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class="mw-page-title-main">Mobile phone tracking</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localitzaci%C3%B3_GSM" title="Localització GSM – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Localització GSM" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM-Ortung" title="GSM-Ortung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="GSM-Ortung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobiilpositsioneerimine" title="Mobiilpositsioneerimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mobiilpositsioneerimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localizaci%C3%B3n_GSM" title="Localización GSM – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Localización GSM" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93" title="איכון טלפון נייד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איכון טלפון נייד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3" title="भ्रमणध्वनी मागराखण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भ्रमणध्वनी मागराखण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking" title="Mobile phone tracking – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mobile phone tracking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Tracker" title="Mobile Tracker – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mobile Tracker" data-language-autonym="Polski" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Identifying the location of a mobile phone</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indoor_location_services_on_mobile_phone_(10928087126).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Indoor_location_services_on_mobile_phone_%2810928087126%29.jpg/220px-Indoor_location_services_on_mobile_phone_%2810928087126%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Indoor_location_services_on_mobile_phone_%2810928087126%29.jpg/330px-Indoor_location_services_on_mobile_phone_%2810928087126%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Indoor_location_services_on_mobile_phone_%2810928087126%29.jpg/440px-Indoor_location_services_on_mobile_phone_%2810928087126%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>An indoor location tracking map on a mobile phone</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mobile phone tracking</b> is a process for identifying the location of a mobile phone, whether stationary or moving. Localization may be affected by a number of technologies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Multilateration" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilateration">multilateration</a> of radio signals between (several) <a href="/wiki/Cell_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell tower">cell towers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">network</a> and the phone or by simply using <a href="/wiki/GNSS" class="mw-redirect" title="GNSS">GNSS</a>. To locate a mobile phone using multilateration of mobile radio signals, the phone must emit at least the idle signal to contact nearby antenna towers and does not require an active call. The <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">Global System for Mobile Communications</a> (GSM) is based on the phone's <a href="/wiki/Signal_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal strength">signal strength</a> to nearby antenna masts.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mobile_positioning_data" title="Mobile positioning data">Mobile positioning</a> may be used for <a href="/wiki/Location-based_service" title="Location-based service">location-based services</a> that disclose the actual coordinates of a mobile phone. <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a> companies use this to <a href="/wiki/Approximate" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximate">approximate</a> the location of a mobile phone, and thereby also its user.<sup id="cite_ref-swang2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_phone_tracking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The location of a mobile phone can be determined in a number of ways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Network-based">Network-based</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_phone_tracking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Network-based"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mobile_phone_tracking" title="Special:EditPage/Mobile phone tracking">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The location of a mobile phone can be determined using the service provider's network infrastructure. The advantage of network-based techniques, from a service provider's point of view, is that they can be implemented non-intrusively without affecting handsets. Network-based techniques were developed many years prior to the widespread availability of GPS on handsets. (See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5519760">US 5519760</a>, issued 21 May 1996</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=5519760&rft.cc=US&rft.title=&rft.date=21 May 1996"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> for one of the first works relating to this.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>The technology of locating is based on measuring power levels and <a href="/wiki/Antenna_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna pattern">antenna patterns</a> and uses the concept that a powered mobile phone always communicates <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wirelessly</a> with one of the closest <a href="/wiki/Base_station" title="Base station">base stations</a>, so knowledge of the location of the base station implies the cell phone is nearby. </p><p>Advanced systems determine the sector in which the mobile phone is located and roughly estimate also the distance to the base station. Further approximation can be done by <a href="/wiki/Interpolating" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpolating">interpolating</a> signals between adjacent antenna towers. Qualified services may achieve a precision of down to 50 meters in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a> where mobile traffic and density of antenna towers (base stations) is sufficiently high.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">Rural</a> and desolate areas may see miles between base stations and therefore determine locations less precisely. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Global System for Mobile Communications">GSM</a> localization uses <a href="/wiki/Multilateration" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilateration">multilateration</a> to determine the location of GSM mobile phones, or dedicated trackers, usually with the intent to locate the user.