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<span>Early designs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nose_bullet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nose_bullet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nose bullet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nose_bullet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_intake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_intake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Air intake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_intake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compressor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compressor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Compressor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compressor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combustion_chamber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combustion_chamber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Combustion chamber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combustion_chamber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turbine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turbine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Turbine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turbine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nozzle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nozzle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Nozzle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nozzle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thrust_augmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thrust_augmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Thrust augmentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thrust_augmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afterburner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afterburner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Afterburner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afterburner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Net_thrust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Net_thrust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Net thrust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Net_thrust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycle_improvements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycle_improvements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cycle improvements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycle_improvements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turbojet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A" title="محرك نفاث عنفي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محرك نفاث عنفي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turborreactor" title="Turborreactor – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Turborreactor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Turbojet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboreactor" title="Turboreactor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turboreactor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proudov%C3%BD_motor" title="Proudový motor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Proudový motor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strahltriebwerk#Einstrom-Strahltriebwerk_(Turbojet)" title="Strahltriebwerk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Strahltriebwerk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turborreactor" title="Turborreactor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turborreactor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turborreaktore" title="Turborreaktore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turborreaktore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%AA" title="توربوجت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توربوجت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbor%C3%A9acteur" title="Turboréacteur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turboréacteur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inneall_turba-scairde" title="Inneall turba-scairde – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Inneall turba-scairde" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turborreactor" title="Turborreactor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Turborreactor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%84%B0%EB%B3%B4%EC%A0%9C%ED%8A%B8" title="터보제트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="터보제트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Տուրբոռեակտիվ շարժիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տուրբոռեակտիվ շարժիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="टर्बोजेट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टर्बोजेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbin-sprico-motoro" title="Turbin-sprico-motoro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Turbin-sprico-motoro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turbojet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbogetto" title="Turbogetto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turbogetto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1zturbin%C3%A1s_sug%C3%A1rhajt%C3%B3m%C5%B1" title="Gázturbinás sugárhajtómű – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gázturbinás sugárhajtómű" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ടർബൊജെറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടർബൊജെറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbin_jet" title="Turbin jet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Turbin jet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Turbojet" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Турбожет хөдөлгүүр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Турбожет хөдөлгүүр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turbojet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3" title="ターボジェットエンジン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ターボジェットエンジン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Turbojet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F" title="ਟਰਬੋਜੇਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟਰਬੋਜੇਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silnik_turboodrzutowy" title="Silnik turboodrzutowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Silnik turboodrzutowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojato" title="Turbojato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turbojato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboreactor" title="Turboreactor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turboreactor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Турбореактивный двигатель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Турбореактивный двигатель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Turbojet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94-%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="තලබුමු-විදලුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තලබුමු-විදලුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turbojet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa%C4%BEovacia_turb%C3%ADna" title="Spaľovacia turbína – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spaľovacia turbína" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboreaktivni_motor" title="Turboreaktivni motor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turboreaktivni motor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Турбомлазни мотор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Турбомлазни мотор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojetti" title="Turbojetti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turbojetti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="சுழல் தாரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுழல் தாரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="టర్బోజెట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టర్బోజెట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Turbojet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Турбореактивний двигун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Турбореактивний двигун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_c%C6%A1_tu%E1%BB%91c_bin_ph%E1%BA%A3n_l%E1%BB%B1c_lu%E1%BB%93ng" title="Động cơ tuốc bin phản lực luồng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Airbreathing jet engine which is typically used in aircraft</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Hong Kong based ferry company, see <a href="/wiki/TurboJET" title="TurboJET">TurboJET</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Turbojet" title="Special:EditPage/Turbojet">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Turbojet%22">"Turbojet"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Turbojet%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Turbojet%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Turbojet%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Turbojet%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Turbojet%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color: #87CEEB">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #87CEEB"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Aircraft propulsion</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #c9efff"> <a href="/wiki/Drive_shaft" title="Drive shaft">Shaft engines</a>:<br /> driving <a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Propeller (aeronautics)">propellers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_rotor" title="Helicopter rotor">rotors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ducted_fan" title="Ducted fan">ducted fans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Propfan" title="Propfan">propfans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal thermal engines</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Piston engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_diesel_engine" title="Aircraft diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Turbines</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">Turboprop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboshaft" title="Turboshaft">Turboshaft</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_combustion_engine" title="External combustion engine">External thermal engines</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steam-powered_aircraft" title="Steam-powered aircraft">Steam power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motors</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork" title="Clockwork">Clockwork</a> drives: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_aircraft" title="Human-powered aircraft">Human-powered</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #c9efff"> <a href="/wiki/Reaction_engine" title="Reaction engine">Reaction engines</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Turbines</a>: <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turbojet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">Turbofan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propfan" title="Propfan">Propfan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket-powered_aircraft" title="Rocket-powered aircraft">Rocket-powered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_turborocket" title="Air turborocket">Air turborocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-augmented_rocket" title="Air-augmented rocket">Air-augmented rocket</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorjet" title="Motorjet">Motorjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsejet" title="Pulsejet">Pulsejet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valveless_pulsejet" title="Valveless pulsejet">Valveless pulsejet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluhareff_Pressure_Jet" title="Gluhareff Pressure Jet">Gluhareff Pressure Jet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerospike_engine" title="Aerospike engine">Aerospike engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_detonation_engine" title="Pulse detonation engine">Pulse detonation engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_detonation_engine" title="Rotating detonation engine">Rotating detonation engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjet" title="Ramjet">Ramjet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scramjet" title="Scramjet">Scramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shcramjet" title="Shcramjet">Shcramjet</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seriesbox_aircraft_propulsion" title="Template:Seriesbox aircraft propulsion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seriesbox_aircraft_propulsion" title="Template talk:Seriesbox aircraft propulsion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seriesbox_aircraft_propulsion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seriesbox aircraft propulsion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jumo_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Jumo_004.jpg/220px-Jumo_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Jumo_004.jpg/330px-Jumo_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Jumo_004.jpg/440px-Jumo_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Jumo_004" title="Junkers Jumo 004">Junkers Jumo 004</a>, the first production turbojet in operational use. Note the starter pull-start handle housed in the center of the intake nose bullet.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JetEngineGraph2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/JetEngineGraph2.PNG/220px-JetEngineGraph2.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/JetEngineGraph2.PNG/330px-JetEngineGraph2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/JetEngineGraph2.PNG/440px-JetEngineGraph2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a typical gas turbine jet engine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Whittle_CH_011867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Frank_Whittle_CH_011867.jpg/220px-Frank_Whittle_CH_011867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Frank_Whittle_CH_011867.jpg/330px-Frank_Whittle_CH_011867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Frank_Whittle_CH_011867.jpg/440px-Frank_Whittle_CH_011867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Frank Whittle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ohain.jpg/220px-Ohain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Ohain.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Hans von Ohain</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>turbojet</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Airbreathing_jet_engine" title="Airbreathing jet engine">airbreathing jet engine</a> which is typically used in aircraft. It consists of a <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Propelling_nozzle" title="Propelling nozzle">propelling nozzle</a>. The gas turbine has an air inlet which includes inlet guide vanes, a compressor, a combustion chamber, and a <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> (that drives the compressor). The compressed air from the compressor is heated by burning fuel in the combustion chamber and then allowed to expand through the turbine. The turbine exhaust is then expanded in the propelling nozzle where it is accelerated to high speed to provide thrust.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two engineers, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Ohain" title="Hans von Ohain">Hans von Ohain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, developed the concept independently into practical engines during the late 1930s. </p><p>Turbojets have poor efficiency at low vehicle speeds, which limits their usefulness in vehicles other than aircraft. Turbojet engines have been used in isolated cases to power vehicles other than aircraft, typically for attempts on <a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record" title="Land speed record">land speed records</a>. Where vehicles are "turbine-powered", this is more commonly by use of a <a href="/wiki/Turboshaft" title="Turboshaft">turboshaft</a> engine, a development of the gas turbine engine where an additional turbine is used to drive a rotating output shaft. These are common in helicopters and hovercraft. </p><p>Turbojets were widely used for early supersonic <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a>, up to and including many <a href="/wiki/Jet_fighter_generations#Third" title="Jet fighter generations">third generation fighters</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/MiG-25" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-25">MiG-25</a> being the latest turbojet-powered fighter developed. As most fighters spend little time traveling supersonically, <a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_fighter" title="Fourth-generation fighter">fourth-generation fighters</a> (as well as some late third-generation fighters like the <a href="/wiki/F-111" class="mw-redirect" title="F-111">F-111</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Harrier" title="Hawker Siddeley Harrier">Hawker Siddeley Harrier</a>) and subsequent designs are powered by the more efficient <a href="/wiki/Turbofan#Low-bypass_turbofan" title="Turbofan">low-bypass turbofans</a> and use <a href="/wiki/Turbofan#Afterburning_turbofan" title="Turbofan">afterburners</a> to raise exhaust speed for bursts of supersonic travel. Turbojets were used on Concorde and the longer-range versions of the <a href="/wiki/TU-144" class="mw-redirect" title="TU-144">Tu-144</a> which were required to spend a long period travelling supersonically. Turbojets are still common in medium range <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a>, due to their high exhaust speed, small frontal area, and relative simplicity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbojet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohain_USAF_He_178_page61.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ohain_USAF_He_178_page61.jpg/220px-Ohain_USAF_He_178_page61.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ohain_USAF_He_178_page61.jpg/330px-Ohain_USAF_He_178_page61.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ohain_USAF_He_178_page61.jpg/440px-Ohain_USAF_He_178_page61.