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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Military architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civic_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civic_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Civic architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civic_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Medieval architecture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" title="عمارة العصور الوسطى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمارة العصور الوسطى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_medieval" title="Arquitectura medieval – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arquitectura medieval" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelalderlig_arkitektur" title="Middelalderlig arkitektur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Middelalderlig arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_medieval" title="Arquitectura medieval – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura medieval" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdi_Aroko_arkitektura" title="Erdi Aroko arkitektura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erdi Aroko arkitektura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale" title="Architecture médiévale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecture médiévale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_medieval" title="Arquitectura medieval – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arquitectura medieval" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B8_%EA%B1%B4%EC%B6%95" title="중세 건축 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중세 건축" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Միջնադարյան ճարտարապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջնադարյան ճարտարապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettura_medievale" title="Architettura medievale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Architettura medievale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אדריכלות ימי הביניים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדריכלות ימי הביניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arciteta_medieval" title="Arciteta medieval – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arciteta medieval" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektura_%C5%9Bredniowiecza" title="Architektura średniowiecza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Architektura średniowiecza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura_da_Idade_M%C3%A9dia" title="Arquitetura da Idade Média – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arquitetura da Idade Média" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitectura_medieval%C4%83" title="Arhitectura medievală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arhitectura medievală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednjeve%C5%A1ka_arhitektura" title="Srednjeveška arhitektura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Srednjeveška arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekturang_medyebal" title="Arkitekturang medyebal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arkitekturang medyebal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Architecture during the Middle Ages</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durham_Cathedral_Nave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Durham_Cathedral_Nave.jpg/220px-Durham_Cathedral_Nave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Durham_Cathedral_Nave.jpg/330px-Durham_Cathedral_Nave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Durham_Cathedral_Nave.jpg/440px-Durham_Cathedral_Nave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8687" data-file-height="5791" /></a><figcaption>12th-century Romanesque <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> with <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vaulting</a>.</figcaption></figure><p><b>Medieval architecture</b> was the <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">art and science of designing and constructing buildings</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The major styles of the period included <a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Romanesque">pre-Romanesque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a>. In the fifteenth century, architects began to favour <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">classical</a> forms again, in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance style</a>, marking the end of the medieval period. Many examples of religious, civic, and military architecture from the Middle Ages survive throughout Europe. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles">Styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Romanesque">Pre-Romanesque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Romanesque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque art and architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Naranco,_Oviedo_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Naranco%2C_Oviedo_edited.jpg/220px-Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Naranco%2C_Oviedo_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Naranco%2C_Oviedo_edited.jpg/330px-Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Naranco%2C_Oviedo_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Naranco%2C_Oviedo_edited.jpg/440px-Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Naranco%2C_Oviedo_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3402" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>The church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Naranco" title="Santa María del Naranco">Santa María del Naranco</a>, originally a palace, built in the pre-Romanesque <a href="/wiki/Asturian_architecture" title="Asturian architecture">Asturian</a> style.</figcaption></figure> <p>The pre-Romanesque period lasted from the beginning of the Middle Ages (around 500 AD) to the emergence of the Romanesque style (from the 10th century). Much of the notable architecture from the period comes from France and Germany, under the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture">Ottonians</a>. Other regions also have examples of architecture from this period, including <a href="/wiki/Croatian_pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Croatian pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture" title="Anglo-Saxon architecture">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iberian_pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Iberian pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Iberia</a> (especially in <a href="/wiki/Asturian_architecture" title="Asturian architecture">Asturias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">León</a>). In Lombardy, the pre-Romanesque style included many Romanesque features and is therefore known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Romanesque" title="First Romanesque">First