<sup id="cite_ref-swang2008_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The accuracy of network-based techniques varies, with cell identification being the least accurate (due to differential signals transposing between towers, otherwise known as "bouncing signals") and <a href="/wiki/Triangulation" title="Triangulation">triangulation</a> as moderately accurate, and newer "advanced forward link <a href="/wiki/Trilateration" title="Trilateration">trilateration</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> timing methods as the most accurate. The accuracy of network-based techniques is both dependent on the concentration of cell base stations, with urban environments achieving the highest possible accuracy because of the higher number of <a href="/wiki/Cell_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell tower">cell towers</a>, and the implementation of the most current timing methods. </p><p>One of the key challenges of network-based techniques is the requirement to work closely with the service provider, as it entails the installation of hardware and software within the operator's infrastructure. Frequently the compulsion associated with a legislative framework, such as <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_9-1-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced 9-1-1">Enhanced 9-1-1</a>, is required before a service provider will deploy a solution. </p><p>In December 2020, it emerged that the Israeli surveillance company <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayzone_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rayzone Group (page does not exist)">Rayzone Group</a> may have gained access, in 2018, to the <a href="/wiki/Signalling_System_No._7" title="Signalling System No. 7">SS7</a> signaling system via cellular network provider <a href="/wiki/Sure_(company)" title="Sure (company)">Sure Guernsey</a>, thereby being able to track the location of any cellphone globally.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handset-based">Handset-based</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_phone_tracking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Handset-based"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The location of a mobile phone can be determined using <a href="/wiki/Client_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Client software">client software</a> installed on the handset.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique determines the location of the handset by putting its location by cell identification, signal strengths of the home and neighboring cells, which is continuously sent to the carrier.<sup id="cite_ref-\_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-\-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, if the handset is also equipped with <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> then significantly more precise location information can be then sent from the handset to the carrier. </p><p>Another approach is to use a fingerprinting-based technique,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the "signature" of the home and neighboring cells signal strengths at different points in the area of interest is recorded by <a href="/wiki/Wardriving" title="Wardriving">war-driving</a> and matched in real-time to determine the handset location. This is usually performed independent from the carrier. </p><p>The key disadvantage of handset-based techniques, from service provider's point of view, is the necessity of installing software on the handset. It requires the active cooperation of the mobile subscriber as well as software that must be able to handle the different <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> of the handsets. Typically, <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, such as one based on <a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a>, <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_OS" title="BlackBerry OS">BlackBerry OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, would be able to run such software, e.g. Google Maps. </p><p>One proposed work-around is the installation of <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded</a> hardware or software on the handset by the manufacturers, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Observed_Time_Difference" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Observed Time Difference">Enhanced Observed Time Difference</a> (E-OTD). This avenue has not made significant headway, due to the difficulty of convincing different manufacturers to cooperate on a common mechanism and to address the cost issue. Another difficulty would be to address the issue of foreign handsets that are roaming in the network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SIM-based">SIM-based</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_phone_tracking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: SIM-based"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Using the SIM (<a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">Subscriber Identity Module</a>) in <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System">Universal Mobile Telecommunications System</a> (UMTS) handsets, it is possible to obtain raw radio measurements from the handset.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Available measurements include the serving <a href="/wiki/Cell_ID" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell ID">Cell ID</a>, round-trip time, and signal strength. The type of information obtained via the SIM can differ from that which is available from the handset. For example, it may not be possible to obtain any raw measurements from the handset directly, yet still obtain measurements via the SIM.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_phone_tracking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wi-Fi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourced</a> Wi-Fi data can also be used to identify a handset's location.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poor performance of the GPS-based methods in indoor environment and the increasing popularity of Wi-Fi have encouraged companies to design new and feasible methods to carry out Wi-Fi-based indoor positioning.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> combine <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Global Navigation Satellite Systems</a> (GNSS), such as <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> and <a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_positioning_system" title="Wi-Fi positioning system">Wi-Fi positioning systems</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_positioning_system">Hybrid positioning system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_phone_tracking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hybrid positioning system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_positioning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid positioning system">Hybrid positioning systems</a> use a combination of network-based and handset-based technologies for location determination. One example would be some modes of <a href="/wiki/Assisted_GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted GPS">Assisted GPS</a>, which can both use <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> and network information