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<li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Transmitter</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جهاز إرسال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهاز إرسال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioverici_qur%C4%9Fu" title="Radioverici qurğu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Radioverici qurğu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ট্রান্সমিটার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ট্রান্সমিটার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Радыёперадатчык – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Радыёперадатчык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Предавател – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Предавател" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotransmissor" title="Radiotransmissor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Radiotransmissor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1diov%C3%BD_vys%C3%ADla%C4%8D" title="Rádiový vysílač – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rádiový vysílač" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiosender" title="Radiosender – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Radiosender" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendeanlage" title="Sendeanlage – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sendeanlage" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saatja" title="Saatja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saatja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Πομπός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πομπός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotransmisor" title="Radiotransmisor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radiotransmisor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiosendilo" title="Radiosendilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Radiosendilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmisore" title="Transmisore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Transmisore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="فرستنده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرستنده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89metteur_d%27ondes_radio%C3%A9lectriques" title="Émetteur d'ondes radioélectriques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Émetteur d'ondes radioélectriques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmisor" title="Transmisor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Transmisor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%A1%EC%8B%A0%EA%B8%B0" title="송신기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="송신기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Տրանսմիտեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրանսմիտեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="ट्रांसमीटर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ट्रांसमीटर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiooda%C5%A1ilja%C4%8D" title="Radioodašiljač – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Radioodašiljač" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemancar" title="Pemancar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemancar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isifufukisi" title="Isifufukisi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isifufukisi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasmettitore" title="Trasmettitore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trasmettitore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%A8" title="משדר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משדר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Радиостанция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Радиостанция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sender_(Anlag)" title="Sender (Anlag) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sender (Anlag)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Радиопредавател – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Радиопредавател" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="ട്രാൻസ്‌മിറ്റർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രാൻസ്‌മിറ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%95" title="रेडिओ प्रेषक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेडिओ प्रेषक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemancar" title="Pemancar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemancar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiozender" title="Radiozender – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Radiozender" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%81%E4%BF%A1%E6%A9%9F" title="送信機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="送信機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiosender" title="Radiosender – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Radiosender" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiosendar" title="Radiosendar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Radiosendar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радиостанций – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Радиостанций" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiouzatgich" title="Radiouzatgich – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Radiouzatgich" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadajnik_radiowy" title="Nadajnik radiowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nadajnik radiowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmissor" title="Transmissor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transmissor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi%C8%9B%C4%83tor" title="Emițător – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Emițător" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Радиопередатчик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радиопередатчик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmetuesi" title="Transmetuesi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Transmetuesi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Transmitter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vysiela%C4%8D" title="Vysielač – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vysielač" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddajnik" title="Oddajnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oddajnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Радио-предајник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Радио-предајник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda%C5%A1ilja%C4%8D" title="Odašiljač – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Odašiljač" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamancar" title="Pamancar – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pamancar" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiol%C3%A4hetin" title="Radiolähetin – Finnish" lang="fi" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electronic device that emits radio waves</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Signal_transmission" title="Signal transmission">Signal transmission</a>. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/The_Transmitters" title="The Transmitters">The Transmitters</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WDET-FM_transmitter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/WDET-FM_transmitter.png/220px-WDET-FM_transmitter.