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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_states_and_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>First states and cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_states_and_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le-Mro_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le-Mro_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Le-Mro Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le-Mro_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Kingdom of Mrauk U</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burmese_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burmese_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Burmese conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burmese_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>British Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burmese_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burmese_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Burmese independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burmese_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arakan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আরাকান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আরাকান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аракан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аракан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آراکان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آراکان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arakan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="आरकान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आरकान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ອາຄານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອາຄານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اراکان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اراکان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrac%C3%A3o" title="Arracão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arracão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="அரகான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரகான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q40632742#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical Kingdom in Eastern Coast of Bay of Bengal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical region of Arakan. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Arakan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Arakan (disambiguation)">Arakan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Arakan as a region. For history of the Rakhine, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rakhine" title="History of Rakhine">History of Rakhine</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Arakan</div><div class="ib-country-names">ရက္ခိုင်</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_des_Royaume_de_Siam,_de_tunquin,_Pegu,_Ava,_Aracan_%26c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arakan at it's Zenith times in history"><img alt="Arakan at it's Zenith times in history" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Carte_des_Royaume_de_Siam%2C_de_tunquin%2C_Pegu%2C_Ava%2C_Aracan_%26c.jpg/250px-Carte_des_Royaume_de_Siam%2C_de_tunquin%2C_Pegu%2C_Ava%2C_Aracan_%26c.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Carte_des_Royaume_de_Siam%2C_de_tunquin%2C_Pegu%2C_Ava%2C_Aracan_%26c.jpg/500px-Carte_des_Royaume_de_Siam%2C_de_tunquin%2C_Pegu%2C_Ava%2C_Aracan_%26c.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2585" data-file-height="2438" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Arakan at it's Zenith times in history</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dhanyawadi" title="Dhanyawadi">Dhanyawadi Kingdom</a> (4th/6th century)<br /><a href="/wiki/Waithali" title="Waithali">Waithali Kingdom</a> (8th century-10th century) <br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemro_Period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemro Period (page does not exist)">Lemro Period</a> (11th century)<br /> Vassal of <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> (15th-16th century)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Mrauk_U_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrauk U Kingdom">Mrauk U Kingdom</a> (15th century-18th century)<br />Part of <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Konbaung Dynasty">Konbaung Dynasty</a> (18th century)<br /> Part of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a> (1942-1945) <br /> Part of <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British Burma</a> (19th century)<br /> Province of <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (1948–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dhanyawadi" title="Dhanyawadi">Dhanyawadi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Waithali" title="Waithali">Waithali</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pyinsa" title="Pyinsa">Pyinsa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Parein" title="Parein">Parein</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nareinzara_Toungoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nareinzara Toungoo (page does not exist)">Nareinzara Toungoo</a> <br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khreit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khreit (page does not exist)">Khreit</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Launggyet" title="Launggyet">Launggyet</a> (1251–1429<br /><a href="/wiki/Mrauk-U" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrauk-U">Mrauk-U</a> (1430–1785)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sittwe" title="Sittwe">Sittwe</a> (19th century-present)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rakhine_language" title="Rakhine language">Rakhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Arakan</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ær/: 'arr' in 'marry'">ær</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is the <a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">historical geographical</a> name of <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (formerly Burma). The region was called Arakan for centuries until the Burmese military junta changed its name in 1989. The people of the region were known as <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_people" title="Rakhine people">Arakanese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scroll.in_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scroll.in-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arakan's first states can be traced to the 4th century. Arakan was one of the first <a href="/wiki/Indianized_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianized kingdoms">Indianized kingdoms</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. It was home to the sacred <a href="/wiki/Mahamuni_Buddha_Temple" title="Mahamuni Buddha Temple">Mahamuni sculpture of Buddha</a>, which was later transferred to <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a> by Burmese conquerors in the 18th century. For 356 years between 1428 and 1784, Arakan was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Kingdom of Mrauk U</a> from the city of <a href="/wiki/Mrauk_U" title="Mrauk U">Mrauk U</a>. The kingdom was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>. It later asserted its independence from Bengal and adopted the customs of the Bengal Sultanate, including Muslim titles (nicknames) for its kings. All of the Kingdoms of Arakan were ruled by Buddhist kings; therefore, Buddhism was considered the state religion. Minorities including Muslims and Hindus were also present in the region. It was also home to Hindus and Christians. The Portuguese were active in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arakan_in_Early_17th_Century_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Arakan_in_Early_17th_Century_AD.jpg/204px-Arakan_in_Early_17th_Century_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Arakan_in_Early_17th_Century_AD.jpg/306px-Arakan_in_Early_17th_Century_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Arakan_in_Early_17th_Century_AD.jpg/408px-Arakan_in_Early_17th_Century_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1405" /></a><figcaption>Arakan in Early 17th Century AD</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Arakan_Division" title="Arakan Division">Arakan Division</a> was a part of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> and later fell under <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British rule in Burma</a>. Arakan was a major <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> exporter in the world during the 19th and early 20th centuries. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, several Arakan Campaigns were conducted by <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a> against the Japanese as part of the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a>. After Burma became independent in 1948, Arakan saw a movement for autonomy. Human rights deteriorated in the country after the <a href="/wiki/1962_Burmese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1962 Burmese coup d'état">1962 Burmese coup d'état</a>. In 1974, a discriminatory citizenship law was enacted. In 1982, most Arakanese Muslims were stripped of citizenship. A segregated system of citizenship was introduced by Burma's military rulers. Both Arakanese Buddhists and Muslims experienced growing nationalism, including hopes for self-rule. After Burma's controversial citizenship law in 1974, the Buddhists became known as <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_people" title="Rakhine people">Rakhines</a> and Muslims became known as <a href="/wiki/Rohingya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingya">Rohingya</a>. The region was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> in 2016 and 2017. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arakan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Purves_Phayre" title="Arthur Purves Phayre">Arthur Purves Phayre</a>, a report by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> in November 1882 included a paper by one Colonel Yule who discussed the oldest records of a sea route to China from the Middle East. Yule identified Arakan with the country of "Argyre" which means The Land of Silver or Silverland mentioned by the Greco-Roman geographer <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arakan_is_known_as_Argyre_(Silverland)_in_Greeko_Egyptian_Geographer_Claudius_Ptolemy%27s_Maps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arakan_is_known_as_Argyre_%28Silverland%29_in_Greeko_Egyptian_Geographer_Claudius_Ptolemy%27s_Maps.jpg/250px-Arakan_is_known_as_Argyre_%28Silverland%29_in_Greeko_Egyptian_Geographer_Claudius_Ptolemy%27s_Maps.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="422" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arakan_is_known_as_Argyre_%28Silverland%29_in_Greeko_Egyptian_Geographer_Claudius_Ptolemy%27s_Maps.jpg/330px-Arakan_is_known_as_Argyre_%28Silverland%29_in_Greeko_Egyptian_Geographer_Claudius_Ptolemy%27s_Maps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arakan_is_known_as_Argyre_%28Silverland%29_in_Greeko_Egyptian_Geographer_Claudius_Ptolemy%27s_Maps.jpg/500px-Arakan_is_known_as_Argyre_%28Silverland%29_in_Greeko_Egyptian_Geographer_Claudius_Ptolemy%27s_Maps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>In 2nd Century AD, Arakan was known as Silverland (Argyre) according to Claudius Ptolemy's Map</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg/205px-Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg/308px-Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg/410px-Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8073" data-file-height="5813" /></a><figcaption>Ptolemy's World Atlas</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Aananda Candra Inscription inscripted in 8th Century CE, Arakan Region was mention as Arakkhadesha by Ananda Candra King.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 15th Century CE, <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_de%27_Conti" title="Niccolò de' Conti">Niccolò de' Conti</a> , a Venetian merchant and explorer mentioned Arakan as Rachani in his book the travels of Nicolo di Conti (c. A.D. 1396-1469) as recorded c. A.D. 1445 by <a href="/wiki/Poggio_Bracciolini" title="Poggio Bracciolini">Poggio Bracciolini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> records spelled the name as <i>Arracao</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Danvers1988_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danvers1988-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was spelled as <i>Araccan</i> in many old European maps and publications.<sup id="cite_ref-BankesBlake1800_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BankesBlake1800-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area constituted <a href="/wiki/Arakan_Division" title="Arakan Division">Arakan Division</a> under <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British rule in Burma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Siok-Hwa2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siok-Hwa2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name “Arakan” was in use until 1989 when the military government of Burma changed the name to Rakhine State.