to compute the location. Both types of data are thus used by the telephone to make the location more accurate (i.e., A-GPS). Alternatively tracking with both systems can also occur by having the phone attain its GPS-location directly from the <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a>, and then having the information sent via the network to the person that is trying to locate the telephone. Such systems include <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>, as well as, <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a>'s <a href="/wiki/OTDOA" title="OTDOA">OTDOA</a> and <a href="/wiki/E-CellID" title="E-CellID">E-CellID</a>. </p><p>There are also hybrid positioning systems which combine several different location approaches to position mobile devices by <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, <a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a>, GSM, LTE, <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a>, and network environment data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_purpose">Operational purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_phone_tracking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Operational purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to route calls to a phone, <a href="/wiki/Cell_site" title="Cell site">cell towers</a> listen for a signal sent from the phone and negotiate which tower is best able to communicate with the phone. As the phone changes location, the antenna towers monitor the signal, and the phone is "roamed" to an adjacent tower as appropriate. By comparing the relative signal strength from multiple antenna towers, a general location of a phone can be roughly determined. Other means make use of the antenna pattern, which supports angular determination and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phase_discrimination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phase discrimination (page does not exist)">phase discrimination</a>. </p><p>Newer phones may also allow the tracking of the phone even when turned on but not active in a telephone call. This results from the roaming procedures that perform hand-over of the phone from one base station to another.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumer_applications">Consumer applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_phone_tracking&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consumer applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A phone's location can be shared with friends and family, posted to a public website, recorded locally, or shared with other users of a smartphone app. The inclusion of GPS receivers on smartphones has made geographical apps nearly ubiquitous on these devices. Specific applications include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geo-fence" class="mw-redirect" title="Geo-fence">Geo-fence</a> specific locations of interest such as No Fly Zones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS navigation">GPS navigation</a> and maps</li> <li>Locator apps like <a href="/wiki/Find_My_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Find My Friends">Find My Friends</a></li> <li>Dating apps like <a href="/wiki/Grindr" title="Grindr">Grindr</a></li> <li>Recording a journey, for example to show a <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a> accomplishment</li> <li>For <a href="/wiki/Quantified_self" title="Quantified self">quantified self</a> purposes such as fitness tracking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_drawing" title="GPS drawing">GPS drawing</a></li></ul> <p>In January 2019, the location of her iPhone as determined by her sister helped Boston police find kidnapping victim Olivia Ambrose.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privacy">Privacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_phone_tracking&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Privacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Locating or positioning touches upon delicate <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> issues, since it enables someone to check where a person is without the person's consent.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strict ethics and security measures are strongly recommended for services that employ positioning.<br /> In 2012 <a href="/wiki/Malte_Spitz" title="Malte Spitz">Malte Spitz</a> held a <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED talk</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the issue of mobile phone privacy in which he showcased his own stored data that he received from <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom</a> after suing the company. He described the data, which consists of 35,830 lines of data collected during the span of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Data_retention" title="Data retention">data retention</a> at the time, saying, "This is six months of my life [...] You can see where I am, when I sleep at night, what I'm doing." He partnered up with <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">ZEIT Online</a> and made his information publicly available in an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/datenschutz/malte-spitz-vorratsdaten">interactive map</a> which allows users to watch his entire movements during that time in fast-forward. Spitz concluded that technology consumers are the key to challenging privacy norms in today's society who "have to fight for self determination in the digital age."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_phone_tracking&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese government</a> has proposed using this technology to track commuting patterns of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> city residents.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aggregate presence of mobile phone users could be tracked in a privacy-preserving fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This location data was used to locate protesters during <a href="/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China" title="2022 COVID-19 protests in China">protests in Beijing in 2022</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_phone_tracking&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> most countries have a constitutional guarantee on the <a href="/wiki/Secrecy_of_correspondence" title="Secrecy of correspondence">secrecy of correspondence</a>, and location data obtained from mobile phone networks is usually given the same protection as the communication itself.