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/WDET-FM_transmitter.png/330px-WDET-FM_transmitter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/WDET-FM_transmitter.png/440px-WDET-FM_transmitter.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Commercial <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM broadcasting</a> transmitter at radio station <a href="/wiki/WDET-FM" title="WDET-FM">WDET-FM</a>, Wayne State University, Detroit, US. It broadcasts at 101.9 <a href="/wiki/Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">MHz</a> with a radiated power of 48 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt">kW</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, a <b>radio transmitter</b> or just <b>transmitter</b> (often abbreviated as <b>XMTR</b> or <b>TX</b> in technical documents) is an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic device">electronic device</a> which produces <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a> with the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Signal_transmission" title="Signal transmission">signal transmission</a> up to a <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receiver</a>. The transmitter itself generates a <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a>, which is applied to the <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a>. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">radiates</a> radio waves. </p><p>Transmitters are necessary component parts of all electronic devices that communicate by <a href="/wiki/Radio_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio communication">radio</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio</a> (audio) and <a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">television broadcasting</a> stations, <a href="/wiki/Cell_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone">cell phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walkie-talkie" title="Walkie-talkie">walkie-talkies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">wireless computer networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> enabled devices, <a href="/wiki/Garage_door_opener" title="Garage door opener">garage door openers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two-way_radio" title="Two-way radio">two-way radios</a> in aircraft, ships, spacecraft, <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> sets and navigational beacons. The term <i>transmitter</i> is usually limited to equipment that generates radio waves for <a href="/wiki/Communication_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication engineering">communication</a> purposes; or <a href="/wiki/Radiolocation" title="Radiolocation">radiolocation</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> and navigational transmitters. Generators of radio waves for heating or industrial purposes, such as <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave ovens</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diathermy" title="Diathermy">diathermy</a> equipment, are not usually called transmitters, even though they often have similar circuits. </p><p>The term is popularly used more specifically to refer to a <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_transmitter" title="Broadcast transmitter">broadcast transmitter</a>, a transmitter used in <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a>, as in <i>FM radio transmitter</i> or <a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">television transmitter</a>. This usage typically includes both the transmitter proper, the antenna, and often the building it is housed in. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmitter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signal_processing_system.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signal_processing_system.png/330px-Signal_processing_system.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signal_processing_system.png/495px-Signal_processing_system.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signal_processing_system.png/660px-Signal_processing_system.png 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>A radio transmitter is usually part of a <a href="/wiki/Radio_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio communication">radio communication</a> system which uses <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic wave">electromagnetic waves</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a>) to transport information (in this case sound) over a distance.</figcaption></figure> <p>A transmitter can be a separate piece of electronic equipment, or an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">electrical circuit</a> within another electronic device. A transmitter and a <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">receiver</a> combined in one unit is called a <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceiver</a>. The purpose of most transmitters is <a href="/wiki/Radio_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio communication">radio communication</a> of information over a distance. The information is provided to the transmitter in the form of an electronic signal called the modulation signal, such as an <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio</a> (sound) signal from a microphone, a <a href="/wiki/Video_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Video signal">video</a> (TV) signal from a video camera, or in <a href="/wiki/Wireless_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless networking">wireless networking</a> devices, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital signal (electronics)">digital signal</a> from a computer. The transmitter generates a <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> signal which when applied to the antenna produces the radio waves, called the <a href="/wiki/Carrier_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier signal">carrier signal</a>. It combines the carrier with the modulation signal, a process called <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a>. The information can be added to the carrier in several different ways, in different types of transmitters. In an <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude modulation</a> (AM) transmitter, the information is added to the radio signal by varying its <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a>. In a <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a> (FM) transmitter, it is added by varying the radio signal's <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> slightly. Many other types of modulation are also used. </p><p>The radio signal from the transmitter is applied to the <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a>, which radiates the energy as radio waves. The antenna may be enclosed inside the case or attached to the outside of the transmitter, as in portable devices such as cell phones, walkie-talkies, and <a href="/wiki/Garage_door_opener" title="Garage door opener">garage door openers</a>. In more powerful transmitters, the antenna may be located on top of a building or on a separate tower, and connected to the transmitter by a <a href="/wiki/Feed_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Feed line">feed line</a>, that is a <a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">transmission line</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:753px;max-width:753px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Radio transmitters</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transmisor_de_bulbos_AM_Elcom_Bauer_701_B_XEQK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Transmisor_de_bulbos_AM_Elcom_Bauer_701_B_XEQK.jpg/100px-Transmisor_de_bulbos_AM_Elcom_Bauer_701_B_XEQK.