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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connecter</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages pour les contributeurs déconnectés <a href="/wiki/Aide:Premiers_pas" aria-label="En savoir plus sur la contribution"><span>en savoir plus</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_contributions" title="Une liste des modifications effectuées depuis cette adresse IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_discussions" title="La page de discussion pour les contributions depuis cette adresse IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Histoire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Histoire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Histoire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Histoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Représentation_d'une_adresse_IPv4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Représentation_d'une_adresse_IPv4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Représentation d'une adresse IPv4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Représentation_d'une_adresse_IPv4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-En-tête_IPv4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#En-tête_IPv4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>En-tête IPv4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-En-tête_IPv4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fragmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fragmentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">IPv4</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 49 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9)" title="بروتوكول الإنترنت (الإصدار الرابع) – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتوكول الإنترنت (الإصدار الرابع)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%AA" title="আইপিভি৪ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইপিভি৪" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%87_%DB%B4" title="پروتکل اینترنت نسخه ۴ – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتکل اینترنت نسخه ۴" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolo_IPv4" title="Protocolo IPv4 – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protocolo IPv4" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – goudjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="goudjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_4" title="इंटरनेट प्रोटोकॉल 4 – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंटरनेट प्रोटोकॉल 4" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamat_IP_versi_4" title="Alamat IP versi 4 – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alamat IP versi 4" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF4" title="ഐപിവി4 – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐപിവി4" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_versie_4" title="Internet Protocol versie 4 – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internet Protocol versie 4" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipv4" title="Ipv4 – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ipv4" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_4" title="இணைய நெறிமுறைப் பதிப்பு 4 – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணைய நெறிமுறைப் பதிப்பு 4" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="IPv4" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11103#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les 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href="/w/index.php?title=IPv4&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:IPv4" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11103" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p><b>IPv4</b> (<b>Internet Protocol version 4</b>) est la première version d'<a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP) à avoir été largement déployée, et qui forme encore en 2024 la base de la majorité des communications sur <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, par rapport à l'<a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>. Elle est décrite dans la <abbr class="abbr" title="Request for comments" lang="en">RFC</abbr> 791<sup id="cite_ref-RFC-791_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC-791-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> de <time class="nowrap" datetime="1981-09" data-sort-value="1981-09">septembre 1981</time>, remplaçant la <abbr class="abbr" title="Request for comments" lang="en">RFC</abbr> 760<sup id="cite_ref-RFC-760_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC-760-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, définie en <time class="nowrap" datetime="1980-01" data-sort-value="1980-01">janvier 1980</time>. </p><p>Chaque interface d'un hôte IPv4 se voit attribuer une ou plusieurs <a href="/wiki/Adresse_IP" title="Adresse IP">adresses IP</a> codées sur 32 <abbr class="abbr" title="bits"><a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a></abbr>. Au maximum 4 294 967 296, soit 2<sup>32</sup> adresses peuvent donc être attribuées simultanément en théorie (en pratique, un certain nombre ne sont pas utilisables). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPv4&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPv4&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89puisement_des_adresses_IPv4" title="Épuisement des adresses IPv4">épuisement des adresses IPv4</a> a conduit au développement d'une nouvelle version d'IP, <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>, et à la <a href="/wiki/Transition_d%27IPv4_vers_IPv6" title="Transition d'IPv4 vers IPv6">transition d'IPv4 vers IPv6</a> afin d'adopter cette nouvelle version. Le manque d'adresse IPv4 est dans un premier temps contourné grâce à l'utilisation de techniques de traduction d'adresses (<a href="/wiki/Network_address_translation" title="Network address translation">NAT</a>) ainsi que par l'adoption du système <a href="/wiki/Adresse_IP#Agrégation_des_adresses" title="Adresse IP">CIDR</a>. Le nombre d'adresses IP Version 4 publiques est arrivé officiellement à saturation le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-02-03" data-sort-value="2011-02-03">3 