CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>View source for Mac operating systems - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":true,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d5e6dd0e-f9d6-48b1-8054-f07bdbc0cf5c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Mac_operating_systems","wgTitle":"Mac operating systems","wgCurRevisionId":1258489770,"wgRevisionId":0,"wgArticleId":21347643,"wgIsArticle":false,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"edit","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Mac_operating_systems","wgRelevantArticleId":21347643,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true, "wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.charinsert.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.edit.collapsibleFooter","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.charinsert","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.charinsert.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="View source for Mac operating systems - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_operating_systems"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_operating_systems&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_operating_systems"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Mac_operating_systems rootpage-Mac_operating_systems skin-vector-2022 action-edit"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mac+operating+systems&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mac+operating+systems&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mac+operating+systems&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mac+operating+systems&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">View source for Mac operating systems</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mac_operating_systems" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_operating_systems&action=edit" title="Edit this page"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_operating_systems&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_operating_systems&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_operating_systems&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Mac_operating_systems" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Mac_operating_systems" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_operating_systems&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMac_operating_systems%26action%3Dedit"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMac_operating_systems%26action%3Dedit"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43627" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems" title="Mac operating systems">Mac operating systems</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> from <i>editing</i> Wikipedia.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">guide to appealing blocks</a> may also be helpful. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address range has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">globally blocked</a>.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|Series of Macintosh operating systems}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2019}} {{redirect|Mac OS|the now classic OS, formerly named that way|Classic Mac OS}} {{for|a list of all Apple operating systems|List of Apple operating systems}} '''Mac [[Operating system|operating systems]]''' were developed by [[Apple Inc.]] in a succession of two major series. In 1984, Apple debuted the operating system that is now known as the [[classic Mac OS]] with its release of the [[System 1|original Macintosh System Software]]. The system, rebranded Mac OS in 1997, was pre-installed on every Macintosh until 2002 and offered on [[Macintosh clone]]s shortly in the 1990s. It was noted for its ease of use, and also criticized for its lack of modern technologies compared to its competitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1138335/macat25_classicmacos.html|title=Three things OS X could learn from the Classic Mac OS|last=Gruber|first=John|author-link=John Gruber|date=January 21, 2009|work=[[Macworld]]|access-date=September 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924033143/http://www.macworld.com/article/1138335/macat25_classicmacos.html|archive-date=September 24, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MeaCulpa">{{cite web |last= Hertzfeld |first= Andy |author-link= Andy Hertzfeld |title= The Original Macintosh: Mea Culpa |url= http://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=Mea_Culpa.txt |website= [[folklore.org]] |access-date= May 10, 2010 |df= mdy-all |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100619193516/http://folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=Mea_Culpa.txt |archive-date= June 19, 2010 |url-status= live }}</ref> The current Mac operating system is [[macOS]], originally named Mac OS X until 2012 and then OS X until 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2006/03/osx-fiveyears.ars | title=Five years of Mac OS X | access-date=April 15, 2009 | publisher=[[Condé Nast Publishing|Condé Nast Digital]] | work=[[Ars Technica]] | date=March 24, 2006 | first=John | last=Siracusa | quote=Even Steve Jobs still says "ecks" instead of "ten" sometimes. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625184020/http://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2006/03/osx-fiveyears.ars | archive-date=June 25, 2009 | url-status=live }}</ref> It was developed between 1997 and 2001 after Apple's purchase of [[NeXT]]. It brought an entirely new architecture based on [[NeXTSTEP]], a [[Unix]] system, that eliminated many of the technical challenges that the classic Mac OS faced, such as problems with memory management. The current macOS is pre-installed with every Mac and receives a major update annually.