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Transmisor_de_bulbos_AM_Elcom_Bauer_701_B_XEQK.jpg/150px-Transmisor_de_bulbos_AM_Elcom_Bauer_701_B_XEQK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Transmisor_de_bulbos_AM_Elcom_Bauer_701_B_XEQK.jpg/200px-Transmisor_de_bulbos_AM_Elcom_Bauer_701_B_XEQK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Elcom Bauer model 701B 1100 watt AM broadcast transmitter</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KWNR_Continental_816R-5B_SN_247.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/KWNR_Continental_816R-5B_SN_247.jpg/197px-KWNR_Continental_816R-5B_SN_247.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/KWNR_Continental_816R-5B_SN_247.jpg/296px-KWNR_Continental_816R-5B_SN_247.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/KWNR_Continental_816R-5B_SN_247.jpg/394px-KWNR_Continental_816R-5B_SN_247.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">35 kW, Continental 816R-5B FM transmitter, belonging to American FM radio station KWNR broadcasting on 95.5 MHz in Las Vegas</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icom_IC-746PRO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Icom_IC-746PRO.jpg/270px-Icom_IC-746PRO.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Icom_IC-746PRO.jpg/405px-Icom_IC-746PRO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Icom_IC-746PRO.jpg/540px-Icom_IC-746PRO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="692" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Modern <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceiver</a>, the ICOM IC-746PRO. It can transmit on the amateur bands from 1.8 MHz to 144 MHz with an output power of 100 W</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CB-Funkger%C3%A4t_im_LKW.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/CB-Funkger%C3%A4t_im_LKW.JPG/170px-CB-Funkger%C3%A4t_im_LKW.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/CB-Funkger%C3%A4t_im_LKW.JPG/255px-CB-Funkger%C3%A4t_im_LKW.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/CB-Funkger%C3%A4t_im_LKW.JPG/340px-CB-Funkger%C3%A4t_im_LKW.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Citizens_band_radio" title="Citizens band radio">CB radio</a> transceiver in a truck, a <a href="/wiki/Two_way_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Two way radio">two way radio</a> transmitting on 27 MHz with a power of 4 W, that can be operated without a license</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:765px;max-width:765px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Consumer products that contain transmitters</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HA0478-006_(6011470974).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/HA0478-006_%286011470974%29.jpg/120px-HA0478-006_%286011470974%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/HA0478-006_%286011470974%29.jpg/180px-HA0478-006_%286011470974%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/HA0478-006_%286011470974%29.jpg/240px-HA0478-006_%286011470974%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4014" data-file-height="4354" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A cellphone has several transmitters: a duplex cell transceiver, a Wi-Fi modem, and a Bluetooth modem.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordless_phone_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cordless_phone_icon.svg/98px-Cordless_phone_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cordless_phone_icon.svg/147px-Cordless_phone_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cordless_phone_icon.svg/196px-Cordless_phone_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Both the handset and the base of a <a href="/wiki/Cordless_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordless phone">cordless phone</a> contain low power 2.4 GHz radio transmitters to communicate with each other.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garage-door-opener-remote-control.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Garage-door-opener-remote-control.png/122px-Garage-door-opener-remote-control.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Garage-door-opener-remote-control.png/183px-Garage-door-opener-remote-control.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Garage-door-opener-remote-control.png/244px-Garage-door-opener-remote-control.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="439" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Garage_door_opener" title="Garage door opener">garage door opener</a> control contains a low-power 2.4 GHz transmitter that sends coded commands to the garage door mechanism to open or close.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wireless_network.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wireless_network.jpg/175px-Wireless_network.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wireless_network.jpg/263px-Wireless_network.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wireless_network.jpg/350px-Wireless_network.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Laptop_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Laptop computer">laptop computer</a> and home <a href="/wiki/Wireless_router" title="Wireless router">wireless router</a> (background) which connects it to the Internet, creating a home Wi-Fi network. Both have Wi-Fi <a href="/wiki/Wireless_network_interface_controller" title="Wireless network interface controller">modems</a>, automated microwave transmitters and receivers operating on 2.4 GHz which exchange data packets with the <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">internet service provider</a> (ISP).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plantronics_Voyager_Legend.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Plantronics_Voyager_Legend.JPG/230px-Plantronics_Voyager_Legend.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Plantronics_Voyager_Legend.JPG/345px-Plantronics_Voyager_Legend.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Plantronics_Voyager_Legend.JPG/460px-Plantronics_Voyager_Legend.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2596" data-file-height="1481" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> earbud with microphone. It has a Bluetooth modem to exchange audio with a cell phone</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmitter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radio_transmitter_design" title="Radio transmitter design">Radio transmitter design</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dipole_xmting_antenna_animation_4_408x318x150ms.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dipole_xmting_antenna_animation_4_408x318x150ms.gif/260px-Dipole_xmting_antenna_animation_4_408x318x150ms.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dipole_xmting_antenna_animation_4_408x318x150ms.gif/390px-Dipole_xmting_antenna_animation_4_408x318x150ms.