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_phone_tracking&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, there is a limited constitutional guarantee on the <a href="/wiki/Privacy_of_telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy of telecommunications">privacy of telecommunications</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Riley_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riley-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Katz_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katz-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of location data is further limited by <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">statutory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SCA_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karo_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karo-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Police access of seven days of a citizen's location data is unquestionably enough to be a <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">fourth amendment</a> search requiring both <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Warrant_(law)" title="Warrant (law)">warrant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2017, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_v._United_States" title="Carpenter v. United States">Carpenter v. United States</a></i> that the government violates the Fourth Amendment by accessing historical records containing the physical locations of cellphones without a search warrant.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_phone_tracking&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_v._United_States" title="Carpenter v. United States">Carpenter v. United States</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellphone_surveillance" title="Cellphone surveillance">Cellphone surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geofence_warrant" title="Geofence warrant">Geofence warrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geolocation">Geolocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a> Russian "Global Navigation Satellite System"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Latitude" title="Google Latitude">Google Latitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS phone">GPS phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_positioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor positioning">Indoor positioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">Information privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMEI_number" class="mw-redirect" title="IMEI number">IMEI number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_positioning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Local positioning system">Local positioning system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_dating" title="Mobile dating">Mobile dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device_forensics" title="Mobile device forensics">Mobile device forensics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_identification_number" title="Mobile identification number">Mobile identification number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Mobile security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positioning_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Positioning technology">Positioning technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_surveillance" title="Phone surveillance">Phone surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_resource_location_services_protocol" title="Radio resource location services protocol">Radio resource location services protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_locating_system" title="Real-time locating system">Real-time locating system</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riley_v._California" title="Riley v. California">Riley v. California</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_telephone" title="Secure telephone">Secure telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triggerfish_(surveillance)" title="Triggerfish (surveillance)">Triggerfish (surveillance)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Jones_(2012)" title="United States v. Jones (2012)">United States v. Jones (2012)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Karo" title="United States v. Karo">United States v. Karo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_tracking_system" title="Vehicle tracking system">Vehicle tracking system</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_phone_tracking&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4738219.stm">"Tracking a suspect by any mobile phone: Tracking SIM and handset"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2005-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tracking+a+suspect+by+any+mobile+phone%3A+Tracking+SIM+and+handset&rft.date=2005-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F4738219.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swang2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-swang2008_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-swang2008_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://to.swang.googlepages.com/ICC2008LBSforMobilessimplifiedR2.pdf">"Location Based Services for Mobiles: Technologies and Standards“</a>, Shu Wang, Jungwon Min and Byung K. Yi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee-icc.org/">IEEE International Conference on Communication (ICC) 2008</a>, Beijing, China</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emits.sso.esa.int/emits-doc/1-5200-RD24-Mobile-positioning-using-wireless-networks.pdf">Mobile Positioning Using Wireless Networks</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaitinenLahteenmakiNordstrom2001" class="citation book cs1">Laitinen, H.; Lahteenmaki, J.; Nordstrom, T. (2001). "Database correlation method for GSM location". <i>IEEE VTS 53rd Vehicular Technology Conference, Spring 2001. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37202)</i>. Vol. 4. Rhodes, Greece: IEEE. pp. <span class="nowrap">2504–</span>2508. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FVETECS.2001.944052">10.1109/VETECS.2001.944052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780780367289" title="Special:BookSources/9780780367289"><bdi>9780780367289</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195858053">195858053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Database+correlation+method+for+GSM+location&rft.btitle=IEEE+VTS+53rd+Vehicular+Technology+Conference%2C+Spring+2001.+Proceedings+%28Cat.+No.01CH37202%29&rft.place=Rhodes%2C+Greece&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2504-%3C%2Fspan%3E2508&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195858053%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FVETECS.2001.944052&rft.isbn=9780780367289&rft.aulast=Laitinen&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Lahteenmaki%2C+J.&rft.au=Nordstrom%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangWylie-Green2004" class="citation book cs1">Wang, S.S.; Wylie-Green, M.P. (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1405083">"Geolocation propagation modeling for cellular-based mobile positioning"</a>. <i>IEEE 60th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004. VTC2004-Fall. 2004</i>. Vol. 7. pp. 5155–5159 Vol. 7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FVETECF.2004.1405083">10.1109/VETECF.2004.1405083</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7803-8521-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7803-8521-7"><bdi>0-7803-8521-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38110004">38110004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geolocation+propagation+modeling+for+cellular-based+mobile+positioning&rft.btitle=IEEE+60th+Vehicular+Technology+Conference%2C+2004.