Romanesque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanesque">Romanesque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Romanesque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_Assunta_Esterno_Angolo_Sud_Ovest_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pisa_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_Assunta_Esterno_Angolo_Sud_Ovest_4.jpg/220px-Pisa_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_Assunta_Esterno_Angolo_Sud_Ovest_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pisa_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_Assunta_Esterno_Angolo_Sud_Ovest_4.jpg/330px-Pisa_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_Assunta_Esterno_Angolo_Sud_Ovest_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pisa_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_Assunta_Esterno_Angolo_Sud_Ovest_4.jpg/440px-Pisa_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_Assunta_Esterno_Angolo_Sud_Ovest_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5181" data-file-height="2925" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pisa_Cathedral" title="Pisa Cathedral">Pisa Cathedral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">Leaning Tower</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pisan_Romanesque_style" title="Pisan Romanesque style">Pisan Romanesque</a> style.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Romanesque style was predominant across Europe during the 11th and 12th centuries. It is characterized by rounded arches, by <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Groin_vault" title="Groin vault">groin</a> vaulting and by thick walls. The first and greatest patrons of Romanesque architecture came from the Church, especially monastic traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Abbey" title="Cluny Abbey">Cluniacs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cistercian_architecture" title="Cistercian architecture">Cistercians</a>, but examples of <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_secular_and_domestic_architecture" title="Romanesque secular and domestic architecture">Romanesque civic and military buildings</a> survive.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term 'Romanesque' (literally meaning 'in the manner of the Romans') was first used to describe the style in 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the style did draw on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">ancient Roman architecture</a>, it was ultimately an original style and had a wider range of influences than the name suggests.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Examples of Romanesque architecture survive <a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_characteristics_of_Romanesque_churches" title="List of regional characteristics of Romanesque churches">across Europe</a>, including in <a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Romanesque_architecture" title="French Romanesque architecture">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brick_Romanesque_buildings" title="List of Brick Romanesque buildings">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisan_Romanesque_style" title="Pisan Romanesque style">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture_in_Spain" title="Romanesque architecture in Spain">Spain</a>, Scandinavia and Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg/161px-Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg/242px-Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg/323px-Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1961" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a>, Paris, built in the <a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a> Gothic style between 1238 and 1248.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gothic">Gothic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gothic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a></div> <p>The Gothic style was predominant across Europe between the late 12th century and the end of the Middle Ages in the 15th century. The key feature of Gothic architecture is pointed arches. Other features, including <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vaulting</a>, exterior <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttresses</a>, elaborate <a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">tracery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>, are commonly found in Gothic architecture. The choir of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a> in France, completed in 1144, is considered to be the first wholly Gothic building, combining all of these elements.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term 'Gothic' (literally meaning 'in the manner of the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>') was first used in the 16th century by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a>. However, the Goths, an ancient Germanic people, had no influence on the Gothic style. The Gothic style actually evolved from Romanesque architecture in France. A number of <a href="/wiki/Influences_upon_Gothic_architecture" title="Influences upon Gothic architecture">other factors and styles</a> may have influenced early Gothic architecture. Architecture that combines elements of both the Romanesque and Gothic styles is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20130808_Kings_College_Chapel_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/20130808_Kings_College_Chapel_01.jpg/220px-20130808_Kings_College_Chapel_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/20130808_Kings_College_Chapel_01.jpg/330px-20130808_Kings_College_Chapel_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/20130808_Kings_College_Chapel_01.jpg/440px-20130808_Kings_College_Chapel_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3785" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel</a>, Cambridge, built in the <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a> style between 1446 and 1515.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scholars have divided Gothic architecture into a number of different periods: <a href="/wiki/Early_Gothic_architecture" title="Early Gothic architecture">Early Gothic</a> in the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/High_Gothic" title="High Gothic">High Gothic</a> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Classic_Gothic" title="Classic Gothic">Classic Gothic</a>) in the 13th century, and Late Gothic from the 14th century. During the High Gothic period, <a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a> was the primary style in France and <a href="/wiki/Decorated_gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorated gothic">Decorated</a> was the main style in England. In the Late Gothic period, <a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a> was the primary style in France (and Spain) and <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular</a> was the main style in England. Although from the 15th century the Gothic style was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a>, marking the end of the Middle Ages and medieval architecture, there were <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture" title="Romanesque Revival architecture">Romanesque Revival</a> movements in the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both <a href="/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches" title="Gothic cathedrals