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Dipole_xmting_antenna_animation_4_408x318x150ms.gif 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Animation of a <a href="/wiki/Half-wave_dipole" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-wave dipole">half-wave dipole</a> antenna transmitting <a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a>, showing the <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</a> lines. The antenna in the center is two vertical metal rods, with an alternating current applied at its center from a radio transmitter (not shown). The voltage charges the two sides of the antenna alternately positive <i><span style="color:red;">(+)</span></i> and negative <i><span style="color:blue;">(−)</span></i>. Loops of electric field (black lines) leave the antenna and travel away at the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>; these are the radio waves. This animation shows the action slowed enormously</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic wave">Electromagnetic waves</a> are radiated by <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electric charges</a> when they are <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">accelerated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Serway_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serway-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ellingson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellingson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a>, electromagnetic waves of radio <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>, are generated by time-varying <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric currents</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> flowing through a metal conductor called an <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a> which are changing their velocity and thus accelerating.<sup id="cite_ref-Balanis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balanis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ellingson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellingson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> flowing back and forth in an antenna will create an oscillating <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> around the conductor. The alternating voltage will also charge the ends of the conductor alternately positive and negative, creating an oscillating <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</a> around the conductor. If the <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> of the oscillations is high enough, in the <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> range above about 20 kHz, the oscillating coupled electric and magnetic fields will radiate away from the antenna into space as an electromagnetic wave, a radio wave. </p><p>A radio transmitter is an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">electronic circuit</a> which transforms <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electric power</a> from a power source, a battery or mains power, into a <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> alternating current to apply to the antenna, and the antenna radiates the energy from this current as radio waves.<sup id="cite_ref-HowRadioWorks_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowRadioWorks-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transmitter also encodes information such as an <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Video_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Video signal">video signal</a> into the radio frequency current to be carried by the radio waves. When they strike the antenna of a <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receiver</a>, the waves excite similar (but less powerful) radio frequency currents in it. The radio receiver extracts the information from the received waves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmitter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A practical radio transmitter mainly consists of the following parts: </p> <ul><li>In high power transmitters, a <a href="/wiki/Power_supply" title="Power supply">power supply</a> circuit to transform the input electrical power to the higher <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltages</a> needed to produce the required power output.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Electronic_oscillator" title="Electronic oscillator">electronic oscillator</a> circuit to generate the <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> signal. This usually generates a <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine wave</a> of constant <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Carrier_wave" title="Carrier wave">carrier wave</a> because it produces the radio waves which "carry" the information through space. In most modern transmitters, this is a <a href="/wiki/Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">crystal oscillator</a> in which the frequency is precisely controlled by the vibrations of a <a href="/wiki/Quartz_crystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartz crystal">quartz crystal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> of the carrier wave is considered the frequency of the transmitter.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulator">modulator</a> circuit to add the information to be transmitted to the carrier wave produced by the oscillator. This is done by varying some aspect of the carrier wave. The information is provided to the transmitter as an electronic signal called the <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation signal</a>. The modulation signal may be an <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a>, which represents <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Video_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Video signal">video signal</a> which represents moving images, or for data in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary numeral system">binary</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">digital signal</a> which represents a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Binary_digit" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary digit">bits</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bitstream" title="Bitstream">bitstream</a>. Different types of transmitters use different <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a> methods to transmit information: <ul><li>In an AM (<a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude modulation</a>) transmitter the <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> (strength) of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to the modulation signal.</li> <li>In an FM (<a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a>) transmitter the <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> of the carrier is varied by the modulation signal.</li> <li>In an FSK (<a href="/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying" title="Frequency-shift keying">frequency-shift keying</a>) transmitter, which transmits digital data, the frequency of the carrier is shifted between two frequencies which represent the two <a href="/wiki/Binary_digit" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary digit">binary digits</a>, 0 and 1.