+VTC2004-Fall.+2004&rft.pages=5155-5159+Vol.+7&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38110004%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FVETECF.2004.1405083&rft.isbn=0-7803-8521-7&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=S.S.&rft.au=Wylie-Green%2C+M.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F1405083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackKirchgaessnerSabbagh2020" class="citation news cs1">Black, Crofton; Kirchgaessner, Stephanie; Sabbagh, Dan (December 16, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/16/israeli-spy-firm-suspected-accessing-global-telecoms-channel-islands">"Israeli spy firm suspected of accessing global telecoms via Channel Islands"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> – via www.theguardian.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Israeli+spy+firm+suspected+of+accessing+global+telecoms+via+Channel+Islands&rft.date=2020-12-16&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Crofton&rft.au=Kirchgaessner%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Sabbagh%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fdec%2F16%2Fisraeli-spy-firm-suspected-accessing-global-telecoms-channel-islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handset-based mobile phone tracking app example 1: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crystalball.tv/mobile-phone-tracking/">MobileTrack</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-\-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-\_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, Bethany. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mobile-tracker-free.org/">"Handset-based Mobile phone carrier tracking app"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Handset-based+Mobile+phone+carrier+tracking+app&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmobile-tracker-free.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahimYoussef2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ibrahim, M.; Youssef, M. (2012-01-01). "CellSense: An Accurate Energy-Efficient GSM Positioning System". <i>IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology</i>. <b>61</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">286–</span>296. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1110.3425">1110.3425</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTVT.2011.2173771">10.1109/TVT.2011.2173771</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9545">0018-9545</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14790516">14790516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Vehicular+Technology&rft.atitle=CellSense%3A+An+Accurate+Energy-Efficient+GSM+Positioning+System&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E286-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1110.3425&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14790516%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-9545&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTVT.2011.2173771&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Youssef%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahimYoussef2010" class="citation book cs1">Ibrahim, M.; Youssef, M. (2010-12-01). "CellSense: A Probabilistic RSSI-Based GSM Positioning System". <i>2010 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference GLOBECOM 2010</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1004.3178">1004.3178</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010arXiv1004.3178I">2010arXiv1004.3178I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FGLOCOM.2010.5683779">10.1109/GLOCOM.2010.5683779</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-5636-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-5636-9"><bdi>978-1-4244-5636-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3220133">3220133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CellSense%3A+A+Probabilistic+RSSI-Based+GSM+Positioning+System&rft.btitle=2010+IEEE+Global+Telecommunications+Conference+GLOBECOM+2010&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3220133%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010arXiv1004.3178I&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1004.3178&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FGLOCOM.2010.5683779&rft.isbn=978-1-4244-5636-9&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Youssef%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahimYoussef2011" class="citation book cs1">Ibrahim, M.; Youssef, M. (2011-06-01). "A Hidden Markov Model for Localization Using Low-End GSM Cell Phones". <i>2011 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1010.3411">1010.3411</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.750.7082">10.1.1.750.7082</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ficc.2011.5962993">10.1109/icc.2011.5962993</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61284-232-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61284-232-5"><bdi>978-1-61284-232-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7459928">7459928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Hidden+Markov+Model+for+Localization+Using+Low-End+GSM+Cell+Phones&rft.btitle=2011+IEEE+International+Conference+on+Communications+%28ICC%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7459928%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Ficc.2011.5962993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.750.7082%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1010.3411&rft.isbn=978-1-61284-232-5&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Youssef%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ETSI TS 102 223 V9.1.0 SIM standard</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTed_Gibbons2008" class="citation news cs1">Ted Gibbons (25 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.co.nz/article/484018/vodafone_local_zone_-_landline_your_mobile">"Vodafone Local Zone"</a>. <i>PC World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+World&rft.atitle=Vodafone+Local+Zone&rft.date=2008-08-25&rft.au=Ted+Gibbons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.co.nz%2Farticle%2F484018%2Fvodafone_local_zone_-_landline_your_mobile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/04/27Apple-Q-A-on-Location-Data.html">"Q&A on Location Data"</a>. <i>apple.com</i>. Apple<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apple.com&rft.atitle=Q%26A+on+Location+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fpr%2Flibrary%2F2011%2F04%2F27Apple-Q-A-on-Location-Data.