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spacing</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: plant spacing"> <meta name="keywords" content="plant spacing"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="plant spacing"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 3756</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: plant spacing</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3756</span> Growth, Yield, and Quality of Onion (Allium-cepl.) as Influenced by Intra-row Spacing and Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels in Gashua Sahel Savanna Region of Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muazu%20A.">Muazu A.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Haphazard and inappropriate plant spacing and poor soilfertility management practice are among the major factorsconstraining onion production in Gashua, Bade Locale Government Yobe State.Field experiments were conducted in 2023 dry season ar Federal University, Gashua university farm assess the influence of intra-row spacing (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 cm) and nitrogen fertilizerrate (0, 41, 82 and 123kg Nha-1) growth, bulb yield and quality of onion. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main effects of nitrogen rate and intra-row spacing influenced only the plant height stand count significantly obtained from 7.5cm and 82kg Nha-1 intra-row spacing and nitrogen fertilizer respectively. The highest yield was obtained from the application of 82kg Nha-1 and plant spacing of 5.0cm and 7.5cm respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=onion" title="onion">onion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intra-row%20spacing" title=" intra-row spacing"> intra-row spacing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrogen%20fertilizer" title=" nitrogen fertilizer"> nitrogen fertilizer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=yield" title=" yield"> yield</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190594/growth-yield-and-quality-of-onion-allium-cepl-as-influenced-by-intra-row-spacing-and-nitrogen-fertilizer-levels-in-gashua-sahel-savanna-region-of-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190594.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">28</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3755</span> Analysis of Behaviors of Single and Group Helical Piles in Sands from Experiment Results</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jongho%20Park">Jongho Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junwon%20Lee"> Junwon Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Byeonghyun%20Choi"> Byeonghyun Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kicheol%20Lee"> Kicheol Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dongwook%20Kim"> Dongwook Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The typically-used oil sand plant foundations are driven pile or drilled shaft. With more strict environmental regulations world widely, it became more important to completely remove the foundation during the stage of plant demolition. However, it is difficult to remove driven piles or drilled shafts that are installed at a deeper and stronger depth to gain more bearing pile capacity. The helical pile can be easily removed after its use and recycled; therefore it is suitable for oil sand plant foundation. This study analyzes the behavior of helical piles in sands. Axial pile load tests were carried out the varying spacing of helix plates (helices), rotation speed and weight of axial loading during pile installation. From the experiments, optimal helix plate spacing, rotation speed, axial loading during installation were determined. In addition, the behavior of helical pile groups was examined varying pile spacing. Finally, the behavior of single helical piles and that of group helical piles were compared. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20sand%20plant" title="oil sand plant">oil sand plant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pile%20load%20test" title=" pile load test"> pile load test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=helical%20pile" title=" helical pile"> helical pile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=group%20helical%20pile" title=" group helical pile"> group helical pile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavior" title=" behavior"> behavior</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95163/analysis-of-behaviors-of-single-and-group-helical-piles-in-sands-from-experiment-results" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95163.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3754</span> Crop Water Productivity for Sunflower under Different Irrigation Regimes and Plant Spacing, at Gezira Clay Soil, Sudan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20A.%20Eman%20Elsheikh">R. A. Eman Elsheikh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bart%20Schultz"> Bart Schultz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abraham%20Mehari%20Haile"> Abraham Mehari Haile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussein%20S.%20Adam"> Hussein S. Adam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A field experiment was conducted at Gezira research station farm during the winter season in the third week of November 2012, in WadMedani, Sudan (Lat 14.23 W, Long 33.39 E and altitude 405 m above sea level, in deep cracking alkaline heavy clay Vertisols). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of three different irrigation for 10 days (W1), 15 days (W2) and 20 days (W3) and for two rows of 30 cm (S1) and 40 cm (S2), respectively. The experimental design was split plot with three replicates. The sunflower test variety was Hysun 33 cultivar. The seasonal water applied during the study was 6898, 6647, 5256, 5435, 5214, 5416 m3/ha for W1S1, W1S2, W2S1, W2S2, W3S1 and W3S2 respectively. The seed yield obtained for the above treatment in that sequence was 4208, 5542, 5167, 4579, 2931, 2936 kg/ha. The corresponding computed water productivity was 0.61, 0.82, 0.87, 0.95, 0.54, 0.56 kg/m3. The study clearly indicated that the highest seed yield was obtained when the crop was sown at 40 cm row spacing and was irrigated every 10 days (W1S2), followed by W2S1. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20productivity" title="water productivity">water productivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20deficit" title=" water deficit"> water deficit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sunflower" title=" sunflower"> sunflower</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20spacing" title=" plant spacing"> plant spacing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6521/crop-water-productivity-for-sunflower-under-different-irrigation-regimes-and-plant-spacing-at-gezira-clay-soil-sudan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6521.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3753</span> Effects of Tomato-Crispy Salad Intercropping on Diameter of Tomato Fruits under Greenhouse Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Halil%20Demir">Halil Demir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ersin%20Polat"> Ersin Polat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study, in which crispy salad plants was cultivated between the two rows of tomato, was conducted in Spring 2007 in a research glasshouse at Akdeniz University. Crispy salad (Lactuca sativa var. crispa cv. Bohemia) plants were intercropped with tomato (Solanum lycopersicon cv. Selin F1) plants as the main crop. Tomato seedlings were planted according to double line plantation system with 100 cm large spacing, 50 cm narrow spacing and 50 cm within row plant spacing. In both control and intercropping applications, each plot was 9.75 m2 according to plantation distances and there were 26 plants per each plot for tomato. Crispy salad seedlings were planted with 30 cm spacing as one row in the middle of tomato plants and with 30x30 spacing as two rows between plants rows. Moreover, salad seedlings were transplanted between tomato plants above the tomato rows that were planted in two rows with intervals of 50 cm and also with 25x25 cm spacing as the third row in the middle of tomato rows. While tomato plants were growing during the research, fruit width and height were measured periodically with 15 days in the tomato fruits of the third cluster from the formation of fruit to fruit ripening. According to results, while there were no differences between cropping systems in terms of fruit width, the highest fruit height was found in Control trial in the first measurement. In the second measurement while the highest fruit width was determined with 64.39 mm in Control, there were no differences between cropping systems. In the third measurement, the highest fruit width and height were obtained from Control with 68.47 mm and 55.52 mm, respectively. As a conclusion the trial, which crispy salad seedlings were planted with 30x30 cm spacing as two rows between tomato plants rows, was determined as a best intercropping application. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crispy%20salad" title="crispy salad">crispy salad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glasshouse" title=" glasshouse"> glasshouse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intercropping" title=" intercropping"> intercropping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tomato" title=" tomato"> tomato</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28931/effects-of-tomato-crispy-salad-intercropping-on-diameter-of-tomato-fruits-under-greenhouse-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28931.