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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Idrialite</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Idrialite-172289.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Idrialite-172289.jpg/220px-Idrialite-172289.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Idrialite-172289.jpg/330px-Idrialite-172289.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Idrialite-172289.jpg/440px-Idrialite-172289.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="398" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Idrialite, Skaggs Springs Mine, Sonoma County, California (size: 6.3 x 4.1 x 1.8 cm</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Organic_mineral" title="Organic mineral">Organic mineral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(repeating unit)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">C<sub>22</sub>H<sub>14</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mineral_symbols" title="List of mineral symbols">IMA symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Id<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93Strunz_classification" title="Nickel–Strunz classification">Strunz classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10.BA.20</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dana_Classification_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Dana Classification System">Dana classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50.03.08.01</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthorhombic">Orthorhombic</a> <br />Unknown space group</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure#Unit_cell" title="Crystal structure">Unit cell</a></th><td class="infobox-data">a = 8.07, b = 6.42 <br />c = 27.75 [Å]; Z = 4</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Greenish yellow, light brown, colorless</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">{001}, perfect; {100}, poor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Conchoidal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">hardness</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1.5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vitreous to adamantine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.236</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Optical properties</th><td class="infobox-data">Biaxial (+)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a></th><td class="infobox-data">n<sub>α</sub>= 1.557 n<sub>β</sub> = 1.734 n<sub>γ</sub> = 2.07</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pleochroism" title="Pleochroism">Pleochroism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">X = pale yellow; Y = Z = yellow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/2V_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="2V angle">2V angle</a></th><td class="infobox-data">84°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Short UV=blue, orange, yellow, green white</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-HBM.idrialite_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBM.idrialite-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-webmin.idrialite_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webmin.idrialite-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mindat.idrialite_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindat.idrialite-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Idrialite</b> is a rare <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> mineral with approximate chemical formula C<sub>22</sub>H<sub>14</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-HBM.idrialite_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBM.idrialite-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-webmin.idrialite_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webmin.idrialite-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mindat.idrialite_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindat.idrialite-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Idrialite usually occurs as soft <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthorhombic">orthorhombic</a> crystals, is usually greenish yellow to light brown in color with bluish <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a>. It is named after <a href="/wiki/Idrija" title="Idrija">Idrija</a>, town in <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, where its occurrence was first described.<sup id="cite_ref-mindat.idrialite_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindat.idrialite-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mineral has also been called <b>idrialine</b>, and <i><b>branderz</b></i> in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> It has also been called <b>inflammable cinnabar</b> due to its combustibility and association with <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a> ores in the source locality.<sup id="cite_ref-egle1889_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egle1889-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mineral found in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skaggs_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skaggs Springs (page does not exist)">Skaggs Springs</a> location of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> was described in 1925 and named <b>curtisite</b>, but was eventually found to consist of the same compounds as idrialite, in somewhat different amounts.<sup id="cite_ref-wise1986_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wise1986-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blum1975_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blum1975-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus curtisite is now considered to be merely a variety of idrialite.<sup id="cite_ref-mindat.curtisite_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindat.curtisite-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_occurrence">Discovery and occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idrialite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery and occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Idrialite was first described in 1832 for an occurrence in the Idrija region west of <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, northwestern Slovenia,<sup id="cite_ref-mindat.idrialite_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindat.idrialite-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mixed with <a href="/wiki/Clay_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Clay minerals">clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HBM.idrialite_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBM.idrialite-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It also occurs at the Skaggs Springs location in <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California" title="Sonoma County, California">Sonoma County</a>, in western <a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_California" title="Lake County, California">Lake County</a>, and in the Knoxville Mine in <a href="/wiki/Napa_County,_California" title="Napa County, California">Napa County, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HBM.idrialite_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBM.idrialite-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been reported from localities in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mindat.idrialite_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindat.idrialite-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Skaggs Springs occurrence, the mineral occurs in a hot spring area of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan formation">Franciscan formation</a>, around a vent in the <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> that gave off flammable gases. The mineral was described in 1925 and named "curtisite" after the local resident L. Curtis who called attention to it.