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arakan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naf_River_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Naf_River_2.JPG/250px-Naf_River_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Naf_River_2.JPG/330px-Naf_River_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Naf_River_2.JPG/500px-Naf_River_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Arakan_Mountains" title="Arakan Mountains">Arakan Mountains</a> seen from <a href="/wiki/Maungdaw_District" title="Maungdaw District">Maungdaw District</a> by the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Naf_River" title="Naf River">Naf River</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Arakan is a coastal geographic region in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Burma">Lower Burma</a>. It comprises a long narrow strip of land along the eastern seaboard of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> and stretches from the <a href="/wiki/Naf_River" title="Naf River">Naf River</a> estuary on the border of the Chittagong Hills area (in Bangladesh) in the north to the Gwa River in the south. The Arakan region is about 400 miles (640 km) long from north to south and is about 90 miles (145 km) wide at its broadest. The <a href="/wiki/Arakan_Mountains" title="Arakan Mountains">Arakan Mountains</a> (also called Arakan Yoma), a range that forms the eastern boundary of the region, isolates Arakan from the rest of Burma. The coast has several sizable offshore islands, including <a href="/wiki/Cheduba_Island" title="Cheduba Island">Cheduba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramree_Island" title="Ramree Island">Ramree</a>. </p><p>The region's principal rivers are the Nāf estuary and the <a href="/wiki/Mayu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayu River">Mayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaladan_River" title="Kaladan River">Kaladan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lemro_River" title="Lemro River">Lemro</a> rivers. One-tenth of Arakan's generally hilly land is cultivated. <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> is the dominant crop in the delta areas, where most of the population is concentrated. Other crops include fruits, chilies, dha and tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main towns are coastal and include <a href="/wiki/Sittwe" title="Sittwe">Sittwe</a> (Akyab), <a href="/wiki/Sandoway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandoway">Sandoway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyaukpyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyaukpyu">Kyaukpyu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taungup" title="Taungup">Taungup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arakan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rakhine" title="History of Rakhine">History of Rakhine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arakan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_200ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Asia_200ad.jpg/220px-Asia_200ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Asia_200ad.jpg/330px-Asia_200ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Asia_200ad.jpg/440px-Asia_200ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1910" data-file-height="1209" /></a><figcaption>A map showing Arakan as a neighbor to the kingdoms of the Ganges delta in 200 CE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_400ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_400ad.jpg/220px-Asia_400ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_400ad.jpg/330px-Asia_400ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_400ad.jpg/440px-Asia_400ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption>A map showing Arakan as a neighbor to the Indian <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> in 400 CE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengale_Tir%C3%A9_de_%22Oud_en_nieuw_Oost-Indien%22_par_Fran%C3%A7ois_Valentyn_(1724-26).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bengale_Tir%C3%A9_de_%22Oud_en_nieuw_Oost-Indien%22_par_Fran%C3%A7ois_Valentyn_%281724-26%29.jpg/220px-Bengale_Tir%C3%A9_de_%22Oud_en_nieuw_Oost-Indien%22_par_Fran%C3%A7ois_Valentyn_%281724-26%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bengale_Tir%C3%A9_de_%22Oud_en_nieuw_Oost-Indien%22_par_Fran%C3%A7ois_Valentyn_%281724-26%29.jpg/330px-Bengale_Tir%C3%A9_de_%22Oud_en_nieuw_Oost-Indien%22_par_Fran%C3%A7ois_Valentyn_%281724-26%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bengale_Tir%C3%A9_de_%22Oud_en_nieuw_Oost-Indien%22_par_Fran%C3%A7ois_Valentyn_%281724-26%29.jpg/440px-Bengale_Tir%C3%A9_de_%22Oud_en_nieuw_Oost-Indien%22_par_Fran%C3%A7ois_Valentyn_%281724-26%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3150" data-file-height="1873" /></a><figcaption>"Arracan" shown on an old Dutch map</figcaption></figure> <p>Arakan has been recognized “as one among other Burmese kingdoms competing for the control of power in Lower Burma”.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cities of <a href="/wiki/Bago,_Myanmar" title="Bago, Myanmar">Bago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan">Bagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inwa" title="Inwa">Inwa</a> were the centres of political power in Burma proper. In contrast, independent Arakanese states were based in the capital cities of <a href="/wiki/Dhanyawadi" title="Dhanyawadi">Dhanyawadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waithali" title="Waithali">Vesali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Launggyet" title="Launggyet">Laungyet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mrauk_U" title="Mrauk U">Mrauk-U</a>. The ruins of these cities are located in northern Arakan in proximity to the borderland of Bengal. </p><p>It is unclear who the earliest inhabitants were; some historians believe the earliest settlers included the Burmese <a href="/wiki/Mro_people_(Awa_Khami)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mro people (Awa Khami)">Mro</a> tribe but there is a lack of evidence and no clear tradition of their origin or written records of their history.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arakanese traditional history holds that Arakan was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_people" title="Rakhine people">Rakhine</a> since 3000 BCE, but there is no archaeological evidence to support the claim.<sup id="cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TopichLeitich-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> According to British historian <a href="/wiki/D._G._E._Hall" title="D. G. E. Hall">Daniel George Edward Hall</a>, who wrote extensively on the history of Burma, "The Burmese do not seem to have settled in Arakan until possibly as late as the tenth century AD. Hence earlier dynasties are thought to have been Indian, ruling over a population similar to that of Bengal. All the capitals known to history have been in the north near modern Akyab".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arakan came under strong Indic influence from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, particularly the ancient kingdoms of the Ganges delta. Arakan was one of the first regions in Southeast Asia to adopt <a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic religions</a>. It became one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Indianized_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianized kingdoms">Indianized kingdoms</a> in Southeast Asia. <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> missionaries from the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a> traveled through Arakan to other parts of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Academy2003_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academy2003-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wheatley_(geographer)" title="Paul Wheatley (geographer)">Paul Wheatley</a> chronicled the "Indianization" of Arakan.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Gutman" title="Pamela Gutman">Pamela Gutman</a>, "Arakan was ruled by kings who adopted Indian titles and traditions to suit their own environment. Indian Brahmins conducted royal ceremonies, Buddhist monks spread their teachings, traders came and went and artists and architects used Indian models for inspiration. In the later period, there was also influence from the Islamic courts of Bengal and Delhi".<sup id="cite_ref-Burma's_Lost_Kingdoms_2001_p._8_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burma's_Lost_Kingdoms_2001_p._8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gutman writes that “the maintenance of a state appropriate to kingship required the ministrations of increasing numbers of craftsmen and artisans, the most skilled of whom were often accommodated within the royal compound. It required the labour of a peasantry who contributed the surplus produce of their fields as a kind of tax in kind for the support of the court, and a band of armed retainers who acted as household guards, organised the peasantry as militia and enforced the authority of the ruler. Material defences – walls and moats protecting the palace and the city – were constructed and the city-state, the nagara, evolved. These transformations saw the tribal chieftain replaced by a divine king, shaman by brahmin priest, tribesman as cultivators by peasants, tribesmen as warriors by an army, and favoured the development of occupational specialisation. They were reflected in the conversion of the chief’s hut into a palace, the spirit house into a temple, the object of the spirit cult into the palladium of the state, and the boundary spirits which previously had protected the village into Indianized Lokapalas presiding over cardinal directions. This process can clearly be traced in Arakan, which received Indian culture by land from Bengal and by sea from other parts of India”.<sup id="cite_ref-Burma's_Lost_Kingdoms_2001_p._8_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burma's_Lost_Kingdoms_2001_p._8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_states_and_cities">First states and cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arakan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First states and cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Waithali_Kingdom" title="Waithali Kingdom">Waithali Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanyawadi" title="Dhanyawadi">Dhanyawadi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chandra_dynasty" title="Chandra dynasty">Chandra dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Lower_Bengal_and_Chittagong_with_Arakan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Eastern_Lower_Bengal_and_Chittagong_with_Arakan.jpg/220px-Eastern_Lower_Bengal_and_Chittagong_with_Arakan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Eastern_Lower_Bengal_and_Chittagong_with_Arakan.jpg/330px-Eastern_Lower_Bengal_and_Chittagong_with_Arakan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Eastern_Lower_Bengal_and_Chittagong_with_Arakan.jpg/440px-Eastern_Lower_Bengal_and_Chittagong_with_Arakan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3509" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>Bengal and Arakan in 1638</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the evidence of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> inscriptions found in the region, historians believe the founders of the first Arakanese state were Indian.<sup id="cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TopichLeitich-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> The first Arakanese state flourished in <a href="/wiki/Dhanyawadi" title="Dhanyawadi">Dhanyawadi</a> between the 4th and 6th centuries. The city was the center of a large trade network linked to India, China and Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TopichLeitich-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> Power then shifted to the city of <a href="/wiki/Waithali" title="Waithali">Waithali</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Candra_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Candra dynasty">Candra dynasty</a> ruled. Waithali became a wealthy trading port.<sup id="cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TopichLeitich-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> The Candra-ruled <a href="/wiki/Harikela" title="Harikela">Harikela</a> state was known as the Kingdom of Ruhmi to the Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence points to the use of the ancient Bengali script in Arakan.