février 2011</time>. </p><p>Le 25 novembre 2019, le <a href="/wiki/RIPE_NCC" class="mw-redirect" title="RIPE NCC">registre régional d’adresses IP qui alloue les IPv4 pour l’Europe et le Moyen-Orient</a> annonce la pénurie d’IPv4, la dernière attribution du dernier bloc de 1024 adresses ayant été effectué<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En 2023, en France, l'<a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_de_r%C3%A9gulation_des_communications_%C3%A9lectroniques,_des_postes_et_de_la_distribution_de_la_presse" title="Autorité de régulation des communications électroniques, des postes et de la distribution de la presse">Arcep</a> cherche à prévoir des scénarios d'extinction de l'IPv4<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Représentation_d'une_adresse_IPv4"><span id="Repr.C3.A9sentation_d.27une_adresse_IPv4"></span>Représentation d'une adresse IPv4</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPv4&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Représentation d'une adresse IPv4" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPv4&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Représentation d'une adresse IPv4"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Une adresse IPv4 est représentée sous la forme de quatre nombres entiers séparés par des points comme <code>193.43.55.67</code>. Chacun des nombres représente un <a href="/wiki/Octet" title="Octet">octet</a>. La plage d'attribution s'étend de 0.0.0.0 à 255.255.255.255, sachant qu'il existe des contraintes empêchant l'utilisation de certaines adresses (réservée, masque, broadcast, etc.) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Adresse_Ipv4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Adresse_Ipv4.svg/440px-Adresse_Ipv4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Adresse_Ipv4.svg/660px-Adresse_Ipv4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Adresse_Ipv4.svg/880px-Adresse_Ipv4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Adresse IPv4</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="En-tête_IPv4"><span id="En-t.C3.AAte_IPv4"></span>En-tête IPv4</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPv4&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : En-tête IPv4" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPv4&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : En-tête IPv4"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 750px"> <caption>En-tête IPv4 </caption> <tbody><tr> <td width="3.125%">0</td> <td width="3.125%">1</td> <td width="3.125%">2</td> <td width="3.125%">3</td> <td width="3.125%">4</td> <td width="3.125%">5</td> <td width="3.125%">6</td> <td width="3.125%">7 </td> <td width="3.125%">8</td> <td width="3.125%">9</td> <td width="3.125%">10</td> <td width="3.125%">11</td> <td width="3.125%">12</td> <td width="3.125%">13</td> <td width="3.125%">14</td> <td width="3.125%">15</td> <td width="3.125%">16</td> <td width="3.125%">17 </td> <td width="3.125%">18</td> <td width="3.125%">19</td> <td width="3.125%">20 </td> <td width="3.125%">21</td> <td width="3.125%">22</td> <td width="3.125%">23</td> <td width="3.125%">24</td> <td width="3.125%">25</td> <td width="3.125%">26</td> <td width="3.125%">27</td> <td width="3.125%">28</td> <td width="3.125%">29</td> <td width="3.125%">30</td> <td width="3.125%">31 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f7f8ff" colspan="4" align="center">Version d'IP </td> <td bgcolor="#f7f8ff" colspan="4" align="center">Longueur de l'en-tête </td> <td bgcolor="#f7f8ff" colspan="8" align="center">Type de service </td> <td bgcolor="#f7f8ff" colspan="16" align="center">Longueur totale </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f7f8ff" colspan="16" align="center">Identification </td> <td bgcolor="#f7f8ff" colspan="3" align="center">Indicateur </td> <td bgcolor="#f7f8ff" colspan="13" align="center"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Fragment offset</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f7f8ff" colspan="8" align="center">Durée de vie </td> <td bgcolor="#f7f8ff" colspan="8" align="center">Protocole </td> <td bgcolor="#f7f8ff" colspan="16" align="center">Somme de contrôle de l'en-tête </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f7f8ff" colspan="32" align="center">Adresse source </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f7f8ff" colspan="32" align="center">Adresse destination </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f7f8ff" colspan="32" align="center">Option(s) + remplissage </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Version</b> (4 bits) : </p> <dl><dd>Version d'IP utilisée. Ici, 4.</dd></dl> <p><b>Longueur de l'en-tête</b> ou <i>IHL</i> (pour <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Internet Header Length</i></span>) (4 bits) : </p> <dl><dd>Ce champ indique en binaire sur 4 bits la longueur totale de l'en-tête et cette longueur est donnée, non pas en bit, ni en octet, mais en mots de 32 bits (=4 octets). La longueur donnée correspondrait au nombre de lignes du schéma précédent. La valeur est comprise entre 5 et 15, car il y a 20 octets minimum et on ne peut dépasser 40 octets d'option. La longueur maximale d'un en-tête est donc de 15*4 octets soit 60 octets.</dd></dl> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Type_of_Service" title="Type of Service">Type de service</a></b> ou <i>ToS</i> (pour <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Type of Service</i></span>) (8 bits) : </p> <dl><dd>Ce champ permet de distinguer différentes qualités de service différenciant la manière dont les paquets sont traités. Composé de 3 bits de priorité (donc 8 niveaux) et trois indicateurs permettant de différencier le débit, le délai ou la fiabilité.