CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-ZK1E8XKBLT"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-ZK1E8XKBLT'); </script>  <title>WebElements Periodic Table » Periodicity » Group numbers » Periodic table gallery</title> <meta name="Description" content="This periodic table page contains periodicity information for " /> <meta name="keywords" content="periodicity chemistry, periodic table, periodic chart, periodic system, chemical, webelements, web-elements, Sheffield, science, element, elements, metal, gas, atoms, periodicity, chemical elements, periodic table, Group numbers, " /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../_newlands/pure/pure-min.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../_newlands/pure/grids-responsive-min.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../_newlands/pure-layout-side-menu/css/layouts/side-menu.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../_newlands/css/webelements.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../_newlands/css/cookieconsent_306.min.css" type="text/css" /> <meta name="author" content="Prof Mark Winter, University of Sheffield"> <meta name="copyright" content="Copyright 2025 Prof Mark Winter" /> <link rel="index" href="./" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../favicon.png" /> <script src="../../_support/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="../../_support/highcharts4/js/highcharts-custom.js"></script> </head> <body> <div id="layout">  <a href="../#menu" id="menuLink" class="menu-link">  <span></span> </a> <div id="menu"> <div class="pure-menu"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item logo"><a href="../../" class="pure-menu-link"><img height="30" src="../../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements logo" /></a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../contents/"><strong>Full property list</strong></a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../abundance/">Abundances</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../atomic_number/">Atomic numbers</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../atomic_radius/">Atomic radii</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../atomic_spectra/">Atomic spectra</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../atomic_weight/">Atomic weights</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../block/">Block in periodic table</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../boiling_point/">Boiling point</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../enth_diatomics_bond/">Bond enthalpies</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../bond_length_elem/">Bond length in element</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../bulk_modulus/">Bulk modulus</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../cas_registry_id/">CAS Registry ID</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../classification/">Classification</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../colour/">Colour</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../covalent_radius/">Covalent radii</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../critical_temperature/">Critical temperature</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../crystal_structure/">Crystal structure</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../density/">Density of solid</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../description/">Description</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../discovery/">Discovery</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../eff_nuc_charge_clementi/">Effective nucl. charges</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../elec_binding_energy/">Electron bind. energies</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../elec_resist/">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../electron_affinity/">Electron affinity</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../electron_shell_structure/">Electron shell structure</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../electronegativity/">Electronegativity</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../electronic_configuration/">Electronic configuration</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../enth_atomisation/">Enthalpy: atomization</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../enthalpy_fusion/">Enthalpy of fusion</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../coeff_thermal_exp/">Expansion coefficient</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../enth_vaporisation/">Enthalpy: vaporization</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../geology/">Geology</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../group_name/">Group Name</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../group_number/">Group numbers</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../hardness_vickers/">Hardness</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../hazards/">Health hazards</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../history/">History of the element</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../hydration_enth_M_1/">Hydration enthalpies</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../hydrolysis_const_M_1/">Hydrolysis constants</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../ionisation_energy/">Ionization energies</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../isolation/">Isolation</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../isotopes/">Isotopes</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../enthalpy_lattice/">Lattice energies</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../liquid_range/">Liquid Range</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../mass_in_human/">Mass in human</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../meaning_of_name/">Meaning of name</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../melting_point/">Melting points</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../molar_volume/">Molar volume</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../name_english/">Names and symbols</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../nmr/">NMR</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../orbital_properties/">Orbital_properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../oxidation_numbers/">Oxidation numbers</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../period_number/">Period numbers</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../poissons_ratio/">Poisson's ratio</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../ionic_radius/">Ionic radii</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../ion_rad_pauling/">Radii - ionic, Pauling</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../metallic_radius/">Radii - metallic (12)</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../valence_orbital_r_maxima/">Radii - valence orbital</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../van_der_waals_rad/">Radii - Van der Waals</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../reactions/">Reactions of elements</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../redn_pot_M_1/">Reduction potentials</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../reduction_potentials/">Reduction potentials</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../reflectivity/">Reflectivity</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../refractive_index/">Refractive index</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../rigidity_modulus/">Rigidity modulus</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../standard_state/">Standard state</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../supercon_temp/">Superconductivity</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../term_symbol/">Term symbol</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../thermal_conduct/">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../thermodynamics/">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../uses/">Uses</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../velocity_sound/">Velocity of sound</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../x_ray_mass_abs_coeff/">X-ray mass abs. coeff.