</li> <li>OFDM (<a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing</a>) is a family of complicated <a href="/wiki/Digital_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital modulation">digital modulation</a> methods very widely used in high bandwidth systems such as <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> networks, <a href="/wiki/Cellphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellphone">cellphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> broadcasting, and <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio broadcasting">digital audio broadcasting</a> (DAB) to transmit digital data using a minimum of <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">radio spectrum</a> bandwidth. OFDM has higher <a href="/wiki/Spectral_efficiency" title="Spectral efficiency">spectral efficiency</a> and more resistance to <a href="/wiki/Fading" title="Fading">fading</a> than AM or FM. In OFDM multiple radio carrier waves closely spaced in frequency are transmitted within the radio channel, with each carrier modulated with bits from the incoming <a href="/wiki/Bitstream" title="Bitstream">bitstream</a> so multiple <a href="/wiki/Binary_digit" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary digit">bits</a> are being sent simultaneously, in parallel. At the receiver the carriers are demodulated and the bits are combined in the proper order into one bitstream.</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd>Many other types of <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a> are also used. In large transmitters the oscillator and modulator together are often referred to as the <i>exciter</i>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>A radio frequency (RF) <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> to increase the power of the signal, to increase the range of the radio waves.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Impedance_matching" title="Impedance matching">impedance matching</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antenna_tuner" title="Antenna tuner">antenna tuner</a>) circuit to transform the output <a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">impedance</a> of the transmitter to match the impedance of the antenna (or the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">transmission line</a> to the antenna), to transfer power efficiently to the antenna. If these impedances are not equal, it causes a condition called <a href="/wiki/Standing_wave" title="Standing wave">standing waves</a>, in which the power is reflected back from the antenna toward the transmitter, wasting power and sometimes overheating the transmitter.</li></ul> <p>In higher frequency transmitters, in the <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> range, free running oscillators are unstable at the output frequency. Older designs used an oscillator at a lower frequency, which was multiplied by <a href="/wiki/Frequency_multiplier" title="Frequency multiplier">frequency multipliers</a> to get a signal at the desired frequency. Modern designs more commonly use an oscillator at the operating frequency which is stabilized by phase locking to a very stable lower frequency reference, usually a crystal oscillator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmitter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two radio transmitters in the same area that attempt to transmit on the same frequency will interfere with each other, causing garbled reception, so neither transmission may be received clearly. <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio frequency interference">Interference</a> with radio transmissions can not only have a large economic cost, it can be life-threatening (for example, in the case of interference with emergency communications or <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a>). </p><p>For this reason, in most countries, use of transmitters is strictly controlled by law. Transmitters must be licensed by governments, under a variety of license classes depending on use such as <a href="/wiki/Broadcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast">broadcast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine radio">marine radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airband" title="Airband">Airband</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">Amateur</a> and are restricted to certain frequencies and power levels. A body called the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU) allocates the <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> bands in the <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">radio spectrum</a> to various classes of users. In some classes, each transmitter is given a unique <a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">call sign</a> consisting of a string of letters and numbers which must be used as an identifier in transmissions. The operator of the transmitter usually must hold a government license, such as a <a href="/wiki/General_radiotelephone_operator_license" title="General radiotelephone operator license">general radiotelephone operator license</a>, which is obtained by passing a test demonstrating adequate technical and legal knowledge of safe radio operation. </p><p>Exceptions to the above regulations allow the unlicensed use of low-power short-range transmitters in consumer products such as <a href="/wiki/Cell_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone">cell phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cordless_telephone" title="Cordless telephone">cordless telephones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wireless_microphone" title="Wireless microphone">wireless microphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walkie-talkie" title="Walkie-talkie">walkie-talkies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> devices, <a href="/wiki/Garage_door_opener" title="Garage door opener">garage door openers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baby_monitor" title="Baby monitor">baby monitors</a>. In the US, these fall under <a href="/wiki/Part_15" class="mw-redirect" title="Part 15">Part 15</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) regulations. Although they can be operated without a license, these devices still generally must be <a href="/wiki/Type_approval" title="Type approval">type-approved</a> before sale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmitter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">History of radio</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Hertz_discovering_radio_waves.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Heinrich_Hertz_discovering_radio_waves.png/220px-Heinrich_Hertz_discovering_radio_waves.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Heinrich_Hertz_discovering_radio_waves.png/330px-Heinrich_Hertz_discovering_radio_waves.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Heinrich_Hertz_discovering_radio_waves.png/440px-Heinrich_Hertz_discovering_radio_waves.png 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="1764" /></a><figcaption>Hertz discovering radio waves in 1887 with his first primitive radio transmitter (background).