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Bien que sa chimie soit mal connue et en pleine \u00e9volution, les emplois de ses d\u00e9riv\u00e9s sont anciens, nombreux et importants.. Au d\u00e9but du Moyen \u00c2ge, on importait en Europe du borax, venu des Indes, sous des noms (d'origine arabe\u00a0?) tels que \u00ab\u00a0tincar\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0tinckal\u00a0\u00bb... Vers 1500, ce produit est appel\u00e9 (origine perse) \u00ab\u00a0baurach\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0bauraq\u00a0\u00bb... Extrait du borax en 1702 par Homberg et d'abord nomm\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0sel s\u00e9datif\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0sel volatil narcotique de vitriol\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0acide du borax\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0acide boracin\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0acide boracique\u00a0\u00bb, l'acide borique a \u00e9t\u00e9 ainsi appel\u00e9, vers 1810, par Gay-Lussac et Th\u00e9nard. 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État naturel </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="BORE, Bore élémentaire" href="/encyclopedie/bore/2-bore-elementaire/"> 2. Bore élémentaire </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="BORE, Borures" href="/encyclopedie/bore/3-borures/"> 3. Borures </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="BORE, Dérivés hydrogénés ou boranes" href="/encyclopedie/bore/4-derives-hydrogenes-ou-boranes/"> 4. Dérivés hydrogénés ou boranes </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="BORE, Dérivés oxygénés" href="/encyclopedie/bore/5-derives-oxygenes/"> 5. Dérivés oxygénés </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="BORE, Dérivés halogénés" href="/encyclopedie/bore/6-derives-halogenes/"> 6. Dérivés halogénés </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="BORE, Dérivés azotés" href="/encyclopedie/bore/7-derives-azotes/"> 7. Dérivés azotés </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="BORE, Carbure de bore" href="/encyclopedie/bore/8-carbure-de-bore/"> 8. Carbure de bore </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="BORE, Dérivés organiques" href="/encyclopedie/bore/9-derives-organiques/"> 9. Dérivés organiques </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="BORE, Hétérocycles" href="/encyclopedie/bore/10-heterocycles/"> 10. Hétérocycles </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="BORE, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/bore/11-bibliographie/"> 11. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>BORE</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC932711_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC932711_0"></i><p>Le bore est l'élément chimique de symbole B et de numéro atomique Z = 5. Bien que sa chimie soit mal connue et en pleine évolution, les emplois de ses dérivés sont anciens, nombreux et importants.</p><p>Au début du Moyen Âge, on importait en Europe du borax, venu des Indes, sous des noms (d'origine arabe ?) tels que « tincar », « tinckal »... Vers 1500, ce produit est appelé (origine perse) « baurach », « bauraq »... Extrait du borax en 1702 par Homberg et d'abord nommé « sel sédatif », « sel volatil narcotique de vitriol », « acide du borax », « acide boracin », « acide boracique », l'acide borique a été ainsi appelé, vers 1810, par Gay-Lussac et Thénard. Le mot bore est dû aux mêmes auteurs qui, en même temps que Davy, et de façon indépendante, ont préparé pour la première fois, en 1808, du bore élémentaire très impur. Les alchimistes se servaient déjà du borax comme flux dans la fusion et la soudure des métaux. Encore aujourd'hui, le borax et l'acide borique entrent dans la composition des flux utilisés en métallurgie ; ils servent à l'ignifugation du bois et des tissus ; on les trouve dans la composition des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme émail , au singulier, suscite plus d'impressions tactiles que visuelles ; il évoque la dureté lisse de surfaces impénétrables aux corrosions, la netteté réfractaire d'une glaçure où le toucher ne saurait découvrir de faille. Mais que le pluriel en souligne les aspects, et les émaux brillent de tous leurs feux ; car les rayons de la lumière, sans entamer la virginité miné..." title="Article : ÉMAUX" href="/encyclopedie/emaux/">émaux</a> utilisés en céramique et dans la composition de verres du type Pyrex ; on les emploie en galvanoplastie, photographie, tannerie, papeterie, blanchisserie, teinturerie et pour la fabrication des colles, des condensateurs électrolytiques... L'acide borique, qui figure comme antiseptique dans la pharmacopée, est toxique ; il ne doit pas être employé pour la conservation des