</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item z"><a class="pure-menu-link z_menu_item" href="../youngs_modulus/">Young's modulus</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>   <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-open pure-menu-horizontal centre" role="navigation" style="background: #000 url(../../_media/elements/discharge/blank.png) repeat-y center; background-size:contain;"> <span><a class="pure-menu-heading" href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/"><img height="30" src="../../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements logo" /></a> <span style="color:white;">Group numbers</span></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main">  <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="google_navbar_positioning"> <form action="https://www.google.com" id="cse-search-box"> <div> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="partner-pub-9334432533380510:6223510783" /> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="UTF-8" /> <input type="text" name="q" size="28" /> <input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search" /> </div> </form> <script> </script> </div> </div> </div> <main> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <h1 class="z">Group numbers</h1> </div> </div> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal">   <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item pure-menu-selected z_menu"><a href="./" class="pure-menu-link">Group numbers</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item pure-menu-has-children pure-menu-allow-hover z_menu"><a href="./" class="pure-menu-link">Gallery of images</a> <ul class="pure-menu-children"> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="index.html">Periodic table gallery</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="heatscape.html">Heatscapes</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_1.html">Group 1</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_2.html">Group 2</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_3.html">Group 3</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_4.html">Group 4</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_5.html">Group 5</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_6.html">Group 6</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_7.html">Group 7</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_8.html">Group 8</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_9.html">Group 9</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_10.html">Group 10</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_11.html">Group 11</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_12.html">Group 12</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_13.html">Group 13</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_14.html">Group 14</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_15.html">Group 15</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_16.html">Group 16</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_17.html">Group 17</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_18.html">Group 18</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_2sp.html">Period 2</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_3sp.html">Period 3</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_4sp.html">Period 4sp</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_4spd.html">Period 4</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_4d.html">Period 4d</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_5sp.html">Period 5sp</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_5spd.html">Period 5spd</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_5d.html">Period 5d</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_6sp.html">Period 6sp</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_6spd.html">Period 6spd</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_6spdf.html">Period 6</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_6d.html">Period 6d</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_7sp.html">Period 7sp</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_7spd.html">Period 7spd</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_7spdf.html">Period 7</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_7d.html">Period 7d</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="block_sp.html">s- and p-Block</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="block_d.html">d-Block</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul>     </div> <p>The group number is an identifier used to describe the column of the standard periodic table in which the element appears.</p> <p>Groups 1-2 termed s-block elements.</p> <p>Groups 1-2 (except hydrogen) and 13-18 are termed main group elements.</p> <p>Groups 3-12 are termed <em>d</em>-block elements.</p> <p>Groups 3-11 are termed transition elements. Transition elements are those whose atoms have an incomplete d-subshell or whose cations have an incomplete </em>d</em>-subshell.</p> <p>Groups 13-18 termed </em>p</em>-block elements.</p> <p>Main group elements in the first two rows of the table are called typical elements.</p> <p>The first row of the f-block elements are called lanthanoids (or, less desirably, lanthanides. The second row of the <em>f </em>-block elements are called actanoids (or, less desirably, actanides.</p> <p>The following names for specific groups in the periodic table are in common use:<p> <ul> <li>Group 1: alkali metals </li> <li>Group 2: alkaline earth metals </li> <li>Group 11: coinage metals (not an IUPAC approved name)</li> <li>Group 15: pnictogens (not an IUPAC approved name)</li> <li>Group 16: chalcogens</li> <li>Group 17: halogens</li> <li>Group 18: noble gases</li> </uL> <p>In addition, groups may be idenitifed by the first element in each group - so the Group 16 set of elements is sometimes called the oxygen group.</p> <figure></figure> <figure></figure> <h2 class="z">Units</h2> <p>None</p> <h2 class="heading2">Notes</h2> <p>There is considerable confusion surrounding the Group labels. The scheme used in WebElements is numeric and is the current IUPAC convention. The other two systems are less desirable since they are confusing, but still in common usage. The designations A and B are completely arbitrary. The first of these (A left, B right) is based upon older IUPAC recommendations and frequently used in Europe. The last set (main group elements A, transition elements B) was in common use in America.