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Il se décline au fil des RFC. Au départ (<abbr class="abbr" title="Request for comments" lang="en">RFC</abbr> 791<sup id="cite_ref-RFC-791_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC-791-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) nous avions :</dd></dl> <pre>Bits 0-2: Precedence. Bit 3: 0 = Normal Delay, 1 = Low Delay. Bits 4: 0 = Normal Throughput, 1 = High Throughput. Bits 5: 0 = Normal Reliability, 1 = High Reliability. Bit 6-7: Reserved for Future Use. </pre> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Differentiated_Services_Code_Point" title="Differentiated Services Code Point">Le champ DSCP</a> généralise ensuite le champ TOS (<abbr class="abbr" title="Request for comments" lang="en">RFC</abbr> 2474<sup id="cite_ref-RFC-2474_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC-2474-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1998-12" data-sort-value="1998-12">décembre 1998</time>) :</dd></dl> <pre>Bits 0-5: DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point) Bits 6-7: CU (Currently Unused) </pre> <dl><dd>En <time class="nowrap" datetime="2001-09" data-sort-value="2001-09">septembre 2001</time> (<abbr class="abbr" title="Request for comments" lang="en">RFC</abbr> 3168<sup id="cite_ref-RFC-3168_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC-3168-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) le champ CU est utilisé pour la <a href="/wiki/Explicit_Congestion_Notification" title="Explicit Congestion Notification">gestion des congestions</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> :</dd></dl> <pre>Bits 0-5: DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point) Bits 6-7: ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification) </pre> <p><b>Longueur totale</b> en octets ou <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Total Length</i></span> (16 bits) : </p> <dl><dd>Nombre total d'octets du <a href="/wiki/Datagramme" title="Datagramme">datagramme</a>, en-tête IP comprise. Donc, la valeur maximale est 2<sup>16</sup>−1 octets.</dd></dl> <p><b>Identification</b> (16 bits) : </p> <dl><dd>Numéro permettant d'identifier les fragments d'un même paquet.</dd></dl> <p><b>Indicateurs</b> ou <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Flags</i></span> (3 bits) : </p> <ol><li>(Premier bit [bit de poids fort]) actuellement inutilisé.</li> <li>(Deuxième bit) DF (<span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Don't Fragment</i></span>) : lorsque ce bit est positionné à 1, il indique que le paquet ne peut pas être fragmenté. Si le routeur ne peut acheminer ce paquet (taille du paquet supérieure à la MTU), il est alors rejeté.</li> <li>(Troisième bit) MF (<span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>More Fragments</i></span>) : quand ce bit est positionné à 1, on sait que ce paquet est un fragment de données et que d'autres doivent suivre. Quand il est à 0, soit le fragment est le dernier (et dans ce cas le <b>fragment offset</b> est différent de 0), soit le paquet n'a pas été fragmenté.</li></ol> <p><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><b>Fragment offset</b></span> (13 bits) : </p> <dl><dd>Position du fragment par rapport au paquet de départ, en nombre de mots de 8 octets. Lorsque la valeur indiquée est 0, il s'agit du premier fragment.</dd></dl> <p><b>Durée de vie</b> ou TTL (pour <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Time To Live</i></span>) (8 bits) : </p> <dl><dd>Initialisé par l'émetteur, ce champ est décrémenté d'une unité généralement à chaque saut de routeur. Quand TTL = 0, le paquet est abandonné et un message ICMP est envoyé à l'émetteur pour information.</dd></dl> <p><b>Protocole</b> (8 bits) : </p> <dl><dd>Numéro du protocole au-dessus de la <a href="/wiki/Couche_r%C3%A9seau" title="Couche réseau">couche réseau</a> : TCP = 6, UDP = 17, ICMP = 1.</dd> <dd>Ce champ permet d'identifier le protocole utilisé par le niveau supérieur : <dl><dd><ul><li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol" title="Internet Control Message Protocol">Internet Control Message Protocol</a></span> ou ICMP est repéré par les bits 00000001, qu'on écrit souvent en hexadécimal avec 01</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a></span> ou TCP par les bits 00000110, soit 06</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">User Datagram Protocol</a></span> ou UDP par les bits 00010001, soit 11 en hexadécimal</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><b>Somme de contrôle de l'en-tête</b> ou <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Header Checksum</i></span> (16 bits) : </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Compl%C3%A9ment_%C3%A0_un" title="Complément à un">Complément à un</a> de la somme complémentée à un de tout le contenu de l'en-tête afin de détecter les erreurs de transfert. Si la somme de contrôle est invalide, le paquet est abandonné sans <a href="/wiki/Message_d%27erreur" title="Message d'erreur">message d'erreur</a>.</dd></dl> <p><b>Adresse source</b> (32 bits) : </p> <dl><dd>Adresse IP de l'émetteur sur 32 bits.</dd></dl> <p><b>Adresse destination</b> (32 bits) : </p> <dl><dd>Adresse IP du récepteur 32 bits.</dd></dl> <p><b>Options</b> (0 à 40 octets par mots de 4 octets) : </p> <dl><dd>Facultatif.</dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Remplissage_(cryptographie)" title="Remplissage (cryptographie)"><b>Remplissage</b> ou <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Padding</i></span></a> : </p> <dl><dd>Champ de taille variable comprise entre 0 et 7 bits. Il permet de combler le champ option afin d'obtenir un en-tête IP multiple de 32 bits. La valeur des bits de bourrage est 0.