aliments. De son côté, la borocalcite est utilisée comme fertilisant (betterave, pommier...). Les perborates servent au blanchiment des textiles. Le fluorure de bore est un catalyseur énergique, analogue au chlorure d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Bien qu'il ne soit passé dans le domaine industriel qu'à la fin du xix e siècle, après la découverte par Paul Louis Toussaint Héroult et Charles Martin Hall du procédé de fabrication par électrolyse, l'aluminium est devenu le premier des métaux non ferreux. Sa légèreté, son inaltérabilité pratique, sa bonne conductibilité électrique et thermique, sa facilité de décoration..." title="Article : ALUMINIUM" href="/encyclopedie/aluminium/">aluminium</a>, utilisé en <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="En dehors des deux thèmes de recherche fondamentaux, la pierre philosophale et l'élixir, les alchimistes avaient réussi, grâce à des recettes plus ou moins rationnelles, à élaborer de nombreuses substances (qui sont, à quelques impuretés près, ce qu'on appelle aujourd'hui composés définis), dont quelques-unes avaient déjà des applications pratiques.. Mais l'origine des matières pr..." title="Article : CHIMIE ORGANIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/chimie-organique/">chimie organique</a>. Les hydrures, proposés comme carburants pour fusées, servent au « dopage » des semi-conducteurs, et les borohydrures (qui permettent d'obtenir facilement les hydrures) sont des réducteurs sélectifs utilisés en chimie organique. Il faut encore citer le nitrure de bore utilisé comme réfractaire, le carbure de bore et les borures des métaux de transition employés comme réfractaires ou comme abrasifs, le borure de fer permettant de désoxyder l'acier et d'en améliorer les propriétés mécaniques. Ces corps servent aussi dans l'industrie nucléaire pour absorber les neutrons lents (<sup>10</sup>B ayant une section efficace de capture cinq fois plus grande que celle du <sup>11</sup>B) ; ils semblent devoir servir à renforcer les matières plastiques plus efficacement que les fibres de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les verres constituent un ensemble extrêmement varié de produits dont les propriétés sont innombrables. Celles-ci dépendent fortement des traitements subis, thermiques notamment.. Leur mise au point résulte aujourd'hui des progrès des connaissances théoriques sur la structure des matériaux . La caractéristique de tous les verres rencontrés est leur isotropie due à leur nature ..." title="Article : VERRE" href="/encyclopedie/verre/">verre</a>. L'emploi du bore élémentaire a été préconisé en particulier pour améliorer les caractéristiques des combustibles pour fusées.</p><p>Le bore a pour masse atomique 10,82. Il possède deux isotopes naturels, <sup>10</sup>B (18,8 p. 100) et <sup>11</sup>B (81,2 p. 100) ; on sait, de plus, obtenir deux isotopes radioactifs de périodes courtes, <sup>8</sup>B et <sup>12</sup>B, par bombardement de <sup>9</sup>Be, <sup>10</sup>B, <sup>11</sup>B, <sup>12</sup>C et <sup>15</sup>N.</p><p>Sa structure électronique est 1<em>s</em><sup>2</sup>, 2<em>s</em><sup>2</sup>, 2<em>p</em><sup>1</sup> ; il appartient de ce fait au groupe III <em>b</em> de la classification périodique (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl). D'après cette structure, seul l'électron 2<em>p</em> n'étant pas apparié, le bore devrait être monovalent ; en fait il suffit de fournir une énergie d'activation très faible (167 joules par atome-gramme) pour que, l'un des électrons 2<em>s</em> passant sur l'orbitale 2<em>p</em>, le bore soit toujours trivalent. La différence d'énergie entre les niveaux 2<em>s</em> et 2<em>p</em> est trop faible pour qu'il puisse être bivalent ; ceci cadre du reste avec le fait que le bore lui-même et ses dérivés sont diamagnétiques et avec le fait que dans des corps tels que (BX<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, (B(OH)<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> ou (BO)<sub>2</sub> on trouve des structures fragiles du type > B–B <, et, dans (BX)<sub><em>n</em></sub>, des structures spatiales dans lesquelles le bore est trivalent.