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anandacandra inscription recorded the reign of the Candra dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since in the 8th century, Arab merchants began conducting missionary activities in southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Amrith2013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amrith2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers have speculated that Muslims used <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> in the region to travel to India and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A southern branch of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> connected India, Burma and China since the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-Stockwell2002_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stockwell2002-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gan2009_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gan2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear whether the <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_people" title="Rakhine people">Rakhine people</a> were one of the tribes of the Burmese <a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu city-states</a> because the people in those states at the time spoke a <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a> language while Arakan (Rakhine) speakers are from the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> language family. They began migrating to Arakan through the Arakan Mountains in the 9th century. The Rakhines settled in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Lemro_River" title="Lemro River">Lemro River</a>. Their cities included Sambawak I, <a href="/wiki/Pyinsa" title="Pyinsa">Pyinsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parein" title="Parein">Parein</a>, Hkrit, Sambawak II, <a href="/wiki/Myohaung" class="mw-redirect" title="Myohaung">Myohaung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taungoo" title="Taungoo">Toungoo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Launggyet" title="Launggyet">Launggret</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TopichLeitich-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18–20">: 18–20 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Le-Mro_Period">Le-Mro Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arakan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Le-Mro Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Waithali_Kingdom" title="Waithali Kingdom">Waithali Kingdom</a> around 818 CE, the political center of Arakan shifted to the Lemro Valley. Four principal cities known as <a href="/wiki/Pyinsa" title="Pyinsa">Pyinsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parein" title="Parein">Parein</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hkrit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hkrit (page does not exist)">Hkrit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Launggyet" title="Launggyet">Launggyet</a> served as successive capitals.<sup id="cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TopichLeitich-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lemro period was an era in Arakanese history that lasted from the 9th to the 15th centuries CE. It is defined by the establishment of several successive capitals along the Lemro River, known collectively as "Lemro," which translates to "four cities" in the Rakhine language.<sup id="cite_ref-TopichLeitich3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TopichLeitich3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laungget_Ancient_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Laungget_Ancient_City.jpg/220px-Laungget_Ancient_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Laungget_Ancient_City.jpg/330px-Laungget_Ancient_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Laungget_Ancient_City.jpg/440px-Laungget_Ancient_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>Historical ruins of the ancient Launggyet city.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Launggyet_Dynasty" title="Launggyet Dynasty">Launggyet Dynasty</a> (1251–1429) later marked the final phase of the Lemro period in Arakan's history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U">Kingdom of Mrauk U</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arakan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Mrauk U"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Kingdom of Mrauk U</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_de_Mrauk-U,_ou_Arrakan_(cidade_de_Arrac%C3%A3o)_no_primeiro_plano_o_bairro_portugu%C3%AAs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vista_de_Mrauk-U%2C_ou_Arrakan_%28cidade_de_Arrac%C3%A3o%29_no_primeiro_plano_o_bairro_portugu%C3%AAs.jpg/220px-Vista_de_Mrauk-U%2C_ou_Arrakan_%28cidade_de_Arrac%C3%A3o%29_no_primeiro_plano_o_bairro_portugu%C3%AAs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vista_de_Mrauk-U%2C_ou_Arrakan_%28cidade_de_Arrac%C3%A3o%29_no_primeiro_plano_o_bairro_portugu%C3%AAs.jpg/330px-Vista_de_Mrauk-U%2C_ou_Arrakan_%28cidade_de_Arrac%C3%A3o%29_no_primeiro_plano_o_bairro_portugu%C3%AAs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vista_de_Mrauk-U%2C_ou_Arrakan_%28cidade_de_Arrac%C3%A3o%29_no_primeiro_plano_o_bairro_portugu%C3%AAs.jpg/440px-Vista_de_Mrauk-U%2C_ou_Arrakan_%28cidade_de_Arrac%C3%A3o%29_no_primeiro_plano_o_bairro_portugu%C3%AAs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="1214" /></a><figcaption>In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Mrauk_U" title="Mrauk U">Mrauk U</a> was home to a diverse population including Buddhists, Muslims, Christians and Hindus; from Arakan, Burma proper, Bengal, North India, Northeast India, the Middle East and Europe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_of_The_Golden_Palace_ABhaya_MahaRaza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lord_of_The_Golden_Palace_ABhaya_MahaRaza.jpg/250px-Lord_of_The_Golden_Palace_ABhaya_MahaRaza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lord_of_The_Golden_Palace_ABhaya_MahaRaza.jpg/330px-Lord_of_The_Golden_Palace_ABhaya_MahaRaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lord_of_The_Golden_Palace_ABhaya_MahaRaza.jpg/500px-Lord_of_The_Golden_Palace_ABhaya_MahaRaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Coin which was stamped by Arakanese King <a href="/wiki/Apaya" title="Apaya">Apaya Maha Raza</a> at the year of Arakanese Era 1136 (AD 1774)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrauk_U_Kingdom_Peak_(1603).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mrauk_U_Kingdom_Peak_%281603%29.svg/210px-Mrauk_U_Kingdom_Peak_%281603%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mrauk_U_Kingdom_Peak_%281603%29.svg/315px-Mrauk_U_Kingdom_Peak_%281603%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mrauk_U_Kingdom_Peak_%281603%29.svg/420px-Mrauk_U_Kingdom_Peak_%281603%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>Map of Mrauk U Kingdom in 1603</figcaption></figure> <p>Arakan was a kingdom under siege in the 14th and 15th centuries. Mon invaders from Lower Burma conquered southern Arakan, including <a href="/wiki/Sandoway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandoway">Sandoway</a>. In 1404, Burmese forces from Upper Burma conquered Laungyet. The ruler of Laungyet fled to the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> during the Burmese invasion. According to <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Leider" title="Jacques Leider">Jacques Leider</a>, Min Saw Mun fled to Bengal in 1406 and returned to Arakan in 1428. Min Saw Mun arrived in Bengal for self-imposed exile during the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah">Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah</a> (1389–1410) and left for Arakan during the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah</a> (1415–1432).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An academic consensus prevails that Min Saw Mun returned to Arakan, regained the throne and shifted the capital from Laungyet to <a href="/wiki/Mrauk-U" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrauk-U">Mrauk-U</a> (erstwhile Mrohaung). The establishment of the capital at Mrauk-U heralded the most significant period in the history of Arakan. A new cosmopolitan kingdom emerged. In Arakanese traditional history, the restoration of the throne is glorified. </p><p>Bengali literary texts and coinage are among the chief primary sources to detail the history of Arakan during the Mrauk-U period. Min Saw Mun regained control of the throne with military assistance from the Bengal Sultanate. Arakan emerged as a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohammad_Ali_Chowdhury_2004_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohammad_Ali_Chowdhury_2004-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burhanuddin became the first Muslim defense minister of Arakan. </p><p>Evidence points to an alliance between Bengal and Arakan to restore Min Saw Mun to the throne. The most significant evidence is that all post-restoration Arakanese rulers adopted Muslim titles in addition to native titles. This indicates a relationship with the Islamic court of Bengal. Restoring the throne of a neighbouring kingdom was not unprecedented for Bengal. The throne of Tripura was also restored by the Bengal Sultanate. Arakanese traditional history states that Arakan was a tributary state of the Bengal Sultanate for a certain period.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohammad_Ali_Chowdhury_2004_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohammad_Ali_Chowdhury_2004-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kings of Arakan adopted both Buddhist and Muslim titles after the restoration. In the accounts of foreign travelers like Fray Sebastian Manrique and Bengali members of the Arakanese court, the kings are referred with their Muslim titles. But the kings did not convert to Islam and remained Buddhists. It appears that Arakan’s kings were following ancient footsteps by imitating royal customs from the subcontinent. Arakan not only integrated Hindu-Buddhist rituals from the subcontinent; but it also integrated the influence of Islamic India, particularly the Bengal Sultanate. Between 1430 and 1638, a total of 16 kings are recorded to have used Muslim titles (nicknames).<sup id="cite_ref-BA_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In conclusion, the Arakan State has always been predominantly Buddhist, with the majority known today as the Rakhine people. Although all the kings of Arakan had Muslim titles (nicknames), none of them adopted the religion; they remained as Buddhists. </p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Min_Htee_of_Arakan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King Min Hti of Arakan"><img alt="King Min Hti of Arakan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/King_Min_Htee_of_Arakan.jpg/120px-King_Min_Htee_of_Arakan.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/King_Min_Htee_of_Arakan.jpg/250px-King_Min_Htee_of_Arakan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1619" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">King <a href="/wiki/Min_Hti" class="mw-redirect" title="Min Hti">Min Hti</a> of Arakan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Min_Ban_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King Min Bin Statue"><img alt="King Min Bin Statue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/King_Min_Ban_Statue.jpg/80px-King_Min_Ban_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/King_Min_Ban_Statue.jpg/120px-King_Min_Ban_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/King_Min_Ban_Statue.jpg/160px-King_Min_Ban_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">King <a href="/wiki/Min_Bin" title="Min Bin">Min Bin</a> Statue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Sanda_Thudhamma_Raza_of_Arakan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King Sanda Thudhamma of Arakan."><img alt="King Sanda Thudhamma of Arakan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_Sanda_Thudhamma_Raza_of_Arakan.jpg/83px-King_Sanda_Thudhamma_Raza_of_Arakan.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_Sanda_Thudhamma_Raza_of_Arakan.jpg/124px-King_Sanda_Thudhamma_Raza_of_Arakan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_Sanda_Thudhamma_Raza_of_Arakan.jpg/165px-King_Sanda_Thudhamma_Raza_of_Arakan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="1142" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">King <a href="/wiki/Sanda_Thudhamma" title="Sanda Thudhamma">Sanda Thudhamma</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Arakan</a>. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Maha_Thammada_Raza.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maha Thammada, the last king of Arakan"><img alt="Maha Thammada, the last king of Arakan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/King_Maha_Thammada_Raza.jpg/120px-King_Maha_Thammada_Raza.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/King_Maha_Thammada_Raza.jpg/180px-King_Maha_Thammada_Raza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/King_Maha_Thammada_Raza.jpg/240px-King_Maha_Thammada_Raza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="689" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maha_Thammada_of_Mrauk-U" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha Thammada of Mrauk-U">Maha Thammada</a>, the last king of Arakan</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1768_Map_of_Chittagong,_Tripura,_and_Mrauk-U_Kingdom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/1768_Map_of_Chittagong%2C_Tripura%2C_and_Mrauk-U_Kingdom.png/220px-1768_Map_of_Chittagong%2C_Tripura%2C_and_Mrauk-U_Kingdom.