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<span>Kingship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agent_of_the_gods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agent_of_the_gods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Agent of the gods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agent_of_the_gods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules_and_institutions_attributed_to_Numa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_and_institutions_attributed_to_Numa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rules and institutions attributed to Numa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rules_and_institutions_attributed_to_Numa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rules and institutions attributed to Numa subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rules_and_institutions_attributed_to_Numa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religious</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Calendar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Social</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guilds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guilds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Guilds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guilds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peacemaker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peacemaker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Peacemaker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peacemaker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Story_of_the_books_of_Numa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Story_of_the_books_of_Numa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Story of the books of Numa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Story_of_the_books_of_Numa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Later traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Primary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Secondary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Numa Pompilius</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="نوما بومبيليوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نوما بومبيليوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompili" title="Numa Pompili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Numa Pompili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="نوما پمپیلیوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نوما پمپیلیوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Нума Пампілій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нума Пампілій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Нума Пампіліюс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нума Пампіліюс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Нума Помпилий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нума Помпилий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompili" title="Numa Pompili – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Numa Pompili" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Νουμάς Πομπίλιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νουμάς Πομπίλιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilio" title="Numa Pompilio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Numa Pompilio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilio" title="Numa Pompilio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Numa Pompilio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Ponpilio" title="Numa Ponpilio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Numa Ponpilio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="نوما پمپیلیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوما پمپیلیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilio" title="Numa Pompilio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Numa Pompilio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%88%84%EB%A7%88_%ED%8F%BC%ED%95%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="누마 폼필리우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="누마 폼필리우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1_%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Նումա Պոմպիլիոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նումա Պոմպիլիոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilije" title="Numa Pompilije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Numa Pompilije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilio" title="Numa Pompilio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Numa Pompilio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="נומה פומפיליוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נומה פומפיליוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ნუმა პომპილიუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნუმა პომპილიუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompili%C3%BBs" title="Numa Pompiliûs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Numa Pompiliûs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilijus" title="Numa Pompilijus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Numa Pompilijus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98" title="Нума Помпилиј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нума Помпилиј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="نوما بومبيليوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نوما بومبيليوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8C%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="ヌマ・ポンピリウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヌマ・ポンピリウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilio" title="Numa Pompilio – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Numa Pompilio" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompiliusz" title="Numa Pompiliusz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Numa Pompiliusz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pomp%C3%ADlio" title="Numa Pompílio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Numa Pompílio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Нума Помпилий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нума Помпилий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilij" title="Numa Pompilij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Numa Pompilij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Нума Помпилије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нума Помпилије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilije" title="Numa Pompilije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Numa Pompilije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="நுமா பாம்பிலியசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நுமா பாம்பிலியசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="นุมา ป็อมปิลิอุส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นุมา ป็อมปิลิอุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Нума Помпілій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нума Помпілій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="نوما پومپیلیوس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نوما پومپیلیوس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Numa Pompilius" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Numa Pompilius</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Numapisocng6371obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Numapisocng6371obverse.jpg/220px-Numapisocng6371obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Numapisocng6371obverse.jpg/330px-Numapisocng6371obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Numapisocng6371obverse.jpg/440px-Numapisocng6371obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="1028" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Numa depicted on a 48 BC <i><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">King of Rome</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">715–672 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Tatia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pompillia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Pomponius</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Numa Pompilius</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin language">Classical Latin</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈnʊma<span class="wrap"> </span>pɔmˈpɪliʊs]</a></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 753–672 BC; reigned 715–672 BC) was the <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">legendary</a> second <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">king of Rome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> succeeding <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> after a one-year <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was of <a href="/wiki/Sabine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine">Sabine</a> origin, and many of Rome's most important religious and political institutions are attributed to him, such as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman calendar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestal Virgins</a>, the cult of Mars, the cult of Jupiter, the cult of Romulus, and the office of <i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numa_Pompilius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Genealogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Numa_Pompilius,_from_Promptuarii_Iconum_Insigniorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Numa_Pompilius%2C_from_Promptuarii_Iconum_Insigniorum.jpg/220px-Numa_Pompilius%2C_from_Promptuarii_Iconum_Insigniorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Numa_Pompilius%2C_from_Promptuarii_Iconum_Insigniorum.jpg/330px-Numa_Pompilius%2C_from_Promptuarii_Iconum_Insigniorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Numa_Pompilius%2C_from_Promptuarii_Iconum_Insigniorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Fantasy depiction of Numa in the <i><a href="/wiki/Promptuarii_Iconum_Insigniorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum">Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Numa was the youngest of Pomponius's<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> four sons, born on the day of Rome's founding (traditionally, 21 April 753 BC). He lived a severe life of discipline and banished all luxury from his home. <a href="/wiki/Titus_Tatius" title="Titus Tatius">Titus Tatius</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Sabine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine">Sabines</a> and a colleague of Romulus, gave in marriage his only daughter, <a href="/wiki/Tatia_(wife_of_Numa_Pompilius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatia (wife of Numa Pompilius)">Tatia</a>, to Numa. After 13 years of marriage, Tatia died, precipitating Numa's retirement to the countryside. According to <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, Numa resided at <a href="/wiki/Cures,_Sabinum" title="Cures, Sabinum">Cures</a> immediately before being elected king.<sup id="cite_ref-LivyAb_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LivyAb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Titus_Livius" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus Livius">Titus Livius</a> (Livy) and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> refer to the story that Numa was instructed in philosophy by <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, but discredit it as chronologically and geographically implausible.<sup id="cite_ref-LivyAb_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LivyAb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plutarch reports that some authors credited Pompilius with only a single daughter, <a href="/wiki/Pompilia_(daughter_of_Numa_Pompilius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompilia (daughter of Numa Pompilius)">Pompilia</a>. Pompilia's mother is variously identified as Numa's first wife Tatia, or his second wife <a href="/wiki/Lucretia_(wife_of_Numa_Pompilius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucretia (wife of Numa Pompilius)">Lucretia</a>. Pompilia is said to have married the son of the first <i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Numa_Marcius" title="Numa Marcius">Numa Marcius</a>, also named Numa Marcius, and by him gave birth to the future king <a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Plutarch_Numa_21_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plutarch_Numa_21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Plutarch_Coriolanus_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plutarch_Coriolanus-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other authors, according to Plutarch, additionally gave Numa five sons, <a href="/wiki/Pomponius" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomponius">Pompo</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Pomponius" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomponius">Pomponius</a>), Pinus, Calpus, Mamercus, and Numa, from whom the noble families <i>(<a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">gentes</a>)</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Pomponia_gens" title="Pomponia gens">Pomponii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinaria_gens" title="Pinaria gens">Pinarii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calpurnia_gens" title="Calpurnia gens">Calpurnii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_gens" title="Aemilia gens">Aemilii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pompilia_gens" title="Pompilia gens">Pompilii</a> respectively traced their descent. Other more skeptical authors, still according to Plutarch, believed these were fictional genealogies to enhance the status of these families.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kingship">Kingship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numa_Pompilius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Kingship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Numa_Pompilius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Numa_Pompilius.jpg/220px-Numa_Pompilius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Numa_Pompilius.jpg/330px-Numa_Pompilius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Numa_Pompilius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>Numa Pompilius shown as an effigy on a Roman coin minted by <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Calpurnius_Piso_(consul_23_BC)" title="Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 23 BC)">Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso</a> during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>. Piso himself claimed descent from the king.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the death of Romulus, there was an <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a> of one year, in which members of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> exercised the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal power</a> in rotation, each for five days in a row. In 715 BC, after much bickering between the factions of Romulus (the Romans) and Tatius (the Sabines), a compromise was reached, and the Senate elected the Sabine Numa, who was approximately forty years of age,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the next king. </p><p>At first, Numa refused the offer of kingship. He argued that Rome, under the influence of Romulus's rule, was still a country of war. It needed a ruler who would lead their armies, not someone who lived a life of piety and reflection.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his father and Sabine kinsmen, including his teacher and the father of Numa's son-in-law, Marcus, along with an embassy of two senators from Rome, together persuaded him to accept. In Plutarch and <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy's account</a>, Numa, after being summoned by the Senate from Cures, was offered the tokens of power amid an enthusiastic reception by the people of Rome. He requested, however, that an <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">augur</a> should divine the opinion of the gods on the prospect of his kingship before he accepted. <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> was consulted, and the <a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">omens</a> were favourable. Thus approved by the Roman and Sabine people and the heavens, he took up his position as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">King of Rome</a>. </p><p>According to Plutarch, Numa's first act was to disband the personal guard of 300 so-called <a href="/wiki/Celeres" title="Celeres">celeres</a> (the "Swift") with which Romulus permanently surrounded himself. This gesture is variously interpreted as self-protection in the face of their questionable loyalty, a sign of Numa's humility, or a sign of peace and moderation. </p><p>Based on Roman chronology, Numa died of old age in 672 BC. After a reign of 43 years, he was about 81 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At his request, he was not cremated, but instead buried in a stone coffin on the <a href="/wiki/Janiculum" title="Janiculum">Janiculum</a>, near the altar of <a href="/wiki/Fontus" title="Fontus">Fons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a> succeeded him. </p><p>Rome had two kings in succession who differed in their methods. According to Livy, Romulus was a king of war while Numa was a king of peace, and thus Rome was well versed in both the arts of war and peace.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agent_of_the_gods">Agent of the gods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numa_Pompilius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Agent of the gods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Numa_Pompilius_Moitte_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Numa_Pompilius_Moitte_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e_Louvre.jpg/170px-Numa_Pompilius_Moitte_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Numa_Pompilius_Moitte_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e_Louvre.jpg/255px-Numa_Pompilius_Moitte_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Numa_Pompilius_Moitte_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e_Louvre.jpg/340px-Numa_Pompilius_Moitte_Cour_Carr%C3%A9e_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Numa Pompilius at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Guillaume_Moitte" title="Jean Guillaume Moitte">Jean Guillaume Moitte</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Numa was traditionally celebrated by the Romans for his wisdom and <a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">piety</a>. In addition to the endorsement by Jupiter, he is supposed to have had a direct and personal relationship with a number of deities, most famously the nymph <a href="/wiki/Egeria_(mythology)" title="Egeria (mythology)">Egeria</a>, who, according to legend, taught him to be a wise legislator. According to Livy, Numa claimed that he held nightly consultations with Egeria on the proper manner of instituting sacred rites for the city.