<ref name="Mountain Lion Gruber Schiller">{{cite web|last=Gruber|first=John|author-link=John Gruber|title=Mountain Lion|url=https://daringfireball.net/2012/02/mountain_lion|website=[[Daring Fireball]]|access-date=August 15, 2015|df=mdy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811131321/http://daringfireball.net/2012/02/mountain_lion|archive-date=August 11, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the basis of Apple's current system software for its other devices&nbsp;– [[iOS]], [[iPadOS]], [[watchOS]], and [[tvOS]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.macworld.com/article/54769/2007/01/iphone.html |title=Apple unveils iPhone |last=Honan |first=Matthew |date=January 9, 2007 |work=[[Macworld]] |access-date=January 16, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415223141/http://www.macworld.com/article/54769/2007/01/iphone.html |archive-date=April 15, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the introduction of Mac OS X, Apple experimented with several other concepts, releasing different products designed to bring the Macintosh interface or applications to [[Unix-like]] systems or vice versa, [[A/UX]], [[Macintosh Application Environment|MAE]], and [[MkLinux]]. Apple's effort to expand upon and develop a replacement for its classic Mac OS in the 1990s led to a few cancelled projects, [[code name]]d [[Star Trek project|Star Trek]], [[Taligent]], and [[Copland (operating system)|Copland]]. Although the classic Mac OS and macOS (Mac OS X) have different architectures, they share a common set of [[graphical user interface|GUI]] principles, including a [[menu bar]] across the top of the screen; the [[Finder (software)|Finder]] [[shell (computing)|shell]], featuring a [[desktop metaphor]] that represents [[computer file|files]] and [[application software|applications]] using [[icon (computing)|icons]] and relates concepts like [[directory (computing)|directories]] and [[file deletion]] to real-world objects like [[file folder|folders]] and a [[trash (computing)|trash can]]; and overlapping [[window (computing)|windows]] for [[computer multitasking|multitasking]]. Before the arrival of the Macintosh in 1984, Apple's history of operating systems began with its [[Apple II]] computers in 1977, which run [[Apple DOS]], [[ProDOS]], and [[GS/OS]]; the [[Apple III]] in 1980 runs [[Apple SOS]]; and the [[Apple Lisa|Lisa]] in 1983 which runs [[Lisa OS]] and later [[MacWorks XL]], a Macintosh [[emulator]]. Apple developed the [[Newton OS]] for its [[Apple Newton|Newton]] [[personal digital assistant]] from 1993 to 1997. Apple launched several new operating systems based on the core of [[macOS]], including [[iOS]] in 2007 for its [[iPhone]], [[iPad]], and [[iPod Touch]] [[mobile devices]] and in 2017 for its [[HomePod]] [[smart speakers]]; [[watchOS]] in 2015 for the [[Apple Watch]]; and [[tvOS]] in 2015 for the [[Apple TV]] [[set-top box]]. ==Classic Mac OS==  {{Main|Classic Mac OS}} [[File:Mac OS 9.0.4 emulated inside of the SheepShaver emulator.png|thumb|[[Mac OS 9]] was released in 1999.]] The [[classic Mac OS]] is the original Macintosh operating system introduced in 1984 alongside the [[Macintosh 128K|first Macintosh]] and remained in primary use on Macs until [[Mac OS X]] in 2001.<ref name="appleconfidential2">{{cite book |last= Linzmayer |first= Owen W. |title= Apple Confidential 2.0 |publisher= [[No Starch Press]] |year= 2004 |url= https://www.nostarch.com/apple2.htm |access-date= October 1, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161113144250/https://www.nostarch.com/apple2.htm |archive-date= November 13, 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name=strategy_83>{{cite web |url= http://library.stanford.edu/mac/primary/docs/pip83.html |title= The Macintosh Product Introduction Plan |website= Stanford University Libraries & Academic Information Resources |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100721013724/http://library.stanford.edu/mac/primary/docs/pip83.html |archive-date= July 21, 2010 }}</ref> Apple released the [[Macintosh 128K|original Macintosh]] on January 24, 1984; its [[System 1|early system software]] is partially based on [[Lisa OS]], and inspired by the [[Xerox Alto|Alto]] computer, which former Apple CEO [[Steve Jobs]] previewed at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]].<ref name="appleconfidential2" /> It was originally named "System Software", or simply "System"; Apple rebranded it as "Mac OS" in 1996 due in part to its [[Macintosh clone]] program that ended one year later.<ref name="endofclones">{{Cite news|first=Galen|last=Gruman|title=Why Apple Pulled the Plug|magazine=[[Macworld]] |volume=14 |pages=31–36|date=November 1997|issue=11}}</ref> Classic Mac OS is characterized by its [[monolithic system|monolithic]] design. Initial versions of the System Software run one application at a time. System 5 introduced [[cooperative multitasking]]. System 7 supports [[32-bit]] [[memory address]]ing and [[virtual memory]], allowing larger programs. Later updates to the System 7 enable the transition to the [[PowerPC]] architecture. The system was considered [[Usability|user-friendly]], but its architectural limitations were critiqued, such as limited [[Classic Mac OS memory management|memory management]], lack of [[protected memory]] and [[Computer access control|access controls]], and susceptibility to conflicts among [[extension (Mac OS)|extensions]].<ref name="MeaCulpa" /> === Releases === [[File:Mac OS wordmark logo.svg|thumb|This text-only logo for [[classic Mac OS]] started with [[Mac OS 7.6]], released in 1997.]] Nine major versions of the classic Mac OS were released. The name "Classic" that now signifies the system as a whole is a reference to [[List of macOS components#Classic|a compatibility layer]] that helped ease the transition to [[macOS|Mac OS X]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lowendmac.com/2012/a-brief-history-of-the-classic-mac-os/|title=A Brief History of the Classic Mac OS|website=[[Low End Mac]]|access-date=October 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005230817/http://lowendmac.com/2012/a-brief-history-of-the-classic-mac-os/|archive-date=October 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[System 1|Macintosh System Software]] – "System 1", released in 1984 * [[Classic Mac OS#System 1, 2, 3 and 4|System Software 2, 3, and 4]] – released between 1985 and 1987 * [[Classic Mac OS#System Software 5|System Software 5]] – released in 1987 * [[System 6|System Software 6]] – released in 1988 * [[System 7|System 7 / Mac OS 7.6]] – released in 1991 * [[Mac OS 8]] – released in 1997 * [[Mac OS 9]] – final major version, released in 1999 ==Mac OS X, OS X, and macOS==  {{Main|macOS}} [[File:MacOS Big Sur Desktop.png|thumb|[[macOS Big Sur]] was released in 2020 to introduce the current design iteration of macOS.]] The system was launched as Mac OS X, renamed OS X from 2012{{mdash}}2016,<ref name=ten_not_x>{{cite web|date= July 15, 2004|title=What is an operating system (OS)?