CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91355743fd335cdc',cH: 'puineyYWDluN5CgMNYel83_cWmFf0DnbNR2HukIAMoQ-1739790730-1.2.1.1-Zhx1Qi9ztovblKaUMMk0MHhX4Gculv_2tCxyOHbg4y6AdJ5X9RuxsRXmp2rR1a0T',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=infill%20wall&__cf_chl_tk=sQU7RRNhtdRlKd3nLJYp.n1y1poE0sbiW2Vx8dXQZAM-1739790730-1.0.1.1-9NI.0lI3mmZtI.AfvjbMfaPtj9hyUvZln8dmffSY9X0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739790730',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=infill%20wall&__cf_chl_f_tk=sQU7RRNhtdRlKd3nLJYp.n1y1poE0sbiW2Vx8dXQZAM-1739790730-1.0.1.1-9NI.0lI3mmZtI.AfvjbMfaPtj9hyUvZln8dmffSY9X0",md: "_A.8Zl1vTTqjzMrloIdxANf7hRG2e9sMlPhJ_IqUQiA-1739790730-1.2.1.1-qC1jrouE4WhMmtQ.n147wNpHZYi.Mp8ZQDnBQyjmq9LAL7_DYs2utxiKz03S_NDVP6r0hOxHMJTKOv4VhsPh2LO_ZX50K5qSZdNrCMy1gr7q2h6nJBbc8tobxY6vht2c19_c3boFLkNbAeDK_NFcpNGa6bd1FCFSXvU.Nde5WQgVIzVtYKAoyQaz.RTUCg2TRuNS1i4Ny1pj8nb6K5dD1c.ERljDijFDtuHelcd.bn_Txm3mPDqCd1zYzCzsln.RtZkeUV4TALIyX_fP0pfzQ6NSwW3vwoG1DSzqu27EpcIUesl5DlTcLzM6LBut4Vks1cSMZKGUUJd8waE.CNuzvXwuw3K.UZZSudZObwf7eMEgkIj730KOSdRFwYWO0Zr_5Mi6lAWDri3WOdO43UFWB81HIZhWdNKYyEMAWV6cVuivEc51R_t3FAu6kVMU6q7jfkKu7HvRhPYGHCvVwOs4dyOfKfyJU6QJEi1GqsPXuNouNqjPhVz35ldYNQvdrGZodFP1A2EPNRi5uXc7YaF5wKk8sRmy4T.51lytruuW4HnvYO9LIm8FKD14_kbIwJfulf8P88yI8mZFCu0INDvjlJ.HMA7YX4rYlBRctD5OrpoDxXkblJvvQHMBPwLoW.Bg4bTCDCudEOq24RElVlU61ysYyBKfQPR_MuPJ0XXJm_ylrzpaxufbVsXvb501Eci18oBIxZAILM2Gbr8FHbCYJyQMsVzGjRBX1o74XcWMoUUI1FBjFCl2.s8CFhTs5fzdBeTXtRSeRDcaMKfD.57mNSdyk3KQc9YAoRhX1jPsyxyqXPDxFfC8xewQ_Wdg4roK._sFtHv3OUawaUFtWac9dMgndKTIr4s9ZDJp07UUh692mByOe6am8w.HvcXoBg.mQFrIj3KgKghBwMS7t9rY45Z.8hQ6UaPkMIE978ePnqx9Frg9jTeVFV7lfpRkdkwkHFxlb6IKuL6zPmqAMimb1MPwNNlnTdQmpUHpQb5YyPadRk0rE7upG.Xbo8VIG9VMll4vlF9AY5FGpgHtqdzRbNPx7oFfek5HRpp7cDr.H9bOncDddkPnYl1dI.myvmpC77f7Qe3NFJyJ989wC4hCkPI4cO6aDsXGu_3Eu2jgbRyFNvRqtwJpi9p0ho1NSR7Ol6LfGzF7Eq2O9QeGFDJbi7XUZpnBiXMlNa3U5B0aCyadhp5cKLXzj_WTrG1HgVMWoF6gSY7vr2uJKBUHiM9poIfsxE4EjtG44uWrjfh1FnQ05.AEHiLbALZz2W_zod4VE.QB4xcUrd1dxIahqFlBcqX8w3r0M6NxV5W3hRfZvfdFaxnrH6KJrUVEyqheOrJDdPA6Iu1LHMGwQM3BnK4O0sftQB3TbF7xklborAwEf.f6zouBuIq8CO.SNdVZFAYzwFgt3r128T.cXanAZXhBgoHFvsKWzQvfrVIGQbtnjMhxzzro8dnjunmsWes3js7cqcXA_vA9g4OUxScTjGhg5MBHGnXluTQ9IhltwYbj1CsSV2apwEBIwOFRJpql9PF9UufY_b1PphuQb.L8gplT9x6zg5HILGOG2_W8djX.e1.F3JVM6pQjME7fiQyVJaQm7VH5PmNhVoSsgEDloGNJeGjXv3LkgnhwYV8_GDGx1AVPGG3rqxCYGDHbqsi2uhwKL8zVHotkHfDeVnVzrwQArFZjnotc1kwc0V4G..BI9gBrR5MwAv90cTJ77S3AzqNVp3bqtdLGkqQ49vm8MyBu_vd7ATqAnFvmrkK1ibrW2hKQJnxWEi8lTr5abzPkjLfz7EzR1kCmiMYN4IYajkQaPRX8jEAuX2Nf1PvP0P_SmKzhcatq4Sz3qmC6atwvDHMAXS.FA8hZSFgbZ7Lesd_oylQI72e8rJ40pISRFR8ZI5WJnB55IuFx9kUwkuEIKKFqV51UpBac7ngYNL82HE48bitFSVXXUduXYXTU0eF74Dw",mdrd: "UYuomoVlH0dMN9Lg9sFPnl5TkoMijdcxt2gbWBBWGNA-1739790730-1.2.1.1-4jp6E2rVEqJdOPn.VSElPpfU8z_rzcWksTIh9t70ouIO1tpyXzOJ77oNXDawRIskoqo2OpAENuAnfbBE_F8xlHWajF6IHR4FQHx_wS7M3U6ZY9WraBDrivHgLD3iRXqwXvGoTgBBByrAHtKeF9jKh03QN9n4FUkGYxAaZLGaJVx0n_9Tx.AMEFoWvKsRGihQt9LJvOSyQhOKp_4uHfUOkdjCY2ZSQCeXtwr0aTcaB_zHe6yC5ae.0YvCD2D0OZkxTv59J1hjytRXuwtEMxoRJk0Xnd7NfG1F8zA5E1WWmVRnoVEsYFZEH1kJ4IyTUK6xhRlkmQX3G1VVzui3SZz6VhW2fxHmxWNixwI0FkmKAB_lVVABJS3oxodUjtqFFB717n1CgOs8QbZepPk1PWs6mPvo5jDmE7gxwPAjqlWcaLh2EW4YG2_BJiscXZjVw9hjz4Z0doXlgI33ZhU97_FE0teXH.LpMyO_vlDvuPKhs7BX9ngS7Zjh4RRpTUEzWSJFFzwqPOeWBSMah5UCWTCyYmxk.AM1ULV2qrx._J6l9zpz2PbYH9NM_rVzamJExeTyC7hGFRr60PPWr.3UoHqy4U3PorEP83L1cnUY7fqPwcQnSZJlpZOUKavqfqsoZm9MYP6OFoiiq6FqJLCz8bV_dqXKfKTu3GJeB.IWEVjN04nId1LaZoHJs2SQEIBie_9V0dozpniN7RjJI5ZFmxSutVcB1CWLaTh94CZIEA_p66hhOmkTlKEKpYHIeVeaxfWA53MSBORFmyc7Pnv3RBRw2NfIlLUFEtje6oa4X0bam6Y1DeNKyj08pxZ8v7X2LAtCjB4e1kAPM7NcP1eDAbMZGHXcFYVEPLmDHCT7JhYF9raYpGmzInZNxcDvDyUULSSfV2NqUxcP58IoUk5SmunsjI1d9jYSpmAbAqKOWAXV2mTunefbOoPgdhW3wVms5O_MUnqpnxNYU9VhrBIRF_hrG_Y.wEYANQbIXZWS83p8B.C0fTOjGf5UZ2wX7zg1WLdDzN.u9f5f2OKRdHyO2ZCqShUVszeMZjLT6UWL0FwKTAUissB7oZPkB58qqf4RL82acTRUwKfSnaOes9at1c.j3Lu3qAly5CKyyjBuvGqAcRCArJk5nHZ6689MZP4wVhbNTPlImvgPGRsnZN9.Fh5XRxF3pAqV8nVLAPpwCZ.iRe8NDhzo8HPb_8gMyBQsFqgBtHwhonxyqI.PdCeILAREtCxGQIzcHcKyIV0wa3Esxaq0oWeGMm7KsXjOMxoMwHGMCVyZc4mhi1VpoPH3L5K0nVAbZWSwHm8gUk9SsHGt4LXImHxC8rf66WgtngOzmOLlr9gA3g0LFCHSGSgxW4A7NmRiFqfOOiPltEAWU8x1aLWuUAE0i3wxEZk6_gzWmzlLLvNf1PiRuuRkPYkXdYdGvk8P626TvyAC_EX54UFabO4h0Cu3dIExUuDPEXwthadjJUjwX98GkJ5t3m__aUPa9IP0eBeAQuwGED073YB8IiTSoqDezoHVnwoQyJcys.Ebkf8O8_JG.FIBJP06rWgopiFRUER29YLocAE3t8zCztx5bfom5WKBNkl_ieJZiZ9X8bDB.IJmcLb6we6jWv1pGTY2.irTahiO4kFX1wau1A8ZYHSCJtulmhKGUCqYBSiawaEnAnY4RUCEHRcXCFIvKCDUqNva_tuT0L7dcLKeUxTH2Jl1k3cJTGOItaMeX0ZSbiPIqoONXsNt9_NImy1PrtpG5A7zdj.DDDoHhbWd5Wq8aq0dyc5C9SqqXcgtb4l3Szo.YuBgTAkT4P9lnUqAoqRP_rraacGQqBnqCa8U_WsxqtJoRlNQ6idXD6uMkg3pLwOJetk9HJZ5lFtWng_1tt43mriZKXiIcl5uEz5cD4R9OiNXva5IHBNx3stVO5t1ArxoI8k2rO42NopeNtVdtRAO5nfdTuWX03L5ICJUKmygGsc7bWBdqwrrp_TF.Qckrp8HrqEX2Z7OVM8EDRiZJQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91355743fd335cdc';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=infill%20wall&__cf_chl_rt_tk=sQU7RRNhtdRlKd3nLJYp.n1y1poE0sbiW2Vx8dXQZAM-1739790730-1.0.1.1-9NI.0lI3mmZtI.AfvjbMfaPtj9hyUvZln8dmffSY9X0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>