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_178" title="Heinkel He 178">Heinkel He 178</a>, the world's first aircraft to fly purely on turbojet power, using an <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HeS_3" title="Heinkel HeS 3">HeS 3</a> engine</figcaption></figure> <p>The first patent for using a gas turbine to power an aircraft was filed in 1921 by Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Guillaume" title="Maxime Guillaume">Maxime Guillaume</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillaume_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillaume-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His engine was to be an axial-flow turbojet, but was never constructed, as it would have required considerable advances over the state of the art in compressors.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whittle_Jet_Engine_W2-700.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Whittle_Jet_Engine_W2-700.JPG/220px-Whittle_Jet_Engine_W2-700.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Whittle_Jet_Engine_W2-700.JPG/330px-Whittle_Jet_Engine_W2-700.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Whittle_Jet_Engine_W2-700.JPG/440px-Whittle_Jet_Engine_W2-700.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Whittle_W.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Whittle W.2">Whittle W.2</a>/700 engine flew in the <a href="/wiki/Gloster_E.28/39" title="Gloster E.28/39">Gloster E.28/39</a>, the first British aircraft to fly with a turbojet engine, and the <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">Gloster Meteor</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1928, British <a href="/wiki/RAF_College_Cranwell" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF College Cranwell">RAF College Cranwell</a> cadet<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a> formally submitted his ideas for a turbojet to his superiors. In October 1929 he developed his ideas further.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 January 1930 in England, Whittle submitted his first patent (granted in 1932).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patent showed a two-stage <a href="/wiki/Axial_compressor" title="Axial compressor">axial compressor</a> feeding a single-sided <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor" title="Centrifugal compressor">centrifugal compressor</a>. Practical axial compressors were made possible by ideas from <a href="/wiki/Alan_Arnold_Griffith" title="Alan Arnold Griffith">A.A. Griffith</a> in a seminal paper in 1926 ("An Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design"). Whittle later concentrated on the simpler centrifugal compressor only, for a variety of practical reasons. A Whittle engine was the first turbojet to run, the <a href="/wiki/Power_Jets_WU" title="Power Jets WU">Power Jets WU</a>, on 12 April 1937. It was liquid-fuelled. Whittle's team experienced near-panic during the first start attempts when the engine accelerated out of control to a relatively high speed despite the fuel supply being cut off. It was subsequently found that fuel had leaked into the combustion chamber during pre-start motoring checks and accumulated in pools, so the engine would not stop accelerating until all the leaked fuel had burned off. Whittle was unable to interest the government in his invention, and development continued at a slow pace. </p><p>In Germany, <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Ohain" title="Hans von Ohain">Hans von Ohain</a> patented a similar engine in 1935. His design, an axial-flow engine, as opposed to Whittle's centrifugal flow engine, was eventually adopted by most manufacturers by the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 August 1939 the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_178" title="Heinkel He 178">Heinkel He 178</a>, powered by von Ohain's design, became the world's first aircraft to fly using the thrust from a turbojet engine. It was flown by test pilot <a href="/wiki/Erich_Warsitz" title="Erich Warsitz">Erich Warsitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gloster_E.28/39" title="Gloster E.28/39">Gloster E.28/39</a>, (also referred to as the "Gloster Whittle", "Gloster Pioneer", or "Gloster G.40") made the first British jet-engined flight in 1941. It was designed to test the Whittle jet engine in flight, and led to the development of the Gloster Meteor.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first two operational turbojet aircraft, the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262" title="Messerschmitt Me 262">Messerschmitt Me 262</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">Gloster Meteor</a>, entered service in 1944, towards the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Me 262 in April and the Gloster Meteor in July. Only about 15 Meteor saw WW2 action but up to 1400 Me 262s were produced, with 300 entering combat, delivering the first ground attacks and air combat victories of jet planes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEListemann2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDgakDAAAQBAJpgPA5_5]_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEListemann2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDgakDAAAQBAJpgPA5_5]-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Air is drawn into the rotating compressor via the intake and is compressed to a higher pressure before entering the combustion chamber. <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">Fuel</a> is mixed with the compressed air and burns in the combustor. The combustion products leave the combustor and expand through the <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> where <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a> is extracted to drive the compressor. The turbine exit gases still contain considerable energy that is converted in the propelling nozzle to a high speed jet. </p><p>The first turbojets, used either a <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor" title="Centrifugal compressor">centrifugal compressor</a> (as in the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HeS_3" title="Heinkel HeS 3">Heinkel HeS 3</a>), or an <a href="/wiki/Axial_compressor" title="Axial compressor">axial compressor</a> (as in the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Jumo_004" title="Junkers Jumo 004">Junkers Jumo 004</a>) which gave a smaller diameter, although longer, engine. By replacing the propeller used on piston engines with a high speed jet of exhaust, higher aircraft speeds were attainable. </p><p>One of the last applications for a turbojet engine was <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> which used the <a href="/wiki/Olympus_593" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympus 593">Olympus 593</a> engine. However, joint studies by Rolls-Royce and Snecma for a second generation SST engine using the 593 core were done more than three years before Concorde entered service. They evaluated bypass engines with bypass ratios between 0.1 and 1.0 to give improved take-off and cruising performance.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the 593 met all the requirements of the Concorde programme.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates made in 1964 for the Concorde design at Mach 2.2 showed the penalty in range for the supersonic airliner, in terms of miles per gallon, compared to subsonic airliners at Mach 0.85 (Boeing 707, DC-8) was relatively small. This is because the large increase in drag is largely compensated by an increase in powerplant efficiency (the engine efficiency is increased by the ram pressure rise which adds to the compressor pressure rise, the higher aircraft speed approaches the exhaust jet speed increasing propulsive efficiency).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turbojet engines had a significant impact on <a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">commercial aviation</a>. Aside from giving faster flight speeds turbojets had greater reliability than piston engines, with some models demonstrating dispatch reliability rating in excess of 99.9%. Pre-jet commercial aircraft were designed with as many as four engines in part because of concerns over in-flight failures. Overseas flight paths were plotted to keep planes within an hour of a landing field, lengthening flights. The increase in reliability that came with the turbojet enabled three- and two-engine designs, and more direct long-distance flights.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High-temperature alloys were a <a href="/wiki/Reverse_salient" title="Reverse salient">reverse salient</a>, a key technology that dragged progress on jet engines. Non-UK jet engines built in the 1930s and 1940s had to be overhauled every 10 or 20 hours due to <a href="/wiki/Creep_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Creep failure">creep failure</a> and other types of damage to blades. British engines, however, utilised <a href="/wiki/Nimonic" title="Nimonic">Nimonic</a> alloys which allowed extended use without overhaul, engines such as the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Welland" title="Rolls-Royce Welland">Rolls-Royce Welland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Derwent" title="Rolls-Royce Derwent">Rolls-Royce Derwent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 1949 the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Goblin" title="De Havilland Goblin">de Havilland Goblin</a>, being <a href="/wiki/Type_certificate" title="Type certificate">type tested</a> for 500 hours without maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the 1950s that <a href="/wiki/Superalloy" title="Superalloy">superalloy</a> technology allowed other countries to produce economically practical engines.