| url=http://support.apple.com/kb/TA22541?viewlocale=en_US | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722104618/http://support.apple.com/kb/TA22541?viewlocale=en_US | archive-date=July 22, 2010 | publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] | access-date=September 6, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and then renamed [[macOS]] as the current Mac operating system that officially succeeded the classic Mac OS in 2001. The system was originally marketed as simply "version 10" of Mac OS, but it has [[History of macOS|a history that is largely independent]] of the classic Mac OS. It is a [[Unix]]-based operating system<ref>{{cite web|url=https://images.apple.com/macosx/pdf/MacOSX_UNIX_TB_v2.pdf | title=Mac OS X and Unix |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] |access-date=February 5, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090530001035/http://images.apple.com/macosx/pdf/MacOSX_UNIX_TB_v2.pdf |archive-date=May 30, 2009 }}</ref><ref name=sierra_unix_cert>{{cite web |url= http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3627.htm |title= macOS version 10.12 Sierra on Intel-based Mac computers |publisher= [[The Open Group]] |access-date= September 29, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161002105135/http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3627.htm |archive-date= October 2, 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> built on [[NeXTSTEP]] and other [[NeXT]] technology from the late 1980s until early 1997, when Apple purchased the company and its CEO [[Steve Jobs]] returned to Apple.<ref name="apple-acquisition">{{cite web |title= Apple Computer, Inc. Agrees to Acquire NeXT Software Inc. |url= http://product.info.apple.com/pr/press.releases/1997/q1/961220.pr.rel.next.html |publisher=[[Apple Computer]] |date= December 20, 1996 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/19990116225648/http://product.info.apple.com/pr/press.releases/1997/q1/961220.pr.rel.next.html |archive-date= January 16, 1999 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref> Precursors to Mac OS X include [[OPENSTEP]], Apple's [[Rhapsody (operating system)|Rhapsody]] project, and the [[Mac OS X Public Beta]]. macOS is based on Apple's [[Open-source software|open source]] [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin operating system]], which is based on the [[XNU]] kernel and [[BSD]].<ref name="OS X also makes use of the BSD code">{{cite web|title=Mac OS X: What is BSD?|url=http://support.apple.com/kb/TA25633|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|access-date=October 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219084258/http://support.apple.com/kb/TA25633|archive-date=February 19, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> macOS is the basis for some of Apple's other operating systems, including [[iPhone OS]]/[[iOS]], [[iPadOS]], [[watchOS]], [[tvOS]], and [[Apple Vision Pro|visionOS]]. ===Releases=== [[File:MacosxlogoX1.png|thumb|The "X" logo for [[Mac OS X]] versions [[Mac OS X 10.0|10.0 "Cheetah"]] and [[Mac OS X 10.1|10.1 "Puma"]], released in 2001]] ====Desktop==== The first version of the system was released on March 24, 2001, supporting the [[Aqua user interface]]. Since then, several more versions adding newer features and technologies have been released. Since 2011, new releases have been offered annually.<ref name="Mountain Lion Gruber Schiller" /> * [[Mac OS X 10.0]] – codenamed "Cheetah", released Saturday, March 24, 2001 * [[Mac OS X 10.1]] – codenamed "Puma", released Tuesday, September 25, 2001 * [[Mac OS X Jaguar]] – version 10.2, released Friday, August 23, 2002 * [[Mac OS X Panther]] – version 10.3, released Friday, October 24, 2003 * [[Mac OS X Tiger]] – version 10.4, released Friday, April 29, 2005 * [[Mac OS X Leopard]] – version 10.5, released Friday, October 26, 2007 * [[Mac OS X Snow Leopard]] – version 10.6, publicly unveiled on Monday, June 8, 2009 * [[Mac OS X Lion]] – version 10.7, released Wednesday, July 20, 2011 * [[OS X Mountain Lion]] – version 10.8, released Wednesday, July 25, 2012 * [[OS X Mavericks]] – version 10.9, released Tuesday, October 22, 2013 * [[OS X Yosemite]] – version 10.10, released Thursday, October 16, 2014 * [[OS X El Capitan]] – version 10.11, released Wednesday, September 30, 2015 * [[macOS Sierra]] – version 10.12, released Tuesday, September 20, 2016 * [[macOS High Sierra]] – version 10.13, released Monday, September 25, 2017 * [[macOS Mojave]] – version 10.14, released Monday, September 24, 2018 * [[macOS Catalina]] – version 10.15, released Monday, October 7, 2019 * [[macOS Big Sur]] – version 11, released Thursday, November 12, 2020 * [[macOS Monterey]] – version 12, released Monday, October 25, 2021 * [[macOS Ventura]] – version 13, released Monday, October 24, 2022 * [[macOS Sonoma]] - version 14, released Tuesday, September 26, 2023 * [[macOS Sequoia]] - version 15, released Monday, September 16, 2024 macOS 10.16's version number was updated to 11.0 in the third beta. The third beta version of macOS Big Sur is 11.0 Beta 3 instead of 10.16 Beta 3. ====Server==== An early [[server computing]] version of the system was released in 1999 as a technology preview. It was followed by several more official server-based releases. Server functionality has instead been offered as an add-on for the desktop system since 2011.