and churches">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_secular_and_domestic_architecture" title="Gothic secular and domestic architecture">secular</a> examples of medieval Gothic architecture survive, notably a number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Gothic_cathedrals_in_Europe" title="List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe">cathedrals</a>. Examples survive <a href="/wiki/List_of_Gothic_architecture" title="List of Gothic architecture">across Europe</a>, including in <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Gothic" title="Belarusian Gothic">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Gothic_architecture" title="Czech Gothic architecture">Czechia</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Gothic_architecture" title="Italian Gothic architecture">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture_in_Lithuania" title="Gothic architecture in Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brabantine_Gothic" title="Brabantine Gothic">Low Countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture_in_modern_Poland" title="Gothic architecture in modern Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gothic_architecture" title="Portuguese Gothic architecture">Portugal</a>, Scandinavia, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Gothic_architecture" title="Spanish Gothic architecture">Spain</a>. Each country developed a unique style of Gothic architecture, as did many smaller regions, including <a href="/wiki/Southern_French_Gothic" title="Southern French Gothic">Southern France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Gothic_architecture" title="Venetian Gothic architecture">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Gothic" title="Catalan Gothic">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Gothic" title="Levantine Gothic">Levante</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Gothic" title="Valencian Gothic">Valencia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">Brick Gothic style</a> was widespread <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brick_Gothic_buildings" title="List of Brick Gothic buildings">around the Baltic and in North Germany</a>. Towards the end of the Gothic period, a number of new regional styles emerged, often incorporating elements of Renaissance architecture. These include the <a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a> in Spain, <a href="/wiki/Isabelline_(architectural_style)" title="Isabelline (architectural style)">Isabelline</a> in Castile, <a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a> in Portugal, and <a href="/wiki/Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a> around Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_architecture">Religious architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religious architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches" title="Gothic cathedrals and churches">Gothic cathedrals and churches</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_La_Blanca_%5E_sinagoga_en_TOLEDO_-_panoramio_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_La_Blanca_%5E_sinagoga_en_TOLEDO_-_panoramio_edited.jpg/220px-Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_La_Blanca_%5E_sinagoga_en_TOLEDO_-_panoramio_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_La_Blanca_%5E_sinagoga_en_TOLEDO_-_panoramio_edited.jpg/330px-Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_La_Blanca_%5E_sinagoga_en_TOLEDO_-_panoramio_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_La_Blanca_%5E_sinagoga_en_TOLEDO_-_panoramio_edited.jpg/440px-Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_La_Blanca_%5E_sinagoga_en_TOLEDO_-_panoramio_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1441" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Blanca" title="Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca">synagogue of Santa María la Blanca</a>, Toledo, built <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> and later converted into a Catholic church.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many surviving medieval buildings originally served a religious purpose. The architecture of the buildings depended on the religion it served, the region it was located in, and the styles during the time. For example, mosques often had <a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">domes</a>, whereas churches usually had bell towers. Although some examples of medieval <a href="/wiki/Historic_synagogues#Europe" title="Historic synagogues">synagogues</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_mosques#Europe" title="List of the oldest mosques">mosques</a> survive, particularly in Spain, Christian churches and monasteries are the most common survival throughout Europe. </p><p>A number of different types of medieval church survive: parish churches, such as in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_parish_churches_of_York" title="Medieval parish churches of York">York</a>; cathedral churches; such as across <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" title="Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England">England</a>; and abbey churches, such as across <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_abbeys,_priories_and_friaries_serving_as_parish_churches" title="List of English abbeys, priories and friaries serving as parish churches">England</a>. Most surviving churches are <a href="/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches" title="Gothic cathedrals and churches">in the Gothic style</a>, and share a number of features — stained glass, vaulting, buttresses, and an altar at the east end. Churches usually took the <a href="/wiki/Cruciform" title="Cruciform">shape of a cross</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chancel" title="Chancel">chancel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transepts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aisle" title="Aisle">aisles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churches often had reliquaries to display precious relics.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their design often had religious symbolism, such as <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Christ" title="Sunday Christ">Sunday Christ</a> paintings and biblical narratives in stained glass.