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPourhomayounFowler2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pourhomayoun; Fowler (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ws2.binghamton.edu/fowler/Improving%20WLAN-Based%20Indoor%20Mobile%20Positioning%20Using%20Sparsity.pdf">"Improving WLAN-Based Indoor Mobile Positioning Using Sparsity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asilomar Conference on Signal Processing 2012</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asilomar+Conference+on+Signal+Processing+2012&rft.atitle=Improving+WLAN-Based+Indoor+Mobile+Positioning+Using+Sparsity&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Pourhomayoun&rft.au=Fowler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fws2.binghamton.edu%2Ffowler%2FImproving%2520WLAN-Based%2520Indoor%2520Mobile%2520Positioning%2520Using%2520Sparsity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeclan_McCullagh_and_Anne_Broache2008" class="citation web cs1">Declan McCullagh and Anne Broache (6 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thechicagosyndicate.com/2006/12/roving-bug-in-cell-phones-used-by-fbi.html">"Roving Bug in Cell Phones Used By FBI to Eavesdrop on Syndicate"</a>. <i>The Chicago Syndicate -BLOG</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chicago+Syndicate+-BLOG&rft.atitle=Roving+Bug+in+Cell+Phones+Used+By+FBI+to+Eavesdrop+on+Syndicate&rft.date=2008-12-06&rft.au=Declan+McCullagh+and+Anne+Broache&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thechicagosyndicate.com%2F2006%2F12%2Froving-bug-in-cell-phones-used-by-fbi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2019/01/23/how-common-smartphone-app-helped-find-missing-woman/RBkDlEaBIBkOIplzJPrtDK/story.html">"A common smartphone feature helped find missing woman - The Boston Globe"</a>. <i>BostonGlobe.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BostonGlobe.com&rft.atitle=A+common+smartphone+feature+helped+find+missing+woman+-+The+Boston+Globe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fbusiness%2F2019%2F01%2F23%2Fhow-common-smartphone-app-helped-find-missing-woman%2FRBkDlEaBIBkOIplzJPrtDK%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaxman" class="citation web cs1">Waxman, Seth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/16-402-ac-technology-companies.pdf">"Brief for technology companies as amici curiae in support of neither party"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>scotusblog</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/posttech/2011/03/china_said_it_may_begin.html">the original</a> on June 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=China+plans+to+track+cellphone+users%2C+sparking+human+rights+concerns&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft.au=Cecilia+Kang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.washingtonpost.com%2Fposttech%2F2011%2F03%2Fchina_said_it_may_begin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Chinese+police+are+using+cellphone+data+to+track+down+protesters&rft.date=2022-12-02&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Nectar+Gan%2C+Yong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F12%2F02%2Fchina%2Fchina-beijing-protests-police-mobile-signal-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpyropoulos,_Philippos_K.2009" class="citation book cs1">Spyropoulos, Philippos K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/383848443"><i>Constitutional law in Greece</i></a>. Fortsakis, Théodore. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-2878-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-2878-2"><bdi>978-90-411-2878-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/383848443">383848443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+law+in+Greece&rft.place=Netherlands&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F383848443&rft.isbn=978-90-411-2878-2&rft.au=Spyropoulos%2C+Philippos+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F383848443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2020" class="citation cs2">Campbell, John (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781788970594.00008">"The origins and development of the right to privacy"</a>, <i>Comparative Privacy and Defamation</i>, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>23, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4337%2F9781788970594.00008">10.4337/9781788970594.00008</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78897-059-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78897-059-4"><bdi>978-1-78897-059-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225586361">225586361</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Privacy+and+Defamation&rft.atitle=The+origins+and+development+of+the+right+to+privacy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225586361%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4337%2F9781788970594.00008&rft.isbn=978-1-78897-059-4&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4337%2F9781788970594.00008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chapter X, Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens, Article 128". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/russian/const/36cons04.html#chap10"><i>1936 Constitution of the USSR</i>.</a> <q>The inviolability of the homes of citizens and privacy of correspondence are protected by law.</q></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roxana Maria Roba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.upm.ro/facultati_departamente/ea/RePEc/curentul_juridic/rcj09/recjurid091_10F.pdf">The Legal Protection of the Secrecy of Correspondence</a>, <i>Curentul "Juridic"</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518070822/http://revcurentjur.ro/arhiva/attachments_200901/recjurid091_10F.pdf">archived</a>), 2009, number 1, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%AErgu-Mure%C5%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Tîrgu-Mureş">Tîrgu-Mureş</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carpenter-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_v._United_States" title="Carpenter v. United States">Carpenter v. United States</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/16-402">583 U.S.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> 22 June 2018) ("The Government's acquisition of Carpenter's cell-site records was a Fourth Amendment search.").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riley-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Riley_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Riley_v._California" title="Riley v. California">Riley v. California</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/13-132">573 U.S.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> 25 June 2014) ("Required a warrant to search mobile telecommunications devices.").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Jones_(2012)" title="United States v. Jones (2012)">United States v. Jones</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/10-1259">565 U.S. 400</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> 23 January 2012) ("Limited use of GPS devices [such as in a cell phone] to track movements.").