<ref>{{cite press release |url= https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2011/02/24Apple-Releases-Developer-Preview-of-Mac-OS-X-Lion/ |title= Apple Releases Developer Preview of Mac OS X Lion |publisher= [[Apple Inc.]] |date= February 24, 2011 |access-date= October 13, 2019 |archive-date= October 13, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191013185856/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2011/02/24Apple-Releases-Developer-Preview-of-Mac-OS-X-Lion/ |url-status= live }}</ref> * [[Mac OS X Server 1.0]] – code named "Hera", released in 1999 * [[Mac OS X Server]] – later called "OS X Server" and "macOS Server", released between 2001 and 2022. ==Other projects==  === Shipped === ====A/ROSE==== {{Main|A/ROSE}} The [[A/ROSE|Apple Real-time Operating System Environment]] (A/ROSE) is a small [[embedded operating system]] which runs on the Macintosh Coprocessor Platform, an [[expansion card]] for the Macintosh. It is a single "overdesigned" hardware platform on which third-party vendors build practically any product, reducing the otherwise heavy workload of developing a [[NuBus]]-based [[expansion card]]. The first version of the system was ready for use in February 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_04/coprocessor.html |title=Inside the Macintosh Coprocessor Platform and A/ROSE |access-date=October 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015082158/http://www.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_04/coprocessor.html |archive-date=October 15, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> ====A/UX==== {{Main|A/UX}} In 1988, Apple released its first [[UNIX]]-based OS, [[A/UX]], which is a UNIX operating system with the Mac OS [[look and feel]]. It was not very competitive for its time, due in part to the crowded UNIX market and Macintosh hardware lacking high-end design features present on [[workstation]]-class computers. Most of its sales was to the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]], where MacOS lacks [[POSIX]] compliance.<ref name="InfoWorld August 1992">{{cite news |title=Apple finally gets Unix right with A/UX 3.0 |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] |date=August 10, 1992 |first=Don |last=Crabb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ElEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68 |pages=68–69 |df=mdy-all |access-date=October 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801194024/https://books.google.com/books?id=ElEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68 |archive-date=August 1, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> ====MAE==== {{Main|Macintosh Application Environment}} The [[Macintosh Application Environment]] (MAE) is a software package introduced by Apple in 1994 that allows certain [[Unix]]-based computer workstations to run Macintosh applications. MAE uses the [[X Window System]] to emulate a [[Macintosh Finder]]-style graphical user interface. The last version, MAE 3.0, is compatible with [[System 7.5.3]]. MAE was published for [[Sun Microsystems]] [[SPARCstation]] and [[Hewlett-Packard]] systems. It was discontinued on May 14, 1998.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.aux-penelope.com/mae/index.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140124200012/http://www.aux-penelope.com/mae/index.htm | archive-date=January 24, 2014 | url-status=dead | title=MAE screenshots | access-date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> ====MkLinux==== {{Main| MkLinux}} Announced at the 1996 [[Worldwide Developers Conference]] (WWDC), [[MkLinux]] is an [[open-source software|open source]] operating system that was started by the [[OSF Research Institute]] and Apple in February 1996 to port [[Linux]] to the [[PowerPC]] platform, and thus Macintosh computers. In mid 1998, the community-led MkLinux Developers Association took over development of the operating system. MkLinux is short for "Microkernel Linux", which refers to its adaptation of the monolithic [[Linux kernel]] to run as a server hosted atop the [[Mach (kernel)|Mach microkernel]] version 3.0.<ref name="LinuxonOSFMach3">{{cite web | title=Linux on the OSF Mach3 microkernel | url= http://bat8.inria.fr/~lang/hotlist/free/licence/fsf96/mklinux.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120211081545/http://bat8.inria.fr/~lang/hotlist/free/licence/fsf96/mklinux.html | url-status=live | archive-date=February 11, 2012 | access-date=April 4, 2013 | first1=François | last1=Barbou des Places | first2=Nick | last2=Stephen | first3=Franklin D. | last3=Reynolds | publisher=[[OSF Research Institute]] | location=Grenoble and Cambridge | date=January 12, 1996 }}</ref> ===Cancelled projects=== ====Star Trek==== {{Main|Star Trek project}} The [[Star Trek project]] (as in "to boldly go where no Mac has gone before") was a secret prototype beginning in 1992, to port the classic Mac OS to [[Intel]]-compatible [[x86]] personal computers. In partnership with Apple and with support from Intel, the project was instigated by [[Novell]], which was looking to integrate its [[DR-DOS]] with the Mac OS GUI as a mutual response to the monopoly of [[Microsoft]]'s [[Windows 3.0]] and MS-DOS. A team consisting of four from Apple and four from Novell was got the [[Macintosh Finder]] and some basic applications such as [[QuickTime]], running smoothly. The project was canceled one year later in early 1993, but was partially reused when porting the Mac OS to [[PowerPC]].