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving churches are almost entirely made out of stone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_architecture">Military architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zolyomcivertanlegi1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Zolyomcivertanlegi1.jpg/220px-Zolyomcivertanlegi1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Zolyomcivertanlegi1.jpg/330px-Zolyomcivertanlegi1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Zolyomcivertanlegi1.jpg/440px-Zolyomcivertanlegi1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zvolen_Castle" title="Zvolen Castle">Zvolen Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> strongly inspired by Italian castles of the fourteenth century</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Medieval fortification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motte_%26_Bailey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Motte_%26_Bailey.svg/220px-Motte_%26_Bailey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Motte_%26_Bailey.svg/330px-Motte_%26_Bailey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Motte_%26_Bailey.svg/440px-Motte_%26_Bailey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="1511" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of a <a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte and Bailey Castle</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Surviving examples of medieval <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> architecture mainly served for defense, these include <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">forts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">tower houses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">fortified walls</a>. Fortifications were built during the Middle Ages to display the power of the lords of the land and reassure common folk in their protection of property and livelihood. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>In the early Middle Ages, fortifications were made from wood and earth, these were called <a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte and bailey castles</a>. These consist of a <a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">stockade</a> or <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a> surrounding an enclosed courtyard and man-made mound. This fortification acted as a passive obstacle that potential enemies would have to face to attack the civilization. However, this method of fortification had its downside including being vulnerable to fires so more methods of fortification were created. </p><p>Military architecture began to start being created with stone in the <a href="/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century">11th century</a>, it was also used to indicate wealth and power of the area protected with it. Stone was much more durable and was fireproof. They also began to adopt the use of cylindrical ground plans. There were many benefits to a cylindrical shape, it reduced blindspots, they were more resistant.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of cylindrical fortifications are the <a href="/wiki/Gate_tower" title="Gate tower">gate towers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech Castle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mende,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Mende, France">Tour des Pénitents.</a> </p><p>Medieval Fortifications also displayed many different defensive elements including, <a href="/wiki/Hoarding_(castle)" title="Hoarding (castle)">hoardings</a>, loopholes or crosslets, and <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moats</a>. Hoarding and loopholes were both beneficial for the <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archers</a> or missile throwers, allowing them to see their targets better. Windows gained a cross-shape for more than decorative purposes, they provided a perfect fit for a <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbowman</a> to shoot invaders from inside safely. <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">Moats</a> were used as a defensive mechanism for keeping attackers further away from the fort, while most were kept dry, moats were much more effective when wet.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civic_architecture">Civic architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Civic architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_secular_and_domestic_architecture" title="Romanesque secular and domestic architecture">Romanesque secular and domestic architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_secular_and_domestic_architecture" title="Gothic secular and domestic architecture">Gothic secular and domestic architecture</a></div> <p>While much of the surviving medieval architecture is either religious or military, examples of civic and even domestic architecture can be found throughout Europe. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor houses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Town_hall" title="Town hall">town halls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almshouse" title="Almshouse">almshouses</a> and bridges, but also residential houses.Walled towns were constructed across Europe, including in <a href="/wiki/Austrian_walled_towns" title="Austrian walled towns">Austria</a>. The Civic landscape of Europe was built up of the crown, the church, <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayors</a>, and the elite. It was also largely running off of ceremonies that connected these relationships. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The examples of the civic architecture mentioned in the last paragraph were mostly owned by the elite or government buildings. For example, <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor houses</a> were owned by <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> and located closely in relation to churches. These buildings, due to their higher class ownership, were more large in scale with elements that displayed wealth. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also provide an insight into the social history of the area it sits in through its architecture due to them adapting throughout the years to accommodate what the owner needed most. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Majority of these buildings were made of stone while some were also wood framed. <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_architecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Architecture of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Tarnovo_Artistic_School" title="Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School">Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_architecture" title="Medieval Scandinavian architecture">Medieval Scandinavian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Serbian_architecture" title="Medieval Serbian architecture">Medieval Serbian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_stone_bridges_in_Germany" title="List of medieval stone bridges in Germany">List of medieval stone bridges in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_bridges_in_France" title="List of medieval bridges in France">List of medieval bridges in France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_architecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFernieLymanHicksBaylé2003" class="citation web cs1">Fernie, Eric; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000072835">"Romanesque"</a>. <i>Grove Art Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T072835">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T072835</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4"><bdi>978-1-884446-05-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grove+Art+Online&rft.atitle=Romanesque&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T072835&rft.isbn=978-1-884446-05-4&rft.aulast=Fernie&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Lyman%2C+Thomas+W.&rft.au=Hicks%2C+Carola&rft.au=Bayl%C3%A9%2C+Maylis&rft.au=Tcherikover%2C+Anat&rft.au=Camus%2C+M.+T.