<sup id="cite_ref-LivyAb_a_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LivyAb_a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numa then appointed the priests for each of the deities. Plutarch suggests that he played on superstition<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to give himself an aura of awe and divine allure, in order to cultivate more gentle behaviour among the warlike early Romans: honoring the gods, abiding by law, behaving humanely to enemies, and living proper, respectable lives. </p><p>Numa was said to have authored several "sacred books" in which he had written down divine teachings, mostly from Egeria and the <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">Muses</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a><sup id="cite_ref-PlutarchXXXV_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlutarchXXXV-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (citing <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a>) and Livy<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> record that at his request he was buried along with these "sacred books", preferring that the rules and rituals they prescribed be preserved in the living memory of the state priests, rather than preserved as relics subject to forgetfulness and disuse. About half of these books—Plutarch and Livy differ on their number—were thought to cover the priesthoods he had established or developed, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">flamines</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs" title="College of Pontiffs">pontifices</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salii" title="Salii">Salii</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Fetial" title="Fetial">fetiales</a></i> and their rituals. The other books dealt with philosophy (<i>disciplina sapientiae</i>). According to Plutarch,<sup id="cite_ref-PlutarchXXXV_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlutarchXXXV-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these books were recovered some four hundred years later (in reality almost five hundred years, i. e. in 181 BC according to Livy <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_40#29" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 40">40:29:3-14</a>) at the occasion of a natural accident that exposed the tomb. They were examined by the Senate, deemed to be inappropriate for disclosure to the people, and burned. <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hints that they were actually kept as a very close secret by the <i>pontifices</i>. </p><p>Numa is reputed to have constrained the two minor gods <a href="/wiki/Picus" title="Picus">Picus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faunus" title="Faunus">Faunus</a> into delivering some <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecies</a> of things to come.<sup id="cite_ref-PlutarchThe_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlutarchThe-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numa, supported and prepared by Egeria, reportedly held a battle of wits with Jupiter himself, through an apparition whereby Numa sought to gain a protective ritual against lightning strikes and thunder.<sup id="cite_ref-PlutarchThe_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlutarchThe-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once, when a plague was ravaging the population, <a href="/wiki/Ancile" title="Ancile">a brass shield</a> fell from the sky and was brought to Numa. He declared that Egeria had told him it was a gift from Jupiter, to be used for Rome's protection. He ordered ceremonies to give thanks for the gift, and quickly brought about an end to the plague. The <a href="/wiki/Ancile" title="Ancile">Ancile</a> became a sacred relic of the Romans<sup id="cite_ref-PlutarchThe_b_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlutarchThe_b-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was placed in the care of the <a href="/wiki/Salii" title="Salii">Salii</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules_and_institutions_attributed_to_Numa">Rules and institutions attributed to Numa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numa_Pompilius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rules and institutions attributed to Numa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many actions and institutions are attributed to Numa. In some of them, Plutarch thought he detected a <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconian</a> influence, attributing the connection to the Sabine culture of Numa, for "Numa was descended of the Sabines, who declare themselves to be a colony of the <a href="/wiki/Lacedaemonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacedaemonians">Lacedaemonians</a>." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious">Religious</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numa_Pompilius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religious"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of Numa's first acts was the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Janus_(Roman_Forum)" title="Temple of Janus (Roman Forum)">temple of Janus</a> as an indicator of peace and war. The temple was constructed at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Argiletum" title="Argiletum">Argiletum</a>, a road in the city. After securing peace with Rome's neighbours, the doors of the temples were shut<sup id="cite_ref-LivyAb_a_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LivyAb_a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remained so for the duration of Numa's reign, a unique case in Roman history. </p><p>Another creation attributed to Numa was the cult of <a href="/wiki/Terminus_(god)" title="Terminus (god)">Terminus</a>, a god of boundaries. Through this rite, which involved sacrifices at private properties, boundaries and landmarks, Numa reportedly sought to instill in Romans the respect of lawful property and non-violent relationships with neighbours. The cult of Terminus, preached Numa, involved absence of violence and murder. The god was a testament to justice and a keeper of peace.<sup id="cite_ref-PlutarchThe_a_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlutarchThe_a-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a somehow comparable,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more moral rather than legal fashion, Numa sought to associate himself with one of the roles of <a href="/wiki/Vegoia" title="Vegoia">Vegoia</a> in the religious system of the neighbouring Etruscans, by deciding to set the official boundaries of the territory of Rome, which Romulus had never wanted, presumably with the same concern of preserving peace.<sup id="cite_ref-PlutarchThe_a_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlutarchThe_a-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recognizing the paramount importance of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancile" title="Ancile">Ancile</a></i>, King Numa had eleven matching shields made,<sup id="cite_ref-PlutarchThe_b_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlutarchThe_b-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so perfect that no one, even Numa, could distinguish the original from the copies. These shields were the <i>Ancilia</i>, the sacred shields of Jupiter, which were carried each year in a procession by the <a href="/wiki/Salii" title="Salii">Salii</a> priests. Numa also established the office and duties of <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">Pontifex Maximus</a> and instituted (Plutarch's version<sup id="cite_ref-PlutarchThe_c_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlutarchThe_c-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) the <a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">flamen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quirinus" title="Quirinus">Quirinus</a>, in honour of Romulus, in addition to those of Jupiter and Mars that already existed. Numa also brought the <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestal Virgins">Vestal Virgins</a> to Rome from <a href="/wiki/Alba_Longa" title="Alba Longa">Alba Longa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plutarch adds that they were then at the number of two, were later augmented to four by Servius Tullius, and stayed thus through the ages. </p><p>Livy and Dionysius give a largely concordant picture of the vast founding work carried out by Numa concerning Roman religion and religious institutions. </p><p>Livy begins with the priesthoods which Numa established. Numa created a residentiary flamen to Jupiter endowed with regal insignia, who could carry out the sacred functions of the royal office, which Numa usually discharged: Numa did so to avoid the neglect of the rites whenever the king went to war, for he saw the warlike attitude of the Romans. He also created the flamines of Mars and Quirinus, as well as the Vestal virgins and the twelfth <a href="/wiki/Salii" title="Salii">Salii</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mars_Gradivus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Gradivus">Mars Gradivus</a>. Then, he chose <a href="/wiki/Numa_Marcius" title="Numa Marcius">Numa Marcius</a> as pontiff. To him, he bestowed all the sacred ceremonies, his books and seals. The following words of this passage have been considered a systematic summary exposition of Roman religion: </p> <blockquote><p>quibus hostiis, quibus diebus, ad quae templa sacra fierent atque unde in eos sumptus pecunia erogaretur. Cetera quoque omnia publica privataque sacra pontificis scitis subiecit, ut esset quo consultum plebes veniret, ne quid divini iuris negligendo patrios ritus peregrinosque adsciscendo turbaretur. Nec celestes modo caerimonias sed iusta quoque funebria placandosque manes ut idem pontificem edoceret, quaeque prodigia fulminibus a Iove quo visu missa susciperentur atque curarentur. <br /><br />[translated]<br />...