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fragmentation">Fragmentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPv4&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Fragmentation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPv4&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Fragmentation"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sur une interface déterminée, une trame a une taille maximale, appelée <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i><a href="/wiki/Maximum_Transmission_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum Transmission Unit">Maximum Transmission Unit</a></i></span> ou MTU. Lorsque la longueur du paquet (datagramme) est supérieure, l'information sera fragmentée. La taille maximum supportée par IPv4 (car codée sur 16 bits) est de 65 535 octets mais les réseaux ne prennent généralement pas en charge de trames de telles longueurs, en général on trouve des MTU de l'ordre de 1 500 octets (<a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPv4&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPv4&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RFC-791-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RFC-791_1-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-RFC-791_1-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc791"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Request for comments</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 791</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFC-760-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-RFC-760_2-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc760"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Request for comments</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 760</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Accélérer la transition vers IPv6 : un enjeu majeur de compétitivité et d’innovation <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.arcep.fr/cartes-et-donnees/nos-publications-chiffrees/transition-ipv6/barometre-annuel-de-la-transition-vers-ipv6-en-france.html">https://www.arcep.fr/cartes-et-donnees/nos-publications-chiffrees/transition-ipv6/barometre-annuel-de-la-transition-vers-ipv6-en-france.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">« Pv6 : Retour sur l’atelier dédié au développement et à l’avancée de l’IPv6 en France, organisé le 7 décembre 2023 », communiqué de presse, 22 décembre 2023 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcep.fr/actualites/actualites-et-communiques/detail/n/ipv6-221223.html">lire en ligne</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFC-2474-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-RFC-2474_5-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2474"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Request for comments</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 2474</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFC-3168-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-RFC-3168_6-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3168"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Request for comments</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 3168</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/dscp-registry">cf. registres DSCP par l'IANA</a></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPv4&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPv4&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPv4&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPv4&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adresse_IP" title="Adresse IP">Adresse IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adresse_compatible_IPv4" title="Adresse compatible IPv4">Adresse compatible IPv4</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style="background:#fdfdfd;"> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Mod%C3%A8le_OSI" title="Modèle:Palette Modèle OSI"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Mod%C3%A8le_OSI&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_OSI" title="Modèle OSI">Couches du modèle OSI</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="text-align:left;">7. <a href="/wiki/Couche_application" title="Couche application">Application</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Message_Queuing_Protocol" title="Advanced Message Queuing Protocol">AMQP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">BGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol_Secure" title="File Transfer Protocol Secure">FTPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSH_File_Transfer_Protocol" title="SSH File Transfer Protocol">SFTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_eXchange_Protocol" title="File eXchange Protocol">FXP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(protocole)" title="Gemini (protocole)">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopher" title="Gopher">Gopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.323" title="H.323">H.323</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol_Secure" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure">HTTPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Printing_Protocol" title="Internet Printing Protocol">IPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" title="Internet Relay Chat">IRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">LDAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Local Mail Transfer Protocol">LMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modbus" title="Modbus">MODBUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MQTT" title="MQTT">MQTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">NNTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol" title="Remote Desktop Protocol">RDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Time_Streaming_Protocol" title="Real Time Streaming Protocol">RTSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Internet_Live_Conferencing" title="Secure Internet Live Conferencing">SILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIP_for_Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Leveraging_Extensions" title="SIP for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions">SIMPLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">SMB-CIFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">SNMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction_Capabilities_Application_Part" title="Transaction Capabilities Application Part">TCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_File_Transfer_Protocol" title="Trivial File Transfer Protocol">TFTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voix_sur_IP" title="Voix sur IP">VoIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol">XMPP</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="text-align:left;">6. <a href="/wiki/Couche_pr%C3%A9sentation" title="Couche présentation">Présentation</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background:#f7f7f7;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">AFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Standard_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASN.1" title="ASN.1">ASN.