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Danielle+Valin&rft.au=Stratford%2C+Neil&rft.au=Borg%2C+Alan&rft.au=Moralejo%2C+S.&rft.au=d%27Emilio%2C+James&rft.au=Dias%2C+Pedro&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Faith&rft.au=West%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Thurlby%2C+Malcolm&rft.au=Kahn%2C+Deborah&rft.au=Garton%2C+Tessa&rft.au=Stalley%2C+Roger&rft.au=H%C3%BClsen%2C+A.+v.&rft.au=Verzar%2C+Christine&rft.au=Buchwald%2C+Hans&rft.au=Claussen%2C+P.+Cornelius&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Paul&rft.au=Glass%2C+Dorothy+F.&rft.au=d%27Elia%2C+Pina+Belli&rft.au=Sheppard%2C+Carl+D.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Elizabeth+B.&rft.au=Niehoff%2C+F.&rft.au=Will%2C+Robert&rft.au=Semff%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordartonline.com%2Fgroveart%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.001.0001%2Foao-9781884446054-e-7000072835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2003" class="citation cs2">Hicks, Carola (2003-01-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198662037.001.0001/acref-9780198662037-e-2260">"Romanesque"</a>, <i>The Oxford Companion to Western Art</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662037.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780198662037.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866203-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866203-7"><bdi>978-0-19-866203-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-09</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Western+Art&rft.atitle=Romanesque&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662037.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866203-7&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Carola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662037.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662037-e-2260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oed.com/dictionary/romanesque_n">"Romanesque, n. & adj."</a>, <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (3 ed.), Oxford University Press, 2023-03-02, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foed%2F9822227393">10.1093/oed/9822227393</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-09</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Romanesque%2C+n.+%26+adj.&rft.date=2023-03-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foed%2F9822227393&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foed.com%2Fdictionary%2Fromanesque_n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidsonDavisCrossleySandron2003" class="citation web cs1">Kidson, Peter; et al. 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(2020-07-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIV-M-1-2020/65/2020/">"Typological Study and Cataloguing of Late Medieval Manor Houses of the Basque Country (Spain)"</a>. <i>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</i>. XLIV-M-1-2020: <span class="nowrap">65–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ISPAr44M1...65L">2020ISPAr44M1...65L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-65-2020">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-65-2020</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1682-1750">1682-1750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Archives+of+the+Photogrammetry%2C+Remote+Sensing+and+Spatial+Information+Sciences&rft.atitle=Typological+Study+and+Cataloguing+of+Late+Medieval+Manor+Houses+of+the+Basque+Country+%28Spain%29&rft.volume=XLIV-M-1-2020&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2020-07-24&rft.issn=1682-1750&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-65-2020&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ISPAr44M1...65L&rft.aulast=Luengas-Carre%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Crespo+de+Antonio%2C+M.&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez-Beitia%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisprs-archives.copernicus.org%2Farticles%2FXLIV-M-1-2020%2F65%2F2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarley1988" class="citation journal cs1">Barley, Maurice W. (January 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/10.1484/J.NMS.3.163">"Nottinghamshire Medieval Manor Houses"</a>. <i>Nottingham Medieval Studies</i>. <b>32</b>: <span class="nowrap">165–</span>175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.NMS.3.163">10.1484/J.NMS.3.163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0078-2122">0078-2122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nottingham+Medieval+Studies&rft.atitle=Nottinghamshire+Medieval+Manor+Houses.&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.date=1988-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.NMS.3.163&rft.issn=0078-2122&rft.aulast=Barley&rft.aufirst=Maurice+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brepolsonline.net%2Fdoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.NMS.3.163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_architecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Braun, Hugh, <i>An Introduction to English Mediaeval Architecture</i>, London: Faber and Faber, 1951.</li> <li>"Building the House of God: Architectural Metaphor and <i>The Mystic Ark,</i>" <i>Codex Aquilarensis: Revista de arte medieval</i> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banister_Fletcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Banister Fletcher">Fletcher, Banister</a>; Cruickshank, Dan, <i>Sir <a href="/wiki/Banister_Fletcher%27s_a_History_of_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture">Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture</a></i>, Architectural Press, 20th edition, 1996 (first published 1896). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-2267-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-2267-9">0-7506-2267-9</a>. Cf. Part Two, Chapter 13.</li> <li>Hillson, J., Buchanan, A., Webb, N <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O8EyEAAAQBAJ">, <i>Digital Analysis of Vaults in English Medieval Architecture</i></a>, London: Taylor & Francis (2021).</li> <li>Rudolph, Conrad, "Building-Miracles as Artistic Justification in the Early and Mid-Twelfth Century," <i>Radical Art History: Internationale Anthologie,</i> ed. Wolfgang Kersten (1997) 398–410.</li> <li>Rudolph, Conrad, "The Architectural Metaphor in Western Medieval Artistic Culture: From the Cornerstone to <i>The Mystic Ark</i>," <i>The Cambridge History of Religious Architecture</i>, ed. Stephen Murray (2016).</li> <li>Rudolph, Conrad, "Medieval Architectural Theory, the Sacred Economy, and the Public Presentation of Monastic Architecture: The Classic Cistercian Plan," <i>Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians</i> 78 (2019) 259–275.