russian territory. The revised doctrine also states that an attack against Russia by a non-nuclear power with the participation or support of a nuclear power will be seen as their joint attack on Russia. U.S. defense analysts assess that Russia is not preparing to use nuclear weapons in Ukraine, and Putin’s nuclear threats are dismissed by Ukraine’s supporters as “bluffs” to curtail support for Ukraine. But Putin’s rhetoric and policy revisions have had a significant effect. Prior to the war in Ukraine, it was extremely rare for American or Russian leaders to imply a threat of nuclear use. Putin’s threats have dramatically shifted the lexicon on nuclear use, lowering the psychological barrier for use and reopening a debate in Ukraine on whether that nation needs a nuclear deterrent. Such rhetoric, combined with the change in strategic doctrine, lowers the threshold for using nuclear weapons not only in the current conflict but in future ones. Furthermore, Putin must recognize that, to maintain deterrence, he cannot keep issuing threats before action is eventually required. Russia’s need for support in the Ukraine war and the consequent 2024 Russia-North Korea mutual defense treaty make it more likely that an unpredictable North Korea will gain more sophisticated nuclear knowledge and technology. Russia also led the effort in the U.N. to ease the pressure on North Korea’s nuclear program by vetoing a resolution that would have extended the mandate of the panel tasked with reporting on North Korea compliance with U.N. sanctions. These developments, on the heels of North Korea’s announcement that it would no longer seek reunification and reconciliation with South Korea, have reopened debates in both South Korea and Japan on whether a non-nuclear status still serves their national security interests. Similarly, the Middle East war has undermined nuclear guardrails. Iran may become a nuclear weapons state in response to Israel’s debilitating attacks on it and its proxies. This, in turn, has unleashed speculation as to whether Israel will preempt such a possibility by escalating the conflict with a direct attack on Iran’s nuclear facilities. Iran’s closer cooperation with Russia and China has also increased concerns about further cooperation on developing Iran’s nuclear capacity. Looming over the deterioration of the nuclear guardrails and contributing to lowering the nuclear threshold is China’s rapid expansion of its nuclear force in 2024. As the Defense Department’s recent report on China’s military capabilities explains, China “probably perceives that a stronger nuclear force is needed to deter U.S. intervention, check potential nuclear escalation or first strike, and will allow for increased control of the scope and scale of escalation during a conflict in a way its previously smaller and less diverse nuclear force could not.” Further raising the nuclear risk levels are advancing technologies. AI can dangerously automate the command and control of nuclear weapons. The increased role of nuclear energy to address climate change could increase the spread of nuclear weapons capability, unless diligently addressed. President-elect Donald Trump has indicated that resolving the wars in Ukraine and the Middle East is a top priority for the incoming administration. But solutions to these conflicts must include reversing the acceleration towards the use and spread of nuclear weapons. Risk reduction measures are a feasible starting point. Russia signaled that it hasn’t totally dismissed the need for these types of measures with its notification in advance to the Pentagon before its November launch of its ballistic missile strike in Ukraine. China and India’s reported roles in signaling Putin to deescalate his nuclear threats indicates their understanding of risk reduction. While the inclusion of nuclear risk reduction measures as part of any agreement to end the conflicts may seem like small steps in the face accelerating threats, the understanding of the risks involved is the bedrock for more far-reaching measures. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/lori-esposito-murray" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Lori Esposito Murray</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 28, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/national-security-and-defense-program" class="card-article-large__series"> National Security and Defense Program </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large podcast_episode card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/israeli-palestinian-conflict" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Israeli-Palestinian Conflict </a> </div> <a href="/podcasts/tpi/gaza-ceasefire-steven-cook " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> The Gaza Cease-Fire, With Steven Cook </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <span class="card-article-large__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 25" class="icon icon-podcast" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Podcast</title> <path d="M8.005 20.469v3.489h3.283a.523.523 0 0 1 0 1.042H3.712a.523.523 0 0 1 0-1.042h3.282v-3.49C2.954 20.183 0 16.929 0 12.76c0-.78 1.06-.78 1.06 0 0 3.646 2.88 6.64 6.44 6.64 3.56 0 6.439-2.994 6.439-6.64a.533.533 0 0 1 1.061 0c0 4.167-2.954 7.422-6.995 7.709m4.292-15.495v7.76c0 2.76-2.12 4.975-4.798 4.975-2.676 0-4.797-2.24-4.797-4.975v-7.76C2.702 2.239 4.823 0 7.499 0c2.678 0 4.798 2.239 4.798 4.974m-1.01 7.76v-1.276H9.016c-.505 0-.505-.781 0-.781h2.273V9.375H9.015c-.505 0-.505-.781 0-.781h2.273V7.29H9.015c-.505 0-.505-.78 0-.78h2.273V4.974c0-2.136-1.718-3.88-3.789-3.88-2.07 0-3.787 1.744-3.787 3.88V6.51h2.273c.505 0 .505.78 0 .78H3.712v1.303h2.273c.505 0 .505.781 0 .781H3.712v1.302h2.273c.505 0 .505.781 0 .781H3.712v1.276c0 2.135 1.717 3.88 3.787 3.88 2.071 0 3.789-1.745 3.789-3.88" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/01/250128_TPI-pic.jpeg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Steven Cook, the Eni Enrico Mattei Senior Fellow for Middle East and Africa Studies at CFR, sits down with James M. Lindsay to discuss how the Israel-Hamas cease-fire over Gaza came together, what the agreement requires each side to do, and what will come next.  </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Podcast</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">with <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-article-large__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a> and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/steven-cook" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Steven A. Cook</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 28, 2025</span> <a href="/podcasts/presidents-inbox" class="card-article-large__series"> The President’s Inbox </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/donald-trump" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Donald Trump </a> </div> <a href="/blog/middle-east-policy-advice-vandenberg-coalition " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Middle East policy advice from the Vandenberg Coalition </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The Vandenberg Coalition has issued a report on Middle East policy for the Trump administration. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/elliott-abrams" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Elliott Abrams</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 27, 2025</span> <a href="/blog/pressure-points" class="card-article-large__series"> Pressure Points </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/lebanon" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Lebanon </a> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/lebanon-how-israel-hezbollah-and-regional-powers-are-shaping-its-future " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Lebanon: How Israel, Hezbollah, and Regional Powers Are Shaping Its Future </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2024/12/Lebanon2_BG.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">An array of domestic and foreign powers are vying for influence in Lebanon, including the Lebanese Armed Forces, Hezbollah, Israel, Iran, Syria, and the United States. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by Jonathan Masters</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 27, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/mexico" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Mexico </a> </div> <a href="/blog/women-week-mexican-president-claudia-sheinbaum-responds-executive-orders-and-threats-president " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Women This Week: Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum Responds to Executive Orders and Threats from President Trump </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/01/mexicoclaudia.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Welcome to “Women Around the World: This Week,” a series that highlights noteworthy news related to women and U.S. foreign policy. This week’s post covers January 18 to January 24. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/noel-james" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Noël James</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 24, 2025</span> <a href="/blog/women-around-world" class="card-article-large__series"> Women Around the World </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large podcast_episode card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </div> <a href="/podcasts/twnw/series-finale-trump-addresses-davos-gaza-navigates-cease-fire-2025-elections-loom-and-more " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> SERIES FINALE: Trump Addresses Davos, Gaza Navigates Cease-Fire, 2025 Elections Loom, and More </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <span class="card-article-large__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 25" class="icon icon-podcast" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Podcast</title> <path d="M8.005 20.469v3.489h3.283a.523.523 0 0 1 0 1.042H3.712a.523.523 0 0 1 0-1.042h3.282v-3.49C2.954 20.183 0 16.929 0 12.76c0-.78 1.06-.78 1.06 0 0 3.646 2.88 6.64 6.44 6.64 3.56 0 6.439-2.994 6.439-6.64a.533.533 0 0 1 1.061 0c0 4.167-2.954 7.422-6.995 7.709m4.292-15.495v7.76c0 2.76-2.12 4.975-4.798 4.975-2.676 0-4.797-2.24-4.797-4.975v-7.76C2.702 2.239 4.823 0 7.499 0c2.678 0 4.798 2.239 4.798 4.974m-1.01 7.76v-1.276H9.016c-.505 0-.505-.781 0-.781h2.273V9.375H9.015c-.505 0-.505-.781 0-.781h2.273V7.29H9.015c-.505 0-.505-.78 0-.78h2.273V4.974c0-2.136-1.718-3.88-3.789-3.88-2.07 0-3.787 1.744-3.787 3.88V6.51h2.273c.505 0 .505.78 0 .78H3.712v1.303h2.273c.505 0 .505.781 0 .781H3.712v1.302h2.273c.505 0 .505.781 0 .781H3.712v1.276c0 2.135 1.717 3.88 3.787 3.88 2.071 0 3.789-1.745 