<sup id="cite_ref-wrig1925_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrig1925-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wrig1930_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrig1930-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crystals are square or six sided flakes, 1 mm in diameter, yellow to <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachio</a> green in transmitted light. It is associated with <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opaline silica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Realgar" title="Realgar">realgar</a> (arsenic sulfide) and <a href="/wiki/Metacinnabarite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacinnabarite">metacinnabarite</a> (mercuric sulfide), which had been deposited in that order before it.<sup id="cite_ref-wrig1930_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrig1930-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_and_properties">Composition and properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idrialite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition and properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Curtisite variety is only slightly soluble in hot <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amyl_acetate" title="Amyl acetate">amyl acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butanol" title="Butanol">butanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_ether" title="Petroleum ether">petroleum ether</a>. The solubility is 0.5% or less in hot <a href="/wiki/Carbon_bisulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon bisulfide">carbon bisulfide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">carbon tetrachloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">diethyl ether</a>, or boiling <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>; about 1.5% in <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a>, about 2.5% in <a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">xylene</a>, and over 10% in hot <a href="/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline">aniline</a>. The material purified by repeated recrystallization melts at 360-370 C while turning very black. It sublimes giving very thin iridescent colors.<sup id="cite_ref-wrig1930_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrig1930-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman spectroscopy</a> studies indicate that it may be a mixture of complex <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benzonaphthothiophene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benzonaphthothiophene (page does not exist)">benzonaphthothiophenes</a> (chemical formula: C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>10</sub>S) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinaphthothiophene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinaphthothiophene (page does not exist)">dinaphthothiophenes</a> (chemical formula: C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>12</sub>S).<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curtisite and idrialite have been found to be unique complex mixtures of over 100 <a href="/wiki/Polyaromatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyaromatic hydrocarbon">polyaromatic hydrocarbons</a> (PAHs) consisting of six specific PAH structural series with each member of a series differing from the previous member by addition of another aromatic ring. The curtisite and idrialite samples contained many of the same components but in considerably different relative amounts.<sup id="cite_ref-wise1986_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wise1986-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-geis1967_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geis1967-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major PAH constituents of the curtisite sample were: <a href="/wiki/Picene" title="Picene">picene</a> (a PAH with 5 fused benzene rings), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dibenzo(a,h)fluorene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dibenzo(a,h)fluorene (page does not exist)">dibenzo[a,h]fluorene</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=11H-indeno(2,1-a)phenanthrene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11H-indeno(2,1-a)phenanthrene (page does not exist)">11H-indeno[2,1-a]phenanthrene</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benzo(b)phenanthro(2,1-d)thiophene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benzo(b)phenanthro(2,1-d)thiophene (page does not exist)">benzo[b]phenanthro[2,1-d]thiophene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indenofluorene" title="Indenofluorene">indenofluorenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysene" title="Chrysene">chrysene</a>, and their <a href="/wiki/Methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl">methyl</a>- and dimethyl-substituted homologues; the major components in the idrialite sample were higher-molecular-weight PAH, i.e. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benzonaphthofluorene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benzonaphthofluorene (page does not exist)">benzonaphthofluorenes</a> (molecular weight 316), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benzoindenofluorene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benzoindenofluorene (page does not exist)">benzoindenofluorenes</a> (MW 304) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benzopicene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benzopicene (page does not exist)">benzopicene</a> (MW 328), in addition to the compounds found in the curtisite sample.<sup id="cite_ref-wise1986_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wise1986-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curtisite is also associated with small amounts of a dark brown oil, that appears to be responsible for some of the yellow color and most of the fluorescence, and can be separated by recrystallization.<sup id="cite_ref-wrig1930_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrig1930-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on the composition, it was conjectured that the compounds were produced by medium-temperature <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a> of organic matter, then further modified by extended <a href="/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium" title="Chemical equilibrium">equilibration</a> at elevated temperatures in the subsurface and by recrystallization during migration.<sup id="cite_ref-blum1975_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blum1975-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When distilled, it produces the mineral wax <a href="/wiki/Idrialin" title="Idrialin">idrialin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thom1838_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thom1838-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gold1879_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold1879-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idrialite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWarr2021" class="citation journal cs1">Warr, L.N. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"</a>. <i>Mineralogical Magazine</i>. <b>85</b> (3): 291–320. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W">2021MinM...85..291W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">10.1180/mgm.2021.43</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616">235729616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mineralogical+Magazine&rft.atitle=IMA%E2%80%93CNMNC+approved+mineral+symbols&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-320&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235729616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021MinM...85..291W&rft.aulast=Warr&rft.aufirst=L.