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">321</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3752</span> Effects of Intercropping Maize (Zea mays L.) with Jack Beans (Canavalia ensiformis L.) at Different Spacing and Weeding Regimes on Crops Productivity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oluseun%20S.%20Oyelakin">Oluseun S. Oyelakin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olalekan%20W.%20Olaniyi"> Olalekan W. Olaniyi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A field experiment was conducted at Ido town in Ido Local Government Area of Oyo state, Nigeria to determine the effects of intercropping maize (<em>Zea</em> <em>mays</em> L.) with Jack bean (<em>Canavalia</em> <em>ensiformis</em> L.) at different spacing and weeding regimes on crops productivity. The treatments were 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement involving two spatial crop arrangements. Spacing of 75 cm x 50 cm and 90 cm x 42 cm (41.667 cm) with two plants per stand resulted in plant population of approximately 53,000 plants/hectare. Also, Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two cropping patterns (sole and intercrop), three weeding regimes (weedy check, weeds once, and weed twice) with three replicates was used. Data were analyzed with SAS (Statistical Analysis System) and statistical means separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) (P ≤ 0.05). Intercropping and crop spacing did not have significant influence on the growth parameters and yield parameters. The maize grain yield of 1.11 t/ha obtained under sole maize was comparable to 1.05 t/ha from maize/jack beans. Weeding regime significantly influenced growth and yields of maize in intercropping with Jack beans. Weeding twice resulted in significantly higher growth than that of the other weeding regimes. Plant height at 6 Weeks After Sowing (WAS) under weeding twice regime (3 and 6 WAS) was 83.9 cm which was significantly different from 67.75 cm and 53.47 cm for weeding once (3 WAS) and no weeding regimes respectively. Moreover, maize grain yield of 1.3 t/ha obtained from plots weeded twice was comparable to that of 1.23 t/ha from single weeding and both were significantly higher than 0.71 t/ha maize grain yield obtained from the no weeding control. The dry matter production of Jack beans reduced at some growth stages due to intercropping of maize with Jack beans though with no significance effect on the other growth parameters of the crop. There was no effect on the growth parameters of Jack beans in maize/jack beans intercrop based on cropping spacing while comparable growth and dry matter production in Jack beans were produced in maize/Jack beans mixture with single weeding. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crop%20spacing" title="crop spacing">crop spacing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intercropping" title=" intercropping"> intercropping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=growth%20parameter" title=" growth parameter"> growth parameter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weeding%20regime" title=" weeding regime"> weeding regime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sole%20cropping" title=" sole cropping"> sole cropping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WAS" title=" WAS"> WAS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=week%20after%20sowing" title=" week after sowing"> week after sowing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105218/effects-of-intercropping-maize-zea-mays-l-with-jack-beans-canavalia-ensiformis-l-at-different-spacing-and-weeding-regimes-on-crops-productivity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105218.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3751</span> Agronomic Manipulation in Cultivation Practices of Scented Rice: For Sustainable Crop Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Damini%20Thawait">Damini Thawait</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20K.%20Dwivedi"> S. K. Dwivedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amit%20K.%20Patel"> Amit K. Patel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samaptika%20Kar"> Samaptika Kar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The experiment was carried out at Raipur during season of 2012 to find out the optimum planting patterns for scented rice cultivation. The treatment (T2) planting of two to three seedlings hill-1 transplanted in the spacing of 25 cm from plant to plant and 25 cm from row to row recorded significantly good grain quality i.e. higher head rice recovery (41.41) along with higher gain length (8.05). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rice" title="rice">rice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scented" title=" scented"> scented</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=yield" title=" yield "> yield </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21990/agronomic-manipulation-in-cultivation-practices-of-scented-rice-for-sustainable-crop-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21990.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">419</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3750</span> Relationship between Readability of Paper-Based Braille and Character Spacing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Nishimura">T. Nishimura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Doi"> K. Doi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Fujimoto"> H. Fujimoto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Wada"> T. Wada</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Number of people with acquired visual impairments has increased in recent years. In specialized courses at schools for the blind and in Braille lessons offered by social welfare organizations, many people with acquired visual impairments cannot learn to read adequately Braille. One of the reasons is that the common Braille patterns for people visual impairments who already has mature Braille reading skill being difficult to read for Braille reading beginners. In addition, there is the scanty knowledge of Braille book manufacturing companies regarding what Braille patterns would be easy to read for beginners. Therefore, it is required to investigate a suitable Braille patterns would be easy to read for beginners. In order to obtain knowledge regarding suitable Braille patterns for beginners, this study aimed to elucidate the relationship between readability of paper-based Braille and its patterns. This study focused on character spacing, which readily affects Braille reading ability, to determine a suitable character spacing ratio (ratio of character spacing to dot spacing) for beginners. Specifically, considering beginners with acquired visual impairments who are unfamiliar with reading Braille, we quantitatively evaluated the effect of character spacing ratio on Braille readability through an evaluation experiment using sighted subjects with no experience of reading Braille. In this experiment, ten sighted adults took the blindfold were asked to read test piece (three Braille characters). Braille used as test piece was composed of five dots. They were asked to touch the Braille by sliding their forefinger on the test piece immediately after the test examiner gave a signal to start the experiment. Then, they were required to release their forefinger from the test piece when they perceived the Braille characters. Seven conditions depended on character spacing ratio was held (i.e., 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2 [mm]), and the other four depended on the dot spacing (i.e., 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 [mm]). Ten trials were conducted for each conditions. The test pieces are created using by NISE Graphic could print Braille adjusted arbitrary value of character spacing and dot spacing with high accuracy. We adopted the evaluation indices for correct rate, reading time, and subjective readability to investigate how the character spacing ratio affects Braille readability. The results showed that Braille reading beginners could read Braille accurately and quickly, when character spacing ratio is more than 1.8 and dot spacing is more than 3.0 mm. Furthermore, it is difficult to read Braille accurately and quickly for beginners, when both character spacing and dot spacing are small. For this study, suitable character spacing ratio to make reading easy for Braille beginners is revealed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=character%20spacing" title=" character spacing"> character spacing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=people%20with%20visual%20impairments" title=" people with visual impairments"> people with visual impairments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=readability" title=" readability"> readability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51766/relationship-between-readability-of-paper-based-braille-and-character-spacing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51766.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">285</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3749</span> Thermal Fracture Analysis of Fibrous Composites with Variable Fiber Spacing Using Jk-Integral</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farid%20Saeidi">Farid Saeidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serkan%20Dag"> Serkan Dag</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, fracture analysis of a fibrous composite laminate with variable fiber spacing is carried out using Jk-integral method. The laminate is assumed to be under thermal loading. Jk-integral is formulated by using the constitutive relations of plane orthotropic thermoelasticity. Developed domain independent form of the Jk-integral is then integrated into the general purpose finite element analysis software ANSYS. Numerical results are generated so as to assess the influence of variable fiber spacing on mode I and II stress intensity factors, energy release rate, and T-stress. For verification, some of the results are compared to those obtained using displacement correlation technique (DCT). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jk-integral" title="Jk-integral">Jk-integral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Variable%20Fiber%20Spacing" title=" Variable Fiber Spacing"> Variable Fiber Spacing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thermoelasticity" title=" Thermoelasticity"> Thermoelasticity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T-stress" title=" T-stress"> T-stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Finite%20Element%20Method" title=" Finite Element Method"> Finite Element Method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fibrous%20Composite." title=" Fibrous Composite."> Fibrous Composite.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58021/thermal-fracture-analysis-of-fibrous-composites-with-variable-fiber-spacing-using-jk-integral" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58021.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3748</span> Effect of Weed Control and Different Plant Densities the Yield and Quality of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hasan%20Dalgic">Hasan Dalgic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fikret%20Akinerdem"> Fikret Akinerdem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This trial was made to determine effect of different plant density and weed control on yield and quality of winter sowing safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Selcuk University, Agricultural Faculty trial fields and the effective substance of Trifluran was used as herbicide. Field trial was made during the vegetation period of 2009-2010 with three replications according to 'Split Plots in Randomized Blocks' design. The weed control techniques were made on main plots and row distances was set up on sub-plots. The trial subjects were consisting from three weed control techniques as fallowing: herbicide application (Trifluran), hoeing and control beside the row distances of 15 cm and 30 cm. The results were ranged between 59.0-76.73 cm in plant height, 40.00-47.07 cm in first branch height, 5.00-7.20 in number of branch per plant, 6.00-14.73 number of head per plant, 19.57-21.87 mm in head diameter, 2125.0-3968.3 kg ha-1 in seed yield, 27.10-28.08 % in crude oil rate and 531.7-1070.3 kg ha-1. According to the results, Remzibey safflower cultivar showed the highest seed yield on 30 cm of row distance and herbicide application by means of the direct effects of plant height, first branch height, number of branch per plant, number of head per plant, table diameter, crude oil rate and crude oil yield. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safflower" title="safflower">safflower</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbicide" title=" herbicide"> herbicide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=row%20spacing" title=" row spacing"> row spacing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seed%20yield" title=" seed yield"> seed yield</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20ratio" title=" oil ratio"> oil ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20yield" title=" oil yield"> oil yield</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1752/effect-of-weed-control-and-different-plant-densities-the-yield-and-quality-of-safflower-carthamus-tinctorius-l" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1752.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3747</span> Development and Performance Evaluation of a Gladiolus Planter in Field for Planting Corms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20P.%20Singh">T. P. Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vijay%20Gautam"> Vijay Gautam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gladiolus is an important cash crop and is grown mainly for its elegant spikes. Traditionally the gladiolus corms are planted manually which is very tedious, time consuming and labor intensive operation. So far, there is no planter available for planting of gladiolus corms. With a view to mechanize the planting operation of this horticultural crop, a prototype of 4-row gladiolus planter was developed and its performance was evaluated in-situ condition. Cup-chain type metering device was used to singulate the gladiolus corms while planting. Three levels of corm spacing viz 15, 20 and 25 cm and four levels of forward speed viz 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 km/h was taken as evaluation parameter for the planter. The performance indicators namely corm spacing in each row, coefficient of uniformity, missing index, multiple index, quality of feed index, number of corms per meter length, mechanical damage to the corms etc. were determined during the field test. The data was statistically analyzed using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) for testing the significance of the parameters. The result indicated that planter was able to drop the corms at required nominal spacing with minor variations. The highest deviation from the mean corm spacing was observed as 3.53 cm with maximum coefficient of variation as 13.88%. The highest missing and quality of feed indexes were observed as 6.33% and 97.45% respectively with no multiples. The performance of the planter was observed better at lower forward speed and wider corm spacing. The field capacity of the planter was found as 0.103 ha/h with an observed field efficiency of 76.57%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coefficient%20of%20uniformity" title="coefficient of uniformity">coefficient of uniformity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corm%20spacing" title=" corm spacing"> corm spacing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gladiolus%20planter" title=" gladiolus planter"> gladiolus planter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanization" title=" mechanization"> mechanization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37698/development-and-performance-evaluation-of-a-gladiolus-planter-in-field-for-planting-corms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37698.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">239</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3746</span> Influence of Readability of Paper-Based Braille on Vertical and Horizontal Dot Spacing in Braille Beginners</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Doi">K. Doi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Nishimura"> T. Nishimura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Fujimoto"> H. Fujimoto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The number of people who become visually impaired and do not have sufficient tactile experiences has increased by various disease. Especially, many acquired visually impaired persons due to accidents, disorders, and aging cannot adequately read Braille. It is known that learning Braille requires a great deal of time and the acquisition of various skills. In our previous studies, we reported one of the problems in learning Braille. Concretely, the standard Braille size is too small for Braille beginners. And also we are short of the objective data regarding easily readable Braille size. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct various experiments for evaluating Braille size that would make learning easier for beginners. In this study, for the purpose of investigating easy-to-read conditions of vertical and horizontal dot spacing for beginners, we conducted one Braille reading experiment. In this our experiment, we prepared test pieces by use of our original Braille printer with controlling function of Braille size. We specifically considered Braille beginners with acquired visual impairments who were unfamiliar with Braille. Therefore, ten sighted subjects with no experience of reading Braille participated in this experiment. Size of vertical and horizontal dot spacing was following conditions. Each dot spacing was 2.0, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 2.9, 3.1mm. The subjects were asked to read one Braille character with controlled Braille size. The results of this experiment reveal that Braille beginners can read Braille accurately and quickly when both vertical and horizontal dot spacing are 3.1 mm or more. This knowledge will be helpful data in considering Braille size for acquired visually impaired persons. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paper-based%20Braille" title="paper-based Braille">paper-based Braille</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertical%20and%20horizontal%20dot%20spacing" title=" vertical and horizontal dot spacing"> vertical and horizontal dot spacing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=readability" title=" readability"> readability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acquired%20visual%20impairment" title=" acquired visual impairment"> acquired visual impairment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Braille%20beginner" title=" Braille beginner"> Braille beginner</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74994/influence-of-readability-of-paper-based-braille-on-vertical-and-horizontal-dot-spacing-in-braille-beginners" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74994.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">178</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3745</span> Agronomic Response of Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook. f.) to Planting Densities and Fertilizer Application</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Falodun%20E.%20J.">Falodun E. J.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ogbeifun%20S.%20O."> Ogbeifun S. O.