3.789-3.88" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/01/250121-0011.jpeg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">In this live series finale, Bob and Carla discuss the most pressing international news stories with special guest Deborah Amos. President Donald Trump virtually attends the annual Davos summit where he will address corporate and government leaders just three days after his inauguration; the next phase of hostage and prisoner swaps is due as part of the Israel-Hamas cease-fire deal; a tightly controlled presidential election in Belarus kicks off a new year of consequential elections around the globe; and TikTok is revived in the United States—for now— after President Trump forestalled the app’s initial ban.   This episode was originally produced live on January 21, 2025. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Podcast</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">with <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/robert-mcmahon" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Robert McMahon</a> , <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/carla-anne-robbins" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Carla Anne Robbins</a> and Deborah Amos</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 23, 2025</span> <a href="/podcasts/world-next-week" class="card-article-large__series"> The World Next Week </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> </ul> </div> <ul class="js-pager__items pager" data-drupal-views-infinite-scroll-pager="automatic"> <li class="pager__item"> <a class="button" href="?page=1" title="Load more items" rel="next">Load More</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="main-footer-anchor"></div> <footer class="main-footer"> <div class="main-footer__wrapper"> <a href="/" class="main-footer__logo-btn"> <svg viewBox="0 0 125 60" class="main-footer__logo-signature icon-logo-signature" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Council on Foreign Relations</title> <path d="M106.909 13.178c-.502.92-1.081 1.458-1.854 1.458-.713 0-1.01-.522-.975-1.458.062-1.772 1.163-4.833 2.824-4.833.6 0 .999.416.97 1.371-.026.912-.386 2.406-.965 3.462m-.055-5.377c-2.64 0-4.56 2.264-4.63 4.755-.04 1.428.743 2.647 2.703 2.647 3.06 0 4.676-2.7 4.73-4.714.053-1.57-.944-2.688-2.803-2.688m17.484 3.789c0-.612-.316-1.01-.782-1.01-.404 0-.679.3-.679.677 0 .483.45.613.45 1.239-.001.259-.103.519-.32.765-.31.297-.748.513-2.042.513h-3.142c-.364 0-.465-.154-.313-.587.468-1.341 1.109-2.92 1.241-3.587.176-.876-.203-1.687-1.315-1.687-1.749 0-2.89 1.524-4.426 4.42h-.089s1.115-2.606 1.115-3.464c0-.61-.367-.946-1.026-.946-1.009 0-2.041 1.05-2.486 1.63l.31.302c.203-.255.51-.557.737-.733.402-.312.808-.263.687.407-.155.866-1.328 3.959-1.961 5.535h1.827c1.875-3.756 3.251-6.174 4.345-6.174.317 0 .483.196.483.53 0 .675-.985 2.959-1.389 4.312-.238.8-.183 1.332.52 1.332h3.498c1.451 0 2.618-.677 3.122-1.04 1.003-.68 1.635-1.614 1.635-2.433M10.751 24.923v-2.138H2.058v14.48h2.448V30.94h5.657v-2.143H4.506v-3.874zm71.256-.185c-1.474-1.462-3.291-2.302-5.748-2.302-4.258 0-7.677 3.079-7.676 7.66-.001 4.576 3.074 7.48 7.453 7.48h.014c4.075 0 7.1-2.548 7.115-6.755v-.448h-7.093v2.06h4.397c-.473 2.002-2.291 2.938-4.271 2.938-3.055 0-5.025-2.035-5.028-5.347.008-3.065 2.025-5.4 4.976-5.405 2.104 0 3.426.977 4.223 1.776l1.638-1.657zM4.49 51.483v-4.486h2.005c2.614 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.105 0 .888-.377 2.381-2.901 2.381H4.49zm3.519 1.851s-.018-.018.112-.034c2.109-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.893-4.18-4.818-4.18H2.058v14.535H4.49v-6.019h.592l4.895 