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1180%252Fmgm.2021.43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdrialite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HBM.idrialite-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HBM.idrialite_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HBM.idrialite_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HBM.idrialite_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HBM.idrialite_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/idrialite.pdf">Idrialite</a>" entry in John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, and Monte C. Nichols (): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/">Handbook of Mineralogy</a></i>. Published by the Mineralogical Society of America. Accessed on 2020-08-28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-webmin.idrialite-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-webmin.idrialite_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-webmin.idrialite_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dave Barthelmy (2012): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmineral.com/data/Idrialite.shtml">Idrialite Mineral Data</a>". Online document at Webmineral.com. Accessed on 2020-08-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mindat.idrialite-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mindat.idrialite_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mindat.idrialite_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mindat.idrialite_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mindat.idrialite_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mindat.idrialite_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindat.org/min-26563.html">Idrialite</a>" page at the Mindat.org online database. Accessed on 2020-08-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-egle1889-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-egle1889_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgleston1889" class="citation book cs1">Egleston, Thomas (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=irnETdF9eIgC&pg=PA83"><i>Catalogue of Minerals and Synonyms</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+Minerals+and+Synonyms&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Egleston&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DirnETdF9eIgC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdrialite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wise1986-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wise1986_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wise1986_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wise1986_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen A. Wise, Robert M. Campbell, W. Raymond West, Milton L. Lee, Keith D. Bartle (1986): "Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon minerals curtisite, idrialite and pendletonite using high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy". <i>Chemical Geology</i>, volume 54, issues 3–4, pages 339-357. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0009-2541%2886%2990148-8">10.1016/0009-2541(86)90148-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blum1975-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blum1975_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blum1975_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Blumer (1975): "Curtisite, idrialite and pendletonite, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon minerals: Their composition and origin" <i>Chemical Geology</i>, volume 16, issue 4, pages 245-256. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0009-2541%2875%2990064-9">10.1016/0009-2541(75)90064-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mindat.curtisite-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mindat.curtisite_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindat.org/min-26563.html">Curtisite</a>" page at the Mindat.org online database. Accessed on 2020-08-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wrig1925-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wrig1925_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. E. Wright and E. T. Allen (1925): "Curtisite, a new organic mineral from Skaggs Springs, Sonoma County, California (abstract)" <i>American Mineralogist</i>, volume 11, pages 67-67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wrig1930-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wrig1930_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wrig1930_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wrig1930_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wrig1930_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">F. E. Wright and E. T. Allen (1930): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/15/5/169/535605/">Curtisite, a new organic mineral from Skaggs Springs, Sonoma County, California</a>". <i>American Mineralogist</i>, volume 15, pages 169-173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frank_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankJehličkaEdwards2007" class="citation journal cs1">Frank, Otakar; Jehlička, Jan; Edwards, Howell G.M. (December 2007). "Raman spectroscopy as tool for the characterization of thio-polyaromatic hydrocarbons in organic minerals". <i>Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy</i>. <b>68</b> (4): 1065–1069. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AcSpA..68.1065F">2007AcSpA..68.1065F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.saa.2006.12.033">10.1016/j.saa.2006.12.033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17307383">17307383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spectrochimica+Acta+Part+A%3A+Molecular+and+Biomolecular+Spectroscopy&rft.atitle=Raman+spectroscopy+as+tool+for+the+characterization+of+thio-polyaromatic+hydrocarbons+in+organic+minerals&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1065-1069&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17307383&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.saa.2006.12.033&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007AcSpA..68.1065F&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Otakar&rft.au=Jehli%C4%8Dka%2C+Jan&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Howell+G.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdrialite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geis1967-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-geis1967_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. A. Geissman, K. Y. Sun, and J. Murdoch (1967): "Organic minerals. Picine and chrysene as constituents of the mineral Curtisite (idrialite)". <i>Experentia</i>, volume 23, pages 793-794.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thom1838-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thom1838_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1838" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Thomas (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBdPdPaOQKMC&pg=PA749"><i>Chemistry of Organic Bodies: Vegetables</i></a>. Maclachlan & Stewart. p. 748.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+Organic+Bodies%3A+Vegetables&rft.pages=748&rft.pub=Maclachlan+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQBdPdPaOQKMC%26pg%3DPA749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdrialite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gold1879-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gold1879_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldschmidt1879" class="citation book cs1">Goldschmidt, G. (1879). Watts, Henry (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QbZLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA167"><i>Journal of the Chemical Society</i></a>. The Chemical Society of Great Britain. p. 167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=The+Chemical+Society+of+Great+Britain&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Goldschmidt&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQbZLAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdrialite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Idrialite" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Idrialite"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Idrialite</span></a>.</div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idrialite&oldid=1185193870">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idrialite&oldid=1185193870</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organic_minerals" title="Category:Organic minerals">Organic minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthorhombic_minerals" title="Category:Orthorhombic minerals">Orthorhombic minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Luminescent_minerals" title="Category:Luminescent minerals">Luminescent minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Minerals_described_in_1832" title="Category:Minerals described in 1832">Minerals described in 1832</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Idrija" title="Category:Idrija">Idrija</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2023, at 04:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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