</p><p>Suivant<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C932711_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="CUEILLERON, Jean"><a title="Auteur : Jean CUEILLERON" rel="author" href="/auteurs/jean-cueilleron/"><strong>Jean CUEILLERON</strong></a> : professeur à la faculté des sciences de Lyon </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : BORE" href="/carte-mentale/bore/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC932711_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Chimie" href="/classification/chimie/"> Chimie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Chimie inorganique ou chimie minérale" href="/classification/chimie/chimie-inorganique-ou-chimie-minerale/"> Chimie inorganique ou chimie minérale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Composés, chimie minérale" href="/classification/chimie/chimie-inorganique-ou-chimie-minerale/composes-chimie-minerale/"> Composés, chimie minérale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Éléments chimiques et composés dérivés" href="/classification/chimie/chimie-inorganique-ou-chimie-minerale/composes-chimie-minerale/elements-chimiques-et-composes-derives/"> Éléments chimiques et composés dérivés </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Non-métaux et composés dérivés"> <a title="Classification : Non-métaux et composés dérivés" href="/classification/chimie/chimie-inorganique-ou-chimie-minerale/composes-chimie-minerale/elements-chimiques-et-composes-derives/non-metaux-et-composes-derives/"> Non-métaux et composés dérivés </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC932711_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V040342" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Bore" href="/media/bore-v040342/"> <img id="V040342" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/4/csm_v040342_10b50a6b9f.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Bore - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Structure icosaédrique du bore et de certains de ses dérivés." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bore </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V040343" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Boranes" href="/media/boranes-v040343/"> <img id="V040343" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/1/csm_v040343_25361eed56.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Boranes - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Trois molécules de boranes. Les sphères foncées représentent les atomes de bore ; les sphères claires, les atomes d'hydrogène. Dans le diborane, les deux groupes BH3 sont liés par des «ponts hydrogène». Deux électrons sont communs à trois atomes, (deux de bore et un d'hydrogène).…" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="760" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Boranes </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V040344" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Structure en chaîne" href="/media/structure-en-chaine-v040344/"> <img id="V040344" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/5/csm_v040344_ab462f1f5d.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Structure en chaîne - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Structure en chaîne du motif BO3" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="940" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Structure en chaîne </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" rel="related" href="/medias/bore/"> Afficher les 6 médias de l'article <span class="rg">BORE</span> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC932711_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/acier-technologie/#c447"> <span class="rg">ACIER - </span><span class="rm">Technologie</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Louis COLOMBIER</span> , <span rel="author">Gérard FESSIER</span> , <span rel="author">Guy HENRY</span> et <span rel="author">Joëlle PONTET</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">14 178 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">10 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ACIER - Technologie" href="/encyclopedie/acier-technologie/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Découpe d’un tuyau en acier - crédits : 06photo/ Shutterstock" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/2/csm_ph160237_5e3e36c107.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Le <em>bore</em>, ajouté à l'acier en quantité extrêmement faible, accroît la trempabilité et, dans des aciers très spéciaux, améliore la résistance mécanique et la ductilité aux températures élevées. </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/borophene/"> <span class="rg">BOROPHÈNE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Bernard PIRE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">991 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : BOROPH&Egrave;NE" href="/encyclopedie/borophene/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Fabrication d’une couche de borophène - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/b/csm_de161143_872914da47.