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objectives of this study were to investigate the yield, nutrient concentration, and uptake of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook. f.) in response to spacing and fertilizer application. Two fluted pumpkin plant populations (10,000 and 20,000 plants ha⁻¹), D1 and D2, were evaluated at three levels of NPK fertilizer (F₁, 20 t ha⁻¹ poultry manure, F₂, 300 kg ha⁻¹ NPK 15:15:15 and F₃, 10 t ha⁻¹ poultry manure + 150 kg ha⁻¹ NPK 15:15:15) using a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Leaf length, breadth, and the number of leaves were significantly increased at a lower plant population of 10,000 plants ha⁻¹ while herbage yield increased with a higher plant population of 20,000 plants ha⁻¹ using 300 kg ha⁻¹ inorganic NPK 15:15:15 or a combination of 10 t ha⁻¹ poultry manure + 150 kg ha⁻¹ inorganic NPK 15:15:15. Potassium (K) concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) higher at 10,000 plants ha⁻¹ and Iron (Fe) uptake was higher with combine application of organic and inorganic fertilizer (F3). To maximize the good herbage yield of fluted pumpkins, farmers in this locality should adopt a plant population of 20,000 plants ha⁻¹ using 300 kg ha⁻¹ inorganic NPK 15:15:15 (D2F2) or a combination of 10 t ha⁻¹ poultry manure + 150 kg ha⁻¹ inorganic NPK 15:15:15 (D2F3). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fertilizers" title="fertilizers">fertilizers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluted%20pumpkin" title=" fluted pumpkin"> fluted pumpkin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbage%20yield" title=" herbage yield"> herbage yield</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20population" title=" plant population"> plant population</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154894/agronomic-response-of-fluted-pumpkin-telfairia-occidentalis-hook-f-to-planting-densities-and-fertilizer-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154894.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">188</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3744</span> Effect of Number of Baffles on Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer in a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Falavand%20Jozaei">A. Falavand Jozaei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ghafouri"> A. Ghafouri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Mosavi%20Navaei"> M. Mosavi Navaei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper for a given heat duty, study of number of baffles on pressure drop and heat transfer is considered in a STHX (Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger) with single segmental baffles. The effect of number of baffles from 9 to 52 baffles (baffle spacing variations from 4 to 24 inches) over OHTC (Overall Heat Hransfer Coefficient) to pressure drop ratio (U/Δp ratio). The results show that U/Δp ratio is low when baffle spacing is minimum (4 inches) because pressure drop is high; however, heat transfer coefficient is very significant. Then, with the increase of baffle spacing, pressure drop rapidly decreases and OHTC also decreases, but the decrease of OHTC is lower than pressure drop, so (U/Δp) ratio increases. After increasing baffles more than 12 inches, variation in pressure drop is gradual and approximately constant and OHTC decreases; Consequently, U/Δp ratio decreases again. If baffle spacing reaches to 24 inches, STHX will have minimum pressure drop, but OHTC decreases, so required heat transfer surface increases and U/Δp ratio decreases. After baffle spacing more than 12 inches, variation of shell side pressure drop is negligible. So optimum baffle spacing is suggested between 8 to 12 inches (43 to 63 percent of inside shell diameter) for a sufficient heat duty and low pressure drop. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shell%20and%20tube%20heat%20exchanger" title="shell and tube heat exchanger">shell and tube heat exchanger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20segmental%20baffle" title=" single segmental baffle"> single segmental baffle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overall%20heat%20transfer%20coefficient" title=" overall heat transfer coefficient"> overall heat transfer coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressure%20drop" title=" pressure drop"> pressure drop</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18303/effect-of-number-of-baffles-on-pressure-drop-and-heat-transfer-in-a-shell-and-tube-heat-exchanger" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18303.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">544</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3743</span> Exploring the Experiences of Women Regarding Poor Birth Spacing at Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Averill%20Reindle%20T.%20Camilo">Averill Reindle T. Camilo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Veena%20Jaye%20B.%20Cosme"> Veena Jaye B. Cosme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hazel%20Kaye%20a%20Mabborang"> Hazel Kaye a Mabborang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Johannah%20a%20Magayam"> Johannah a Magayam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julie%20May%20D.%20Magguiya"> Julie May D. Magguiya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trisha%20Irish%20W.%20Maique"> Trisha Irish W. Maique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Klein%20Van%20M.%20Maloc"> Klein Van M. Maloc</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaydee%20B.%20Masadao"> Jaydee B. Masadao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yvonne%20Mae%20P.%20%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BF"> Yvonne Mae P. Ματεο</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The City of Tabuk had the highest number of registered births in the province of Kalinga, indicating the need to study birth spacing trends in Tabuk City further. The study investigates women's experiences with poor birth spacing in Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga, focusing on their views, practices, challenges, and strategies to cope with these issues. A qualitative research approach was used, specifically the Descriptive Phenomenological Research Design with eight (8) participants from Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga. The study found that women's views on poor birth spacing, including intense desire, wanting to have more children, and their perception of children as blessings and helpers, are prevalent and including side effects of contraceptives. The challenges faced by women due to poor birth spacing include financial constraints, sickness, lack of support, and time constraints. These issues can lead to increased living costs for stay-at-home parents, including food, clothing, transportation, medical care, housing, childcare, and budget modifications. The participants also face difficulties in handling sick children and adjusting to uneven birth spacing. To cope, they focus on earning money, patience, andcontraception, while seeking family support fromin-laws andmothers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=birth%20spacing" title="birth spacing">birth spacing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contraception" title=" contraception"> contraception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coping%20strategies" title=" coping strategies"> coping strategies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maternal%20health" title=" maternal health"> maternal health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women%20experiences" title=" women experiences"> women experiences</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191695/exploring-the-experiences-of-women-regarding-poor-birth-spacing-at-bulanao-tabuk-city-kalinga" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191695.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">28</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3742</span> Application of Pattern Recognition Technique to the Quality Characterization of Superficial Microstructures in Steel Coatings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Gonzalez-Rivera">H. Gonzalez-Rivera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20L.%20Palmeros-Torres"> J. L. Palmeros-Torres</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper describes the application of traditional computer vision techniques as a procedure for automatic measurement of the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) from microscopic images. The algorithm is capable of finding the lineal or curve-shaped secondary column of the main microstructure, measuring its length size in a micro-meter and counting the number of spaces between dendrites. The automatic characterization was compared with a set of 1728 manually characterized images, leading to an accuracy of −0.27 µm for the length size determination and a precision of ± 2.78 counts for dendrite spacing counting, also reducing the characterization time from 7 hours to 2 minutes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dendrite%20arm%20spacing" title="dendrite arm spacing">dendrite arm spacing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microstructure%20inspection" title=" microstructure inspection"> microstructure inspection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pattern%20recognition" title=" pattern recognition"> pattern recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polynomial%20regression" title=" polynomial regression"> polynomial regression</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184692/application-of-pattern-recognition-technique-to-the-quality-characterization-of-superficial-microstructures-in-steel-coatings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184692.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">45</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3741</span> Numerical Analysis of Prefabricated Horizontal Drain Induced Consolidation Using ABAQUS</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anjana%20R.