</p> <table class="pure-table pure-table-bordered"> <caption>IUPAC, European, and American Group labelling schemes</caption> <thead> <tr> <th>Group</th><th>1</th><th>2</th><th>3</th><th>4</th><th>5</th><th>6</th><th>7</th><th>8</th><th>9</th><th>10</th><th>11</th><th>12</th><th>13</th><th>14</th><th>15</th><th>16</th><th>17</th><th>18</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>European</th><td>IA</td><td>IIA</td><td>IIIA</td><td>IVA</td><td>VA</td><td>VIA</td><td>VIIA</td><td>VIIIA</td><td>VIIIA</td><td>VIIIA</td><td>IB</td><td>IIB</td><td>IIIB</td><td>IVB</td><td>VB</td><td>VIB</td><td>VIIB</td><td>VIIIB</td></tr> <tr><th>American</th><td>IA</td><td>IIA</td><td>IIIB</td><td>IVAB</td><td>VB</td><td>VIB</td><td>VIIB</td><td>VIIIB</td><td>VIIIB</td><td>VIIIB</td><td>IB</td><td>IIB</td><td>IIIA</td><td>IVA</td><td>VA</td><td>VIA</td><td>VIIA</td><td>VIIIA</td></tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 class="z">Literature sources</h2> <ol> <li>International Union of Pure & Applied Chemistry: Commission on the Nomeclature of Inorganic Chemistry, <em>Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry Recommendations 2005</em>, Eds. N.G. Connelly, T. Damhus, R.M. Hartshorn, and A.T. Hutton, Royal Sociery of Chemistry, 2005. ISBN-13: 978-0854044382.</li> <li>W.C. Fernelius, and W.H. Powell, "Confusion in the periodic table of the elements", <em>J. Chem. Ed.</em>, 1982, <strong>59</strong>, 504-508.</li> <li>Periodic table in any volume of the Inorganic Oxford Chemistry Primers, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.</li> </ol> </main> <div class="table-responsive"> <table class="pure-table periodic-table"> <caption class="periodic_table_caption">Explore the element of your choice through this periodic table.</caption> <thead> <tr> <th class="w5">1</th> <th class="w5">2</th> <th class="w2"> </th> <th class="w5">3</th> <th class="w5">4</th> <th class="w5">5</th> <th class="w5">6</th> <th class="w5">7</th> <th class="w5">8</th> <th class="w5">9</th> <th class="w5">10</th> <th class="w5">11</th> <th class="w5">12</th> <th class="w5">13</th> <th class="w5">14</th> <th class="w5">15</th> <th class="w5">16</th> <th class="w5">17</th> <th class="w5">18</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">1</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../hydrogen/" title="Hydrogen">H</a></div> </td> <td class="v"></td> <td colspan="16" class="v"></td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">2</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../helium/" title="Helium">He</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">3</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../lithium/" title="Lithium">Li</a></div> </td> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">4</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../beryllium/" title="Beryllium">Be</a></div> </td> <td colspan="11"></td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">5</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../boron/" title="|title_5">B</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">6</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../carbon/" title="|title_6">C</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">7</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../nitrogen/" title="Nitrogen">N</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">8</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../oxygen/" title="Oxygen">O</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">9</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../fluorine/" title="Fluorine">F</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">10</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../neon/" title="Neon">Ne</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">11</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../sodium/" title="Sodium">Na</a></div> </td> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">12</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../magnesium/" title="Magnesium">Mg</a></div> </td> <td colspan="11" class="void"></td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">13</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../aluminium/" title="Aluminium">Al</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">14</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../silicon/" title="Silicon">Si</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">15</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../phosphorus/" title="Phosphorus">P</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">16</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../sulfur/" title="Sulfur">S</a> </div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">17</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../chlorine/" title="Chlorine">Cl</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">18</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../argon/" title="Argon">Ar</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">19</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../potassium/" title="Potassium">K</a></div> </td> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">20</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../calcium/" title="Calcium">Ca</a></div> </td> <td class="void"></td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">21</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../scandium/" title="Scandium">Sc</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">22</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../titanium/" title="Titanium">Ti</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">23</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../vanadium/" title="Vanadium">V</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">24</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../chromium/" title="Chromium">Cr</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">25</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../manganese/" title="Manganese">Mn</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">26</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../iron/" title="Iron">Fe</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">27</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../cobalt/" title="Cobalt">Co</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">28</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../nickel/" title="Nickel">Ni</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">29</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../copper/" title="Copper">Cu</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">30</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../zinc/" title="Zinc">Zn</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">31</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../gallium/" title="Gallium">Ga</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">32</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../germanium/" title="Germanium">Ge</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">33</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../arsenic/" title="Arsenic">As</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">34</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../selenium/" title="Selenium">Se</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">35</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../bromine/" title="Bromine">Br</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">36</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../krypton/" title="Krypton">Kr</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">37</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../rubidium/" title="Rubidium">Rb</a></div> </td> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">38</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../strontium/" title="Strontium">Sr</a></div> </td> <td