<ref name="Star Trek LEM">{{cite web | website=[[Low End Mac]] | url=http://lowendmac.com/2014/star-trek-apples-first-mac-os-on-intel-project/ | last=Hormby | first=Tom | date=2005 | title=Star Trek: Apple's First Mac OS on Intel Project | access-date=November 10, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102004608/http://lowendmac.com/2014/star-trek-apples-first-mac-os-on-intel-project/ | archive-date=November 2, 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AppleConfidential">{{cite book |title=Apple Confidential |url=https://archive.org/details/appleconfidentia00linz |last=Linzmayer |first=Owen W. |location=San Francisco, CA |publisher=[[No Starch Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=9781886411289 |oclc=245921029 |access-date=May 29, 2017 |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920220241/https://archive.org/details/appleconfidentia00linz |archive-date=September 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Taligent==== {{Main| Taligent}} [[Taligent]] (a [[portmanteau]] of "talent" and "intelligent") is an [[object-oriented operating system]] and the company producing it. Started as the Pink project within Apple to provide a replacement for the [[classic Mac OS]], it was later spun off into a joint venture with [[IBM]] as part of the [[AIM alliance]], with the purpose of building a competing platform to [[Microsoft Cairo]] and [[NeXTSTEP]]. The development process never worked, and has been cited as an example of a [[death march (project management)|project death march]]. Apple pulled out of the project in 1995 before the code had been delivered.<ref name="surrender">"[https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/10/03/microsoft_pink/ Apple surrenders the Pink (to Microsoft)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810135433/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/10/03/microsoft_pink/ |date=August 10, 2017 }}", ''[[The Register]]'', October 3, 2008.</ref> ====Copland==== {{Main|Copland (operating system)}} [[Copland (operating system)|Copland]] was a project at Apple to create an updated version of the [[classic Mac OS]]. It was to have introduced [[memory protection|protected memory]], [[preemptive multitasking]], and new underlying operating system features, yet still be compatible with existing Mac software. They originally planned the follow-up release Gershwin to add [[multithreading (computer architecture)|multithreading]] and other advanced features. New features were added more rapidly than they could be completed, and the completion date slipped into the future with no sign of a release. In 1996, Apple canceled the project outright and sought a suitable third-party replacement. Copland development ended in August 1996, and in December 1996, Apple announced that it was buying [[NeXT]] for its [[NeXTSTEP]] operating system.<ref name="PCWorld Project Failures">{{cite web |url= http://www.pcworld.com/article/152103/it_project_failures.html |title= Lessons Learned: IT's Biggest Project Failures |work= [[PCWorld]] |last= Widman |first= Jake |date= October 9, 2008 |access-date= October 23, 2012 |df= mdy-all |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121105191809/http://www.pcworld.com/article/152103/it_project_failures.html |archive-date= November 5, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref> ==Timeline== {{Timeline of Macintosh operating systems|headerextension==1}} ==See also== * [[Comparison of operating systems]] * [[History of the graphical user interface]] * [[Mac (computer)|Mac]] * [[List of Mac software]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *{{Commons category-inline|Macintosh operating systems}} {{Apple Inc. operating systems|}} {{Mac OS}} {{macOS}} {{Darwin derivations}} {{Apple software}} {{Apple}} {{Operating system}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Macintosh operating systems| ]] [[Category:Apple Inc. software]] [[Category:History of software]] [[Category:Lists of operating systems]] [[Category:Macintosh operating systems development]] [[Category:Operating system families]] [[Category:Software version histories]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS">Mac OS</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Apple">Template:Apple</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Apple&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Apple">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_Inc." title="Template:Apple Inc.">Template:Apple Inc.</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Apple_Inc.&action=edit" title="Template:Apple Inc.">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_Inc._operating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Apple Inc. operating systems">Template:Apple Inc. operating systems</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Apple_Inc._operating_systems&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Apple Inc. operating systems">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_operating_systems" title="Template:Apple operating systems">Template:Apple operating systems</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Apple_operating_systems&action=edit" title="Template:Apple operating systems">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_software" title="Template:Apple software">Template:Apple software</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Apple_software&action=edit" title="Template:Apple software">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" title="Template:Authority control">Template:Authority control</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit" title="Template:Authority control">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Category-inline" title="Template:Category-inline">Template:Category-inline</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Category-inline&action=edit" title="Template:Category-inline">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Template:Cite book</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit" title="Template:Cite book">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">Template:Cite news</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit" title="Template:Cite news">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">Template:Cite press release</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_press_release&action=edit" title="Template:Cite press release">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Template:Cite