%20Menon">Anjana R. Menon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anjana%20Bhasi"> Anjana Bhasi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper deals with the numerical analysis of Prefabricated Horizontal Drain (PHD) induced consolidation of clayey deposits, using ABAQUS. PHDs are much like Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVDs) installed in horizontal layers, used mainly for enhancing the consolidation of clayey fill embankments, and dredged mud deposits. The efficiency of the system depends mainly on the spacing and layout of the drain. Hence, two spacing related parameters are defined, namely WH (width to horizontal spacing ratio) and VH (vertical to horizontal spacing ratio), and the finite element models are developed based on plane strain unit cell conditions under various combinations of these parameters. The analysis results, in terms of degree of consolidation (U), are compared with the established theories. Based on the analysis, a set of equations are proposed to analyse the PHD induced consolidation. The proposed method is found to be reasonably accurate. Further, the effect of PHDs at different spacing ratios, in accelerating consolidation of a clayey embankment fill is analysed in terms of pore pressure dissipation rate, and settlement. The PHD is found to accelerate the rate of pore pressure dissipation by more than 50%, thus reducing the time for final settlement significantly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ABAQUS" title="ABAQUS">ABAQUS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consolidation" title=" consolidation"> consolidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plane%20strain" title=" plane strain"> plane strain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prefabricated%20horizontal%20drain" title=" prefabricated horizontal drain"> prefabricated horizontal drain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67741/numerical-analysis-of-prefabricated-horizontal-drain-induced-consolidation-using-abaqus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67741.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">361</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3740</span> Mathematical Modeling of Drip Emitter Discharge of Trapezoidal Labyrinth Channel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Philipova">N. Philipova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The influence of the geometric parameters of trapezoidal labyrinth channel on the emitter discharge is investigated in this work. The impact of the dentate angle, the dentate spacing, and the dentate height are studied among the geometric parameters of the labyrinth channel. Numerical simulations of the water flow movement are performed according to central cubic composite design using Commercial codes GAMBIT and FLUENT. Inlet pressure of the dripper is set up to be 1 bar. The objective of this paper is to derive a mathematical model of the emitter discharge depending on the dentate angle, the dentate spacing, the dentate height of the labyrinth channel. As a result, the obtained mathematical model is a second-order polynomial reporting 2-way interactions among the geometric parameters. The dentate spacing has the most important and positive influence on the emitter discharge, followed by the simultaneous impact of the dentate spacing and the dentate height. The dentate angle in the observed interval has no significant effect on the emitter discharge. The obtained model can be used as a basis for a future emitter design. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drip%20irrigation" title="drip irrigation">drip irrigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labyrinth%20channel%20hydrodynamics" title=" labyrinth channel hydrodynamics"> labyrinth channel hydrodynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulations" title=" numerical simulations"> numerical simulations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reynolds%20stress%20model." title=" Reynolds stress model."> Reynolds stress model.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75760/mathematical-modeling-of-drip-emitter-discharge-of-trapezoidal-labyrinth-channel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75760.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">184</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3739</span> Numerical Simulation of Flow Past Inline Tandem Cylinders in Uniform Shear Flow</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajesh%20Bhatt">Rajesh Bhatt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dilip%20Kumar%20Maiti"> Dilip Kumar Maiti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The incompressible shear flow past a square cylinder placed parallel to a plane wall of side length A in presence of upstream rectangular cylinder of height 0.5A and width 0.25A in an inline tandem arrangement are numerically investigated using finite volume method. The discretized equations are solved by an implicit, time-marching, pressure correction based SIMPLE algorithm. This study provides the qualitative insight in to the dependency of basic structure (i.e. vortex shedding or suppression) of flow over the downstream square cylinder and the upstream rectangular cylinder (and hence the aerodynamic characteristics) on inter-cylinder spacing (S) and Reynolds number (Re). The spacing between the cylinders is varied systematically from S = 0.5A to S = 7.0A so the sensitivity of the flow structure between the cylinders can be inspected. A sudden jump in strouhal number is observed, which shows the transition of flow pattern in the wake of the cylinders. The results are presented at Re = 100 and 200 in term of Strouhal number, RMS and mean of lift and drag coefficients and contour plots for different spacing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=square%20cylinder" title="square cylinder">square cylinder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vortex%20shedding" title=" vortex shedding"> vortex shedding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=isolated" title=" isolated"> isolated</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tandem%20arrangement" title=" tandem arrangement"> tandem arrangement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spacing%20distance" title=" spacing distance"> spacing distance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17017/numerical-simulation-of-flow-past-inline-tandem-cylinders-in-uniform-shear-flow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17017.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">549</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3738</span> Particle Dust Layer Density and the Optical Wavelength Absorption Relationship in Photovoltaic Module</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Mesrouk">M. Mesrouk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Hadj%20Arab"> A. Hadj Arab </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work allows highlight the effect of dust on the absorption of the optical spectrum on the photovoltaic module, the effect of the particles dust presence on the photovoltaic modules have been a microscopic scale studied with COMSOL Multi-physic software simulation. In this paper, we have supposed the dust layer as a diffraction network repetitive optical structure characterized by the spacing between particle which represented by 'd' and the simulated structure (air-dust particle-glass). In this study we can observe the relationship between the wavelength and the particle spacing, the simulation shows us that the maximum wavelength transmission value corresponding, λ0 = 400nm, which represent the spacing value between the particles dust, d = 400 nm. In fact, we can observe that while increase dust layer density the wavelength transmission value decrease, there is a relationship between the density and wavelength value which can be absorbed in a dusty photovoltaic panel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dust%20effect" title="dust effect">dust effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photovoltaic%20module" title=" photovoltaic module"> photovoltaic module</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectral%20absorption" title=" spectral absorption"> spectral absorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wavelength%20transmission" title=" wavelength transmission"> wavelength transmission</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30291/particle-dust-layer-density-and-the-optical-wavelength-absorption-relationship-in-photovoltaic-module" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30291.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">463</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3737</span> Implementation of Model Reference Adaptive Control in Tuning of Controller Gains for Following-Vehicle System with Fixed Time Headway</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Behbahani">Fatemeh Behbahani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rubiyah%20Yusof"> Rubiyah Yusof</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To avoid collision between following vehicles and vehicles in front, it is vital to keep appropriate, safe spacing between both vehicles over all speeds. Therefore, the following vehicle needs to have exact information regarding the speed and spacing between vehicles. This project is conducted to simulate the tuning of controller gain for a vehicle-following system through the selected control strategy, spacing control policy and fixed-time headway policy. In addition, the paper simulates and designs an adaptive gain controller for a road-vehicle-following system which uses information on the spacing, velocity and also acceleration of a preceding vehicle in the proposed one-vehicle look-ahead strategy. The mathematical model is implemented using Kirchhoff and Newton’s Laws, and stability simulated. The trial-error method was used to obtain a suitable value of controller gain. However, the adaptive-based controller system was able to optimize the gain value automatically. Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) is designed and utilized and based on firstly the Gradient and secondly the Lyapunov approach. The Lyapunov approach considers stability. The Gradient approach was found to improve the best value of gain in the controller system with fixed-time headway. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=one-vehicle%20look-ahead" title="one-vehicle look-ahead">one-vehicle look-ahead</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20reference%20adaptive" title=" model reference adaptive"> model reference adaptive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stability" title=" stability"> stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tuning%20gain%20controller" title=" tuning gain controller"> tuning gain controller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MRAC" title=" MRAC"> MRAC</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78271/implementation-of-model-reference-adaptive-control-in-tuning-of-controller-gains-for-following-vehicle-system-with-fixed-time-headway" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78271.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">238</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3736</span> Effect of Lead Content on Physical Properties of the Al–Si Eutectic Alloys</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hasan%20Kaya">Hasan Kaya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Effect of lead content on the microstructure, mechanical (microhardness, ultimate tensile strength) and electrical resistivity properties of Al–Si eutectic alloys has been investigated. Al–12.6 Si–xSn (x=1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 wt. %) were prepared using metals of 99.99% high purity in the vacuum atmosphere. These alloys were directionally solidified under constant temperature gradient (5.50 K/mm) and growth rate (8.25 μm/s) by using a Bridgman–type directional solidification furnace. Eutectic spacing, microhardness, ultimate tensile strength and electrical resistivity were expressed as functions of the composition by using a linear regression analysis. The dependency of the eutectic spacing, microhardness, tensile strength and electrical resistivity on the composition (Sn content) were determined. According to experimental results, the microhardness, ultimate tensile strength and electrical resistivity of the solidified samples increase with increasing the Sn content, but decrease eutectic spacing. Variation of electrical resistivity with the temperature in the range of 300-500 K for studied alloys was also measured by using a standard d.c. four-point probe technique. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=content%20elements" title="content elements">content elements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solidification" title=" solidification"> solidification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microhardness" title=" microhardness"> microhardness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strength" title=" strength"> strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45734/effect-of-lead-content-on-physical-properties-of-the-al-si-eutectic-alloys" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45734.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3735</span> FRP Bars Spacing Effect on Numerical Thermal Deformations in Concrete Beams under High Temperatures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Zaidi">A. Zaidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Khelifi"> F. Khelifi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Masmoudi"> R. Masmoudi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Bouhicha"> M. Bouhicha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> 5 In order to eradicate the degradation of reinforced concrete structures due to the steel corrosion, professionals in constructions suggest using fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) for their excellent properties. Nevertheless, high temperatures may affect the bond between FRP bar and concrete, and consequently the serviceability of FRP-reinforced concrete structures. This paper presents a nonlinear numerical investigation using ADINA software to investigate the effect of the spacing between glass FRP (GFRP) bars embedded in concrete on circumferential thermal deformations and the distribution of radial thermal cracks in reinforced concrete beams submitted to high temperature variations up to 60 °C for asymmetrical problems. The thermal deformations predicted from nonlinear finite elements model, at the FRP bar/concrete interface and at the external surface of concrete cover, were established as a function of the ratio of concrete cover thickness to FRP bar diameter (<em>c/d<sub>b</sub></em>) and the ratio of spacing between FRP bars in concrete to FRP bar diameter (<em>e/d<sub>b</sub></em>). Numerical results show that the circumferential thermal deformations at the external surface of concrete cover are linear until cracking thermal load varied from 32 to 55 °C corresponding to the ratio of <em>e/d<sub>b</sub></em> varied from 1.3 to 2.3, respectively. However, for ratios <em>e/d<sub>b</sub></em> >2.3 and <em>c/d<sub>b</sub></em> >1.6, the thermal deformations at the external surface of concrete cover exhibit linear behavior without any cracks observed on the specified surface. The numerical results are compared to those obtained from analytical models validated by experimental tests. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20beam" title="concrete beam">concrete beam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FRP%20bars" title=" FRP bars"> FRP bars</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spacing%20effect" title=" spacing effect"> spacing effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20deformation" title=" thermal deformation"> thermal deformation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85717/frp-bars-spacing-effect-on-numerical-thermal-deformations-in-concrete-beams-under-high-temperatures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85717.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">203</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3734</span> Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Analysis of Water Flow in Rice Leaves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcio%20Mesquita">Marcio Mesquita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diogo%20Henrique%20Morato%20de%20Moraes"> Diogo Henrique Morato de Moraes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henrique%20Fonseca%20Elias%20de%20Oliveira"> Henrique Fonseca Elias de Oliveira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rilner%20Alves%20Flores"> Rilner Alves Flores</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mateus%20Rodrigues%20Ferreira"> Mateus Rodrigues Ferreira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dalva%20Graciano%20Ribeiro"> Dalva Graciano Ribeiro</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aimed to analyze the movement of water in irrigated and non-irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves, from the xylem to the stomata, through numerical simulations. Through three-dimensional modeling, it was possible to determine how the spacing of parenchyma cells and the permeability of these cells influence the apoplastic flow and the opening of the stomata. The thickness of the cuticle and the number of vascular bundles are greater in plants subjected to water stress, indicating an adaptive response of plants to environments with water deficit. In addition, numerical simulations revealed that the opening of the stomata, the permeability of the parenchyma cells and the cell spacing have significant impacts on the energy loss and the speed of water movement. It was observed that a more open stoma facilitates water flow, decreasing the resistance and energy required for transport, while higher levels of permeability reduce energy loss, indicating that a more permeable tissue allows for more efficient water transport. Furthermore, it was possible to note that stomatal aperture, parenchyma permeability and cell spacing are crucial factors in the efficient water management of plants, especially under water stress conditions. These insights are essential for the development of more effective agricultural management strategies and for the breeding of plant varieties that are more resistant to adverse growing conditions. Computed fluid dynamics has allowed us to overcome the limitations of conventional techniques by providing a means to visualize and understand the complex hydrodynamic processes within the vascular system of plants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20modeling" title="numerical modeling">numerical modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vascular%20anatomy" title=" vascular anatomy"> vascular anatomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vascular%20hydrodynamics" title=" vascular hydrodynamics"> vascular hydrodynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=xylem" title=" xylem"> xylem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oryza%20sativa%20L." title=" Oryza sativa L."> Oryza sativa L.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192197/application-of-computational-fluid-dynamics-in-the-analysis-of-water-flow-in-rice-leaves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192197.