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="587" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/1768_Map_of_Chittagong%2C_Tripura%2C_and_Mrauk-U_Kingdom.png/330px-1768_Map_of_Chittagong%2C_Tripura%2C_and_Mrauk-U_Kingdom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/1768_Map_of_Chittagong%2C_Tripura%2C_and_Mrauk-U_Kingdom.png/440px-1768_Map_of_Chittagong%2C_Tripura%2C_and_Mrauk-U_Kingdom.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Mrauk U Kingdom</a> in the 18th century</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>List of the Kings of Arakan with Muslim titles (1430–1638)<sup id="cite_ref-BA_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Native name</th> <th>Muslim title</th> <th>Reign </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Min_Saw_Mon" title="Min Saw Mon">Min Saw Mon</a></td> <td>Suleiman Shah</td> <td>1430–1434 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.</td> <td>Min Khari</td> <td>Ali Shah I</td> <td>1434–1459 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.</td> <td>Basawpyu</td> <td>Kalima Shah</td> <td>1459–1482 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.</td> <td>Min Dawlya</td> <td>Maw Ku Shah</td> <td>1482–1492 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5.</td> <td>Basawnyo</td> <td>Muhammad Shah</td> <td>1492–1494 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6.</td> <td>Ranaung</td> <td>Nuri Shah</td> <td>1494 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7.</td> <td>Salingatha</td> <td>Sheikh Abdullah Shah</td> <td>1494–1501 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8.</td> <td>Min Raza</td> <td>Ilyas Shah</td> <td>1501–1513 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9.</td> <td>Min Saw O</td> <td>Zala Shah</td> <td>1515 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10.</td> <td>Thazata</td> <td>Ali Shah II</td> <td>1515–1521 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.</td> <td>Kasabadi</td> <td>Jali Shah</td> <td>1523–1525 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12.</td> <td>Min Bin</td> <td>Zabauk Shah</td> <td>1531–1553 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.</td> <td>Min Palaung</td> <td>Sikandar Shah I</td> <td>1571–1593 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14.</td> <td>Min Raza Gyi</td> <td>Salim Shah</td> <td>1593–1612 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15.</td> <td>Min Khamaung</td> <td>Hussain Shah</td> <td>1612–1622 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16.</td> <td>Thiri Thudamma Raja</td> <td>Sikandar Shah II</td> <td>1622–1638 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Arakan became home to a growing Muslim community. They included Muslim traders from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a> network and <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> missionaries who established themselves along the coasts of Arakan. More Muslims were found among the thousands of inhabitants of Bengal who were forcibly deported to Arakan. They included artists, craftsmen, soldiers, and highly educated people who were employed by the royal court.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> was the backbone of the Arakanese economy. Leider explains that “Arakan was sadly famed as the main provider of slaves in the Bay of Bengal” unlike Bengal's trade in <a href="/wiki/Muslin_trade_in_Bengal" title="Muslin trade in Bengal">muslin</a>, silk, shipbuilding, and saltpeter.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arakanese_Galleass_at_Ichamatic_River_near_Pipli,_West_Bengal_was_in_Battlefields_Ready_Position_against_Moguls_Cavalry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Arakanese_Galleass_at_Ichamatic_River_near_Pipli%2C_West_Bengal_was_in_Battlefields_Ready_Position_against_Moguls_Cavalry.jpg/220px-Arakanese_Galleass_at_Ichamatic_River_near_Pipli%2C_West_Bengal_was_in_Battlefields_Ready_Position_against_Moguls_Cavalry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Arakanese_Galleass_at_Ichamatic_River_near_Pipli%2C_West_Bengal_was_in_Battlefields_Ready_Position_against_Moguls_Cavalry.jpg/330px-Arakanese_Galleass_at_Ichamatic_River_near_Pipli%2C_West_Bengal_was_in_Battlefields_Ready_Position_against_Moguls_Cavalry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Arakanese_Galleass_at_Ichamatic_River_near_Pipli%2C_West_Bengal_was_in_Battlefields_Ready_Position_against_Moguls_Cavalry.jpg/440px-Arakanese_Galleass_at_Ichamatic_River_near_Pipli%2C_West_Bengal_was_in_Battlefields_Ready_Position_against_Moguls_Cavalry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2039" data-file-height="2663" /></a><figcaption>Arakanese Galleass at Ichamatic River near Pipli, West Bengal was in Battlefields Ready Position against Moguls Cavalry.</figcaption></figure> <p>The kings imported labour, bureaucrats and artisans by raiding Lower Burma and southeast Bengal. They provided the craftsmen, guards, and artists at the palace; the rowers for the fleet, or the farmers on the royal lands. Some became ministers in the royal court. The heavy presence of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a> was documented by Arakanese and European records. The Mons were deported after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Pegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegu">Pegu</a>; they formed a group which could still be identified until the end of the eighteenth century. Afghan soldiers fleeing the Mughal advance and Portuguese traders and adventurers settled in Arakan. They accepted appointments in the army. The hill chiefs of northern and southern Arakan provided troops who were ethnic Thet, Mrung, Chin, or from other small minority groups. The elite were ethnically and culturally diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rakhine_mrauk_u_kingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rakhine_mrauk_u_kingdom.jpg/220px-Rakhine_mrauk_u_kingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rakhine_mrauk_u_kingdom.jpg/330px-Rakhine_mrauk_u_kingdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rakhine_mrauk_u_kingdom.jpg/440px-Rakhine_mrauk_u_kingdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Extent of the Mrauk-U Kingdom at its probable peak during the mid-16th century</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Min_Khayi" title="Min Khayi">Min Khayi</a> (Ali Khan) was the first to challenge Bengali hegemony. <a href="/wiki/Ba_Saw_Phyu" title="Ba Saw Phyu">Ba Saw Phyu</a> (Kalima Shah) defeated Bengal Sultan <a href="/wiki/Rukunuddin_Barbak_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rukunuddin Barbak Shah">Rukunuddin Barbak Shah</a> in 1459. <a href="/wiki/Min_Bin" title="Min Bin">Min Bin</a> (Zabuk Shah) conquered <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>. Taking advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>'s invasion campaign of Bengal, the Arakan navy and <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirates</a> dominated a coastline of 1000 miles, spanning from the <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a> to <a href="/wiki/Moulmein" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulmein">Moulmein</a>. The kingdom's coastline was frequented by Arab, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_East_India_Company" title="Danish East India Company">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> traders. Control of the <a href="/wiki/Kaladan_River" title="Kaladan River">Kaladan River</a> and Lemro River valleys led to increased <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a>, making Mrauk U prosperous. The reigns of Min Phalaung (Sikender Shah), Min Rajagiri (Salim Shah I) and grandson Min Khamaung (Hussein Shah) strengthened the wealth and power of Mrauk U.<sup id="cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TopichLeitich-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20–21">: 20–21 </span></sup> Arakan colluded in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Portuguese settlement in Chittagong</a>. After conquering the port city of <a href="/wiki/Syriam" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriam">Syriam</a> in the early 1600s, Arakan appointed the Portuguese mercenary Philip De Brito e Nicota as the governor of Syriam. But Nicota later transferred Syriam to the authority of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TopichLeitich-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after independence from the Sultans of Bengal, the Arakanese kings continued the custom of maintaining Muslim titles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYegar200223–24_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYegar200223–24-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They compared themselves to <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultans</a> and fashioned themselves after <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> rulers. They also continued to employ Indians and Muslims from Bengal in prestigious positions within the royal administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYegar200224_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYegar200224-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court adopted Indian and Islamic fashions from neighbouring Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYegar200224_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYegar200224-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAye_Chan2005398_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAye_Chan2005398-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mrauk U hosted <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries">libraries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TopichLeitich-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alaol" title="Alaol">Syed Alaol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daulat_Qazi" title="Daulat Qazi">Daulat Qazi</a> were prominent poets of Arakan.<sup id="cite_ref-OrsiniSchofield2015_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrsiniSchofield2015-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Santikan Mosque was built in Mrauk U.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandel_of_Road_which_lead_to_Capital_of_Arakan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bandel_of_Road_which_lead_to_Capital_of_Arakan.png/220px-Bandel_of_Road_which_lead_to_Capital_of_Arakan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bandel_of_Road_which_lead_to_Capital_of_Arakan.png/330px-Bandel_of_Road_which_lead_to_Capital_of_Arakan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bandel_of_Road_which_lead_to_Capital_of_Arakan.png/440px-Bandel_of_Road_which_lead_to_Capital_of_Arakan.png 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>Boungdet Harbour and Trading Post of Arakan (Mrauk-U) in 17th Century</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1660, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shuja_(Mughal_prince)" title="Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)">Shah Shuja</a>, the brother of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Aurangzeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Aurangzeb">Emperor Aurangzeb</a> and a claimant of the <a href="/wiki/Peacock_Throne" title="Peacock Throne">Peacock Throne</a>, received asylum in Mrauk U. Members of Shuja's entourage were recruited in the Arakanese army and court. They were kingmakers in Arakan until the Burmese conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-Osman2017_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osman2017-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arakan suffered a major defeat to the forces of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Chittagong" title="Mughal conquest of Chittagong">Battle of Chittagong</a> in 1666, when Mrauk U lost control of southeast Bengal. The Mrauk U dynasty's reign continued until the 18th century. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Ruins of Mrauk U</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haridaung-Mrauk_U-Aussicht-12-Pagoden_im_Dunst-gje.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skyline of Mrauk U"><img alt="Skyline of Mrauk U" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Haridaung-Mrauk_U-Aussicht-12-Pagoden_im_Dunst-gje.jpg/500px-Haridaung-Mrauk_U-Aussicht-12-Pagoden_im_Dunst-gje.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Haridaung-Mrauk_U-Aussicht-12-Pagoden_im_Dunst-gje.jpg/960px-Haridaung-Mrauk_U-Aussicht-12-Pagoden_im_Dunst-gje.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skyline of Mrauk U</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Couloir-Koe-Thaung.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Koe-Thaung Gateway"><img alt="Koe-Thaung Gateway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Couloir-Koe-Thaung.jpg/179px-Couloir-Koe-Thaung.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Couloir-Koe-Thaung.jpg/268px-Couloir-Koe-Thaung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Couloir-Koe-Thaung.jpg/358px-Couloir-Koe-Thaung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Koe-Thaung Gateway</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andaw-Mrauk_U-14-Ratanabon-gje.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ratanabon"><img alt="Ratanabon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Andaw-Mrauk_U-14-Ratanabon-gje.jpg/405px-Andaw-Mrauk_U-14-Ratanabon-gje.