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katz-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Katz_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Katz_v._United_States" title="Katz v. United States">Katz v. United States</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/389/347">389 U.S. 347</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> 18 December 18, 1967) ("(a) that an enclosed telephone booth is an area where, like a home, and unlike a field, a person has <b>a constitutionally protected reasonable expectation of privacy;</b> (b) that <b>electronic</b> as well as physical <b>intrusion into a place that is in this sense private may constitute a violation of the Fourth Amendment;</b> and (c) that an invasion of a constitutionally protected area by federal authorities is, as the Court has long held, presumptively unreasonable in the absence of a search warrant.").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Jackson" title="Ex parte Jackson">Ex parte Jackson</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/96/727/case.html">96 U.S. 727</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> 1878) ("Letters and sealed packages subject to letter postage in the mail can be opened and examined only under like warrant, issued upon similar oath or affirmation, particularly describing the thing to be seized, as is required when papers are subjected to search in one's own household. The constitutional guaranty of the right of the people to be secure in their papers against unreasonable searches and seizures extends to their papers, thus closed against inspection, wherever they may be.").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCA-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SCA_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2703">"Stored Communications Act (18 U.S. Code § 2703(d) - Required disclosure of customer communications or records)"</a>. <q>Requirements for Court Order.— A court order for disclosure under subsection (b) or (c) may be issued by any court that is a court of competent jurisdiction and <b>shall issue only if the governmental entity offers specific and articulable facts showing that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the contents of a wire or electronic communication, or the records or other information sought, are relevant and material to an ongoing criminal investigation. In the case of a State governmental authority, such a court order shall not issue if prohibited by the law of such State.</b> A court issuing an order pursuant to this section, on a motion made promptly by the service provider, may quash or modify such order, if the information or records requested are unusually voluminous in nature or compliance with such order otherwise would cause an undue burden on such provider.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stored+Communications+Act+%2818+U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+2703%28d%29+-+Required+disclosure+of+customer+communications+or+records%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F18%2F2703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/47/part-0/subpart-E">"47 CFR Subpart E - Privacy Act Regulations"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=47+CFR+Subpart+E+-+Privacy+Act+Regulations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fcfr%2Ftext%2F47%2Fpart-0%2Fsubpart-E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karo-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karo_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Karo" title="United States v. Karo">United States v. Karo</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/468/705">468 U.S. 705</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> 3 July 1984) ("the use of a beeper to conduct surveillance on Karo and his accomplices constituted an unlawful search and seizure in violation of the Fourth Amendment.").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Liptak" title="Adam Liptak">Liptak, Adam</a> (23 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/22/us/politics/supreme-court-warrants-cell-phone-privacy.html">"Warrant Required for Cellphone Tracking Data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(print)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Vol. CLXII, no. 58, 002 (National ed.). pp. A1, A16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2018</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"We decline to grant the state unrestricted access to a wireless carrier's database of physical location information," Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. wrote for the majority. ... "Mapping a cellphone's location over the course of 127 days provides an all-encompassing record of the holder's whereabouts," he wrote, going on to quote from an earlier opinion. "As with GPS information, the time-stamped data provides an intimate window into a person's life, revealing not only his particular movements, but through them his 'familial, political, professional, religious and sexual associations.'" ... "cellphones and the services they provide are 'such a pervasive and insistent part of daily life' that carrying one is indispensable to participation in modern society."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Warrant+Required+for+Cellphone+Tracking+Data&rft.volume=CLXII&rft.issue=58%2C+002&rft.pages=A1%2C+A16&rft.date=2018-06-23&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F06%2F22%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fsupreme-court-warrants-cell-phone-privacy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyaerts2018" class="citation journal cs1">Keyaerts, K. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.21552/edpl/2018/4/17">"United States ∙ Carpenter v US: Supreme Court Rules Police Need a Warrant to Obtain Cell-Site Location Information"</a>. <i>European Data Protection Law Review</i>. <b>4</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">525–</span>530. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21552%2Fedpl%2F2018%2F4%2F17">10.21552/edpl/2018/4/17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2364-2831">2364-2831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Data+Protection+Law+Review&rft.atitle=United+States+%E2%88%99+Carpenter+v+US%3A+Supreme+Court+Rules+Police+Need+a+Warrant+to+Obtain+Cell-Site+Location+Information&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E525-%3C%2Fspan%3E530&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21552%2Fedpl%2F2018%2F4%2F17&rft.issn=2364-2831&rft.aulast=Keyaerts&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.21552%2Fedpl%2F2018%2F4%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_phone_tracking&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarshavskyChenFroehlichHaehnel" class="citation journal cs1">Varshavsky, Alex; Chen, Mikey; Froehlich, Jon; Haehnel, Dirk; Hightower, Jeffrey; Lamarca, Anthony; Potter, Fred; Sohn, Timothy; Tang, Karen; Smith, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.umd.edu/~jonf/publications/Varshavsky_AreGSMPhonesTheSolutionForLocalization_WMCSA2006.pdf">"Are GSM phones THE solution for localization?