</figcaption></figure> <p>The first primitive radio transmitters (called <a href="/wiki/Spark_gap_transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark gap transmitter">spark gap transmitters</a>) were built by German physicist <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> in 1887 during his pioneering investigations of radio waves. These generated radio waves by a high voltage <a href="/wiki/Electric_spark" title="Electric spark">spark</a> between two conductors. Beginning in 1895, <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> developed the first practical radio communication systems using these transmitters, and radio began to be used commercially around 1900. Spark transmitters could not transmit <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio</a> (sound) and instead transmitted information by <a href="/wiki/Radiotelegraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotelegraphy">radiotelegraphy</a>: the operator tapped on a <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_key" title="Telegraph key">telegraph key</a> which turned the transmitter on-and-off to produce radio wave pulses spelling out text messages in telegraphic code, usually <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>. At the receiver, these pulses were sometimes directly recorded on paper tapes, but more common was audible reception. The pulses were audible as beeps in the receiver's earphones, which were translated back to text by an operator who knew Morse code. These spark-gap transmitters were used during the first three decades of radio (1887–1917), called the <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a> or "spark" era. Because they generated <a href="/wiki/Damped_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Damped wave">damped waves</a>, spark transmitters were electrically "noisy". Their energy was spread over a broad band of <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a>, creating <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio frequency interference">radio noise</a> which interfered with other transmitters. Damped wave emissions were banned by international law in 1934. </p><p>Two short-lived competing transmitter technologies came into use after the turn of the century, which were the first <a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">continuous wave</a> transmitters: the <a href="/wiki/Arc_converter" title="Arc converter">arc converter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poulsen_Arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Poulsen Arc">Poulsen arc</a>) in 1904 and the <a href="/wiki/Alexanderson_alternator" title="Alexanderson alternator">Alexanderson alternator</a> around 1910, which were used into the 1920s. </p><p>All these early technologies were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> transmitters in the 1920s, which used the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_oscillator#Feedback_oscillator" title="Electronic oscillator">feedback oscillator</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Armstrong">Edwin Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Meissner" title="Alexander Meissner">Alexander Meissner</a> around 1912, based on the <a href="/wiki/Audion" title="Audion">Audion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">triode</a>) vacuum tube invented by <a href="/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee De Forest">Lee De Forest</a> in 1906. Vacuum tube transmitters were inexpensive and produced <a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">continuous waves</a>, and could be easily <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulated</a> to transmit audio (sound) using <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude modulation</a> (AM). This made AM <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio broadcasting</a> possible, which began in about 1920. Practical <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a> (FM) transmission was invented by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Armstrong">Edwin Armstrong</a> in 1933, who showed that it was less vulnerable to noise and static than AM. The first FM radio station was licensed in 1937. Experimental <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> transmission had been conducted by radio stations since the late 1920s, but practical <a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">television broadcasting</a> didn't begin until the late 1930s. The development of <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> motivated the evolution of high frequency transmitters in the <a href="/wiki/Ultrahigh_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrahigh frequency">UHF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> ranges, using new active devices such as the <a href="/wiki/Magnetron" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetron">magnetron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klystron" title="Klystron">klystron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traveling_wave_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Traveling wave tube">traveling wave tube</a>. </p><p>The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> allowed the development in the 1960s of small portable transmitters such as <a href="/wiki/Wireless_microphone" title="Wireless microphone">wireless microphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garage_door_opener" title="Garage door opener">garage door openers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walkie-talkie" title="Walkie-talkie">walkie-talkies</a>. The development of the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> (IC) in the 1970s made possible the current proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Wireless_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless device">wireless devices</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cell_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone">cell phones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> networks, in which integrated digital transmitters and receivers (<a href="/wiki/Wireless_modem" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless modem">wireless modems</a>) in portable devices operate automatically, in the background, to exchange data with <a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">wireless networks</a>. </p><p>The need to conserve bandwidth in the increasingly congested <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">radio spectrum</a> is driving the development of new types of transmitters such as <a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">spread spectrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trunked_radio_system" title="Trunked radio system">trunked radio systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_radio" title="Cognitive radio">cognitive radio</a>. A related trend has been an ongoing transition from <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> to <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_(signal_processing)" title="Digital signal (signal processing)">digital</a> radio transmission methods. <a href="/wiki/Digital_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital modulation">Digital modulation</a> can have greater <a href="/wiki/Spectral_efficiency" title="Spectral efficiency">spectral efficiency</a> than <a href="/wiki/Analog_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog modulation">analog modulation</a>; that is it can often transmit more information (<a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">data rate</a>) in a given <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> than analog, using <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a> algorithms. Other advantages of digital transmission are increased <a href="/wiki/Noise_immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise immunity">noise immunity</a>, and greater flexibility and processing power of <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marconi_1897_spark_gap_transmitter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guglielmo Marconi's spark gap transmitter, with which he performed the first experiments in practical Morse code radiotelegraphy communication in 1895–1897"><img alt="Guglielmo Marconi's spark gap transmitter, with which he performed the first experiments in practical Morse code radiotelegraphy communication in 1895–1897" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Marconi_1897_spark_gap_transmitter.jpg/338px-Marconi_1897_spark_gap_transmitter.