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_designs">Early designs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbojet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early German turbojets had severe limitations on the amount of running they could do due to the lack of suitable high temperature materials for the turbines. British engines such as the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Welland" title="Rolls-Royce Welland">Rolls-Royce Welland</a> used better materials giving improved durability. The Welland was <a href="/wiki/Type_certificate" title="Type certificate">type-certified</a> for 80 hours initially, later extended to 150 hours between overhauls, as a result of an extended 500-hour run being achieved in tests.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J85_ge_17a_turbojet_engine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/J85_ge_17a_turbojet_engine.jpg/220px-J85_ge_17a_turbojet_engine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/J85_ge_17a_turbojet_engine.jpg/330px-J85_ge_17a_turbojet_engine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/J85_ge_17a_turbojet_engine.jpg/440px-J85_ge_17a_turbojet_engine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3340" data-file-height="2033" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_J85" title="General Electric J85">J85-GE-17A</a> turbojet engine from General Electric (1970)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> in the United States was in a good position to enter the jet engine business due to its experience with the high-temperature materials used in their turbosuperchargers during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water injection was a common method used to increase thrust, usually during takeoff, in early turbojets that were thrust-limited by their allowable turbine entry temperature. The water increased thrust at the temperature limit, but prevented complete combustion, often leaving a very visible smoke trail. </p><p>Allowable turbine entry temperatures have increased steadily over time both with the introduction of superior alloys and coatings, and with the introduction and progressive effectiveness of blade cooling designs. On early engines, the turbine temperature limit had to be monitored, and avoided, by the pilot, typically during starting and at maximum thrust settings. Automatic temperature limiting was introduced to reduce pilot workload and reduce the likelihood of turbine damage due to over-temperature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbojet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Axial_compressor.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Axial_compressor.gif/220px-Axial_compressor.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Axial_compressor.gif/330px-Axial_compressor.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Axial_compressor.gif 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>An animation of an axial compressor. The stationary blades are the stators.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbojet_operation-_centrifugal_flow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Turbojet_operation-_centrifugal_flow.png/220px-Turbojet_operation-_centrifugal_flow.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Turbojet_operation-_centrifugal_flow.png/330px-Turbojet_operation-_centrifugal_flow.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Turbojet_operation-_centrifugal_flow.png/440px-Turbojet_operation-_centrifugal_flow.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Schematic diagram showing the operation of a centrifugal flow turbojet engine. The compressor is driven by the turbine stage and throws the air outwards, requiring it to be redirected parallel to the axis of thrust.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbojet_operation-_axial_flow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Turbojet_operation-_axial_flow.png/220px-Turbojet_operation-_axial_flow.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Turbojet_operation-_axial_flow.png/330px-Turbojet_operation-_axial_flow.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Turbojet_operation-_axial_flow.png/440px-Turbojet_operation-_axial_flow.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Schematic diagram showing the operation of an axial flow turbojet engine. Here, the compressor is again driven by the turbine, but the air flow remains parallel to the axis of thrust.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbine_Based_Combined_Cycle_(TBCC)_engine_integration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Turbine_Based_Combined_Cycle_%28TBCC%29_engine_integration.svg/220px-Turbine_Based_Combined_Cycle_%28TBCC%29_engine_integration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Turbine_Based_Combined_Cycle_%28TBCC%29_engine_integration.svg/330px-Turbine_Based_Combined_Cycle_%28TBCC%29_engine_integration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Turbine_Based_Combined_Cycle_%28TBCC%29_engine_integration.svg/440px-Turbine_Based_Combined_Cycle_%28TBCC%29_engine_integration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="163" /></a><figcaption>Schematic diagram of a Turbine Based Combined Cycle (TBCC) engine integration. 1) Air intake for low flight speeds 2) Air intake for high flight speeds 3) Turbojet 4) Statoreactor 5) Stator reactor nozzle 6) Turbojet nozzle.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nose_bullet">Nose bullet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbojet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nose bullet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nose_bullet" title="Nose bullet">Nose bullet</a></div> <p>A nose bullet is a component of a turbojet used to divert air into the intake, in front of the accessory drive and to house the starter motor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_intake">Air intake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbojet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Air intake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An intake, or tube, is needed in front of the compressor to help direct the incoming air <a href="/wiki/Laminar_flow" title="Laminar flow">smoothly</a> into the rotating compressor blades. Older engines had stationary vanes in front of the moving blades. These vanes also helped to direct the air onto the blades. The air flowing into a turbojet engine is always subsonic, regardless of the speed of the aircraft itself. </p><p>The intake has to supply air to the engine with an acceptably small variation in pressure (known as distortion) and having lost as little energy as possible on the way (known as pressure recovery). The ram pressure rise in the intake is the inlet's contribution to the propulsion system's <a href="/wiki/Overall_pressure_ratio" title="Overall pressure ratio">overall pressure ratio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_efficiency" title="Thermal efficiency">thermal efficiency</a>. </p><p>The intake gains prominence at high speeds when it generates more compression than the compressor stage. Well-known examples are the Concorde and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird</a> propulsion systems where the intake and engine contributions to the total compression were 63%/8%<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at Mach 2 and 54%/17%<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at Mach 3+. Intakes have ranged from "zero-length"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_TF33" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt & Whitney TF33">Pratt & Whitney TF33</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a> installation in the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-141_Starlifter" title="Lockheed C-141 Starlifter">Lockheed C-141 Starlifter</a>, to the twin 65 feet (20 m) long, intakes on the <a href="/wiki/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie" title="North American XB-70 Valkyrie">North American XB-70 Valkyrie</a>, each feeding three engines with an intake airflow of about 800 pounds per second (360 kg/s). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compressor">Compressor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbojet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Compressor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The turbine rotates the compressor at high speed, adding energy to the airflow while squeezing (compressing) it into a smaller space. Compressing the air increases its <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> and temperature. The smaller the compressor, the faster it turns. The (large) <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_GE90" title="General Electric GE90">GE90-115B</a> fan rotates at about 2,500 RPM, while a small helicopter engine compressor rotates around 50,000 RPM. </p><p>Turbojets supply <a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">bleed air</a> from the compressor to the aircraft for the operation of various sub-systems. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">environmental control system</a>, <a href="/wiki/De-icing" class="mw-redirect" title="De-icing">anti-icing</a>, and fuel tank pressurization. The engine itself needs air at various pressures and flow rates to keep it running. This air comes from the compressor, and without it, the turbines would overheat, the lubricating oil would leak from the bearing cavities, the rotor thrust bearings would skid or be overloaded, and ice would form on the nose cone. The air from the compressor, called secondary air, is used for turbine cooling, bearing cavity sealing, anti-icing, and ensuring that the rotor axial load on its thrust bearing will not wear it out prematurely. Supplying bleed air to the aircraft decreases the efficiency of the engine because it has been compressed, but then does not contribute to producing thrust. </p><p>Compressor types used in turbojets were typically axial or centrifugal. Early turbojet compressors had low pressure ratios up to about 5:1. Aerodynamic improvements including splitting the compressor into two separately rotating parts, incorporating variable blade angles for entry guide vanes and stators, and bleeding air from the compressor enabled later turbojets to have overall pressure ratios of 15:1 or more. After leaving the compressor, the air enters the combustion chamber. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combustion_chamber">Combustion chamber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbojet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Combustion chamber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The burning process in the <a href="/wiki/Combustor" title="Combustor">combustor</a> is significantly different from that in a <a href="/wiki/Piston_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Piston engine">piston engine</a>. In a piston engine, the burning gases are confined to a small volume, and as the fuel burns, the pressure increases. In a turbojet, the air and fuel mixture burn in the combustor and pass through to the turbine in a continuous flowing process with no pressure build-up. Instead, a small pressure loss occurs in the combustor. </p><p>The fuel-air mixture can only burn in slow-moving air, so an area of reverse flow is maintained by the fuel nozzles for the approximately stoichiometric burning in the primary zone. Further compressed air is introduced which completes the combustion process and reduces the temperature of the combustion products to a level which the turbine can accept. Less than 25% of the air is typically used for combustion, as an overall lean mixture is required to keep within the turbine temperature limits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turbine">Turbine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbojet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Turbine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hot gases leaving the combustor expand through the turbine. Typical materials for turbines include <a href="/wiki/Inconel" title="Inconel">inconel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nimonic" title="Nimonic">Nimonic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hottest turbine vanes and blades in an engine have internal cooling passages. Air from the compressor is passed through these to keep the metal temperature within limits. The remaining stages do not need cooling. </p><p>In the first stage, the turbine is largely an impulse turbine (similar to a <a href="/wiki/Pelton_wheel" title="Pelton wheel">pelton wheel</a>) and rotates because of the impact of the hot gas stream. Later stages are convergent ducts that accelerate the gas. Energy is transferred into the shaft through momentum exchange in the opposite way to energy transfer in the compressor. The power developed by the turbine drives the compressor and accessories, like fuel, oil, and hydraulic pumps that are driven by the accessory gearbox. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nozzle">Nozzle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbojet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nozzle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Propelling_nozzle" title="Propelling nozzle">Propelling nozzle</a></div> <p>After the turbine, the gases expand through the exhaust nozzle producing a high velocity jet. In a convergent nozzle, the ducting narrows progressively to a throat. The nozzle pressure ratio on a turbojet is high enough at higher thrust settings to cause the nozzle to choke. </p><p>If, however, a convergent-divergent <a href="/wiki/De_Laval_nozzle" title="De Laval nozzle">de Laval nozzle</a> is fitted, the divergent (increasing flow area) section allows the gases to reach supersonic velocity within the divergent section. Additional thrust is generated by the higher resulting exhaust velocity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thrust_augmentation">Thrust augmentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbojet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Thrust augmentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thrust was most commonly increased in turbojets with <a href="/wiki/Water_injection_(engine)" title="Water injection (engine)">water/methanol injection</a> or <a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">afterburning</a>. Some engines used both methods. </p><p>Liquid injection was tested on the <a href="/wiki/Power_Jets_W.1" title="Power Jets W.1">Power Jets W.1</a> in 1941 initially using <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> before changing to water and then water-methanol. A system to trial the technique in the <a href="/wiki/Gloster_E.28/39" title="Gloster E.28/39">Gloster E.28/39</a> was devised but never fitted.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afterburner">Afterburner</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbojet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Afterburner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">Afterburner</a></div> <p>An afterburner or "reheat jetpipe" is a combustion chamber added to reheat the turbine exhaust gases. The fuel consumption is very high, typically four times that of the main engine. Afterburners are used almost exclusively on <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_aircraft" title="Supersonic aircraft">supersonic aircraft</a>, most being military aircraft. Two supersonic airliners, Concorde and the <a href="/wiki/Tu-144" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-144">Tu-144</a>, also used afterburners as does <a href="/wiki/Scaled_Composites_White_Knight" title="Scaled Composites White Knight">Scaled Composites White Knight</a>, a carrier aircraft for the experimental <a href="/wiki/Scaled_Composites_SpaceShipOne" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a> <a href="/wiki/Suborbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborbital">suborbital</a> spacecraft. </p><p>Reheat was flight-trialled in 1944 on the <a href="/wiki/Power_Jets_W.2" title="Power Jets W.2">W.2/700</a> engines in a <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">Gloster Meteor I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Net_thrust">Net thrust</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbojet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Net thrust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The net <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{N}\;}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{N}\;}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63da55e4d434374592406fab172ab855639c5d31" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.831ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{N}\;}"></span> of a turbojet is given by:<sup id="cite_ref-JP3.1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JP3.1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{N}=({\dot {m}}_{air}+{\dot {m}}_{f})V_{j}-{\dot {m}}_{air}V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{N}=({\dot {m}}_{air}+{\dot {m}}_{f})V_{j}-{\dot {m}}_{air}V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/342d3897ebd6102ebcab660b99639c7d084846fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:29.906ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{N}=({\dot {m}}_{air}+{\dot {m}}_{f})V_{j}-{\dot {m}}_{air}V}"></span> </p><p>where: </p> <table style="border: none"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}_{air}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}_{air}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47109fdaa64df44a729463e580d27db23abfb4d4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.451ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}_{air}}"></span> </td> <td>is the rate of flow of air through the engine </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}_{f}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}_{f}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b2339124096663ef8b21716f0f401ea4ebfb0608" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.177ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}_{f}}"></span> </td> <td>is