6.02h3.09l-5.06-6.07zm9.314-8.445v14.533h9.205v-2.114h-6.68v-4.337h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.21v-2.108zm13.937-.022v14.535h8.865v-2.094h-6.343v-12.44zm24.952 0v2.13h4.494v12.407h2.438V46.995h4.49v-2.13zM71.44 59.402h2.529V44.866H71.44zm35.288-5.305l-9.756-9.776v15.082h2.43v-9.167c.423.418 9.757 9.764 9.757 9.764V44.867h-2.431v9.23zm11.854-3.111c-1.794-.892-2.6-1.555-2.6-2.6 0-1.58 1.623-1.775 2.107-1.775 1.029 0 1.988.344 2.834 1.133l1.234-1.761c-1.366-1.073-2.622-1.393-4.068-1.393-2.648 0-4.5 1.61-4.5 3.924 0 2.215 1.455 3.317 3.917 4.575 1.699.867 2.557 1.632 2.557 2.654 0 1.142-.993 1.819-2.301 1.819-1.38 0-2.47-.465-3.567-1.488l-1.375 1.721c1.582 1.46 3.24 1.87 4.763 1.87 3.286 0 4.942-1.864 4.942-4.14 0-2.331-1.765-3.454-3.943-4.54M12.08 11.201c-1.172 1.342-2.672 2.016-4.33 2.016-2.959 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.403 0-3.105 2.076-5.258 4.862-5.258 1.55 0 2.882.51 4.066 1.695l1.618-1.64C11.686 1.083 9.828.363 7.47.363 3.244.363 0 3.586 0 7.884c0 4.511 3.088 7.523 7.433 7.523 2.561 0 4.584-.862 6.046-2.523l-1.399-1.683zm66.172.03c-1.172 1.341-2.547 1.975-4.422 1.975-3.084 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.402 0-3.104 2.084-5.267 4.87-5.267 1.55 0 2.883.51 4.066 1.695l1.6-1.619c-1.39-1.536-3.287-2.25-5.645-2.25-4.343 0-7.472 3.223-7.472 7.521 0 4.511 3 7.523 7.435 7.523 2.677 0 4.676-.822 6.137-2.483l-1.4-1.693zm-38.644 4.05c3.432 0 5.411-1.862 5.973-4.36.11-.496.165-1.217.165-1.834V.548H43.31v8.468c0 2.721-1.342 4.075-3.68 4.075-2.41 0-3.854-1.398-3.854-4.075V.548H33.34v8.54c0 .642.057 1.338.17 1.833.573 2.498 2.598 4.36 6.1 4.36m13.05-9.512c.425.419 9.83 9.91 9.83 9.91V.548h-2.372v9.365L50.294 0v15.082h2.366V5.769zm30.062 9.313h2.525V.548h-2.525zM90.25.548V15.08h8.942v-2.095h-6.41V.548zM22.66 2.403c-2.794 0-5.06 2.216-5.06 5.466s2.154 5.467 5.06 5.467c2.904 0 5.056-2.217 5.056-5.467 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.057-5.466m-7.613 5.464C15.042 3.503 18.316.25 22.66.25c4.344 0 7.614 3.254 7.613 7.618.001 4.362-3.136 7.617-7.613 7.617-4.478 0-7.617-3.255-7.613-7.617m5.94 16.692c-2.793 0-5.057 2.216-5.057 5.467 0 3.25 2.152 5.467 5.057 5.467 2.906 0 5.057-2.217 5.057-5.467 0-3.251-2.263-5.467-5.057-5.467m-7.613 5.465c-.005-4.365 3.269-7.62 7.613-7.62 4.345 0 7.616 3.255 7.614 7.62.002 4.363-3.137 7.617-7.614 7.617s-7.618-3.254-7.613-7.617m36.748.788h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.208v-2.108h-8.734v14.534h9.205v-2.114h-6.679zm11.533 6.452h2.525V22.73h-2.525zm-26.489-7.92v-4.487h2.004c2.613 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.107 0 .887-.378 2.38-2.901 2.38h-2.022zm3.519 1.85s-.019-.017.111-.033c2.108-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.894-4.182-4.818-4.182h-4.975v14.537h2.433v-6.018h.592l4.895 6.018h3.09l-5.058-6.07zm3.449 28.204h2.541l1.416-3.376h5.558l1.393 3.376h2.682l-6.774-15.49-6.816 15.49zm6.732-10.073l1.89 4.542h-3.789l1.9-4.542zm36.612-2.6c-2.792 0-5.056 2.216-5.056 5.466 0 3.251 2.153 5.468 5.056 5.468 2.907 0 5.06-2.217 5.06-5.468 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.06-5.466m-7.613 5.464c-.004-4.365 3.27-7.617 7.614-7.617 4.344 0 7.617 3.252 7.614 7.617.002 4.362-3.138 7.618-7.615 7.618s-7.617-3.256-7.613-7.618m11.558-24.238c.424.419 9.829 9.909 9.829 9.909V22.73h-2.37v9.366l-9.823-9.913v15.082h2.364v-9.313z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </a> <div class="main-footer__menu-wrapper"> <ul class="main-footer__menu"> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/about">About</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/member-programs">Member Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/contact-us">Contact</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/support-cfr">Support</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/media">For