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">17</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3733</span> Long-Term Durability of Roller-Compacted Concrete Pavement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun%20Hee%20Lee">Jun Hee Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Young%20Kyu%20Kim"> Young Kyu Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seong%20Jae%20Hong"> Seong Jae Hong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chamroeun%20Chhorn"> Chamroeun Chhorn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung%20Woo%20Lee"> Seung Woo Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Roller-compacted concrete pavement (RCCP), an environmental friendly pavement of which load carry capacity benefitted from both hydration and aggregate interlock from roller compacting, demonstrated a superb structural performance for a relatively small amount of water and cement content. Even though an excellent structural performance can be secured, it is required to investigate roller-compacted concrete (RCC) under environmental loading and its long-term durability under critical conditions. In order to secure long-term durability, an appropriate internal air-void structure is required for this concrete. In this study, a method for improving the long-term durability of RCCP is suggested by analyzing the internal air-void structure and corresponding durability of RCC. The method of improving the long-term durability involves measurements of air content, air voids, and air-spacing factors in RCC that experiences changes in terms of type of air-entraining agent and its usage amount. This test is conducted according to the testing criteria in ASTM C 457, 672, and KS F 2456. It was found that the freezing-thawing and scaling resistances of RCC without any chemical admixture was quite low. Interestingly, an improvement of freezing-thawing and scaling resistances was observed for RCC with appropriate the air entraining (AE) agent content; Relative dynamic elastic modulus was found to be more than 80% for those mixtures. In RCC with AE agent mixtures, large amount of air was distributed within a range of 2% to 3%, and an air void spacing factor ranging between 200 and 300 μm (close to 250 μm, recommended by PCA) was secured. The long-term durability of RCC has a direct relationship with air-void spacing factor, and thus it can only be secured by ensuring the air void spacing factor through the inclusion of the AE in the mixture. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title="durability">durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RCCP" title=" RCCP"> RCCP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20spacing%20factor" title=" air spacing factor"> air spacing factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20scaling%20resistance%20test" title=" surface scaling resistance test"> surface scaling resistance test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freezing%20and%20thawing%20resistance%20test" title=" freezing and thawing resistance test"> freezing and thawing resistance test</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53693/long-term-durability-of-roller-compacted-concrete-pavement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53693.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">253</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3732</span> Response of Local Cowpea to Intra Row Spacing and Weeding Regimes in Yobe State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20G.%20Gashua">A. G. Gashua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20T.%20Bello"> T. T. Bello</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Alhassan"> I. Alhassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20K.%20Gwiokura"> K. K. Gwiokura</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Weeds are known to interfere seriously with crop growth, thereby affecting the productivity and quality of crops. Crops are also known to compete for natural growth resources if they are not adequately spaced, also affecting the performance of the growing crop. Farmers grow cowpea in mixtures with cereals and this is known to affect its yield. For this reason, a field experiment was conducted at Yobe State College of Agriculture Gujba, Damaturu station in the 2014 and 2015 rainy seasons to determine the appropriate intra row spacing and weeding regime for optimum growth and yield of cowpea (<em>Vigna unguiculata </em>L.) in pure stand in Sudan Savanna ecology. The treatments consist of three levels of spacing within rows (20 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm) and four weeding regimes (none, once at 3 weeks after sowing (WAS), twice at 3 and 6WAS, thrice at 3WAS, 6WAS and 9WAS); arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The variety used was the local cowpea variety (white, early and spreading) commonly grown by farmers. The growth and yield data were collected and subjected to analysis of variance using SAS software, and the significant means were ranked by Students Newman Keul’s test (SNK). The findings of this study revealed better crop performance in 2015 than in 2014 despite poor soil condition. Intra row spacing significantly influenced vegetative growth especially the number of main branches, leaves and canopy spread at 6WAS and 9WAS with the highest values obtained at wider spacing (40 cm). The values obtained in 2015 doubled those obtained in 2014 in most cases. Spacing also significantly affected the number of pods in 2015, seed weight in both years and grain yield in 2014 with the highest values obtained when the crop was spaced at 30-40 cm. Similarly, weeding regime significantly influenced almost all the growth attributes of cowpea with higher values obtained from where cowpea was weeded three times at 3-week intervals, though statistically similar results were obtained even from where cowpea was weeded twice. Weeding also affected the entire yield and yield components in 2015 with the highest values obtained with increase weeding. Based on these findings, it is recommended that spreading cowpea varieties should be grown at 40 cm (or wider spacing) within rows and be weeded twice at three-week intervals for better crop performance in related ecologies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intra-row%20spacing" title="intra-row spacing">intra-row spacing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20cowpea" title=" local cowpea"> local cowpea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weeding" title=" weeding"> weeding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58675/response-of-local-cowpea-to-intra-row-spacing-and-weeding-regimes-in-yobe-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58675.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">218</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3731</span> Effect of Footing Shape on Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Closely Spaced Footings on Sandy Soil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Shafaghat">A. Shafaghat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Khabbaz"> H. Khabbaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Moravej"> S. Moravej</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ah.%20Shafaghat"> Ah. Shafaghat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The bearing capacity of closely spaced shallow footings alters with their spacing and the shape of footing. In this study, the bearing capacity and settlement of two adjacent footings constructed on a sand layer are investigated. The effect of different footing shapes including square, circular, ring and strip on sandy soil is captured in the calculations. The investigations are carried out numerically using PLAXIS-3D software and analytically employing conventional settlement equations. For this purpose, foundations are modelled in the program with practical dimensions and various spacing ratios ranging from 1 to 5. The spacing ratio is defined as the centre-to-centre distance to the width of foundations (S/B). Overall, 24 models are analyzed; and the results are compared and discussed in detail. It can be concluded that the presence of adjacent foundation leads to the reduction in bearing capacity for round shape footings while it can increase the bearing capacity of rectangular footings in some specific distances. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bearing%20capacity" title="bearing capacity">bearing capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20analysis" title=" finite element analysis"> finite element analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=loose%20sand" title=" loose sand"> loose sand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=settlement%20equations" title=" settlement equations"> settlement equations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shallow%20foundation" title=" shallow foundation"> shallow foundation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101564/effect-of-footing-shape-on-bearing-capacity-and-settlement-of-closely-spaced-footings-on-sandy-soil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101564.