the rate of flow of fuel entering the engine </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{j}\;}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{j}\;}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4105e7bc338d9fe6fc38e5f764adba3be22dcd2c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.91ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{j}\;}"></span> </td> <td>is the speed of the jet (the exhaust plume) and is assumed to be less than <a href="/wiki/Sonic_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonic velocity">sonic velocity</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V\;}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V\;}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f6d3a3cf2cdc8c8b0999c7899352fedb33573cdd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.432ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V\;}"></span> </td> <td>is the <a href="/wiki/True_airspeed" title="True airspeed">true airspeed</a> of the aircraft </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\dot {m}}_{air}+{\dot {m}}_{f})V_{j}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\dot {m}}_{air}+{\dot {m}}_{f})V_{j}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9adae7fa1dbdf565ab929d4b3a1f3c81e9846db7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:14.543ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\dot {m}}_{air}+{\dot {m}}_{f})V_{j}}"></span> </td> <td>represents the nozzle gross thrust </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}_{air}V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}_{air}V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1100bf81e06e63eafe92577dde5f1cc91ab0be9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.238ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}_{air}V}"></span> </td> <td>represents the ram drag of the intake </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>If the speed of the jet is equal to <a href="/wiki/Sonic_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonic velocity">sonic velocity</a> the nozzle is said to be "<a href="/wiki/Choked_flow" title="Choked flow">choked</a>". If the nozzle is choked, the pressure at the nozzle exit plane is greater than atmospheric pressure, and extra terms must be added to the above equation to account for the pressure thrust.<sup id="cite_ref-Cumpsty,_6.3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cumpsty,_6.3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rate of flow of fuel entering the engine is very small compared with the rate of flow of air.<sup id="cite_ref-JP3.1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JP3.1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the contribution of fuel to the nozzle gross thrust is ignored, the net thrust is: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{N}={\dot {m}}_{air}(V_{j}-V)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{N}={\dot {m}}_{air}(V_{j}-V)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/914740c02ab17af4e2ceeb1dba507fe5eed23d48" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.438ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{N}={\dot {m}}_{air}(V_{j}-V)}"></span> </p><p>The speed of the jet <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{j}\;}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{j}\;}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4105e7bc338d9fe6fc38e5f764adba3be22dcd2c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.91ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{j}\;}"></span> must exceed the true airspeed of the aircraft <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V\;}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V\;}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f6d3a3cf2cdc8c8b0999c7899352fedb33573cdd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.432ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V\;}"></span>if there is to be a net forward thrust on the airframe. The speed <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{j}\;}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{j}\;}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4105e7bc338d9fe6fc38e5f764adba3be22dcd2c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.91ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{j}\;}"></span> can be calculated thermodynamically based on <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiabatic expansion">adiabatic expansion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cycle_improvements">Cycle improvements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbojet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cycle improvements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The operation of a turbojet is modelled approximately by the <a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Brayton cycle</a>. </p><p>The efficiency of a gas turbine is increased by raising the overall pressure ratio, requiring higher-temperature compressor materials, and raising the turbine entry temperature, requiring better turbine materials and/or improved vane/blade cooling. It is also increased by reducing the losses as the flow progresses from the intake to the propelling nozzle. These losses are quantified by compressor and turbine efficiencies and ducting pressure losses. When used in a turbojet application, where the output from the gas turbine is used in a propelling nozzle, raising the turbine temperature increases the jet velocity. At normal subsonic speeds this reduces the propulsive efficiency, giving an overall loss, as reflected by the higher fuel consumption, or SFC.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, for supersonic aircraft this can be beneficial, and is part of the reason why the Concorde employed turbojets. Turbojet systems are complex systems therefore to secure optimal function of such system, there is a call for the newer models being developed to advance its control systems to implement the newest knowledge from the areas of automation, so increase its safety and effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbojet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-start_system" title="Air-start system">Air-start system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoskeletal_engine" title="Exoskeletal engine">Exoskeletal engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_car" title="Jet car">Jet car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbine_engine_failure" title="Turbine engine failure">Turbine engine failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbojet_development_at_the_RAE" title="Turbojet development at the RAE">Turbojet development at the RAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_cycle_engine" title="Variable cycle engine">Variable cycle engine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbojet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/aturbj.html">"Turbojet Engine"</a>. NASA Glenn Research Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turbojet+Engine&rft.pub=NASA+Glenn+Research+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grc.nasa.gov%2FWWW%2FK-12%2Fairplane%2Faturbj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbojet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guillaume-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guillaume_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maxime Guillaume,"Propulseur par réaction sur l'air," French patent <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=FR534801">FR 534801</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=534801&rft.cc=FR&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> (filed: 3 May 1921; issued: 13 January 1922)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2016" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Guy (15 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxqtCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7"><i>Britain's Jet Age: From the Meteor to the Sea Vixen</i></a>. Amberley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44564901-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44564901-6"><bdi>978-1-44564901-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Jet+Age%3A+From+the+Meteor+to+the+Sea+Vixen&rft.pub=Amberley&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft.isbn=978-1-44564901-6&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxqtCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbojet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kcet/chasingthesun/innovators/fwhittle.html">"Chasing the Sun – Frank Whittle"</a>. 