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Andaw-Mrauk_U-14-Ratanabon-gje.jpg/608px-Andaw-Mrauk_U-14-Ratanabon-gje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Andaw-Mrauk_U-14-Ratanabon-gje.jpg/810px-Andaw-Mrauk_U-14-Ratanabon-gje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ratanabon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 253.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratanabon_Paya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pagodas in Mrauk U"><img alt="Pagodas in Mrauk U" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ratanabon_Paya.jpg/500px-Ratanabon_Paya.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ratanabon_Paya.jpg/960px-Ratanabon_Paya.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pagodas in Mrauk U</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burmese_conquest">Burmese conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arakan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Burmese conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_Dynasty_conquest_of_Arakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Konbaung Dynasty conquest of Arakan">Konbaung Dynasty conquest of Arakan</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:458px;max-width:458px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Konbaung_1767_Map_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Konbaung_1767_Map_2.png/225px-Konbaung_1767_Map_2.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Konbaung_1767_Map_2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="377" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Arakan and the Burmese Empire in 1767</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Konbaung_dynasty.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Konbaung_dynasty.png/250px-Konbaung_dynasty.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Konbaung_dynasty.png 1.5x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="377" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The Burmese Empire in 1824 covering Arakan</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Konbaung Dynasty">Konbaung Dynasty</a> conquered Arakan in 1784. Mrauk U was devastated during the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TopichLeitich-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> The Burmese Empire executed thousands of men and deported a considerable portion of people from the Arakanese population to central Burma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAye_Chan2005399_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAye_Chan2005399-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The independence of Arakan ended in 1784 when Burmese forces conquered Mrauk-U. The Arakanese royal court was deported to central Burma. The religious relics of the kingdom, including the sacred <a href="/wiki/Mahamuni_Buddha_Temple" title="Mahamuni Buddha Temple">Mahamuni sculpture of Buddha</a>, were seized and transferred to <a href="/wiki/Amarapura" title="Amarapura">Amarapura</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mandalay_District" title="Mandalay District">Mandalay</a>. </p><p>Rakhine rebellions were suppressed. Many Rakhine Buddhists fled by sea to the <a href="/wiki/Barisal" title="Barisal">Barisal</a> region of Bengal, where their descendants continue to live today.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also likely that Arakanese Muslims became dispersed across Burma and Bengal as either deportees or refugees due to the conflict. Arakan experienced a demographic vacuum as a result of the Burmese conquest. There were several uprisings against Burmese rule, including a rebellion by Chin Bya in 1811.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uprisings caused recurrent Burmese raids into British India, which led to the First Anglo-Burmese War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Empire">British Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arakan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: British Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arakan_Division" title="Arakan Division">Arakan Division</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_attack_in_Burma_1824.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/British_attack_in_Burma_1824.png/220px-British_attack_in_Burma_1824.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/British_attack_in_Burma_1824.png/330px-British_attack_in_Burma_1824.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/British_attack_in_Burma_1824.png/440px-British_attack_in_Burma_1824.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northeast-India-in-1855-Colton-map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Northeast-India-in-1855-Colton-map.jpg/220px-Northeast-India-in-1855-Colton-map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Northeast-India-in-1855-Colton-map.jpg/330px-Northeast-India-in-1855-Colton-map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Northeast-India-in-1855-Colton-map.jpg/440px-Northeast-India-in-1855-Colton-map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>Arakan was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> after the British conquest in 1829</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arakan_Division_1931.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Arakan_Division_1931.png/220px-Arakan_Division_1931.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Arakan_Division_1931.png/330px-Arakan_Division_1931.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Arakan_Division_1931.png/440px-Arakan_Division_1931.png 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption>British <a href="/wiki/Arakan_Division" title="Arakan Division">Arakan Division</a> in 1931</figcaption></figure> <p>The Burmese Empire ceded Arakan to the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> in the 1826 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Yandabo" title="Treaty of Yandabo">Treaty of Yandabo</a>. Arakan became one of the <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_British_India" title="Divisions of British India">divisions of British India</a>. Initially governed as part of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>, it received many settlers from neighboring <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Division" title="Chittagong Division">Chittagong Division</a>. The settlers became influential in commerce, agriculture and shipping. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Natives_of_Arrakan_sell_slaves_to_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_(1663).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Natives_of_Arrakan_sell_slaves_to_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_%281663%29.jpg/220px-Natives_of_Arrakan_sell_slaves_to_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_%281663%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Natives_of_Arrakan_sell_slaves_to_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_%281663%29.jpg/330px-Natives_of_Arrakan_sell_slaves_to_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_%281663%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Natives_of_Arrakan_sell_slaves_to_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_%281663%29.jpg/440px-Natives_of_Arrakan_sell_slaves_to_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_%281663%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>Natives of <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Arakan</a> selling slaves to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, c.1663 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>During British rule, Arakan Division was one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> exporters in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartwig1863_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwig1863-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arakan was the pioneer of the rice industry in British Burma. The emergence of Burma as a global rice exporter in the 20th century can be traced to Arakan. As one of the earliest regions to be conquered by the British, Arakan saw the removal of export restrictions imposed by the Burmese Empire. Rice was exproted to Bengal and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akyab (now Sittwe), the divisional capital of Arakan, was located in proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Division" title="Chittagong Division">Chittagong Division</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">British Bengal</a>. In 1840, Akyab exported 74,500 tons of rice valued at an estimated 1.2 million rupees. In 1855, Akyab exported 162,000 tons of rice valued at an estimated 3 million rupees. The growth in rice exports was driven by the expansion of farmland – by clearing out jungles and cultivating paddy fields. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_of_Mrauk_U_under_British_occupation_in_1834.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Illustration_of_Mrauk_U_under_British_occupation_in_1834.jpg/220px-Illustration_of_Mrauk_U_under_British_occupation_in_1834.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Illustration_of_Mrauk_U_under_British_occupation_in_1834.jpg/330px-Illustration_of_Mrauk_U_under_British_occupation_in_1834.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Illustration_of_Mrauk_U_under_British_occupation_in_1834.jpg/440px-Illustration_of_Mrauk_U_under_British_occupation_in_1834.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>A very nice illustration of Mrauk U under British occupation in 1834. We are looking from the east, where the Pioneers (an engineer group) were camped. The walled palace at this time was still occupied by buildings.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Annual Average Exports of Rice from Burma to Europe<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Period</th> <th>In Thousands of Tons </th></tr> <tr> <td>1865 to 1870</td> <td>308 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1871 to 1875</td> <td>484 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1876 to 1880</td> <td>557 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1881 to 1885</td> <td>707 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1886 to 1890</td> <td>657 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Agriculturalists from <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> played an important role in the development of the rice economy in Arakan. When the British took control of Arakan, the borderland with Bengal was filled with dense vegetation. British objectives in Arakan centred on stimulating the rice economy. Transforming forests and barren land into paddy fields offered the potential of generating revenue by taxing rice farmers. The colonial economy in South and Southeast Asia depended on the taxation of farmers. Arakan neighboured the densely populated province of Bengal where demand for rice was high. Rice was a staple food of Bengal and demand for rice surged during periods of food shortages and famine. Arakan met this demand and profited from the rice trade. Akyab had shipping links with the ports of Bengal, including <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, Chittagong, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Narayanganj" title="Port of Narayanganj">Narayanganj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goalundo_Ghat" title="Goalundo Ghat">Goalundo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Dhaka" title="Port of Dhaka">Dacca</a>. By the 20th century, Akyab enjoyed shipping links with Europe, Malaya, China, Ceylon and the Dutch East Indies. Arakanese rice was being exported to many parts of the world. The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> disrupted the rice supply chain from the southern states of the United States of America. European traders and millers looked for an alternative location for rice imports. British Burma, with its expanding and low cost rice production, provided a lucrative alternative to the United States. The arrival of leading European banking and shipping companies in Burma propelled the rice trade into the single most important cash crop sector of the Burmese economy. In 1864, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> imported an estimated 1000 tons of rice from Burma.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> lowered the cost of shipping from Burma. European firms began to set up rice mills in Burma itself. Indian and Chinese merchants proliferated Burma’s ports. The rice economy supported the development of infrastructure, public services and other sectors of commerce. Rice from Lower Burma and Arakan became the backbone of the Burmese economy. </p><p>In 1869, Muslims constituted 12.24% of the population in Arakan. In 1931, they constituted 25.56%. In the divisional capital Akyab, the share of the Muslim population increased from 20.67% in 1869 to 38.41% in 1931. The British administration considered Chittagonian migration from Bengal as a key factor in the growth of the Muslim population. The colonial government encouraged Chittagonian migration as part of its policy to expand the rice economy in Arakan. The northern part of Arakan received the largest influx of settlers. The township of Naaf (now Maungdaw), which bordered Chittagong Division, became an extension of farmlands in <a href="/wiki/Cox%E2%80%99s_Bazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cox’s Bazar">Cox’s Bazar</a>. The Naaf economy was essentially integrated with the greater Chittagong economy. Between the 1870s and 1880s, the Naaf experienced a surge in population growth due to immigration. Settlers included not only Muslims and Hindus from Chittagong; but also returning Buddhist refugees who were displaced by earlier wars. Muslims formed the overwhelming majority of settlers. This was complemented by the transformation of waste lands into rice fields. Settlers constituted 70% of Naaf’s population, owned 79% of cultivated land and held 84% of tax-paying landed property.