[showing] with what victims, upon what days, and at what temples the sacred rites were to be performed, and from what funds the money was to be taken to defray the expenses. He also placed all other religious institutions, public and private, under the control of the decrees of the pontiff, to the end that there might be some authority to whom the people should come to ask advice, to prevent any confusion in the divine worship being caused by their neglecting the ceremonies of their own country, and adopting foreign ones. He further ordained that the same pontiff should instruct the people not only in the ceremonies connected with the heavenly deities, but also in the due performance of funeral solemnities, and how to appease the shades of the dead; and what <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#prodigium" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">prodigies</a> sent by lightning or any other phenomenon were to be attended to and expiated.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Livy lists the <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#H" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">hostiae</a></i>, victims, as the first competence of the pontiffs: following this come the days, temples, money, other sacred ceremonies, funerals and prodigies. </p><p>Livy continues saying Numa dedicated an altar to Jupiter Elicius as the source of religious knowledge, and consulted the god by means of auguries as to what should be expiated; he instituted a yearly festival to <i><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Fides</a></i> (Faith) and commanded the three major flamines to be carried to her temple in an arched chariot and to perform the service with their hands wrapped up to the fingers, meaning Faith had to be sacred as in men's right hand; among many other rites he instituted he dedicated places of the <a href="/wiki/Argei" title="Argei">Argei</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> devotes much more space to Numa's religious reforms. In his account the institution of eight priesthoods is attributed to Numa: <i>curiones</i>, <i>flamines</i>, <i>celeres</i>, augurs, vestals, <i>salii</i>, fetials and pontiffs. He says only a few words about the <i>curiones</i>, who were in charge of tending the sacrifices of the <i>curiae</i>; the <i>flamines</i>; the <i>tribuni celerum</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were the bodyguard of the king but who also took part in some religious ceremonies; and the <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">augurs</a>, who were in charge of official divination. </p><p>Plutarch records some of these,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as sacrificing an uneven number of victims to the heavenly gods and an even number to the nether gods; the prohibition of making libations to the gods with wine; the prohibition of sacrificing without flour; the necessity of making a complete turn on oneself while praying and worshiping the gods. </p><p>The ritual of the <i><a href="/wiki/Spolia_opima" title="Spolia opima">spolia opima</a></i> is ascribed to Numa, too, by ancient sources. </p><p>Finally, <a href="/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius">Arnobius</a> states the <a href="/wiki/Indigitamenta" title="Indigitamenta">indigitamenta</a> were attributed to him. </p><p>Numa mostly preferred bloodless and not costly sacrifices.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plutarch, in like manner, tells of the early religion of the Romans, that it was imageless and spiritual. He says Numa "forbade the Romans to represent the deity in the form either of man or of beast. Nor was there among them formerly any image or statue of the Divine Being; during the first one hundred and seventy years they built temples, indeed, and other sacred domes, but placed in them no figure of any kind; persuaded that it is impious to represent things Divine by what is perishable, and that we can have no conception of God but by the understanding". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calendar">Calendar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numa_Pompilius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By tradition, Numa <a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">promulgated</a> a <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar#Calendar_of_Numa" title="Roman calendar">calendar reform</a>, which divided the year into twelve months according to the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">lunar</a> course, but adjusted to be in accordance with the solstitial revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during this time that the months of January and February<sup id="cite_ref-LivyAb_a_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LivyAb_a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were introduced. Numa also made the distinction of the days being either profane or sacred.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a> mention that Numa Pompilius made <a href="/wiki/January" title="January">January</a> the first month in the calendar instead of <a href="/wiki/March" title="March">March</a> by the next reason: "he wished in every case that martial influences should yield precedence to civil and political. For this <a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a>, in remote antiquity, whether he was a demi-god or a king, was a patron of civil and social order, and is said to have lifted human life out of its bestial and savage state. For this reason he is represented with two faces, implying that he brought men's lives out of one sort and condition into another."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numa_Pompilius&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guilds">Guilds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numa_Pompilius&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Guilds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numa established the traditional occupational <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> of Rome: </p> <blockquote><p>So, distinguishing the whole people by the several arts and trades, he formed the companies of musicians, goldsmiths, carpenters, dyers, shoemakers, skinners, braziers, and potters; and all other handicraftsmen he composed and reduced into a single company, appointing every one their proper courts, councils, and observances. (Plutarch) </p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone</a> says that Numa may be credited with "originally inventing" <a href="/wiki/Corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporations">corporations</a>: "They were introduced, as Plutarch says, by Numa; who finding, upon his accession, the city torn to pieces by the two rival factions of Sabines, and Romans, thought it a prudent and politic measure, to subdivide these two into many smaller ones, by instituting separate societies of every manual trade and profession."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numa_Pompilius&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numa was credited with dividing the immediate territory of Rome into <i>pagi</i> (villages). According to Plutarch, he divided the existing land among indigent people in Rome, and persuaded them to work in agriculture, thinking it would reduce aggressivity, and eliminate poverty and consequently crime. He considered agriculture as an occupation that "fostering character rather than wealth".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plutarch suggests, the forbidding by Numa of making a sacrifice without a meal and from unpruned vines was intended to make people work in agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slavery">Slavery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numa_Pompilius&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numa forbade fathers to sell their sons into slavery if the son had married according to the will of the father.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Plutarch, Numa permitted slaves to feast with their masters during the <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a>, for "admitting to the enjoyment of the yearly fruits of the earth those who had helped to produce them". Plutarch suggest the timing could be in the memory of "Saturnian age" "when there was neither slave nor master, but all were regarded as kinsmen and equals."