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(10 August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/10/world/frank-whittle-89-dies-his-jet-engine-propelled-progress.html">"Frank Whittle, 89, Dies; His Jet Engine Propelled Progress"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Frank+Whittle%2C+89%2C+Dies%3B+His+Jet+Engine+Propelled+Progress&rft.date=1996-08-10&rft.aulast=Foderaro&rft.aufirst=Lisa+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F08%2F10%2Fworld%2Ffrank-whittle-89-dies-his-jet-engine-propelled-progress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbojet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warsitz, Lutz 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/?product_id=1762"><i>The First Jet Pilot – The Story of German Test Pilot Erich Warsitz</i></a>, Pen and Sword Books, England, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-818-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-818-8">978-1-84415-818-8</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFListemann2016" class="citation cs2">Listemann, Phil H. (6 September 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DgakDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>The Gloster Meteor F.I & F.III</i></a>, Philedition, p. 3, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-291859095-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-291859095-8"><bdi>978-291859095-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gloster+Meteor+F.I+%26+F.III&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Philedition&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft.isbn=978-291859095-8&rft.aulast=Listemann&rft.aufirst=Phil+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDgakDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbojet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeatonLewisTillman2012" class="citation book cs1">Heaton, Colin D.; Lewis, Anne-Marien; Tillman, Barrett (15 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=449Ob41RgZMC&pg=PT103"><i>The Me 262 Stormbird: From the Pilots Who Flew, Fought, and Survived It</i></a>. Voyageur Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61058434-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61058434-0"><bdi>978-1-61058434-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Me+262+Stormbird%3A+From+the+Pilots+Who+Flew%2C+Fought%2C+and+Survived+It&rft.pub=Voyageur+Press&rft.date=2012-05-15&rft.isbn=978-1-61058434-0&rft.aulast=Heaton&rft.aufirst=Colin+D.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Anne-Marien&rft.au=Tillman%2C+Barrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D449Ob41RgZMC%26pg%3DPT103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbojet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEListemann2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDgakDAAAQBAJpgPA5_5]-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEListemann2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDgakDAAAQBAJpgPA5_5]_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFListemann2016">Listemann 2016</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DgakDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/day-germanys-first-jet-fighter-soared-history-180978152/">"The Day Germany's First Jet Fighter Soared into History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Day+Germany%27s+First+Jet+Fighter+Soared+into+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmithsonian-institution%2Fday-germanys-first-jet-fighter-soared-history-180978152%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbojet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power for the second-generation SST, Young and Devriese, Extracts from the 25th Louis Bleriot Lecture, Flight International,11 May 1972, p.659</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Engine For TSR2, J.D.Wragg - TSR2 with Hindsight, Royal Air Force Historical Society,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B9519824%2B8%2B6" title="Special:BookSources/0+9519824+8+6">0 9519824 8 6</a>, p.120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://journals-sagepub-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/doi/pdf/10.1177/0020348363178001159">https://journals-sagepub-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/doi/pdf/10.1177/0020348363178001159</a>, Powerplants For The Concord Supersonic Civil Airliner, S.G.Hooker, Proceedings of The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Summer meeting 1964, p.1227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson2010" class="citation cs2">Larson, George C. (April–May 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airspacemag.com">"Old Faithful"</a>, <i>Air & Space</i>, <b>25</b> (1): 80</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+%26+Space&rft.atitle=Old+Faithful&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=80&rft.date=2010-04%2F2010-05&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airspacemag.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbojet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines – 5th edition" by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gunston" title="Bill Gunston">Bill Gunston</a>, Sutton Publishing, 2006, p.192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1949/1949%20-%200598.html">"sir alec | flame tubes | marshal sir | 1949 | 0598 | Flight Archive"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=sir+alec+%26%23124%3B+flame+tubes+%26%23124%3B+marshal+sir+%26%23124%3B+1949+%26%23124%3B+0598+%26%23124%3B+Flight+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1949%2F1949%2520-%25200598.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbojet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims, C.T., Chester, A History of Superalloy Metallurgy, Proc. 5th Symp. on Superalloys, 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1945/1945%20-%202113.html">"Rolls-Royce Derwent | 1945"</a>. <i>Flight</i>. Flightglobal.com: 448. 25 October 1945<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight&rft.atitle=Rolls-Royce+Derwent+%26%23124%3B+1945&rft.pages=448&rft.date=1945-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1945%2F1945%2520-%25202113.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbojet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert V. Garvin, <i>"Starting Something Big"</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56347-289-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56347-289-3">978-1-56347-289-3</a>, p.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Test Pilot" Brian Trubshaw, Sutton Publishing 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B7509%2B1838%2B1" title="Special:BookSources/0+7509+1838+1">0 7509 1838 1</a>, Appendix VIIIb</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509025601/http://www.enginehistory.org/Convention/2013/HowInletsWork8-19-13.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enginehistory.org/Convention/2013/HowInletsWork8-19-13.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enginehistory.org%2FConvention%2F2013%2FHowInletsWork8-19-13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbojet" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span> Fig.26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Trade-offs in Jet Inlet Design" Sobester, Journal of Aircraft Vol.44, No.3, May–June 2007, Fig.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%201525.html">"1960 | Flight | Archive"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1960+%26%23124%3B+Flight+%26%23124%3B+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1960%2F1960%2520-%25201525.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbojet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1947/1947%20-%201359.html">"1947 | 1359 | Flight Archive"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1947+%26%23124%3B+1359+%26%23124%3B+Flight+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1947%2F1947%2520-%25201359.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbojet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines – 5th edition" by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gunston" title="Bill Gunston">Bill Gunston</a>, Sutton Publishing, 2006, p.160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JP3.1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JP3.1_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JP3.1_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cumpsty,_Jet_Propulsion" class="citation book cs1">Cumpsty, Nicholas (2003). "3.1". <i>Jet Propulsion</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54144-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54144-1"><bdi>0-521-54144-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.1&rft.btitle=Jet+Propulsion&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-54144-1&rft.aulast=Cumpsty&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbojet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/turbth.html">"Turbojet Thrust"</a>. NASA Glenn Research Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turbojet+Thrust&rft.pub=NASA+Glenn+Research+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grc.nasa.gov%2FWWW%2FK-12%2Fairplane%2Fturbth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbojet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cumpsty,_6.3-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cumpsty,_6.3_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cumpsty,_Jet_Propulsion">Cumpsty, Jet Propulsion</a>, Section 6.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/SPRING/propulsion/notes/node85.html#SECTION06364000000000000000">"11.6 Performance of Jet Engines"</a>. <i>web.mit.