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_architecture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scandinaviacityguide.com/the-stave-churches-in-norway/">The stave churches in Norway</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511031439/http://scandinaviacityguide.com/the-stave-churches-in-norway/">Archived</a> 2016-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlvarchive.org">Photographs and Plans of Crusader, Armenian and Byzantine Architecture in Turkey</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li>Aegean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization#Architecture" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Architecture" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_architecture" title="Herodian architecture">Herodian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Pre-Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Pre-Islamic Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st millennium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a></li> <li>East Slavic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_church_architecture" title="Russian church architecture">Muscovite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Islamic Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_architecture" title="Medieval Scandinavian architecture">Medieval Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_school_(architecture)" title="Galician school (architecture)">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_architecture" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Western Chalukya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Incan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500–1750</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1750–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Baroque" title="Andean Baroque">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Baroque_architecture" title="Czech Baroque architecture">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecture" title="Dutch Baroque architecture">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_architecture" title="French Baroque architecture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_architecture" title="Italian Baroque architecture">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Baroque_architecture" title="Maltese Baroque architecture">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_Baroque" title="Petrine Baroque">Petrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Baroque" title="Elizabethan Baroque">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroque" title="Naryshkin Baroque">Naryshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Baroque architecture in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Baroque" title="Siberian Baroque">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque" title="Ukrainian Baroque">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Russo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_Revival_architecture" title="Serbo-Byzantine Revival architecture">Serbo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumentalism" title="Monumentalism">Monumentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_architecture" title="Rococo architecture">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo</a></li> <li>Queen Anne <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Queen_Anne_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="British Queen Anne Revival">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Queen_Anne_Revival_architecture" title="New World Queen Anne Revival architecture">America and Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_style" title="Liberty style">Liberty style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Style_(British_Art_Nouveau_style)" title="Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)">Modern Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Revival_architecture" title="Mycenaean Revival architecture">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Cubism" title="Czech Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_architecture" title="Totalitarian architecture">Totalitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Rationalist-Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_architecture" title="Futurist architecture">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postconstructivism" title="Postconstructivism">Postconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWA_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="PWA Moderne">PWA Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googie_architecture" title="Googie architecture">Googie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">Blobitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">High-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture" title="Colonial architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_architecture" title="Mesoamerican architecture">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Maya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newa_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Newa architecture">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Architecture">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Middle_Ages448" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Middle_Ages448" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">European Middle Ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Decline of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Decline of Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Rise of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Rise of the Venetian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe" title="Civitas Schinesghe">Civitas Schinesghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Rise of the Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capet%E2%80%93Plantagenet_feud" class="mw-redirect" title="Capet–Plantagenet feud">Capet–Plantagenet feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_late_Middle_Ages" title="Crisis of the late Middle Ages">Crisis of the late Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317" title="Great Famine of 1315–1317">Great Famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_dance" title="Medieval dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">Hastilude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_household" title="Medieval household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_popular_culture" title="Middle Ages in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_court" title="Itinerant court">Itinerant court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_theatre" title="Medieval theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Women in the Middle Ages">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Disability in the Middle Ages">Disability in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Outline of the Middle Ages">Basic topics list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_land_terms" title="List of medieval land terms">Land terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" title="Medieval reenactment">Medieval reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">Medieval studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions_about_the_Middle_Ages" title="List of common misconceptions about the Middle Ages">Misconceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_post-classical_history" title="Timeline of post-classical history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Historiography in the Middle Ages">Historiography in the Middle Ages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" 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