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id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۸۹ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۸۹ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernunft" title="Vernunft – سویس جرمن" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vernunft" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="سویس جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84_(%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82)" title="عقل (منطق) – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقل (منطق)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="যুক্তি – اسامي" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="যুক্তি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="اسامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raz%C3%B3n" title="Razón – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Razón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%99ka" title="Zəka – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zəka" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A3" title="Аң – باشکير" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аң" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="باشکير" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akal" title="Akal – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Akal" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Разум – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF" title="বিচারবুদ্ধি – بنگالي" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিচারবুদ্ধি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razum" title="Razum – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Razum" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8E%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Оюун – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Оюун" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%B3" title="Raó – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Raó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хьекъал – چيچني" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хьекъал" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="چيچني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B2" title="ئاوەز – منځنۍ کوردي" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاوەز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="منځنۍ کوردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozum" title="Rozum – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rozum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82%D1%81-%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BD" title="Ăс-тăн – چوواشي" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ăс-тăн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="چوواشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhesymu" title="Rhesymu – ويلشي" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhesymu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornuft" title="Fornuft – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fornuft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernunft" title="Vernunft – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vernunft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Λόγος (φιλοσοφία) – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λόγος (φιλοσοφία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason" title="Reason – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Reason" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racio" title="Racio – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Racio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raz%C3%B3n" title="Razón – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Razón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B5istus" title="Mõistus – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mõistus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrazoi" title="Arrazoi – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arrazoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84" title="عقل – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عقل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rki" title="Järki – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Järki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuna" title="Vuna – فجیان" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vuna" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="فجیان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raison" title="Raison – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Raison" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9as%C3%BAn%C3%BA" title="Réasúnú – ائيرلېنډي" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réasúnú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ائيرلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9zon" title="Rézon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Rézon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raz%C3%B3n" title="Razón – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Razón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupi" title="Hupi – ګوراني" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hupi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="ګوراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95" title="તર્ક – ګجراتي" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તર્ક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="ګجراتي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="तर्क-वितर्क – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तर्क-वितर्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razum" title="Razum – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Razum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezon" title="Rezon – هيټي کريول" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rezon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="هيټي کريول" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բանականություն – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բանականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ration" title="Ration – انټرلنګوا" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ration" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="انټرلنګوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akal" title="Akal – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skynsemi" title="Skynsemi – ايسلنډي" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skynsemi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ايسلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragione" title="Ragione – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ragione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="理性" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="გონება – جورجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გონება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جورجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C9%9B%C9%9Bz%C9%94%C9%94_(raison)" title="Rɛɛzɔɔ (raison) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Rɛɛzɔɔ (raison)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Пайым – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пайым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B1" title="이성 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqil" title="Aqil – کردي" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Aqil" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="کردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio – لاتیني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ratio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejon" title="Rejon – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Rejon" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protavimas" title="Protavimas – ليتواني" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Protavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليتواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprie%C5%A1ana" title="Spriešana – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spriešana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Разум – مقدوني" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Разум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8E%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оюун ухаан – منګولیایی" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Оюун ухаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="منګولیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akal" title="Akal – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Akal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Нарумнячи – ارزيا" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Нарумнячи" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="ارزيا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede" title="Rede – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rede" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornuft" title="Fornuft – ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fornuft" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornuft" title="Fornuft – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fornuft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rason" title="Rason – اوکسيټاني" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rason" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="اوکسيټاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozum" title="Rozum – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rozum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raz%C3%A3o" title="Razão – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Razão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humu" title="Humu – کېچوا" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Humu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="کېچوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C8%9Biune" title="Rațiune – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rațiune" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Разум – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Разум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raggiuni" title="Raggiuni – سیلیسي" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Raggiuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="سیلیسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raison" title="Raison – سکاټس" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Raison" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="سکاټس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84" title="عقل – سندهي" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عقل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="سندهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razum" title="Razum – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Razum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason" title="Reason – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Reason" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozum" title="Rozum – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rozum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razum" title="Razum – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Razum" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquul" title="Macquul – سومالي" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Macquul" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="سومالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsyeja" title="Arsyeja – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arsyeja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Разум – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Разум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rnuft" title="Förnuft – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förnuft" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="காரணம் – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காரணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80" title="Шуур – تاجکي" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шуур" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="تاجکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5" title="เหตุผล – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหตุผล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C4%B1l" title="Akıl – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akıl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Акыл – تاتار" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Акыл" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتار" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Розум (філософія) – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розум (філософія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aql" title="Aql – اوزبکي" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aql" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="اوزبکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD_tr%C3%AD" title="Lý trí – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lý trí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%99%BA" title="理智 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="理智" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94" title="סברה – يديش" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סברה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="يديش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%99%BA" title="理智 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="理智" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AD-s%C3%A8ng" title="Lí-sèng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lí-sèng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性 – کانټوني" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="理性" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کانټوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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title="دوتنې پورته کول [u]" accesskey="u"><span>انځور/رسنۍ پورته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="د ټولو ځانگړو پاڼو لړليک [q]" accesskey="q"><span>ځانگړي مخونه</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84&oldid=275097" title="د دې مخ د همدې بڼې تلپاتې تړنه"><span>تلپاتې تړنه</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84&action=info" title="د دې مخ اړونده نور مالومات"><span>د مخ مالومات</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%A9&page=%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84&id=275097&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="دې مخ ته د اخځ مالومات"><span>د دې مخ اخځ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84&action=show-download-screen"><span>د PDF په بڼه ښکته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84&printable=yes" title="د دې مخ چاپي بڼه [p]" accesskey="p"><span>چاپي بڼه</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> په نورو پروژو کې </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reasoning" hreflang="en"><span>ويکيمېډيا کامنز</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178354" title="د نښلېدلي اومتوک زېرمتون توکي سره تړنه [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ويکي‌ډېټا توکی</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">پټول</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><p>دلیل په ارادي توګه د منطق د کارولو هغه وړتیا ده چې د نوو یا شته معلوماتو پر مټ د حقیقت د موندلو لپاره کارول کېږي.  دا اصطلاح د انسان د ځانګړو کړنو، لکه: فلسفې، ساینس، ژبې، ریاضیاتو او هنر سره نږدې تړاو لري او په عادي ډول د انسانانو دبېلا بېلو ځانګړتیاوو په توګه شمېرل کېږي. دلیل ته کله ناکله عقلانیت هم ویل کېږي. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>استدلال د فکر او معرفت له بهیر سره اړیکه لري او د هوش کارول په کې شامل دي. د منطق برخه هغه تګلارې تر مطالعې لاندې نیسي چې پر مټ یې انسانان کولای شي، له رسمي استدلال نه کار واخلي، ترڅو د اعتبار وړ منطقي شخړې (ادعاوې) منځ ته راوړي. استدلال کېدای شي، په نورو برخو ووېشل شي، لکه: منطقي استدلال: چې په کې له کُل نه جز ته استدلال، له جز نه کُل ته استدلال او برمته کوونکی استدلال تر بحث لاندې نیول کېږي. ارستو د منطقي مرحلوي استدلال (مناسب استدلال) او د مستقیم درک (ادراکي) استدلال تر منځ توپیر رامنځ ته کوي. ادراکي استدلال چې په کې د استدلال بهیر د درک له لارې ترسره کېږي، که څه هم معتبر وی، خو ممکن له شخصي او موضوعي اړخه ګونګ او پېچلي لور ته ولاړ شي. په ځینو ټولنیزو او سیاسي برخو کې د استدلال منطقي او ادراکي تګلارې له یو بل سره په ټکر کې کېدای شی، په داسې حال کې چې په نورو حالاتو کې دواړه د یو بل د بشپړوونکو په توګه انګېرل کېږي. د بېلګې په توګه: په ریاضیاتو کې، درک د نوښتګر بهیر لپاره چې رسمي ثبوت ته له رسېدو سره تړاو ولري، اړین ګڼل کېږي، چې په حقیقت کې د رسمي استدلال ترټولو ستونزمن کار دی. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>استدلال، د عادت یا درک په څېر، یو له هغو لارو نه دی چې پر مټ یې فکر، له یوې مفکورې نه بلې اړونده مفکورې ته درومي. د نمونې په توګه: استدلال هغه تګلاره ده چې پر بنسټ یې عقلاني اشخاص له خپل چاپېریال نه حسي معلومات درک کوي، یا د فکري دوه ګونو حالاتو، لکه: علت او معلول، حقیقت او دروغ، یا د ښه یا بد لپاره نظري چوکاټ را منځ ته کوي. استدلال، د اجرائیوي تصمیم نیولو د بهیر د یوې برخې په توګه، د هدفونو، باورونو، درېځ، دودونو او بنسټونو په شرایطو کې د ارادي بدلون له وړتیا سره نږدې اړیکه لري او له همدې امله له آزادۍ او سرنوشت ټاکلو سره تړاو لري. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د معنا د سیستم په توګه، د  "دلیل" د کارولو برعکس، دلیل هغه انګېرنه ده چې پېښې، ښکارندې یا چلند تشرېح کوي. دلایل پریکړې توجیه کوي، د طبیعي پدیدو د توضیحاتو ملاتړ کوي او د افرادو د کړنو (چلند) تشرېح کولو لپاره دلایل وړاندې کوي.  <sup id="cite_ref-mw_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د دلیل او استدلال کارول،  په روښانه توګه د ښه یا غوره دلیلونو د راوړلو په توګه هم انګېرل کېږي. د بېلګې په توګه: کله چې د یوې اخلاقي پریکړې ارزونه کېږي، "لږ تر لږه اخلاق هغه هڅه ګڼل کېږي چې، د یوه کس چلند ته د دلیل پر مټ لارښوونه کوي . یا د یوه کار د ترسره کولو لپاره غوره دلیلونه شته دي، په داسې حال کې چې اغېزمنې شوې علاقې ته هم د هغه کار په کولو سره یو مساوي [او ناپېیلی] ارزښت ورکول کېږي.  <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ارواپوهانو او د معرفت ساینس پوهانو د خلکو د استدلال د څرنګوالي د تشرېح هڅه او مطالعه کړې ده. د مثال په توګه: کوم ادراکي او عصبي بهیر ښکېل دي او کلتوري لاملونه څه ډول د خلکو په استنباط اغېزکوي. د اتوماتیک استدلال برخه مطالعه کوي، چې څنګه کولای شو، استدلال په محاسبوي ماډلونو کې را منځ ته کړو یا نه کړو. د څارویو ارواپوهنه د دې پوښتنې په اړه غور کوي چې، ایا له انسانانو پرته نور څاروي هم استدلال کولای شي او کنه.   </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="د_لغاتو_رېښه_پېژندنه_او_نورې_اړونده_کلیمې"><span id=".D8.AF_.D9.84.D8.BA.D8.A7.D8.AA.D9.88_.D8.B1.DB.90.DA.9A.D9.87_.D9.BE.DB.90.DA.98.D9.86.D8.AF.D9.86.D9.87_.D8.A7.D9.88_.D9.86.D9.88.D8.B1.DB.90_.D8.A7.DA.93.D9.88.D9.86.D8.AF.D9.87_.DA.A9.D9.84.DB.8C.D9.85.DB.90"></span>د لغاتو رېښه پېژندنه او نورې اړونده کلیمې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84&action=edit&section=1" title="د سمولو برخه: د لغاتو رېښه پېژندنه او نورې اړونده کلیمې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>په انګلیسي ژبه او نورو عصري اروپایی ژبو کې، "دلیل" او اړونده کلیمې، د هغو کلیمو استازیتوب کوي چې تل د لاتیني او کلاسیک یوناني اصطلاحاتو د فلسفي کارونې په مفهوم کې ژباړل شوې دي.   </p> <ul><li>د دې عصري انګلیسي اصطلاح، اصلي یوناني اصطلاح " λόγος " ده چې د عقل یا (logos) په معنا ده. کلیمه د "وینا" یا "تشرېح" یا یو "مقدار" پیسو د راکړې ورکړې په معنا هم ده. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Logos د یوې فلسفې اصطلاح په توګه، په لاتیني کې د یو ناژبنیز مفهوم په توګه ratio (نسبت) ژباړل شوې ده. دا په اصل کې داسې ژباړه نه وه، چې یوازې د فلسفې لپاره کارول کېده، بلکې د پیسو د حساب په معنا د logos لپاره هم عامه ژباړه وه. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>فرانسوي اصطلاح raison په مستقیمه توګه له لاتین نه اخیستل شوې ده، چې دا د انګلیسي اصطلاح "reason" مستقیمه رېښه ګڼل کېږي.</li></ul> <p>په انګلیسي ژبه کې د لویو لومړنیو فیلسوفانو د آثارو خپرېدل، لکه:  فرانسیس بیکن، توماس هابس او جان لاک هم په پرله پسې توګه د لاتیني او فرانسوي ژبو اصطلاحات کارولي او د logos، raison او reason اصطلاحات د یو بل پر ځای کارولي دي. د reason د اصطلاح د human reason یا د انسان د استدلال په مفهوم کې د rationality یا عقلانیت سره یو ډول مفهوم لري او په فلسفي مفهوم کې د reason د کلیمي صفت په عمومي توګه  rational  یا عقلاني دی، نه reasoned یا  reasonable . ځینې فیلسوفان، د بېلګې په توګه: توماس هابس هم د ratiocination کلیمه د reasoning لپاره د مترادف په توګه کارولې. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="فلسفي_تاریخچه"><span id=".D9.81.D9.84.D8.B3.D9.81.D9.8A_.D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.B1.DB.8C.D8.AE.DA.86.D9.87"></span>فلسفي تاریخچه</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84&action=edit&section=2" title="د سمولو برخه: فلسفي تاریخچه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>هغه وړاندیز چې استدلال انسان ته په طبیعت کې یو ځانګړی مقام ورکوي، تر شخړې لاندې دی چې د لوېدیځې فلسفې او وروسته د لوېدیځ عصري ساینس یوه مشخصه ځانګړتیا ګڼل کېږي چې پیل یې د کلاسیک یونان نه دی. فلسفه د دلیل پر مټ د ژوند د یوې تګلارې په توګه ګڼل کېږي او له بله اړخه، دلیل له پخوا راهیسې د فلسفې بحث له بنسټیزو موضوعاتو نه شمېرل کېږي. استدلال ډېری انعکاس کوونکی یا "ځان اصلاح کوونکی" ګڼل کېږي او د دلیل نیوکه په فلسفه کې یوه پر له پسې موضوع ګڼل کېږي. دا په بېلابېلو بڼو، بېلابېلو وختونو او د بېلابېلو مفکرینو له خوا د انسان د طبعیت په اړه تعریف شوې ده. <sup id="cite_ref-Jürgen_Habermas_1990_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jürgen_Habermas_1990-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچینې"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.DB.8C.D9.86.DB.90"></span>سرچینې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84&action=edit&section=3" title="د سمولو برخه: سرچینې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFProudfoot2010" class="citation book cs1">Proudfoot, Michael (2010). <i>The Routledge dictionary of philosophy</i>. A. R. Lacey, A. R.. Lacey (4th ed.). London: Routledge. p. 341. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-203-42846-7" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-203-42846-7 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-203-42846-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%8A_(%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="او سي اېل سي (پېژند) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/503050369">503050369</a>. <q>Reason: A general faculty common to all or nearly all humans...this faculty has seemed to be of two sorts, a faculty of intuition by which one 'sees' truths or abstract things ('essences' or universals, etc.), and a faculty of reasoning, i.e. passing from premises to a conclusion (discursive reason). The verb 'reason is confined to this latter sense, which is now anyway the commonest for the noun too</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+dictionary+of+philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=341&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F503050369&rft.isbn=978-0-203-42846-7&rft.aulast=Proudfoot&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFRescher2005" class="citation book cs1">Rescher, Nicholas (2005). <i>The Oxford companion to philosophy</i>. Ted Honderich (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 791. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-19-153265-8" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-19-153265-8 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-19-153265-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%8A_(%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="او سي اېل سي (پېژند) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/62563098">62563098</a>. <q>reason. The general human 'faculty' or capacity for truth-seeking and problem solving</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+philosophy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=791&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62563098&rft.isbn=978-0-19-153265-8&rft.aulast=Rescher&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMercierSperber2017" class="citation book cs1">Mercier, Hugo; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dan_Sperber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dan Sperber (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Sperber, Dan</a> (2017). <i>The Enigma of Reason</i>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvard University Press (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Harvard University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zc-WDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">2</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/9780674368309" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/9780674368309 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>9780674368309</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%8A_(%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="او سي اېل سي (پېژند) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/959650235">959650235</a>. <q>Enhanced with reason, cognition can secure better knowledge in all domains and adjust action to novel and ambitious goals, or so the story goes. [...] Understanding why only a few species have echolocation is easy. Understanding why only humans have reason is much more challenging.