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peacemaker">Peacemaker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numa_Pompilius&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Peacemaker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plutarch depicts Numa as a powerful peacemaker. Making the Romans more peaceful was one of his main targets from the beginning of the kingship and many of his actions were directly or indirectly intended to achieve this aim. He succeeded so much that the situation was even better than described in the song: </p><p>"And on the iron-bound shield-handles lie the tawneyº spiders' webs"; "rust now subdues the sharp-pointed spears and two-edged swords; no longer is the blast of brazen trumpets heard, nor are the eyelids robbed of delicious sleep." </p><p>According to Plutarch, any conflicts were excluded not only from Rome but from all Italy. The roads became safe and feasts and festivals prevailed. Nobody tried to hurt Numa, to take his place. When Numa died, from natural causes, people friendly to Rome come from many places to honour him. Plutarch put this in contrast to the policies and the destiny of his predecessors and successors: Romulus who is depicted as war-king and the 5 kings after him, from which 4 were killed and 1 dethroned and expelled from Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Story_of_the_books_of_Numa">Story of the books of Numa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numa_Pompilius&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Story of the books of Numa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Livy narrates that, in 181 BC, while digging in the field of the <i><a href="/wiki/Scriba_(ancient_Rome)" title="Scriba (ancient Rome)">scriba</a></i> L. <a href="/wiki/Petilius" class="mw-redirect" title="Petilius">Petilius</a> at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Ianiculum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ianiculum">Ianiculum</a>, peasants found two stone coffers, eight feet long and four feet wide, inscribed both in Latin and in Greek characters, one stating that Numa Pompilus, son of Pompon, king of the Romans was buried (there) and the other that Numa's books were inside it. When Petilius after the advice of his friends opened it, the one that was inscribed with the name of the king was found empty, the other containing two bundles each of seven books, not complete but looking very recent, seven in Latin dealing with pontifical law and seven in Greek of philosophy as it was in that remote past. </p><p>The books were shown to other people and the fact became public. Praetor Q. Petilius, who was friends with L. Petilius, requested them, found them very dangerous to religion and told Lucius he would have them burnt, but he allowed him to try and recover them by legal or other means. The scriba brought the case to the tribunes of the plebs, and the tribunes in turn brought it to the senate. The praetor declared he was ready to swear an oath that it was not a good thing either to read or to store those books, and the senate deliberated that the offer of the oath was sufficient by itself, that the books be burnt on the <i>Comitium</i> as soon as possible and that an indemnity fixed by the praetor and the tribunes be paid to the owner. L. Petilius though declined to accept the sum. The books were burnt by the <i>victimarii</i>. </p><p>The action of the praetor has been seen as politically motivated, and in accord with the Catonian reaction of those years.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is relevant though that some of the annalists of those times or only a few years later, do not seem to show any doubt about the authenticity of the books.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whole incident has been critically analyzed again by philologist E. Peruzzi, who by comparing the different versions, strives to demonstrate the overall authenticity of the books.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, M.J. Pena's position is more reserved and critical.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francophone scholars A. Delatte and J. Carcopino believe the incident to be the result of a real initiative of the pythagoric sect of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fears of the Roman authorities should be explained in connection to the nature of the doctrines contained in the books, which are supposed to have contained a type of <i>physikòs lógos</i>, a partly moral and partly cosmological interpretation of religious beliefs that has been proven by Delatte to be proper of the ancient pythagorism. Part of it must have been in contradiction with the beliefs of fulgural and augural art and of the <i>procuratio</i> of the prodigies.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most ancient authors relate the presence of treatises of pythagoric philosophy, but some, as <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Sempronius_Tuditanus" title="Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus">Sempronius Tuditanus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mention only religious decrees.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_traditions">Later traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numa_Pompilius&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Christian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> in his book <a href="/wiki/Stromata" title="Stromata">Stromata</a> claimed that King Numa Pompilius was influenced by Mosaic law, and due to this refrained from making human images in sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars do not accept this claim, as there were no known contacts between the early Kings of Rome and the ancient Hebrews. </p><p>Numa Pompilius continued to be remembered well into the later centuries of the Eastern Roman Empire. Composing <i><a href="/wiki/Novellae_Constitutiones" title="Novellae Constitutiones">Novellae Constitutiones</a></i>, 6th-century Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> recalled Numa alongside Romulus as two of the Roman state's founders, with Numa being the one who first "organised and enhanced [the city of Rome], by means of laws."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar manner, the Coptic monophysite bishop <a href="/wiki/John_of_Niki%C3%BB" title="John of Nikiû">John of Nikiû</a> likened Empress <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Justinian_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Justinian I)">Theodora</a>, consort of Justinian, to four prominent figures of Roman history (Romulus, Numa, Caesar, Augustus), citing her reforms aimed at eradicating prostitution.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 11th century, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Psellos" title="Michael Psellos">Michael Psellos</a> wrote his <i>Chronographia</i> with an intent to provide pedagogical models for his student, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a>, and when reviewing the seven kings of Rome he lauded Numa as pious, peaceable, and "a man not only well worth seeing for his physical appearance but also equipped with all sorts of mental virtues, and a lover of all wisdom."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numa_Pompilius&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pompilia_gens" title="Pompilia gens">Pompilia gens</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numa_Pompilius&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galileo.rice.edu/chron/gregorian.html">The Galileo Project</a>, Rice University, note [4]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Numa-Pompilius">"Numa Pompilius | Biography, Reign, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Numa+Pompilius+%7C+Biography%2C+Reign%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FNuma-Pompilius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuma+Pompilius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pompon in Plutarch and Dionysius. The Sabine form of the name was Pompos, not Pomponius as is often supposed, which like Pompilius is a <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> adjectival formation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LivyAb-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LivyAb_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LivyAb_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita libri">Ab urbe condita</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_1#18" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 1">1:18</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plutarch_Numa_21-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plutarch_Numa_21_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, "Life of Numa" 21 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Plutarch%27s_Lives_(Clough)/Life_of_Numa_Pompilius#21:1" class="extiw" title="s:Plutarch's Lives (Clough)/Life of Numa Pompilius">ed. Clough 1859</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html#21.1">ed. Loeb</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plutarch_Coriolanus-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plutarch_Coriolanus_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, "Life of Coriolanus" 1 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Plutarch%27s_Lives_(Clough)/Life_of_Coriolanus#1:1" class="extiw" title="s:Plutarch's Lives (Clough)/Life of Coriolanus">ed. Clough 1859</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Coriolanus*.html#1.1">ed. Loeb</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, <i>Annales</i>, vi. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Peruzzi <i>Le origini di Roma</i> I. <i>La famiglia</i> Firenze 1970 pp. 142ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, "Life of Numa" 21 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Plutarch%27s_Lives_(Clough)/Life_of_Numa_Pompilius#21:1" class="extiw" title="s:Plutarch's Lives (Clough)/Life of Numa Pompilius">ed. Clough 1859</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html#21.1">ed. Loeb</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker1963" class="citation journal cs1">Hooker, Edna M. (1963). "The Significance of Numa's Religious Reforms". <i>Numen</i>. <b>10</b>: 87–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852763X00043">10.1163/156852763X00043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=The+Significance+of+Numa%27s+Religious+Reforms&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=87-132&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852763X00043&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=Edna+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuma+Pompilius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColman2015" class="citation journal cs1">Colman, John (2015). "The Philosopher-King and the City in Plutarch's Life of Numa". <i>Perspectives on Political Science</i>. <b>44</b>: 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10457097.2014.900321">10.1080/10457097.2014.900321</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155559296">155559296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Philosopher-King+and+the+City+in+Plutarch%27s+Life+of+Numa&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10457097.2014.900321&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155559296%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Colman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuma+Pompilius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita libri">Ab urbe condita libri</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_1" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 1">I</a> "Numa [ruled] forty-three."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, "Life of Numa" 20 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Plutarch%27s_Lives_(Clough)/Life_of_Numa_Pompilius#20:1" class="extiw" title="s:Plutarch's Lives (Clough)/Life of Numa Pompilius">ed. Clough 1859</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html#20.1">ed. Loeb</a>). "Forty-three years...He was something over eighty years old when he died."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivy" class="citation journal cs1">Livy. "The History of Rome, Books 01 to 08". <i><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></i>: 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Project+Gutenberg&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Rome%2C+Books+01+to+08&rft.pages=19&rft.au=Livy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuma+Pompilius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LivyAb_a-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LivyAb_a_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LivyAb_a_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LivyAb_a_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita libri">Ab urbe condita</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_1#19" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 1">1:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, "Life of Numa" 8 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Plutarch%27s_Lives_(Clough)/Life_of_Numa_Pompilius#8:1" class="extiw" title="s:Plutarch's Lives (Clough)/Life of Numa Pompilius">ed. Clough 1859</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html#8.1">ed. Loeb</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlutarchXXXV-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PlutarchXXXV_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlutarchXXXV_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, "Life of Numa" 22 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Plutarch%27s_Lives_(Clough)/Life_of_Numa_Pompilius#22:1" class="extiw" title="s:Plutarch's Lives (Clough)/Life of Numa Pompilius">ed. Clough 1859</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html#22.1">ed. Loeb</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita libri">Ab urbe condita</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As noted by Gerard Walter, editor of Plutarch's <i>The parallel lives</i>, La Pléïade, volume n°63, 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlutarchThe-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PlutarchThe_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlutarchThe_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, "Life of Numa" 14 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Plutarch%27s_Lives_(Clough)/Life_of_Numa_Pompilius#14:1" class="extiw" title="s:Plutarch's Lives (Clough)/Life of Numa Pompilius">ed. Clough 1859</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html#14.1">ed. Loeb</a>). Ovid <i>Fasti</i> III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlutarchThe_b-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PlutarchThe_b_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlutarchThe_b_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, "Life of Numa" 13 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Plutarch%27s_Lives_(Clough)/Life_of_Numa_Pompilius#13:1" class="extiw" title="s:Plutarch's Lives (Clough)/Life of Numa Pompilius">ed. Clough 1859</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html#13.1">ed. Loeb</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlutarchThe_a-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PlutarchThe_a_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlutarchThe_a_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, "Life of Numa" 16 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Plutarch%27s_Lives_(Clough)/Life_of_Numa_Pompilius#16:1" class="extiw" title="s:Plutarch's Lives (Clough)/Life of Numa Pompilius">ed. Clough 1859</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html#16.1">ed. Loeb</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegoia_and_Egeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vegoia and Egeria (page does not exist)">Vegoia and Egeria</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilman" class="citation journal cs1">Gilman, Arthur. "The Story of Rome from the Earliest Times to the End of the Republic". <i>Project Gutenberg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Project+Gutenberg&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Rome+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+End+of+the+Republic&rft.aulast=Gilman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuma+Pompilius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlutarchThe_c-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PlutarchThe_c_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, "Life of Numa" 7 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Plutarch%27s_Lives_(Clough)/Life_of_Numa_Pompilius#7:1" class="extiw" title="s:Plutarch's Lives (Clough)/Life of Numa Pompilius">ed. Clough 1859</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html#7.1">ed. Loeb</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita libri">Ab urbe condita</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_1#20" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 1">1:20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivius1904" class="citation book cs1">Livius, Titus (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10828/pg10828.html"><i>Ab Urbe Condita</i></a> [<i>Roman History, Books I-III</i>]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ab+Urbe+Condita&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Livius&rft.aufirst=Titus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F10828%2Fpg10828.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuma+Pompilius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fasti Praenestini II 13, 2, 123 Degrassi as cited by Capdeville. Marcus Iunius Brutus the founder of the Roman Republic was able to call the <i>comitia</i> exactly for the reason that his office of <i>tribunus celerum</i> entitled him to do so.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, "Life of Numa" 14.6–7 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Plutarch%27s_Lives_(Clough)/Life_of_Numa_Pompilius#14:6" class="extiw" title="s:Plutarch's Lives (Clough)/Life of Numa Pompilius">ed. Clough 1859</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html#14.6">ed. Loeb</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html"><i>The Parallel Lives : Numa, ch. 8, 15, 16</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parallel+Lives+%3A+Numa%2C+ch.