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Markup_Language" title="Hypertext Markup Language">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multipurpose_Internet_Mail_Extensions" title="Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions">MIME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">NCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Driver_Interface" title="Transport Driver Interface">TDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type-length-value" title="Type-length-value">TLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_to_Unix_Copy" title="Unix to Unix Copy">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vid%C3%A9otex" title="Vidéotex">Vidéotex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repr%C3%A9sentation_externe_des_donn%C3%A9es" title="Représentation externe des données">XDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="text-align:left;">5. <a href="/wiki/Couche_session" title="Couche session">Session</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/AppleTalk" title="AppleTalk">AppleTalk</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datagram_Transport_Layer_Security" title="Datagram Transport Layer Security">DTLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBIOS" title="NetBIOS">NetBIOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appel_de_proc%C3%A9dure_%C3%A0_distance" title="Appel de procédure à distance">RPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliable_Server_Pooling" title="Reliable Server Pooling">RSerPool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOCKS" title="SOCKS">SOCKS</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="text-align:left;">4. <a href="/wiki/Couche_transport" title="Couche transport">Transport</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background:#f7f7f7;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datagram_Congestion_Control_Protocol" title="Datagram Congestion Control Protocol">DCCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Reservation_Protocol" title="Resource Reservation Protocol">RSVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol" title="Stream Control Transmission Protocol">SCTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequenced_Packet_Exchange" title="Sequenced Packet Exchange">SPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="text-align:left;">3. <a href="/wiki/Couche_r%C3%A9seau" title="Couche réseau">Réseau</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babel_(protocole)" title="Babel (protocole)">Babel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bootstrap_Protocol" title="Bootstrap Protocol">BOOTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectionless_Network_Protocol" title="Connectionless Network Protocol">CLNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol" title="Internet Control Message Protocol">ICMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">IGMP</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IPv4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internetwork_Packet_Exchange" title="Internetwork Packet Exchange">IPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">IS-IS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBEUI" title="NetBEUI">NetBEUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol" title="Neighbor Discovery Protocol">NDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routing_Information_Protocol" title="Routing Information Protocol">RIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Interior_Gateway_Routing_Protocol" title="Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol">EIGRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First" title="Open Shortest Path First">OSPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Reverse Address Resolution Protocol">RARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="text-align:left;">2. <a href="/wiki/Couche_liaison_de_donn%C3%A9es" title="Couche liaison de données">Liaison</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background:#f7f7f7;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Token_ring" title="Token ring">Anneau à jeton (<span class="lang-en" lang="en">token ring</span>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_bus" title="Token bus">Anneau à jeton adressé (<span class="lang-en" lang="en">Token Bus</span>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARINC_429" title="ARINC 429">ARINC 429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avionics_Full_DupleX" title="Avionics Full DupleX">AFDX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_de_transfert_asynchrone" title="Mode de transfert asynchrone">ATM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitnet" title="Bitnet">Bitnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_de_donn%C3%A9es_CAN" title="Bus de données CAN">CAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">FDDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relais_de_trames" title="Relais de trames"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Frame Relay</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Level_Data_Link_Control" title="High-Level Data Link Control">HDLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I2C" title="I2C">I²C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3ad" title="IEEE 802.3ad">IEEE 802.3ad (LACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1aq" title="IEEE 802.1aq">IEEE 802.1aq (SPB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contr%C3%B4le_de_la_liaison_logique" title="Contrôle de la liaison logique">LLC</a></li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/LocalTalk" title="LocalTalk">LocalTalk</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-1553" title="MIL-STD-1553">MIL-STD-1553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol" title="Spanning Tree Protocol">STP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.21" title="X.21">X.21</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="text-align:left;">1. <a href="/wiki/Couche_physique" title="Couche physique">Physique</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_en_bloc_4B5B" title="Code