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.mit.edu&rft.atitle=11.6+Performance+of+Jet+Engines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2F16.unified%2Fwww%2FSPRING%2Fpropulsion%2Fnotes%2Fnode85.html%23SECTION06364000000000000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbojet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Gas Turbine Theory" Cohen, Rogers, Saravanamuttoo, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B582%2B44927%2B8" title="Special:BookSources/0+582+44927+8">0 582 44927 8</a>, p72-73, fig 3.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SAMI 2010 • 8th IEEE International Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics • 28–30 January 2010 • Herl'any, Slovakia (Advanced methods of turbojet engines' control), R. Andoga, L. Főző, L. Madarász and J. Judičák <ul><li>Technical University of Košice, Department of Cybernetics and Artificial Intelligence, Košice, Slovakia ** Technical University of Košice, Department of Environmental Studies and Information Engineering, Košice,))</li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbojet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Springer,_Turbocharger_Turbojet" class="citation book cs1">Springer, Edwin H. (2001). <i>Constructing A Turbocharger Turbojet Engine</i>. Turbojet Technologies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+A+Turbocharger+Turbojet+Engine&rft.pub=Turbojet+Technologies&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Springer&rft.aufirst=Edwin+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbojet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbojet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erichwarsitz.com">Erich Warsitz, the world's first jet pilot</a>: includes rare videos (Heinkel He 178) and audio commentaries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/Animation/turbtyp/ettf.html">NASA reciprocating Engine Description</a>: includes a software model</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1941/1941%20-%201949.html">Possibilities of Jet Propulsion</a>: 1941 survey with discussion of experimental designs of the 1920s and 1930s.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-WHITTLE-00001/1">Whittle Power Jet Papers</a> – Correspondence from the archives of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peterhouse,_Cambridge_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge College (page does not exist)">Peterhouse, Cambridge College</a> relating to the development of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle">Whittle's</a> reciprocating engine in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Digital_Library" title="Cambridge Digital Library">Cambridge Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://github.turbojet.aerospace.wiki">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jet_engines_and_aircraft_gas_turbines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aircraft_gas_turbine_engine_components" title="Template:Aircraft gas turbine engine 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propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_turborocket" title="Air turborocket">Air turborocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsejet" title="Pulsejet">Pulsejet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Valveless_pulsejet" title="Valveless pulsejet">Valveless pulsejet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gluhareff_Pressure_Jet" title="Gluhareff Pressure Jet">Gluhareff Pressure Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_detonation_engine" title="Pulse detonation engine">Pulse detonation engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propfan" title="Propfan">Propfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">Turbofan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turbojet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">Turboprop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboshaft" title="Turboshaft">Turboshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjet" title="Ramjet">Ramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramjet" title="Scramjet">Scramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shcramjet" title="Shcramjet">Shcramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_detonation_engine" title="Rotating detonation engine">Rotating detonation engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical<br /> components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_drive" title="Accessory drive">Accessory drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Components_of_jet_engines#Air_intakes" title="Components of jet engines">Air intake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">Afterburner (reheat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_compressor" title="Axial compressor">Axial compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor" title="Centrifugal compressor">Centrifugal compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustor" title="Combustor">Combustor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_speed_drive" title="Constant speed drive">Constant speed drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeller" title="Impeller">Impeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nose_bullet" title="Nose bullet">Nose bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propelling_nozzle" title="Propelling nozzle">Propelling nozzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbine_blade" title="Turbine blade">Turbine blade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine_starting" title="Aircraft engine starting">Aircraft engine starting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Brayton cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bypass_ratio" title="Bypass ratio">Bypass ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor_stall" title="Compressor stall">Compressor stall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_pressure_ratio" title="Engine pressure ratio">Engine pressure ratio (EPR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flameout" title="Flameout">Flameout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_engine_performance" title="Jet engine performance">Jet engine performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overall_pressure_ratio" title="Overall pressure ratio">Overall pressure ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propulsive_efficiency" title="Propulsive efficiency">Propulsive efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">Thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust lapse">Thrust lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_specific_fuel_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust specific fuel consumption">Thrust specific fuel consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_to_weight_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust to weight ratio">Thrust to weight ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_cycle_engine" title="Variable cycle engine">Variable cycle engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_restart" class="mw-redirect" title="Windmill restart">Windmill restart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Propeller (aeronautics)">Propellers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propeller_governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Propeller governor">Propeller governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propeller_speed_reduction_unit" title="Propeller speed reduction unit">Propeller speed reduction unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autofeather" title="Autofeather">Autofeather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_pitch" title="Blade pitch">Blade pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-speed_propeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant-speed propeller">Constant-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra-rotating_propellers" title="Contra-rotating propellers">Contra-rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-rotating_propellers" title="Counter-rotating propellers">Counter-rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprotor" title="Proprotor">Proprotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_propeller" title="Scimitar propeller">Scimitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-pitch_propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Variable-pitch propeller (aeronautics)">Variable-pitch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engine<br /> instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_centralised_aircraft_monitor" title="Electronic centralised aircraft monitor">Electronic centralised aircraft monitor (ECAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_data_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight data recorder">Flight data recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine_controls" title="Aircraft engine controls">Engine controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronics (FADEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">Fuel</a> and induction<br /> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flame_holder" title="Flame holder">Flame holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">Jet fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-start_system" title="Air-start system">Air-start system</a></li> <li><a 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