+8%2C+15%2C+16&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPlutarch%2FLives%2FNuma%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuma+Pompilius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRüpke2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rüpke, Jörg (2011). "The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine". <i>Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated</i>: 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hoboken%3A+John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Incorporated&rft.atitle=The+Roman+Calendar+from+Numa+to+Constantine&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=R%C3%BCpke&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuma+Pompilius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, "Life of Numa" 19.6 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Plutarch%27s_Lives_(Clough)/Life_of_Numa_Pompilius#19:6" class="extiw" title="s:Plutarch's Lives (Clough)/Life of Numa Pompilius">ed. Clough 1859</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html#19.6">ed. Loeb</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 Bl. Comm. 456–457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, "Life of Numa" 16 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Plutarch%27s_Lives_(Clough)/Life_of_Numa_Pompilius#16:1" class="extiw" title="s:Plutarch's Lives (Clough)/Life of Numa Pompilius">ed. Clough 1859</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html#16.1">ed. Loeb</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, "Life of Numa" 14 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Plutarch%27s_Lives_(Clough)/Life_of_Numa_Pompilius#14:1" class="extiw" title="s:Plutarch's Lives (Clough)/Life of Numa Pompilius">ed. Clough 1859</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html#14.1">ed. Loeb</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, "Life of Numa" 17 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Plutarch%27s_Lives_(Clough)/Life_of_Numa_Pompilius#17:1" class="extiw" title="s:Plutarch's Lives (Clough)/Life of Numa Pompilius">ed. Clough 1859</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html#17.1">ed. Loeb</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html"><i>Plutarch, The Parallel Lives Comparison of Lycurgus and Numa ch. 1</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutarch%2C+The+Parallel+Lives+Comparison+of+Lycurgus+and+Numa+ch.+1&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPlutarch%2FLives%2FNuma%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuma+Pompilius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html"><i>The Parallel Lives : Numa ch. 6, 8, 12, 16, 19, 20, 22</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parallel+Lives+%3A+Numa+ch.+6%2C+8%2C+12%2C+16%2C+19%2C+20%2C+22&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPlutarch%2FLives%2FNuma%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuma+Pompilius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Sini <i>Documenti sacerdotali di Roma antica. I. Libri e commentari</i> Sassari 1983 p. 22 n. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The sources on the episode are collected in G. Garbarino <i>Roma e la filosofia greca dalle origini alla fine del II secolo a. C.</i> Torino 1973 I pp. 64 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Peruzzi <i>Origini di Roma</i> II. <i>Le lettere</i> Bologna 1973 pp. 107 ff. as cited by Sini.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. J. Pena "La tumba y los libros de Numa" in <i>Faventia</i> <b>1</b> 1979 pp. 211 ff. as cited by Sini.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Delatte "Les doctrines pythagoriciennes des livres de Numa" in <i>Académie royale de Belgique, Bulletin de la classe de la classe des lettres et des sciences morales et politiques</i> <b>22</b> 1936 pp. 19–40; J. Carcopino <i>La basilique pythagoricienne de la Porte majeure</i> 1926 p. 185 as cited by Dumézil <i>La religione romana arcaica</i> Milano 1977 p. 447 n. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Delatte p. 33 as cited by Dumézil p. 447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny <i>Natural History</i> XIII 87 as cited by Dumézil p. 447 n. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dumezil p. 447 n. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325</i>, vol. 4, p. 398</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justinian I, <i>Novella</i>, 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John of Nikiû, <i>Chronicle</i>, 93.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Psellos, <i>Chronographia</i>, 1.2.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numa_Pompilius&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numa_Pompilius&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, Life of Numa Pompilius.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita libri">Ab urbe condita</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_1" class="extiw" title="s:From the Founding of the City/Book 1">Liber 1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numa_Pompilius&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/43570.html">Unearthing Rome's king from the History News Network</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Silk2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mark Silk (2004). "Numa Pompilius and the Idea of Civil Religion in the West". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Religion</i>. <b>72</b> (4): 863–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfh082">10.1093/jaarel/lfh082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Numa+Pompilius+and+the+Idea+of+Civil+Religion+in+the+West&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=863-96&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfh082&rft.au=Mark+Silk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuma+Pompilius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm.reed.edu/ara-pacis/altar/front-entrance-west/numa-aeneas-1/">Numa on the Ara Pacis Augustae</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numa_Pompilius&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Numa_Pompilius" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a> 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style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">King of Rome</a> </b><br />715–673/2 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_Rome" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Rome" title="Template:Kings of Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kings_of_Rome" title="Template talk:Kings of Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kings_of_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kings of Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Rome" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Kings of Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> (753–717 BC)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Numa Pompilius</a> (717–673 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a> (673–642 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a> (642–617 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a> (616–579 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a> (578–535 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a> (535–510 BC/509 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_of_Plutarch" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plutarch" title="Template:Plutarch"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plutarch" title="Template talk:Plutarch"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plutarch" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plutarch"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_of_Plutarch" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works of <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/De_genio_Socratis" title="De genio Socratis">De genio Socratis</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Malice_of_Herodotus" title="On the Malice of Herodotus">On the Malice of Herodotus</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Plutarch" title="Pseudo-Plutarch">Pseudo-Plutarch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Marcius_Coriolanus" title="Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Caesar_(Plutarch)" title="Life of Caesar (Plutarch)">life</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus of Sicyon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides" title="Aristides">Aristides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Crassus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicias" title="Nicias">Nicias</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Antony</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion_of_Syracuse" title="Dion of Syracuse">Dion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Brutus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus" title="Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus">Fabius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucullus" title="Lucullus">Lucullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimon" title="Cimon">Cimon</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Numa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus" title="Lycurgus">Lycurgus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelopidas" title="Pelopidas">Pelopidas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus">Marcellus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philopoemen" title="Philopoemen">Philopoemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titus_Quinctius_Flamininus" title="Titus Quinctius Flamininus">Flamininus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocion" title="Phocion">Phocion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agesilaus_II" title="Agesilaus II">Agesilaus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Valerius_Poplicola" title="Publius