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>In 7th IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (HotMobile)</i>. IEEE Computer Society: <span class="nowrap">20–</span>28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+7th+IEEE+Workshop+on+Mobile+Computing+Systems+and+Applications+%28HotMobile%29&rft.atitle=Are+GSM+phones+THE+solution+for+localization%3F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.aulast=Varshavsky&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Chen%2C+Mikey&rft.au=Froehlich%2C+Jon&rft.au=Haehnel%2C+Dirk&rft.au=Hightower%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Lamarca%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Potter%2C+Fred&rft.au=Sohn%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Tang%2C+Karen&rft.au=Smith%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.umd.edu%2F~jonf%2Fpublications%2FVarshavsky_AreGSMPhonesTheSolutionForLocalization_WMCSA2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+phone+tracking" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Goodin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dan Goodin (17 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/business/2012/02/location-tracking-of-gsm-cellphones-now-easier-and-cheaper-than-ever/">"Location tracking of GSM cellphones: now easier (and cheaper) than ever"</a>. <i>Arstechnica</i>. 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile_phones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile phones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mobile_phones689" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Mobile<br />networks</a>,<br />protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_capacity" title="Channel capacity">Channel capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-band_device" title="Multi-band device">Multi-band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">Network operator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators" title="List of mobile network operators">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaming" title="Roaming">Roaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_signal" title="Mobile phone signal">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_SIM" title="Dual SIM">dual SIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIM" title="ESIM">eSIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_lock" title="SIM lock">SIM lock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Standards comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">Tethering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_VoIP" title="Mobile VoIP">VoIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">WAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">XHTML-MP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile phone generations">Generations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Analogue</b>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a></li> <li><b>Digital</b>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3G_adoption" title="3G adoption">adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">3.5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">4.5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6G" title="6G">6G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />operation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_feature" title="Mobile phone feature">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM_services" title="GSM services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phone_cloning" title="Phone cloning">phone cloning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Telephony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airplane_mode" title="Airplane mode">airplane mode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Communication_Services" title="Rich Communication Services">RCS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam" title="Mobile phone spam">Spam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_web" title="Mobile web">Web browsing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile<br />devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_manufacturers" title="Category:Mobile phone manufacturers">Manufacturers</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_phone" title="Car phone">Car phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projector_phone" title="Projector phone">Projector phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Form factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Bar" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_design" title="Clamshell design">Flip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slider" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slate" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Fold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_smartphones" title="Comparison of smartphones">Smartphones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android devices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">rooting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10#Devices" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_mobile_phones" title="List of open-source mobile phones">Open-source mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Symbian_devices" title="Comparison of Symbian devices">Symbian devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Windows_phones" title="List of Windows phones">Windows Phone devices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile<br />specific<br /><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app_development" title="Mobile app development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_application_management" title="Mobile application management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_cloud_computing" title="Mobile cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Marketing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign" title="Mobile campaign">campaigns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Payments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">contactless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_donating" title="Mobile donating">donating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_ticketing" title="Mobile ticketing">Ticketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_content" title="Mobile content">Content</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_blogging" title="Mobile blogging">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_email" title="Push email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_gambling" title="Mobile gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-learning" title="M-learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_music" title="Mobile music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_news" title="Mobile news">News</a></li> <li><a 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