en bloc 4B5B">4B5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codage_BHDn" title="Codage BHDn">BHDn</a></li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2ble_coaxial" title="Câble coaxial">Câble coaxial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codage_bipolaire" title="Codage bipolaire">Codage bipolaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_Sense_Multiple_Access_with_Collision_Avoidance" title="Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance">CSMA/CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_Sense_Multiple_Access_with_Collision_Detection" title="Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection">CSMA/CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">DSSS</a></li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/E-carrier" title="E-carrier">E-carrier</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">EIA-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIA-422" title="EIA-422">EIA-422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-449" title="RS-449">EIA-449</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIA-485" title="EIA-485">EIA-485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89talement_de_spectre_par_saut_de_fr%C3%A9quence" title="Étalement de spectre par saut de fréquence">FHSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeRF" title="HomeRF">HomeRF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire">IEEE 1394 (<span class="lang-en" lang="en">FireWire</span>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Data_Association" title="Infrared Data Association">IrDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_num%C3%A9rique_%C3%A0_int%C3%A9gration_de_services" title="Réseau numérique à intégration de services">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codage_Manchester" title="Codage Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codage_Manchester_diff%C3%A9rentiel" title="Codage Manchester différentiel">Manchester différentiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codage_Miller" title="Codage Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Level_Transmit_3" title="Multi Level Transmit 3">MLT-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non_Return_to_Zero" title="Non Return to Zero">NRZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non_Return_to_Zero_Inverted" title="Non Return to Zero Inverted">NRZI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non_Return_to_Zero_Mark" title="Non Return to Zero Mark">NRZM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paire_torsad%C3%A9e" title="Paire torsadée">Paire torsadée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%A9rarchie_num%C3%A9rique_pl%C3%A9siochrone" title="Hiérarchie numérique plésiochrone">PDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%A9rarchie_num%C3%A9rique_synchrone" title="Hiérarchie numérique synchrone">SDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_Digital_Subscriber_Line" title="Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line">SDSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_Optical_Network" title="Synchronous Optical Network">SONET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface" title="Serial Peripheral Interface">SPI</a></li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/T-carrier" title="T-carrier">T-carrier</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VDSL" title="VDSL">VDSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VDSL2" title="VDSL2">VDSL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V.21" title="V.21">V.21</a>-<a href="/wiki/Liste_des_normes_de_l%27Union_internationale_des_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications" title="Liste des normes de l'Union internationale des télécommunications">V.23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_normes_de_l%27Union_internationale_des_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications" title="Liste des normes de l'Union internationale des télécommunications">V.42</a>-<a href="/wiki/V.90" title="V.90">V.90</a></li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Wireless_USB" title="Wireless USB">Wireless USB</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10BASE-T" title="10BASE-T">10BASE-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10BASE2" title="10BASE2">10BASE2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10BASE5" title="10BASE5">10BASE5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100BASE-TX" title="100BASE-TX">100BASE-TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1000BASE-T" title="1000BASE-T">1000BASE-T</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><b>Articles connexes</b> : <a href="/wiki/Pile_de_protocoles" title="Pile de protocoles">Pile de protocoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_des_protocoles_Internet" title="Suite des protocoles Internet">Modèle Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couche_8" title="Couche 8">Couche 8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Informatique" title="Portail de l’informatique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Circle-icons-computer.svg/24px-Circle-icons-computer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Circle-icons-computer.svg/36px-Circle-icons-computer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Circle-icons-computer.svg/48px-Circle-icons-computer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Informatique" 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:T%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications" title="Portail des télécommunications"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Circle-icons-phone.svg/24px-Circle-icons-phone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Circle-icons-phone.svg/36px-Circle-icons-phone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Circle-icons-phone.svg/48px-Circle-icons-phone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:T%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications" title="Portail:Télécommunications">Portail des télécommunications</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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