Valerius Poplicola">Poplicola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sertorius" title="Quintus Sertorius">Sertorius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eumenes" title="Eumenes">Eumenes</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agis_IV" title="Agis IV">Agis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cleomenes_III" title="Cleomenes III">Cleomenes</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus">Gaius Gracchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoleon" title="Timoleon">Timoleon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_Macedonicus" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus">Aemilius Paulus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Furius_Camillus" title="Marcus Furius Camillus">Camillus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translators and editors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Amyot" title="Jacques Amyot">Jacques Amyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hugh_Clough" title="Arthur Hugh Clough">Arthur Hugh Clough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_Holland" title="Philemon Holland">Philemon Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_North" title="Thomas North">Thomas North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Comparison extant</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Four unpaired <i>Lives</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Roman_religion_and_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #F0ACAC;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_religion" title="Template:Roman religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_religion" title="Template talk:Roman religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Roman_religion_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Roman religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a><br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Dii_Consentes" title="Dii Consentes">Dii Consentes</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenoria_(mythology)" title="Agenoria (mythology)">Agenoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angerona" title="Angerona">Angerona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Perenna" title="Anna Perenna">Anna Perenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(mythology)" title="Aurora (mythology)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellona_(goddess)" title="Bellona (goddess)">Bellona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bona_Dea" title="Bona Dea">Bona Dea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmenta" title="Carmenta">Carmenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloacina" title="Cloacina">Cloacina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dea_Dia" title="Dea Dia">Dea Dia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dies_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dies (deity)">Dies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABs_Pater" class="mw-redirect" title="Dīs Pater">Dīs Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egeria_(mythology)" title="Egeria (mythology)">Egeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_(deity)" title="Fauna (deity)">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunus" title="Faunus">Faunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora (deity)">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">Genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_in_ancient_Rome" title="Hercules in ancient Rome">Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lares_Familiares" title="Lares Familiares">Lares Familiares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">Libertas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(goddess)" title="Luna (goddess)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nox_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nox (goddess)">Nox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ops" title="Ops">Ops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_Penates" title="Di Penates">Penates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_(mythology)" title="Pomona (mythology)">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinus" title="Quirinus">Quirinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salacia" title="Salacia">Salacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(mythology)" title="Silvanus (mythology)">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summanus" title="Summanus">Summanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas" title="Veritas">Veritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertumnus" title="Vertumnus">Vertumnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #F0ACAC;">Abstract deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundantia" title="Abundantia">Abundantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aequitas" title="Aequitas">Aequitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeternitas" title="Aeternitas">Aeternitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(goddess)" title="Africa (goddess)">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annona_(mythology)" title="Annona (mythology)">Annona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averruncus" title="Averruncus">Averruncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelus" title="Caelus">Caelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_(mythology)" title="Concordia (mythology)">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feronia_(mythology)" title="Feronia (mythology)">Feronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontus" title="Fontus">Fontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laverna" title="Laverna">Laverna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_(goddess)" title="Pax (goddess)">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma (mythology)">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salus" title="Salus">Salus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitas" title="Securitas">Securitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spes" title="Spes">Spes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillitas" title="Tranquillitas">Tranquillitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(mythology)" title="Terra (mythology)">Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lupa_Capitolina,_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/100px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/150px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/200px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7489" data-file-height="4876" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_Silvia" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Numa Pompilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Alba_Longa" title="Kings of Alba Longa">Kings of Alba Longa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersilia" title="Hersilia">Hersilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">She-wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnacle_goose_myth" title="Barnacle goose myth">Barnacle goose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiquitates_rerum_humanarum_et_divinarum" title="Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum">Res divinae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Concepts<br />and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Interpretatio graeca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Charity" title="Roman Charity">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theology_of_victory" title="Roman theology of victory">Theology of victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">Pomerium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitolium" title="Capitolium">Capitolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">Cella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Celtic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripateticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bough_(mythology)" title="Golden Bough (mythology)">Golden Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of the Sabine Women">Rape of the Sabine Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacus_Curtius" title="Battle of Lacus Curtius">Battle of Lacus Curtius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gubernaculum_(classical)" title="Gubernaculum (classical)">Gubernaculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabiago_Plate" title="Parabiago Plate">Parabiago Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pignora_imperii" title="Pignora imperii">Pignora imperii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Classical mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200031#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200031#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000002654279">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/18663608">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/74128974">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1460159248511004870003">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/33151776827718012695">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/49154381068430292729">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/342159474173327661117">6</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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