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enigma+of+Reason&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959650235&rft.isbn=9780674368309&rft.aulast=Mercier&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft.au=Sperber%2C+Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMacIntyre1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alasdair_MacIntyre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alasdair MacIntyre (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">MacIntyre, Alasdair</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv9Jx5iQ4uYC"><i>Dependent Rational Animals: Why Human Beings Need the Virtues</i></a>. The Paul Carus Lectures. Vol. 20. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Court_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open Court Publishing (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Open Court Publishing</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/9780812693973" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/9780812693973 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>9780812693973</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%8A_(%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="او سي اېل سي (پېژند) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/40632451">40632451</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">2014-12-01</span></span>. <q>[...] the exercise of independent practical reasoning is one essential constituent to full human flourishing. It is not—as I have already insisted—that one cannot flourish at all, if unable to reason. Nonetheless not to be able to reason soundly at the level of practice is a grave disability.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dependent+Rational+Animals%3A+Why+Human+Beings+Need+the+Virtues&rft.series=The+Paul+Carus+Lectures&rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40632451&rft.isbn=9780812693973&rft.aulast=MacIntyre&rft.aufirst=Alasdair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJv9Jx5iQ4uYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFAmorettiVassallo2013" class="citation book cs1">Amoretti, Maria Cristina; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicla_Vassallo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicla Vassallo (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Vassallo, Nicla</a>, eds. (2013). <i>Reason and Rationality</i>. Philosophische Analyse / Philosophical Analysis. Vol. 48. Berlin: <a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Gruyter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Gruyter (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">De Gruyter</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110325867">10.1515/9783110325867</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/9783868381634" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/9783868381634 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>9783868381634</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%8A_(%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="او سي اېل سي (پېژند) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/807032616">807032616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reason+and+Rationality&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Philosophische+Analyse+%2F+Philosophical+Analysis&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F807032616&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110325867&rft.isbn=9783868381634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFAudi2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Audi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Audi (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Audi, Robert</a> (2001). <i>The Architecture of Reason: The Structure and Substance of Rationality</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195158427.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158427.001.0001</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/0195141121" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/0195141121 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>0195141121</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%8A_(%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="او سي اېل سي (پېژند) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/44046914">44046914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Reason%3A+The+Structure+and+Substance+of+Rationality&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44046914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195158427.001.0001&rft.isbn=0195141121&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFEze2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Chukwudi_Eze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Eze, Emmanuel Chukwudi</a> (2008). <i>On Reason: Rationality in a World of Cultural Conflict and Racism</i>. Durham, NC: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duke_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duke University Press (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F9780822388777">10.1215/9780822388777</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/9780822341789" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/9780822341789 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>9780822341789</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%8A_(%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="او