web</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit" title="Template:Cite web">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Classic_Mac_OS" title="Template:Classic Mac OS">Template:Classic Mac OS</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit" title="Template:Classic Mac OS">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Commons_category-inline" title="Template:Commons category-inline">Template:Commons category-inline</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Commons_category-inline&action=edit" title="Template:Commons category-inline">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:DMCA" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:DMCA">Template:DMCA</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:DMCA&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:DMCA">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Darwin_derivations" title="Template:Darwin derivations">Template:Darwin derivations</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Darwin_derivations&action=edit" title="Template:Darwin derivations">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dated_maintenance_category" title="Template:Dated maintenance category">Template:Dated maintenance category</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dated_maintenance_category&action=edit" title="Template:Dated maintenance category">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dated_maintenance_category_(articles)" title="Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)">Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dated_maintenance_category_(articles)&action=edit" title="Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Em_dash" title="Template:Em dash">Template:Em dash</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Em_dash&action=edit" title="Template:Em dash">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME" title="Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME">Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME&action=edit" title="Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:For" title="Template:For">Template:For</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:For&action=edit" title="Template:For">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hlist/styles.css" title="Template:Hlist/styles.css">Template:Hlist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Hlist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Hlist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Icon" title="Template:Icon">Template:Icon</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Icon&action=edit" title="Template:Icon">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:If_empty" title="Template:If empty">Template:If empty</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:If_empty&action=edit" title="Template:If empty">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:MacOS" title="Template:MacOS">Template:MacOS</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:MacOS&action=edit" title="Template:MacOS">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mac_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Mac OS">Template:Mac OS</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Mac_OS&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Mac OS">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Main" title="Template:Main">Template:Main</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Main&action=edit" title="Template:Main">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Main_other" title="Template:Main other">Template:Main other</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_other&action=edit" title="Template:Main other">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mdash" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Mdash">Template:Mdash</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Mdash&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Mdash">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbar" title="Template:Navbar">Template:Navbar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Navbar&action=edit" title="Template:Navbar">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox" title="Template:Navbox">Template:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Navbox&action=edit" title="Template:Navbox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ns_has_subpages" title="Template:Ns has subpages">Template:Ns has subpages</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ns_has_subpages&action=edit" title="Template:Ns has subpages">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Operating system">Template:Operating system</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Operating_system&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Operating system">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Operating_systems" title="Template:Operating systems">Template:Operating systems</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Operating_systems&action=edit" title="Template:Operating systems">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pagetype" title="Template:Pagetype">Template:Pagetype</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Pagetype&action=edit" title="Template:Pagetype">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Redirect" title="Template:Redirect">Template:Redirect</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Redirect&action=edit" title="Template:Redirect">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Template:Reflist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit" title="Template:Reflist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist/styles.css" title="Template:Reflist/styles.css">Template:Reflist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reflist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Reflist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:SDcat" title="Template:SDcat">Template:SDcat</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:SDcat&action=edit" title="Template:SDcat">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Short_description" title="Template:Short