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Marconi_1897_spark_gap_transmitter.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="286" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Spark_gap_transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark gap transmitter">spark gap transmitter</a>, with which he performed the first experiments in practical <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiotelegraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotelegraphy">radiotelegraphy</a> communication in 1895–1897</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Powerful_spark_gap_transmitter.png" class="mw-file-description" title="High power spark gap radiotelegraphy transmitter in Australia around 1910."><img alt="High power spark gap radiotelegraphy transmitter in Australia around 1910." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Powerful_spark_gap_transmitter.png/179px-Powerful_spark_gap_transmitter.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Powerful_spark_gap_transmitter.png/268px-Powerful_spark_gap_transmitter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Powerful_spark_gap_transmitter.png/357px-Powerful_spark_gap_transmitter.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="866" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">High power spark gap <a href="/wiki/Radiotelegraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotelegraphy">radiotelegraphy</a> transmitter in Australia around 1910.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 246px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 244px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poulsen_arc_1MW_transmitter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1 MW US Navy Poulsen arc transmitter which generated continuous waves using an electric arc in a magnetic field, a technology used for a brief period from 1903 until vacuum tubes took over in the 20s"><img alt="1 MW US Navy Poulsen arc transmitter which generated continuous waves using an electric arc in a magnetic field, a technology used for a brief period from 1903 until vacuum tubes took over in the 20s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Poulsen_arc_1MW_transmitter.jpg/366px-Poulsen_arc_1MW_transmitter.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Poulsen_arc_1MW_transmitter.jpg/550px-Poulsen_arc_1MW_transmitter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Poulsen_arc_1MW_transmitter.jpg/733px-Poulsen_arc_1MW_transmitter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="1116" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1 MW US Navy <a href="/wiki/Poulsen_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Poulsen arc">Poulsen arc</a> transmitter which generated continuous waves using an electric arc in a magnetic field, a technology used for a brief period from 1903 until vacuum tubes took over in the 20s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexanderson_Alternator.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Alexanderson alternator, a huge rotating machine used as a radio transmitter at very low frequency from about 1910 until World War 2"><img alt="An Alexanderson alternator, a huge rotating machine used as a radio transmitter at very low frequency from about 1910 until World War 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Alexanderson_Alternator.jpg/300px-Alexanderson_Alternator.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Alexanderson_Alternator.jpg/451px-Alexanderson_Alternator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Alexanderson_Alternator.jpg/600px-Alexanderson_Alternator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Alexanderson_alternator" title="Alexanderson alternator">Alexanderson alternator</a>, a huge rotating machine used as a radio transmitter at very low frequency from about 1910 until World War 2</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_vacuum_tube_AM_radio_transmitter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the first vacuum tube AM radio transmitters, built by Lee De Forest in 1914. The early Audion (triode) tube is visible at right."><img alt="One of the first vacuum tube AM radio transmitters, built by Lee De Forest in 1914. The early Audion (triode) tube is visible at right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/First_vacuum_tube_AM_radio_transmitter.jpg/280px-First_vacuum_tube_AM_radio_transmitter.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/First_vacuum_tube_AM_radio_transmitter.jpg/421px-First_vacuum_tube_AM_radio_transmitter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/First_vacuum_tube_AM_radio_transmitter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the first <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a> radio transmitters, built by <a href="/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee De Forest">Lee De Forest</a> in 1914. The early <a href="/wiki/Audion" title="Audion">Audion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">triode</a>) tube is visible at right.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blythe_House_Science_Museum_stores_tour_99.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the BBC's first broadcast transmitters, early 1920s, London. The 4 triode tubes, connected in parallel to form an oscillator, each produced around 4 kilowatts with 12 thousand volts on their anodes."><img alt="One of the BBC's first broadcast transmitters, early 1920s, London. The 4 triode tubes, connected in parallel to form an oscillator, each produced around 4 kilowatts with 12 thousand volts on their anodes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blythe_House_Science_Museum_stores_tour_99.JPG/338px-Blythe_House_Science_Museum_stores_tour_99.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blythe_House_Science_Museum_stores_tour_99.JPG/507px-Blythe_House_Science_Museum_stores_tour_99.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blythe_House_Science_Museum_stores_tour_99.JPG/675px-Blythe_House_Science_Museum_stores_tour_99.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the BBC's first broadcast transmitters, early 1920s, London. The 4 triode tubes, connected in parallel to form an oscillator, each produced around 4 kilowatts with 12 thousand volts on their anodes.