Media</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank">Newsletters</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/membership">Membership</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/career-opportunities">Careers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="main-footer__fineprint"> <div class="main-footer__fineprint__wrapper"> <span class="main-footer__fineprint-line">©2025 Council on Foreign Relations.</span> <span class="main-footer__fineprint-line">All rights reserved.</span> <span class="main-footer__fineprint-line"> <a href="/privacy-policy" class="main-footer__fineprint-link">Privacy Policy</a> and <a href="/terms-use" class="main-footer__fineprint-link">Terms of Use</a>. </span> </div> <div class="main-footer__share-kit-wrapper"> <div class="share-kit share-kit--icon-color-brown share-kit--bg-color-white share-kit--small share-kit--theme-none" data-share-anchor="" data-share-query="" data-share-name="" data-share-description="" data-share-caption="" data-share-picture="" data-share-type="" > <div class="share-kit__icons"> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/councilonforeignrelations" target="_blank"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-facebook" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M16 8.049c0-4.446-3.582-8.05-8-8.05C3.58 0-.002 3.603-.002 8.05c0 4.017 2.926 7.347 6.75 7.951v-5.625h-2.03V8.05H6.75V6.275c0-2.017 1.195-3.131 3.022-3.131.876 0 1.791.157 1.791.157v1.98h-1.009c-.993 0-1.303.621-1.303 1.258v1.51h2.218l-.354 2.326H9.25V16c3.824-.604 6.75-3.934 6.75-7.951z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__twitter" href="https://twitter.com/CFR_org" target="_blank"> <svg viewBox="0 0 1350 1377" class="icon icon-twitter" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="none" class="icon-fill" /> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/cfr/featured" target="_blank"> <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="icon icon-youtube" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.051 1.999h.089c.822.003 4.987.033 6.11.335a2.01 2.01 0 0 1 1.415 1.42c.101.38.172.883.22 1.402l.01.104.022.26.008.104c.065.914.073 1.77.074 1.957v.075c-.001.194-.01 1.108-.082 2.06l-.008.105-.009.104c-.05.572-.124 1.14-.235 1.558a2.007 2.007 0 0 1-1.415 1.42c-1.16.312-5.569.334-6.18.335h-.142c-.309 0-1.587-.006-2.927-.052l-.17-.006-.087-.004-.171-.007-.171-.007c-1.11-.049-2.167-.128-2.654-.26a2.007 2.007 0 0 1-1.415-1.419c-.111-.417-.185-.986-.235-1.558L.09 9.82l-.008-.104A31.4 31.4 0 0 1 0 7.68v-.123c.002-.215.01-.958.064-1.778l.007-.103.003-.052.008-.104.022-.26.01-.104c.048-.519.119-1.023.22-1.402a2.007 2.007 0 0 1 1.415-1.42c.487-.13 1.544-.21 2.654-.26l.17-.007.172-.006.086-.003.171-.007A99.788 99.788 0 0 1 7.858 2h.193zM6.4 5.209v4.818l4.157-2.408L6.4 5.209z" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/cfr_org/" target="_blank"> <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="icon icon-instagram" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8 0C5.829 0 5.556.01 4.703.048 3.85.088 3.269.222 2.76.42a3.917 3.917 0 0 0-1.417.923A3.927 3.927 0 0 0 .42 2.76C.222 3.268.087 3.85.048 4.7.01 5.555 0 5.827 0 8.001c0 2.172.01 2.444.048 3.297.04.852.174 1.433.372 1.942.205.526.478.972.923 1.417.444.445.89.719 1.416.923.51.198 1.09.333 1.942.372C5.555 15.99 5.827 16 8 16s2.444-.01 3.298-.048c.851-.04 1.434-.174 1.943-.372a3.916 3.916 0 0 0 1.416-.923c.445-.445.718-.891.923-1.417.197-.509.332-1.09.372-1.942C15.99 