class="void"></td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">39</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../yttrium/" title="Yttrium">Y</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">40</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../zirconium/" title="Zirconium">Zr</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">41</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../niobium/" title="Niobium">Nb</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">42</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../molybdenum/" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">43</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../technetium/" title="Technetium">Tc</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">44</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../ruthenium/" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">45</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../rhodium/" title="Rhodium">Rh</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">46</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../palladium/" title="Palladium">Pd</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">47</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../silver/" title="Silver">Ag</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">48</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../cadmium/" title="Cadmium">Cd</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">49</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../indium/" title="Indium">In</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">50</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../tin/" title="Tin">Sn</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">51</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../antimony/" title="Antimony">Sb</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">52</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../tellurium/" title="Tellurium">Te</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">53</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../iodine/" title="Iodine">I</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">54</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../xenon/" title="Xenon">Xe</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">55</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../caesium/" title="Caesium">Cs</a></div> </td> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">56</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../barium/" title="Barium">Ba</a></div> </td> <th class="asterisk">*</th> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num xd">71</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../lutetium/" title="Lutetium">Lu</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">72</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../hafnium/" title="Hafnium">Hf</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">73</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../tantalum/" title="Tantalum">Ta</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">74</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../tungsten/" title="Tungsten">W</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">75</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../rhenium/" title="Rhenium">Re</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">76</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../osmium/" title="Osmium">Os</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">77</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../iridium/" title="Iridium">Ir</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">78</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../platinum/" title="Platinum">Pt</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">79</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../gold/" title="Gold">Au</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">80</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../mercury/" title="Mercury">Hg</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">81</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../thallium/" title="Thallium">Tl</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">82</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../lead/" title="Lead">Pb</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">83</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../bismuth/" title="Bismuth">Bi</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">84</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../polonium/" title="Polonium">Po</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">85</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../astatine/" title="Astatine">At</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">86</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../radon/" title="Radon">Rn</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">87</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../francium/" title="Francium">Fr</a></div> </td> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">88</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../radium/" title="Radium">Ra</a></div> </td> <th class="v">**</th> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">103</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../lawrencium/" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">104</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../rutherfordium/" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">105</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../dubnium/" title="Dubnium">Db</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">106</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../seaborgium/" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">107</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../bohrium/" title="Bohrium">Bh</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">108</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../hassium/" title="Hassium">Hs</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">109</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../meitnerium/" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">110</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../darmstadtium/" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">111</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../roentgenium/" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">112</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../copernicium/" title="Copernicium">Cn</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">113</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../nihonium/" title="Nihonium">Nh</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">114</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../flerovium/" title="Flerovium">Fl</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">115</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../moscovium/" title="Moscovium">Mc</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">116</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../livermorium/" title="Livermorium">Lv</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">117</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../tennessine/" title="Tennessine">Ts</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">118</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../oganesson/" title="Oganesson">Og</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="19" class="v"> </td> </tr> <tr> <th