description">Template:Short description</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit" title="Template:Short description">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck" title="Template:Short description/lowercasecheck">Template:Short description/lowercasecheck</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck&action=edit" title="Template:Short description/lowercasecheck">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sister-inline" title="Template:Sister-inline">Template:Sister-inline</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sister-inline&action=edit" title="Template:Sister-inline">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_Mac_operating_systems" title="Template:Timeline of Mac operating systems">Template:Timeline of Mac operating systems</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Timeline_of_Mac_operating_systems&action=edit" title="Template:Timeline of Mac operating systems">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_Macintosh_operating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Timeline of Macintosh operating systems">Template:Timeline of Macintosh operating systems</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Timeline_of_Macintosh_operating_systems&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Timeline of Macintosh operating systems">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tooltip" title="Template:Tooltip">Template:Tooltip</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tooltip&action=edit" title="Template:Tooltip">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tooltip/styles.css" title="Template:Tooltip/styles.css">Template:Tooltip/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tooltip/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Tooltip/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Use_mdy_dates" title="Template:Use mdy dates">Template:Use mdy dates</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Use_mdy_dates&action=edit" title="Template:Use mdy dates">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Webarchive" title="Template:Webarchive">Template:Webarchive</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Webarchive&action=edit" title="Template:Webarchive">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yesno" title="Template:Yesno">Template:Yesno</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Yesno&action=edit" title="Template:Yesno">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yesno-no" title="Template:Yesno-no">Template:Yesno-no</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Yesno-no&action=edit" title="Template:Yesno-no">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yesno-yes" title="Template:Yesno-yes">Template:Yesno-yes</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Yesno-yes&action=edit" title="Template:Yesno-yes">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Arguments" title="Module:Arguments">Module:Arguments</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Arguments&action=edit" title="Module:Arguments">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Authority_control" title="Module:Authority control">Module:Authority control</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Authority_control&action=edit" title="Module:Authority control">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Authority_control/config" title="Module:Authority control/config">Module:Authority control/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Authority_control/config&action=edit" title="Module:Authority control/config">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">Module:Check for unknown parameters</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters&action=edit" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1" title="Module:Citation/CS1">Module:Citation/CS1</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/COinS" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">Module:Citation/CS1/COinS</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/COinS&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Commons_link" title="Module:Commons link">Module:Commons link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Commons_link&action=edit" title="Module:Commons link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Disambiguation/templates" title="Module:Disambiguation/templates">Module:Disambiguation/templates</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Disambiguation/templates&action=edit" title="Module:Disambiguation/templates">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:EditAtWikidata" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">Module:EditAtWikidata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:EditAtWikidata&action=edit" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:For" title="Module:For">Module:For</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:For&action=edit" title="Module:For">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Format_link" title="Module:Format link">Module:Format link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Format_link&action=edit" title="Module:Format link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote" title="Module:Hatnote">Module:Hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote/styles.css" title="Module:Hatnote/styles.css">Module:Hatnote/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote_list" title="Module:Hatnote list">Module:Hatnote list</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote_list&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote list">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Icon" title="Module:Icon">Module:Icon</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Icon&action=edit" title="Module:Icon">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Icon/data" title="Module:Icon/data">Module:Icon/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Icon/data&action=edit" title="Module:Icon/data">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:If_empty" title="Module:If