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armstrong_prototype_FM_transmitter_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armstrong's first experimental FM broadcast transmitter W2XDG, in the Empire State Building, New York City, used for secret tests 1934–1935. It transmitted on 41 MHz at a power of 2 kW."><img alt="Armstrong's first experimental FM broadcast transmitter W2XDG, in the Empire State Building, New York City, used for secret tests 1934–1935. It transmitted on 41 MHz at a power of 2 kW." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Armstrong_prototype_FM_transmitter_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="198" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armstrong's first experimental FM broadcast transmitter W2XDG, in the <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a>, New York City, used for secret tests 1934–1935. It transmitted on 41 MHz at a power of 2 kW.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetron_radar_assembly_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transmitter assembly of a 20 kW, 9.375 GHz air traffic control radar, 1947. The magnetron tube mounted between two magnets (right) produces microwaves which pass from the aperture (left) into a waveguide which conducts them to the dish antenna."><img alt="Transmitter assembly of a 20 kW, 9.375 GHz air traffic control radar, 1947. The magnetron tube mounted between two magnets (right) produces microwaves which pass from the aperture (left) into a waveguide which conducts them to the dish antenna." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Magnetron_radar_assembly_1947.jpg/336px-Magnetron_radar_assembly_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Magnetron_radar_assembly_1947.jpg/505px-Magnetron_radar_assembly_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Magnetron_radar_assembly_1947.jpg/672px-Magnetron_radar_assembly_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Transmitter assembly of a 20 kW, 9.375 GHz <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a> <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, 1947. The <a href="/wiki/Magnetron" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetron">magnetron</a> tube mounted between two magnets <i>(right)</i> produces microwaves which pass from the aperture <i>(left)</i> into a <a href="/wiki/Waveguide_(electromagnetism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waveguide (electromagnetism)">waveguide</a> which conducts them to the dish antenna. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmitter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transmission_sites" title="List of transmission sites">List of transmission sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radios" title="List of radios">List of radios</a> – List of specific models of radios</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_transmitter_design" title="Radio transmitter design">Radio transmitter design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">Repeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmitter_station" title="Transmitter station">Transmitter station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposer" title="Transposer">Transposer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmitter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Serway-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Serway_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSerwayFaughnVuille2008" class="citation book cs1">Serway, Raymond; Faughn, Jerry; Vuille, Chris (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CX0u0mIOZ44C&q=%22electromagnetic+wave%22+charge+acceleration&pg=PA714"><i>College Physics, 8th Ed</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 714. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495386933" title="Special:BookSources/978-0495386933"><bdi>978-0495386933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=College+Physics%2C+8th+Ed.&rft.pages=714&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0495386933&rft.aulast=Serway&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Faughn%2C+Jerry&rft.au=Vuille%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCX0u0mIOZ44C%26q%3D%2522electromagnetic%2Bwave%2522%2Bcharge%2Bacceleration%26pg%3DPA714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransmitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellingson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellingson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellingson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllingson2016" class="citation book cs1">Ellingson, Steven W. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMKSDQAAQBAJ&q=%22radio+wave%22+time+varying+electric+current&pg=PA16"><i>Radio Systems Engineering</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">16–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1316785164" title="Special:BookSources/978-1316785164"><bdi>978-1316785164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+Systems+Engineering&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1316785164&rft.aulast=Ellingson&rft.aufirst=Steven+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMKSDQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522radio%2Bwave%2522%2Btime%2Bvarying%2Belectric%2Bcurrent%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransmitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balanis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balanis_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalanis2005" class="citation book cs1">Balanis, Constantine A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Antenna.Theory.Analysis.and.Design3rd.Edition"><i>Antenna theory: Analysis and Design, 3rd Ed</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Antenna.Theory.Analysis.and.Design3rd.Edition/page/n22">10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118585733" title="Special:BookSources/9781118585733"><bdi>9781118585733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antenna+theory%3A+Analysis+and+Design%2C+3rd+Ed.&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781118585733&rft.aulast=Balanis&rft.aufirst=Constantine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAntenna.Theory.Analysis.and.Design3rd.Edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransmitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HowRadioWorks-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HowRadioWorks_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrain2000" class="citation web cs1">Brain, Marshall (2000-12-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio8.htm">"How Radio Works"</a>. HowStuffWorks.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Radio+Works&rft.pub=HowStuffWorks.com&rft.date=2000-12-07&rft.aulast=Brain&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felectronics.howstuffworks.com%2Fradio8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransmitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmitter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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transmitters including change of group information, see Transmitter Planning section.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wolfbane.com/ukdtt.htm">Details of UK digital television transmitters</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" 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