10.445 16 10.173 16 8s-.01-2.445-.048-3.299c-.04-.851-.175-1.433-.372-1.941a3.926 3.926 0 0 0-.923-1.417A3.911 3.911 0 0 0 13.24.42c-.51-.198-1.092-.333-1.943-.372C10.443.01 10.172 0 7.998 0h.003zm-.717 1.442h.718c2.136 0 2.389.007 3.232.046.78.035 1.204.166 1.486.275.373.145.64.319.92.599.28.28.453.546.598.92.11.281.24.705.275 1.485.039.843.047 1.096.047 3.231s-.008 2.389-.047 3.232c-.035.78-.166 1.203-.275 1.485a2.47 2.47 0 0 1-.599.919c-.28.28-.546.453-.92.598-.28.11-.704.24-1.485.276-.843.038-1.096.047-3.232.047s-2.39-.009-3.233-.047c-.78-.036-1.203-.166-1.485-.276a2.478 2.478 0 0 1-.92-.598 2.48 2.48 0 0 1-.6-.92c-.109-.281-.24-.705-.275-1.485-.038-.843-.046-1.096-.046-3.233 0-2.136.008-2.388.046-3.231.036-.78.166-1.204.276-1.486.145-.373.319-.64.599-.92.28-.28.546-.453.92-.598.282-.11.705-.24 1.485-.276.738-.034 1.024-.044 2.515-.045v.002zm4.988 1.328a.96.96 0 1 0 0 1.92.96.96 0 0 0 0-1.92zm-4.27 1.122a4.109 4.109 0 1 0 0 8.217 4.109 4.109 0 0 0 0-8.217zm0 1.441a2.667 2.667 0 1 1 0 5.334 2.667 2.667 0 0 1 0-5.334z" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/council-on-foreign-relations" target="_blank"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-linkedin" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M0 1.146C0 .513.526 0 1.175 0h13.65C15.474 0 16 .513 16 1.146v13.708c0 .633-.526 1.146-1.175 1.146H1.175C.526 16 0 15.487 0 14.854V1.146zm4.943 12.248V6.169H2.542v7.225h2.401zm-1.2-8.212c.837 0 1.358-.554 1.358-1.248-.015-.709-.52-1.248-1.342-1.248-.822 0-1.359.54-1.359 1.248 0 .694.521 1.248 1.327 1.248h.016zm4.908 8.212V9.359c0-.216.016-.432.08-.586.173-.431.568-.878 1.232-.878.869 0 1.216.662 1.216 1.634v3.865h2.401V9.25c0-2.22-1.184-3.252-2.764-3.252-1.274 0-1.845.7-2.165 1.193v.025h-.016a5.54 5.54 0 0 1 .016-.025V6.169h-2.4c.03.678 0 7.225 0 7.225h2.4z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <script id="share-kit--template" type="text/template"> <div class="share-kit share-kit--icon-color-white share-kit--bg-color-white share-kit--theme-none" data-share-anchor="" data-share-query="" data-share-name="" data-share-description="" data-share-caption="" data-share-picture="" data-share-type="" > <div class="share-kit__icons"> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__facebook" onclick="CFR.Share.facebook(this)"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-facebook" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M16 8.049c0-4.446-3.582-8.05-8-8.05C3.58 0-.002 3.603-.002 8.05c0 4.017 2.926 7.347 6.75 7.951v-5.625h-2.03V8.05H6.75V6.275c0-2.017 1.195-3.131 3.022-3.131.876 0 1.791.157 1.791.157v1.98h-1.009c-.993 0-1.303.621-1.303 1.258v1.51h2.218l-.354 2.326H9.25V16c3.824-.604 6.75-3.934 6.75-7.951z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </button> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__twitter" onclick="CFR.Share.twitter(this)"> <svg viewBox="0 0 1350 1377" class="icon icon-twitter" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="none" class="icon-fill" /> </svg> </button> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__linkedin" onclick="CFR.Share.linkedin(this)"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-linkedin" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M0 1.146C0 .513.526 0 1.175 0h13.65C15.474 0 16 .513 16 1.146v13.708c0 .633-.526 1.146-1.175 1.146H1.175C.526 16 0 15.487 0 14.854V1.146zm4.943 12.248V6.169H2.542v7.225h2.401zm-1.2-8.212c.837 0 1.358-.554 1.358-1.248-.015-.709-.52-1.248-1.342-1.248-.822 0-1.359.54-1.359 1.248 0 .694.521 1.248 1.327 1.248h.016zm4.908 8.212V9.359c0-.216.016-.432.08-.586.173-.431.568-.878 1.232-.878.869 0 