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3730</span> Effect of Women`s Autonomy on Unmet Need for Contraception and Family Size in India </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anshita%20Sharma">Anshita Sharma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> India is one of the countries to initiate family planning with intention to control the growing population by reducing fertility. In effort to this, India had introduced the National family planning programme in 1952. The level of unmet need in India shows a reducing trend with increasing effectiveness of family planning services as in NFHS-1 the unmet need for limiting, spacing and total was 46 percent, 14 percent & 9 percent, respectively. The demand for spacing has reduced to at 8 percent, 8 percent for limiting and total unmet need was 16 percent in NFHS-2. The total unmet need has reduced to 13 percent in NFHS-3 for all currently married women and the demand for limiting and spacing is 7 percent and 6 percent respectively. The level of unmet need in India shows a reducing trend with increasing effectiveness of family planning services. Despite the progress, there is chunk of women who are deprived of controlling unintended and unwanted pregnancies. The present paper examines the socio-cultural and economic and demographic correlates of unmet need for contraception in India. It also examines the effect of women’s autonomy and unmet need for contraception on family size among different socio-economic groups of population. It uses data from national family health survey-3 carried out in 2005-06 and employs bi-variate techniques and multivariate techniques for analysis. The multiple regression analysis has done to seek the level and direction of relationship among various socio-economic and demographic factors. The result reveals that women with higher level of education and economic status have low level of unmet need for family planning. Women living in non-nuclear family have high unmet need for spacing and women living in nuclear family have high unmet need for limiting and family size is slightly higher of women of nuclear family. In India, the level of autonomy varies at different life point; usually women with higher age enjoy higher autonomy than their junior female member in the family. The finding shows that women with higher autonomy have large family size counter to women with low autonomy have low family size. Unmet need for family planning decrease with women’s increasing exposure to mass- media. The demographic factors like experience of child loss are directly related to family size. Women who experience higher child loss have low unmet need for spacing and limiting. Thus, It is established with the help that women’s autonomy status play substantial role in fulfilling demand of contraception for limiting and spacing which affect the family size. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family%20size" title="family size">family size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-economic%20correlates" title=" socio-economic correlates"> socio-economic correlates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unmet%20need%20for%20limiting" title=" unmet need for limiting"> unmet need for limiting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unmet%20need%20for%20spacing" title=" unmet need for spacing"> unmet need for spacing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women%60s%20autonomy" title=" women`s autonomy"> women`s autonomy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40725/effect-of-womens-autonomy-on-unmet-need-for-contraception-and-family-size-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40725.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">267</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3729</span> Iterative Design Process for Development and Virtual Commissioning of Plant Control Software</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thorsten%20Prante">Thorsten Prante</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robert%20Sch%C3%B6ch"> Robert Schöch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ruth%20Fleisch"> Ruth Fleisch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vaheh%20Khachatouri"> Vaheh Khachatouri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20Walch"> Alexander Walch</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of industrial plant control software is a complex and often very expensive task. One of the core problems is that a lot of the implementation and adaptation work can only be done after the plant hardware has been installed. In this paper, we present our approach to virtually developing and validating plant-level control software of production plants. This way, plant control software can be virtually commissioned before actual ramp-up of a plant, reducing actual commissioning costs and time. Technically, this is achieved by linking the actual plant-wide process control software (often called plant server) and an elaborate virtual plant model together to form an emulation system. Method-wise, we are suggesting a four-step iterative process with well-defined increments and time frame. Our work is based on practical experiences from planning to commissioning and start-up of several cut-to-size plants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iterative%20system%20design" title="iterative system design">iterative system design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20plant%20engineering" title=" virtual plant engineering"> virtual plant engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20control%20software" title=" plant control software"> plant control software</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation%20and%20emulation" title=" simulation and emulation"> simulation and emulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20commissioning" title=" virtual commissioning"> virtual commissioning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14534/iterative-design-process-for-development-and-virtual-commissioning-of-plant-control-software" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14534.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">488</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3728</span> Chemical Analyses of Aspillia kotschyi (Sch. bipex, hochst) Oliv Plant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdu%20Umar%20Adamu">Abdu Umar Adamu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maimuna%20Ibrahim"> Maimuna Ibrahim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this present work, a locally used medicinal plant, namely: Aspillia kotschyi belonging to the Compositae family, was extracted using methanolic and petroleum ether 60-80OC. The extracts were subjected to microwave plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (MPES) to determine the following metals Se, Ag, Fe, Cu, Ni, As, Co, Mn, and Al. From the result, Ag, Cu, Ni, and Co are of very negligible concentrations in the plant extract. However, Seleniun is found to be 0.530 (mg/kg) in the plant methanolic extract. Iron, on the other hand, was found to be 3.712 (mg/kg) in the plant extract. Arsenic was found to be 0.506 and 1.301 (mg/kg) in both methanolic and petroleum spirit extracts of the plant material. The concentration of aluminium was found to be of the range of 3.050mg/kg in the plant. Functional group analysis of the plant extracts was also carried out using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy which showed the presence of some functional groups. The results of this study suggest some merit in the popular use of the plant in herbal medicine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aspillia%20kotschyi" title="Aspillia kotschyi">Aspillia kotschyi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functional%20group" title=" functional group"> functional group</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FTIR" title=" FTIR"> FTIR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MPES" title=" MPES"> MPES</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155497/chemical-analyses-of-aspillia-kotschyi-sch-bipex-hochst-oliv-plant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155497.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">118</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3727</span> Neural Network Approach to Classifying Truck Traffic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ren%20Moses">Ren Moses</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The process of classifying vehicles on a highway is hereby viewed as a pattern recognition problem in which connectionist techniques such as artificial neural networks (ANN) can be used to assign vehicles to their correct classes and hence to establish optimum axle spacing thresholds. In the United States, vehicles are typically classified into 13 classes using a methodology commonly referred to as “Scheme F”. In this research, the ANN model was developed, trained, and applied to field data of vehicles. The data comprised of three vehicular features—axle spacing, number of axles per vehicle, and overall vehicle weight. The ANN reduced the classification error rate from 9.5 percent to 6.2 percent when compared to an existing classification algorithm that is not ANN-based and which uses two vehicular features for classification, that is, axle spacing and number of axles. The inclusion of overall vehicle weight as a third classification variable further reduced the error rate from 6.2 percent to only 3.0 percent. The promising results from the neural networks were used to set up new thresholds that reduce classification error rate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20neural%20networks" title="artificial neural networks">artificial neural networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle%20classification" title=" vehicle classification"> vehicle classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20flow" title=" traffic flow"> traffic flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20analysis" title=" traffic analysis"> traffic analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=and%20highway%20opera-tions" title=" and highway opera-tions"> and highway opera-tions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15762/neural-network-approach-to-classifying-truck-traffic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15762.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">309</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20spacing&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20spacing&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20spacing&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20spacing&page=5">5</a></li> <li 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