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonial census reports in 1921 and 1931 described Arakanese Muslims with various terms, including “Arakan Mahomedans”, “Chittagonian Mahomedans born in Burma”, “Chittagonian Mahomedans born outside of Burma”, “Bengali Mahomedans born in Burma”, “Bengali Mahomedans born outside of Burma”, “Indian Muslims” and “Indo-Burmans”.<sup id="cite_ref-scroll.in_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scroll.in-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, Arakan became part of <a href="/wiki/Burma_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Province">Burma Province</a>, which was separated from India into a distinct <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colony</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arakan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arakan_Campaign_1942%E2%80%9343" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakan Campaign 1942–43">Arakan Campaign 1942–43</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3rd_Commando_Brigade_coming_ashore_in_The_Third_Arakan_campaign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/3rd_Commando_Brigade_coming_ashore_in_The_Third_Arakan_campaign.jpg/220px-3rd_Commando_Brigade_coming_ashore_in_The_Third_Arakan_campaign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/3rd_Commando_Brigade_coming_ashore_in_The_Third_Arakan_campaign.jpg/330px-3rd_Commando_Brigade_coming_ashore_in_The_Third_Arakan_campaign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/3rd_Commando_Brigade_coming_ashore_in_The_Third_Arakan_campaign.jpg/440px-3rd_Commando_Brigade_coming_ashore_in_The_Third_Arakan_campaign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a> crossing a river during the Third Arakan Campaign in 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Arakan endured the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Japanese occupation of Burma</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Burma_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma National Army">Burma National Army</a> and the pro-British <a href="/wiki/V_Force" title="V Force">V Force</a> were active in the region. Sectarian tensions flared during the <a href="/wiki/Arakan_massacres_in_1942" title="Arakan massacres in 1942">Arakan massacres in 1942</a>. Japanese rule ended with the successful <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a> by <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a>. </p><p>The division's seaport and capital Akyab were dominated by <a href="/wiki/Arakanese_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakanese Indians">Arakanese Indians</a> who were aligned with the British, which caused tension with <a href="/wiki/Arakanese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakanese people">Arakanese Burmese</a>, many of whom were aligned with the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-BaylyHarper2005_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaylyHarper2005-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both groups were represented as natives in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Burma" title="Legislative Council of Burma">Legislative Council of Burma</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislature of Burma">Legislature of Burma</a>. In the 1940s, Arakanese Muslims appealed to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> to incorporate the townships of the Mayu River valley into the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYegar197210_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYegar197210-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burmese_independence">Burmese independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arakan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Burmese independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mayu_Frontier_District" title="Mayu Frontier District">Mayu Frontier District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State</a></div> <p>Arakan became one of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Burma">Union of Burma</a>'s divisions after independence from British rule. Burma was a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> until the <a href="/wiki/1962_Burmese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1962 Burmese coup d'état">1962 Burmese coup d'état</a>. The northern part of Arakan was governed by the central government in <a href="/wiki/Rangoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a> in the early 1960s. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Mayu_Frontier_District" title="Mayu Frontier District">Mayu Frontier District</a>, it covered townships near the border with <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>. </p><p>In 1982, the Burmese <a href="/wiki/Junta_(governing_body)" title="Junta (governing body)">junta</a> enacted the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese nationality law">Burmese nationality law</a> which did not recognize Arakanese Indians as one of Burma's ethnic groups, thereby stripping them of their citizenship. In 1989, the Burmese government altered the country's name from Burma to Myanmar. In the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/State_Peace_and_Development_Council" title="State Peace and Development Council">State Peace and Development Council</a> changed the name of Arakan State to <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State</a>. The province was renamed after the <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_people" title="Rakhine people">Rakhine ethnic group</a>. However, the new name is not accepted as legitimate by many in both the Rakhine and <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a> communities, instead preferring the historical term Arakan. </p><p>Rakhine-led groups like the <a href="/wiki/Arakan_Liberation_Army" title="Arakan Liberation Army">Arakan Liberation Army</a> have sought independence for the region. Other groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Arakan_Rohingya_National_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakan Rohingya National Organization">Arakan Rohingya National Organization</a>, have demanded <a href="/wiki/Autonomism_(political_doctrine)" title="Autonomism (political doctrine)">autonomy</a>. The region witnessed military crackdowns during <a href="/wiki/Operation_King_Dragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation King Dragon">Operation King Dragon</a> in 1978; in 1991 and 1992 after the <a href="/wiki/8888_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="8888 uprising">8888 uprising</a> and <a href="/wiki/1990_Burmese_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Burmese general election">1990 Burmese general election</a>; the <a href="/wiki/2012_Rakhine_State_riots" title="2012 Rakhine State riots">2012 Rakhine State riots</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2015_Rohingya_refugee_crisis" title="2015 Rohingya refugee crisis">2015 Rohingya refugee crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_persecution_in_Myanmar_(2016-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingya persecution in Myanmar (2016-present)">Rohingya persecution in Myanmar (2016-present)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arakan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State#Demographics" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State § Demographics</a></div> <p>The people of Arakan have historically been called the Arakanese.<sup id="cite_ref-scroll.in_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scroll.in-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population predominantly consists of <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-Burman">Tibeto-Burmans</a> Rakhine Buddhists and significant population of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a> Rohingya Muslims. Tibeto-Burman Arakanese speak the <a href="/wiki/Arakanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakanese language">Arakanese language</a>, also known as <i>Rakhine</i> which is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>. The Indo-Aryan Arakanese (Rohingya) speaks the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya language</a> which is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian language</a>. Other languages spoken by smaller communities in Rakhine state include the Tibeto-Burman people of <a href="/wiki/Chak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chak language">Chak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asho_Chin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Asho Chin language">Asho Chin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekai_language" title="Ekai language">Ekai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khumi_language" title="Khumi language">Kumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laitu_language" title="Laitu language">Laitu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Songlai_language" title="Songlai language">Songlai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumtu_language" title="Sumtu language">Sumtu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uppu language">Uppu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Myanmar">government of Myanmar</a> recognizes Tibeto-Burman Arakanese as the <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_people" title="Rakhine people">Rakhine people</a>. It also recognizes sections of the Muslim community, including the <a href="/wiki/Kamein" title="Kamein">Kamein</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> But Myanmar does not recognize the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingya">Rohingya</a>. </p><p>Arakan Division had the largest percentage of Indians in <a href="/wiki/British_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="British Burma">British Burma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor1987_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor1987-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arakan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Myanmar#Arakan" title="Military history of Myanmar">Military history of Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Southeast Asia">History of Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rakhine" title="History of Rakhine">History of Rakhine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arakan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sir. Arthur Purves Phayers" 1883: p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a>, s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/places/asia/myanmar-political-geography/rakhine-state">"Rakhine State"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scroll.in-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scroll.in_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scroll.in_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scroll.in_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/1006362/the-history-of-the-rohingyas-that-myanmar-refuses-to-acknowledge">"The long history of the Rohingyas that Myanmar refuses to acknowledge"</a>. 29 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+long+history+of+the+Rohingyas+that+Myanmar+refuses+to+acknowledge&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F1006362%2Fthe-history-of-the-rohingyas-that-myanmar-refuses-to-acknowledge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arakanese">"Arakanese | Definition, Location, & Ancient Kingdom | Britannica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arakanese+%26%23124%3B+Definition%2C+Location%2C+%26+Ancient+Kingdom+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FArakanese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheikh2023" class="citation web cs1">Sheikh, Nur-Mohammad (19 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/307093/the-return-of-the-arakanese-muslims">"The return of the Arakanese Muslims: Could this be the beginning of a resolution to the Rohingya crisis?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Tribune" title="Dhaka Tribune">Dhaka Tribune</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240213193739/https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/307093/the-return-of-the-arakanese-muslims">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+return+of+the+Arakanese+Muslims%3A+Could+this+be+the+beginning+of+a+resolution+to+the+Rohingya+crisis%3F&rft.date=2023-03-19&rft.aulast=Sheikh&rft.aufirst=Nur-Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2F307093%2Fthe-return-of-the-arakanese-muslims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lieut.