1.216.662 1.216 1.634v3.865h2.401V9.25c0-2.22-1.184-3.252-2.764-3.252-1.274 0-1.845.7-2.165 1.193v.025h-.016a5.54 5.54 0 0 1 .016-.025V6.169h-2.4c.03.678 0 7.225 0 7.225h2.4z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </button> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__e-mail-filled" onclick="CFR.Share.email(this)"> <svg viewBox="0 0 23 14" class="icon icon-e-mail-filled" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Email</title> <path d="M.915 0l10.258 7.808L21.673 0H.915zm10.258 8.804L0 .297V14h22.615V.297L11.173 8.804z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </script> </div> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_5k1SesBp6ov30M4cZkegrzg5imqoiWWJRikEaqAdoT8.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFu3SAMhl-IHB5i06ReV7tGDjiBFmJkm5xmTz-StF2qHu0GxV9-fn5j_MROIxa0c6YR8pBxBr8Z3_lJbAGeEPOBIhWsMKMT9JpoEQthhcVjcNCUPJWaUfHQCqSskZt9gRXEc6rqoCaX08jAmwmgkGFDthFzRb6AESOsiVhMhj-b3RcjCOzjl2PskfxW0pIK5JsXMZ4YbeBWe_0lkWyiWOwIggab80SvCd3xO-0N2EfQBZygZTUhuM90Tomy2M_6qfvKI4VvolR-poKL9Lv6Lcg_QHGmvfnv8jUFpGcFbQ_dKgUPor96sxL_I-gOrGZNeN8t-3orFFrGEzl4gTc3o9qPj3eelqk7a5-sZ8r53Dp80OGkx1zP5-KBwzAztXqBr8qdpTAo1eRlmPoL6IO9CFgPwQVFhIA8eFoU37TB9RDI2Hv5V4_z0Cc99zj3pD5-czHSs977Pbpjp92z_wUmrCHu"></script> <script src="https://unpkg.com/web-vitals@0.2.4/dist/web-vitals.es5.umd.min.js" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_BlJ7xjc-edcuDH8YRQeq9uszQiCUvjSVaH8AIbBPZVg.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFu3SAMhl-IHB5i06ReV7tGDjiBFmJkm5xmTz-StF2qHu0GxV9-fn5j_MROIxa0c6YR8pBxBr8Z3_lJbAGeEPOBIhWsMKMT9JpoEQthhcVjcNCUPJWaUfHQCqSskZt9gRXEc6rqoCaX08jAmwmgkGFDthFzRb6AESOsiVhMhj-b3RcjCOzjl2PskfxW0pIK5JsXMZ4YbeBWe_0lkWyiWOwIggab80SvCd3xO-0N2EfQBZygZTUhuM90Tomy2M_6qfvKI4VvolR-poKL9Lv6Lcg_QHGmvfnv8jUFpGcFbQ_dKgUPor96sxL_I-gOrGZNeN8t-3orFFrGEzl4gTc3o9qPj3eelqk7a5-sZ8r53Dp80OGkx1zP5-KBwzAztXqBr8qdpTAo1eRlmPoL6IO9CFgPwQVFhIA8eFoU37TB9RDI2Hv5V4_z0Cc99zj3pD5-czHSs977Pbpjp92z_wUmrCHu"></script> <script src="/modules/custom/cfr_homepage_sections/js/advanced_autocomplete.js?stqriz" async defer></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/data-layer-helper/0.1.0/data-layer-helper.min.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_gRRK4Rhgh3woXIQ2KUW_03fCzkIjeigZ_dvbvwnn5hk.js?scope=footer&delta=5&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFu3SAMhl-IHB5i06ReV7tGDjiBFmJkm5xmTz-StF2qHu0GxV9-fn5j_MROIxa0c6YR8pBxBr8Z3_lJbAGeEPOBIhWsMKMT9JpoEQthhcVjcNCUPJWaUfHQCqSskZt9gRXEc6rqoCaX08jAmwmgkGFDthFzRb6AESOsiVhMhj-b3RcjCOzjl2PskfxW0pIK5JsXMZ4YbeBWe_0lkWyiWOwIggab80SvCd3xO-0N2EfQBZygZTUhuM90Tomy2M_6qfvKI4VvolR-poKL9Lv6Lcg_QHGmvfnv8jUFpGcFbQ_dKgUPor96sxL_I-gOrGZNeN8t-3orFFrGEzl4gTc3o9qPj3eelqk7a5-sZ8r53Dp80OGkx1zP5-KBwzAztXqBr8qdpTAo1eRlmPoL6IO9CFgPwQVFhIA8eFoU37TB9RDI2Hv5V4_z0Cc99zj3pD5-czHSs977Pbpjp92z_wUmrCHu"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js?v=10.2.11" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_svK3Tlv_fgvlEoaBhWuGgVdSGciTctk6lBvh1mOEaQY.js?scope=footer&delta=7&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFu3SAMhl-IHB5i06ReV7tGDjiBFmJkm5xmTz-StF2qHu0GxV9-fn5j_MROIxa0c6YR8pBxBr8Z3_lJbAGeEPOBIhWsMKMT9JpoEQthhcVjcNCUPJWaUfHQCqSskZt9gRXEc6rqoCaX08jAmwmgkGFDthFzRb6AESOsiVhMhj-b3RcjCOzjl2PskfxW0pIK5JsXMZ4YbeBWe_0lkWyiWOwIggab80SvCd3xO-0N2EfQBZygZTUhuM90Tomy2M_6qfvKI4VvolR-poKL9Lv6Lcg_QHGmvfnv8jUFpGcFbQ_dKgUPor96sxL_I-gOrGZNeN8t-3orFFrGEzl4gTc3o9qPj3eelqk7a5-sZ8r53Dp80OGkx1zP5-KBwzAztXqBr8qdpTAo1eRlmPoL6IO9CFgPwQVFhIA8eFoU37TB9RDI2Hv5V4_z0Cc99zj3pD5-czHSs977Pbpjp92z_wUmrCHu"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Middle East and North Africa | Council on Foreign Relations