class="lbl" colspan="2">*Lanthanoids</th> <th class="v">*</th> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">57</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../lanthanum/" title="Lanthanum">La</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">58</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../cerium/" title="Cerium">Ce</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">59</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../praseodymium/" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">60</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../neodymium/" title="Neodymium">Nd</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">61</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../promethium/" title="Promethium">Pm</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">62</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../samarium/" title="Samarium">Sm</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">63</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../europium/" title="Europium">Eu</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">64</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../gadolinium/" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">65</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../terbium/" title="Terbium">Tb</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">66</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../dysprosium/" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">67</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../holmium/" title="Holmium">Ho</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">68</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../erbium/" title="Erbium">Er</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">69</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../thulium/" title="Thulium">Tm</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">70</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../ytterbium/" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a></div> </td> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="lbl" colspan="2">**Actinoids</th> <th class="v">**</th> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">89</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../actinium/" title="Actinium">Ac</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">90</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../thorium/" title="Thorium">Th</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">91</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../protactinium/" title="Protactinium">Pa</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">92</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../uranium/" title="Uranium">U</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">93</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../neptunium/" title="Neptunium">Np</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">94</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../plutonium/" title="Plutonium">Pu</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">95</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../americium/" title="Americium">Am</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">96</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../curium/" title="Curium">Cm</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">97</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../berkelium/" title="Berkelium">Bk</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">98</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../californium/" title="Californium">Cf</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">99</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../einsteinium/" title="Einsteinium">Es</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">100</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../fermium/" title="Fermium">Fm</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">101</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../mendelevium/" title="Mendelevium">Md</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">102</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../nobelium/" title="Nobelium">No</a></div> </td> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div id="footer"> <footer> <div class="footer"> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Key properties</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/eneg_pauling/">Electronegativity </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/melting_point/">Melting point</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/density/">Density </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/molar_volume/">Molar volume</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/ionis_energy_1/">Ionization energy (1st)</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/covalent_radius/">Covalent radius</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/metallic_radius/">Metallic radius</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/abund_crust/">Abundance: earth's crust</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Shop</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">Sorry, shop closed</li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Social</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/webelements.periodic.table">Facebook</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://twitter.com/periodic_table">Twitter</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.pinterest.com/periodictable/">Pinterest</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Administration</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/your-privacy/" title="Your privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/about-webelements/" title="About WebElements">About</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/webelements-and-copyright/" title="Copyright information about WebElements">Copyright</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/acknowledgements/" title="Acknowledgements">Thanks...</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <address> <p> <a href="https://www.webelements.com/"><img class="logo_m" src="../../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements home" /></a><br /> <strong>WebElements:</strong> THE periodic table on the WWW [<a href="https://www.webelements.com/">www.webelements.com</a>]<br /> <a href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/webelements-and-copyright/">Copyright </a> 1993-2025 <a href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/">Mark Winter</a> [ <a href="https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/chemistry/">The University of Sheffield </a> and WebElements Ltd, UK]. All rights reserved.</p> <p>You can reference the WebElements periodic table as follows:<br />"WebElements, https://www.webelements.com, accessed February 2025."</p> </address> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <script src="../../_newlands/javascript/menus.js"></script> <script src="../../_newlands/pure-layout-side-menu/js/ui.js"></script> </body> </html>