-General Sir Arthur P. Phayre G.C.M.G, K.C.S.I., AND C.B., ‘Chapter V: Arakan’, History of Burma including Burma Proper, Pegu, Taungu, Tenasserim, and Arakan: From the Earliest Time to the End of the First War with British India (2nd edn, 1967). 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">San Tha Aung. U, ‘Aananda Candra 8th Century Arakanes Waithali King'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poggio Bracciolini 1445: p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Danvers1988-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Danvers1988_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Charles_Danvers1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Charles_Danvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Charles Danvers">Frederick Charles Danvers</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MwOV-eenKy0C&pg=PA528"><i>The Portuguese in India: Being a History of the Rise and Decline of Their Eastern Empire</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 528. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0391-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0391-2"><bdi>978-81-206-0391-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+in+India%3A+Being+a+History+of+the+Rise+and+Decline+of+Their+Eastern+Empire&rft.pages=528&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0391-2&rft.au=Frederick+Charles+Danvers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMwOV-eenKy0C%26pg%3DPA528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BankesBlake1800-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BankesBlake1800_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_BankesEdward_Warren_BlakeAlexander_CookThomas_Lloyd1800" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Bankes; Edward Warren Blake; Alexander Cook; Thomas Lloyd (1800). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gYRcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA247"><i>A New, Royal, and Authentic System of Universal Geography, Ancient and Modern: Including All the Late Important Discoveries ... and a Genuine History and Description of the Whole World ... Together with a Complete History of Every Empire, Kingdom, and State ... to which is Added a Complete Guide to Geography, Astronomy, the Use of the Globes, Maps ...</i></a> p. 247.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New%2C+Royal%2C+and+Authentic+System+of+Universal+Geography%2C+Ancient+and+Modern%3A+Including+All+the+Late+Important+Discoveries+...+and+a+Genuine+History+and+Description+of+the+Whole+World+...+Together+with+a+Complete+History+of+Every+Empire%2C+Kingdom%2C+and+State+...+to+which+is+Added+a+Complete+Guide+to+Geography%2C+Astronomy%2C+the+Use+of+the+Globes%2C+Maps+...&rft.pages=247&rft.date=1800&rft.au=Thomas+Bankes&rft.au=Edward+Warren+Blake&rft.au=Alexander+Cook&rft.au=Thomas+Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgYRcAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siok-Hwa2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siok-Hwa2012_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCheng_Siok-Hwa2012" class="citation book cs1">Cheng Siok-Hwa (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xOyvvnUnA-8C&pg=PA86"><i>The Rice Industry of Burma, 1852–1940: (First Reprint 2012)</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-439-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-439-1"><bdi>978-981-230-439-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rice+Industry+of+Burma%2C+1852%E2%80%931940%3A+%28First+Reprint+2012%29&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-981-230-439-1&rft.au=Cheng+Siok-Hwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxOyvvnUnA-8C%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Leider, Territorial Dispossession and Persecution in North Arakan (Rakhine), 1942–43 (2020) <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.toaep.org/pbs-pdf/101-leider/">https://www.toaep.org/pbs-pdf/101-leider/</a>> accessed 5 August 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Editors1959" class="citation web cs1">The Editors (21 August 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Arakan">"Arakan | state, Myanmar"</a>. Britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arakan+%26%23124%3B+state%2C+Myanmar&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft.date=1959-08-21&rft.au=The+Editors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FArakan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Leider, 'Arakan's Ascent During The Mrauk U Period', Recalling Local Pasts: Autonomous History in Southeast Asia (Silkworm Books 2002). 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeniison1933" class="citation book cs1">Beniison, J.J (1933). <i>Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I – Report</i>. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma. p. 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1931%3A+Burma+Part+I+%E2%80%93+Report&rft.place=Rangoon&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Office+of+Superintendent%2C+Government+Printing+and+Stationery%2C+Burma&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Beniison&rft.aufirst=J.J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TopichLeitich-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TopichLeitich_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_J._TopichKeith_A._Leitich2013" class="citation book cs1">William J. Topich; Keith A. Leitich (9 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DIuaa5yKv-sC&pg=PA17"><i>The History of Myanmar</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35725-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35725-1"><bdi>978-0-313-35725-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Myanmar&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013-01-09&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35725-1&rft.au=William+J.+Topich&rft.au=Keith+A.+Leitich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDIuaa5yKv-sC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. G. E Hall, <i>A History of South East Asia</i>, New York, 1968, P. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Academy2003-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Academy2003_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Academy2003" class="citation book cs1">British Academy (4 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Q0nkz1w8z0C&pg=PA76"><i>Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 121, 2002 Lectures</i></a>. OUP/British Academy. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726303-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726303-7"><bdi>978-0-19-726303-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+British+Academy%2C+Volume+121%2C+2002+Lectures&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=OUP%2FBritish+Academy&rft.date=2003-12-04&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726303-7&rft.au=British+Academy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Q0nkz1w8z0C%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinger1980" class="citation book cs1">Singer, Noel F. (24 November 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXw9pgWvFxUC&q=arakan+vesali+indianized"><i>Vaishali and the Indianization of Arakan - Noel F. Singer - Google Books</i></a>. APH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131304051" title="Special:BookSources/9788131304051"><bdi>9788131304051</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaishali+and+the+Indianization+of+Arakan+-+Noel+F.+Singer+-+Google+Books&rft.pub=APH&rft.date=1980-11-24&rft.isbn=9788131304051&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Noel+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLXw9pgWvFxUC%26q%3Darakan%2Bvesali%2Bindianized&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pamela Gutman and Zaw Min Yu, Burma's Lost Kingdoms: Splendours of Arakan (Orchid Press 2001). 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burma's_Lost_Kingdoms_2001_p._8-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burma's_Lost_Kingdoms_2001_p._8_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burma's_Lost_Kingdoms_2001_p._8_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Gutman" title="Pamela Gutman">Pamela Gutman</a> and Zaw Min Yu, Burma's Lost Kingdoms: Splendours of Arakan (Orchid Press 2001). p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Harikela">"Harikela – Banglapedia"</a>. En.banglapedia.org. 5 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harikela+%E2%80%93+Banglapedia&rft.pub=En.banglapedia.org&rft.date=2014-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHarikela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Three medallions above the head contain sacred syllables in proto-Bengali script”. <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Gutman" title="Pamela Gutman">Pamela Gutman</a> and Zaw Min Yu, ‘Vesali’, Burma's Lost Kingdoms: Splendours of Arakan (Orchid Press 2001). p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Gutman" title="Pamela Gutman">Pamela Gutman</a> and Zaw Min Yu, Burma's Lost Kingdoms: Splendours of Arakan (Orchid Press 2001). p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amrith2013-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amrith2013_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSunil_S._Amrith2013" class="citation book cs1">Sunil S. Amrith (7 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8eWwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37"><i>Crossing the Bay of Bengal</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72846-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72846-2"><bdi>978-0-674-72846-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossing+the+Bay+of+Bengal&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013-10-07&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72846-2&rft.au=Sunil+S.+Amrith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8eWwAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/2016/09/14/the-thoroughfare-of-islam/">"The thoroughfare of Islam – Dhaka Tribune"</a>. <i>www.dhakatribune.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dhakatribune.com&rft.atitle=The+thoroughfare+of+Islam+%E2%80%93+Dhaka+Tribune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Fopinion%2F2016%2F09%2F14%2Fthe-thoroughfare-of-islam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stockwell2002-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stockwell2002_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoster_Stockwell2002" class="citation book cs1">Foster Stockwell (30 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTlVP0u7JmsC&pg=PA15"><i>Westerners in China: A History of Exploration and Trade, Ancient Times through the Present</i></a>. McFarland. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8189-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8189-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-8189-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westerners+in+China%3A+A+History+of+Exploration+and+Trade%2C+Ancient+Times+through+the+Present&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002-12-30&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8189-7&rft.au=Foster+Stockwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsTlVP0u7JmsC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gan2009-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gan2009_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFuxi_Gan2009" class="citation book cs1">Fuxi Gan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TVVkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA70"><i>Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road</i></a>. World Scientific. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-283-357-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-283-357-0"><bdi>978-981-283-357-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Glass+Research+Along+the+Silk+Road&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-981-283-357-0&rft.au=Fuxi+Gan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTVVkDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TopichLeitich3-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TopichLeitich3_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_J._TopichKeith_A._Leitich2013" class="citation book cs1">William J. Topich; Keith A. Leitich (9 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DIuaa5yKv-sC&pg=PA17"><i>The History of Myanmar</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35725-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35725-1"><bdi>978-0-313-35725-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Myanmar&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013-01-09&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35725-1&rft.au=William+J.+Topich&rft.au=Keith+A.