سي اېل سي (پېژند) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/180989486">180989486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Reason%3A+Rationality+in+a+World+of+Cultural+Conflict+and+Racism&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F180989486&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F9780822388777&rft.isbn=9780822341789&rft.aulast=Eze&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel+Chukwudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFRescher1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Rescher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Rescher (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Rescher, Nicholas</a> (1988). <i>Rationality: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Nature and the Rationale of Reason</i>. Clarendon Library of Logic and Philosophy. Oxford; New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clarendon_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clarendon Press (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Clarendon Press</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford University Press (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/0198244355" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/0198244355 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>0198244355</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%8A_(%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="او سي اېل سي (پېژند) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/17954516">17954516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rationality%3A+A+Philosophical+Inquiry+into+the+Nature+and+the+Rationale+of+Reason&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.series=Clarendon+Library+of+Logic+and+Philosophy&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press%3B+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17954516&rft.isbn=0198244355&rft.aulast=Rescher&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Hintikka, J. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/346240/philosophy-of-logic">Philosophy of logic</a>". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.  Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc..</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=encyclopediaArticle&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.aulast=Hintikka&rft.title=Philosophy+of+logic&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F346240%2Fphilosophy-of-logic&rft.source=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.publisher=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc."> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/nicomachaen.6.vi.html">"The Internet Classics Archive – Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle, Book VI, Translated by W. D. Ross"</a>. <i>classics.mit.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=classics.mit.edu&rft.atitle=The+Internet+Classics+Archive+%E2%80%93+Nicomachean+Ethics+by+Aristotle%2C+Book+VI%2C+Translated+by+W.+D.+Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fnicomachaen.6.vi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Foucault, "What is Enlightenment?" in <i>The Essential Foucault</i>, eds. Paul Rabinow and Nikolas Rose, New York: The New Press, 2003, 43–57. See also Nikolas Kompridis, "The Idea of a New Beginning: A Romantic Source of Normativity and Freedom," in <i>Philosophical Romanticism</i>, New York: Routledge, 2006, 32–59; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/096725500750039282">"So We Need Something Else for Reason to Mean"</a>, <i>International Journal of Philosophical Studies</i> 8: 3, 271–295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mw-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mw_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reason">Merriam-Webster.com</a> Merriam-Webster Dictionary definition of reason</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rachels, James. The Elements of Moral Philosophy, 4th ed. McGraw Hill, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott" class="citation cs2">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dlo%2Fgos">"logos"</a>, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=logos&rft.btitle=A+Greek%E2%80%93English+Lexicon&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253Dlo%252Fgos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span>. For etymology of English "logic" see any dictionary such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/logic?show=0&t=1296722456">the Merriam Webster entry for logic</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLewisShort" class="citation cs2">Lewis, Charlton; Short, Charles, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dratio">"ratio"</a>, <i>A Latin Dictionary</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ratio&rft.btitle=A+Latin+Dictionary&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Charlton&rft.au=Short%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0059%253Aentry%253Dratio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rational">Merriam Webster "rational"</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reasonable">Merriam Webster "reasonable"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jürgen_Habermas_1990-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jürgen_Habermas_1990_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFHabermas1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jürgen Habermas (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Habermas, Jürgen</a> (1990). <i>The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity</i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophical+Discourse+of+Modernity&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Habermas&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=دلیل&oldid=275097">https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=دلیل&oldid=275097</a>" نه اخيستل شوی</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li 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