empty">Module:If empty</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:If_empty&action=edit" title="Module:If empty">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Labelled_list_hatnote" title="Module:Labelled list hatnote">Module:Labelled list hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Labelled_list_hatnote&action=edit" title="Module:Labelled list hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar" title="Module:Navbar">Module:Navbar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/configuration" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">Module:Navbar/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/styles.css" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">Module:Navbar/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox" title="Module:Navbox">Module:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox/configuration" title="Module:Navbox/configuration">Module:Navbox/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox/configuration">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox/styles.css" title="Module:Navbox/styles.css">Module:Navbox/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Ns_has_subpages" title="Module:Ns has subpages">Module:Ns has subpages</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Ns_has_subpages&action=edit" title="Module:Ns has subpages">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype" title="Module:Pagetype">Module:Pagetype</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/config" title="Module:Pagetype/config">Module:Pagetype/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/config&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/disambiguation" class="mw-redirect" title="Module:Pagetype/disambiguation">Module:Pagetype/disambiguation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/disambiguation&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Module:Pagetype/disambiguation">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/rfd" title="Module:Pagetype/rfd">Module:Pagetype/rfd</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/rfd&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/rfd">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/setindex" title="Module:Pagetype/setindex">Module:Pagetype/setindex</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/setindex&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/setindex">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/softredirect" title="Module:Pagetype/softredirect">Module:Pagetype/softredirect</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/softredirect&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/softredirect">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Redirect_hatnote" title="Module:Redirect hatnote">Module:Redirect hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Redirect_hatnote&action=edit" title="Module:Redirect hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:SDcat" title="Module:SDcat">Module:SDcat</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:SDcat&action=edit" title="Module:SDcat">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:String" title="Module:String">Module:String</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:String&action=edit" title="Module:String">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:TableTools" title="Module:TableTools">Module:TableTools</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:TableTools&action=edit" title="Module:TableTools">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Unsubst" title="Module:Unsubst">Module:Unsubst</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Unsubst&action=edit" title="Module:Unsubst">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Webarchive" title="Module:Webarchive">Module:Webarchive</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Webarchive&action=edit" title="Module:Webarchive">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Webarchive/data" title="Module:Webarchive/data">Module:Webarchive/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Webarchive/data&action=edit" title="Module:Webarchive/data">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Wikitext_Parsing" title="Module:Wikitext Parsing">Module:Wikitext Parsing</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikitext_Parsing&action=edit" title="Module:Wikitext Parsing">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Yesno" title="Module:Yesno">Module:Yesno</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Yesno&action=edit" title="Module:Yesno">view source</a>) (protected)</li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems" title="Mac operating systems">Mac operating systems</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_operating_systems">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_operating_systems</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mac_operating_systems&action=edit&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-847495b4dd-hcndl","wgBackendResponseTime":293,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.050","walltime":"0.066","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 45.747 1 -total"," 99.86% 45.684 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 40.33% 18.449 2 Template:Replace"," 38.32% 17.530 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 34.97% 15.997 1 Template:Hidden"," 14.68% 6.715 1 Template:Tlx"," 14.60% 6.678 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 4.68% 2.143 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 2.14% 0.979 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 1.91% 0.875 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.010","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043332,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-847495b4dd-hcndl","timestamp":"20241128141056","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>