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Le borophène est une feuille de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le bore est l'élément chimique de symbole B et de numéro atomique Z = 5. Bien que sa chimie soit mal connue et en pleine évolution, les emplois de ses dérivés sont anciens, nombreux et importants.. Au début du Moyen Âge, on importait en Europe du borax, venu des Indes, sous des noms (d'origine arabe ?) tels que « tincar », « tinckal »... Vers 1500, ce produit est appelé (or..." title="Article : BORE" href="/encyclopedie/bore/">bore</a> dont l’épaisseur est celle d’un seul <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'atome est le terme ultime de la division de la matière dans lequel les éléments chimiques conservent leur individualité. C'est la plus petite particule d'un élément qui existe à l'état libre ou combiné. On connaît 90 éléments naturels auxquels s'ajoutent le technétium (Tc, Z = 43), le prométhéum (Pm, Z = 61) ainsi que les transuraniens obtenus artificiellement ..." title="Article : ATOME" href="/encyclopedie/atome/">atome</a>. Comme le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le graphène est un cristal constitué d'un unique plan d' atomes de carbone répartis régulièrement sur un réseau hexagonal en forme de nid d'abeilles. Il constitue la brique élémentaire de nombreuses autres formes (allotropes) du carbone : le graphite est un empilement tridimensionnel (3D) de feuilles de graphène (2D) ; les nanotubes de carbone en sont la forme enroulée..." title="Article : GRAPHÈNE" href="/encyclopedie/graphene/">graphène</a> à base de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le carbone est l'élément chimique non métallique de symbole C et de numéro atomique 6. Il est présent dans de nombreux composés naturels : gaz carbonique de l'atmosphère, roches calcaires , combustibles (gaz, pétrole, charbons minéraux). C'est de plus un constituant fondamental de la matière vivante. Par la photosynthèse , les plantes convertissent le gaz carbonique de l'air en hyd..." title="Article : CARBONE" href="/encyclopedie/carbone/">carbone</a>, sa structure bidimensionnelle en fait un matériau de choix pour de futures applications tirant parti de ses remarquables propriétés électroniques. Mais, contrairement au graphène...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/hydrogene/#c447"> <span class="rg">HYDROGÈNE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Paul HAGENMULLER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 540 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : HYDROG&Egrave;NE" href="/encyclopedie/hydrogene/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Diborane - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/d/csm_v110783b_c17256030b.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Les hydrures de<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le bore est l'élément chimique de symbole B et de numéro atomique Z = 5. Bien que sa chimie soit mal connue et en pleine évolution, les emplois de ses dérivés sont anciens, nombreux et importants.. Au début du Moyen Âge, on importait en Europe du borax, venu des Indes, sous des noms (d'origine arabe ?) tels que « tincar », « tinckal »... Vers 1500, ce produit est appelé (or..." title="Article : BORE" href="/encyclopedie/bore/">bore</a> et d' <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Bien qu'il ne soit passé dans le domaine industriel qu'à la fin du xix e siècle, après la découverte par Paul Louis Toussaint Héroult et Charles Martin Hall du procédé de fabrication par électrolyse, l'aluminium est devenu le premier des métaux non ferreux. Sa légèreté, son inaltérabilité pratique, sa bonne conductibilité électrique et thermique, sa facilité de décoration..." title="Article : ALUMINIUM" href="/encyclopedie/aluminium/">aluminium</a> sont caractérisés par l'existence de liaisons à plusieurs centres. L'exemple type est celui du diborane B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> : les atomes de bore sont liés par l'intermédiaire de deux atomes d'hydrogène, chacune des liaisons B-H-B mettant en jeu trois électrons.... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/echangeurs-d-ions/#c447"> <span class="rg">IONS </span><span class="pc">ÉCHANGEURS D'</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Robert ROSSET</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 110 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">13 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : IONS &Eacute;CHANGEURS D'" href="/encyclopedie/echangeurs-d-ions/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Résines du type sulfonate - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/d/csm_v120569a_3a3982dac8.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Avec une résine telle que le N-méthyl-glucaminium, la fixation dubore est une réaction pratiquement spécifique mettant en jeu deux chaînes glucidiques pour un ion borate B(OH)<sup>-</sup><sub>4</sub> avec formation du complexe représenté par la formule de la figure. 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