+Leitich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDIuaa5yKv-sC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2021" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Benjamin (19 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pathsunwritten.com/myanmar-rakhine-kingdom/">"Cultural Profile: Rakhine, Buddhist Kingdom of Western Myanmar"</a>. <i>Paths Unwritten</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paths+Unwritten&rft.atitle=Cultural+Profile%3A+Rakhine%2C+Buddhist+Kingdom+of+Western+Myanmar&rft.date=2021-01-19&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpathsunwritten.com%2Fmyanmar-rakhine-kingdom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Leider, 'Arakan's Ascent During The Mrauk U Period', Recalling Local Pasts: Autonomous History in Southeast Asia (Silkworm Books 2002). 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohammad_Ali_Chowdhury_2004-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mohammad_Ali_Chowdhury_2004_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohammad_Ali_Chowdhury_2004_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Arakanese tradition, we find that “The restored king agreed to be tributary to the king of Bengal”.” Mohammad Ali Chowdhury, ‘Bengal-Arakan Relations at the turn of the 15th century’, Bengal-Arakan Relations (1430–1666 A.D.) (1st edn, 2004). 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BA-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BA_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BA_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bengal-Arakan Relations (1430–1666 A.D.) by Mohammed Ali Chowdhury</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Leider, 'Arakan's Ascent During The Mrauk U Period', Recalling Local Pasts: Autonomous History in Southeast Asia (Silkworm Books 2002). 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Leider, 'Arakan's Ascent During The Mrauk U Period', Recalling Local Pasts: Autonomous History in Southeast Asia (Silkworm Books 2002). 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Leider, 'Arakan's Ascent During The Mrauk U Period', Recalling Local Pasts: Autonomous History in Southeast Asia (Silkworm Books 2002). 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYegar200223–24-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYegar200223–24_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYegar2002">Yegar 2002</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYegar200224-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYegar200224_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYegar200224_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYegar2002">Yegar 2002</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAye_Chan2005398-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAye_Chan2005398_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAye_Chan2005">Aye Chan 2005</a>, p. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OrsiniSchofield2015-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OrsiniSchofield2015_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrancesca_OrsiniKatherine_Butler_Schofield2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Orsini" title="Francesca Orsini">Francesca Orsini</a>; Katherine Butler Schofield (5 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P0SlCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA424"><i>Tellings and Texts: Music, Literature and Performance in North India</i></a>. Open Book Publishers. p. 424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-102-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-102-1"><bdi>978-1-78374-102-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tellings+and+Texts%3A+Music%2C+Literature+and+Performance+in+North+India&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2015-10-05&rft.isbn=978-1-78374-102-1&rft.au=Francesca+Orsini&rft.au=Katherine+Butler+Schofield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP0SlCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/hidden-city-myanmar-180973486/">"The Hidden City of Myanmar"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+City+of+Myanmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Fhidden-city-myanmar-180973486%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osman2017-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Osman2017_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohamed_Nawab_Mohamed_Osman2017" class="citation book cs1">Mohamed Nawab Mohamed Osman (19 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwYrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24"><i>Islam and Peacebuilding in the Asia-Pacific</i></a>. World Scientific. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4749-83-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4749-83-1"><bdi>978-981-4749-83-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Peacebuilding+in+the+Asia-Pacific&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2017-06-19&rft.isbn=978-981-4749-83-1&rft.au=Mohamed+Nawab+Mohamed+Osman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwYrDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAye_Chan2005399-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAye_Chan2005399_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAye_Chan2005">Aye Chan 2005</a>, p. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Rakhain,_The">"Rakhain, the – Banglapedia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rakhain%2C+the+%E2%80%93+Banglapedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%2FRakhain%2C_The&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/burma/burm005-01.htm">"Burma/Bangladesh: Burmese Refugees in Bangladesh – Historical Background"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burma%2FBangladesh%3A+Burmese+Refugees+in+Bangladesh+%E2%80%93+Historical+Background&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2000%2Fburma%2Fburm005-01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartwig1863-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hartwig1863_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorg_Hartwig1863" class="citation book cs1">Georg Hartwig (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-uA8AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA159"><i>The Tropical World: a Popular Scientific Account of the Natural History of the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms in the Equatorial Regions</i></a>. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green. p. 159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tropical+World%3A+a+Popular+Scientific+Account+of+the+Natural+History+of+the+Animal+and+Vegetable+Kingdoms+in+the+Equatorial+Regions&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Green%2C+Longman%2C+Roberts%2C+and+Green&rft.date=1863&rft.au=Georg+Hartwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-uA8AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheng Siok Hwa, 'The Development of the Burmese Rice Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century' (1965) 6 Journal of Southeast Asian History. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheng Siok Hwa, 'The Development of the Burmese Rice Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century' (1965) 6 <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Southeast_Asian_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Southeast Asian History">Journal of Southeast Asian History</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheng Siok Hwa, 'The Development of the Burmese Rice Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century' (1965) 6 Journal of Southeast Asian History. 74–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Leider, 'The Chittagonians In Colonial Arakan: Seasonal And Settlement Migrations', Colonial Wrongs and Access to International Law (Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher 2020).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaylyHarper2005-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BaylyHarper2005_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Alan_BaylyTimothy_Norman_Harper2005" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Alan Bayly; Timothy Norman Harper (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qXH9xGCWjYUC&pg=PA91"><i>Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01748-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01748-1"><bdi>978-0-674-01748-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Armies%3A+The+Fall+of+British+Asia%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01748-1&rft.au=Christopher+Alan+Bayly&rft.au=Timothy+Norman+Harper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqXH9xGCWjYUC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYegar197210-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYegar197210_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYegar1972">Yegar 1972</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2019" class="citation web cs1">Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/MM/languages">"Myanmar – Languages"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. SIL International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Myanmar+%E2%80%93+Languages&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FMM%2Flanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor1987-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor1987_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_H._Taylor1987" class="citation book cs1">Robert H. Taylor (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ67PFWJJwgC&pg=PA126"><i>The State in Burma</i></a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">126–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-028-7"><bdi>978-1-85065-028-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+in+Burma&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-028-7&rft.au=Robert+H.+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJ67PFWJJwgC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arakan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAye_Chan2005" class="citation journal cs1">Aye Chan (Autumn 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130712065830/http://www.soas.ac.uk/sbbr/editions/file64388.pdf">"The Development of a Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/SOAS_Bulletin_of_Burma_Research" title="SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research">SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research</a></i>. <b>3</b> (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soas.ac.uk/sbbr/editions/file64388.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SOAS+Bulletin+of+Burma+Research&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+a+Muslim+Enclave+in+Arakan+%28Rakhine%29+State+of+Burma+%28Myanmar%29&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Aye+Chan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soas.ac.uk%2Fsbbr%2Feditions%2Ffile64388.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYegar1972" class="citation book cs1">Yegar, Moshe (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netipr.org/policy/downloads/19720101-Muslims-Of-Burma-by-Moshe-Yegar.pdf"><i>Muslims of Burma</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Wiesbaden: Verlag Otto Harrassowitz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+of+Burma&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Verlag+Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Yegar&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netipr.org%2Fpolicy%2Fdownloads%2F19720101-Muslims-Of-Burma-by-Moshe-Yegar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYegar2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Yegar" title="Moshe Yegar">Yegar, Moshe</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5q7qxi5LBgC&pg=PA23"><i>Between integration and secession: The Muslim communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma / Myanmar</i></a>. Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Lexington Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0356-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0356-2"><bdi>978-0-7391-0356-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+integration+and+secession%3A+The+Muslim+communities+of+the+Southern+Philippines%2C+Southern+Thailand%2C+and+Western+Burma+%2F+Myanmar&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0356-2&rft.aulast=Yegar&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS5q7qxi5LBgC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArakan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arakan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arakan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arakan">Arakan</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arakan&oldid=1281318261">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arakan&oldid=1281318261</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Rakhine" title="Category:History of Rakhine">History of Rakhine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_regions_in_Myanmar" title="Category:Historical regions in Myanmar">Historical regions in Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_Myanmar" title="Category:Regions of Myanmar">Regions of Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_Burmese_history" title="Category:Former countries in Burmese history">Former countries in Burmese history</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2025" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2025">Use dmy dates from March 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 March 2025, at 16:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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