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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definicion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definicion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definicion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definicion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relacions_genotipe/fenotipe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relacions_genotipe/fenotipe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Relacions genotipe/fenotipe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relacions_genotipe/fenotipe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genotipe_e_ereditat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genotipe_e_ereditat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Genotipe e ereditat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genotipe_e_ereditat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genotipe_e_mutacions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genotipe_e_mutacions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Genotipe e mutacions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genotipe_e_mutacions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genotipe_e_malautiás" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genotipe_e_malautiás"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genotipe e malautiás</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genotipe_e_malautiás-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Botanica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Botanica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Botanica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Botanica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_genotipe_es_escrich_dins_un_lengatge_universal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_genotipe_es_escrich_dins_un_lengatge_universal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lo genotipe es escrich dins un lengatge universal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_genotipe_es_escrich_dins_un_lengatge_universal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connèxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connèxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Articles connèxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connèxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Genotipe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 67 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipe" title="Genotipe - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Genotipe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B7_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="نمط جيني - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نمط جيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BF" title="Генатып - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генатып" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA" title="بۆماوەبابەت - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆماوەبابەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp" title="Genotyp - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Genotyp" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Genotype" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp" title="Genotyp - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Genotyp" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Γονότυπος - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γονότυπος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Genotype" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipo" title="Genotipo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Genotipo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipo" title="Genotipo - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genotipo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genot%C3%BC%C3%BCp" title="Genotüüp - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Genotüüp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipo" title="Genotipo - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Genotipo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="ژنوتیپ - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژنوتیپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyyppi" title="Genotyyppi - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Genotyyppi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9notype" title="Génotype - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génotype" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9init%C3%ADopa" title="Géinitíopa - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Géinitíopa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenotipo" title="Xenotipo - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xenotipo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwayar_halitta" title="Kwayar halitta - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kwayar halitta" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4" title="גנוטיפ - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנוטיפ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenotip" title="Jenotip - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jenotip" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genot%C3%ADpus" title="Genotípus - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Genotípus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BA" title="Գենոտիպ - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գենոտիպ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipe" title="Genotipe - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Genotipe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arfger%C3%B0" title="Arfgerð - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Arfgerð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipo" title="Genotipo - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Genotipo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E4%BC%9D%E5%AD%90%E5%9E%8B" title="遺伝子型 - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="遺伝子型" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipe" title="Genotipe - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Genotipe" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="გენოტიპი - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გენოტიპი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಜೀನ್‌ನಮೂನೆ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೀನ್‌ನಮೂನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%ED%98%95" title="유전자형 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유전자형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotypus" title="Genotypus - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Genotypus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyyp" title="Genotyyp - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Genotyyp" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Genotype" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Genotype" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp" title="Genotyp - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Genotyp" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%BC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="جینوټایپ - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جینوټایپ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%B3tipo" title="Genótipo - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Genótipo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип - ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Genotype" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp" title="Genotyp - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Genotyp" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp" title="Genotyp - saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Genotyp" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp" title="Genotyp - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Genotyp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="மரபணுவமைப்பு - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரபணுவமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="รูปแบบพันธุกรรม - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รูปแบบพันธุกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henotipo" title="Henotipo - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Henotipo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BB%83u_gen" title="Kiểu gen - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kiểu gen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%9E%8B" title="基因型 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="基因型" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%9E%8B" title="基因型 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="基因型" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%9E%8B" title="基因型 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="基因型" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q106016#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Genotipe" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discutir:Genotipe&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina (la pagina existís pas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Genotipe"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. 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[j]" accesskey="j"><span>Paginas connèxas</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguit_dels_ligams/Genotipe" rel="nofollow" title="Lista dels darrièrs cambiaments de las paginas ligadas a aquesta [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Seguit dels ligams</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=oc" title="Mandar un imatge o fichièr mèdia sul servidor [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Importar un fichièr</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Paginas_especialas" title="Lista de totas las paginas especialas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Paginas especialas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&oldid=2146489" title="Ligam permanent cap a aquesta version de la pagina"><span>Ligam permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&action=info" title="Mai d’informacion sus aquesta pagina"><span>Informacion sus la pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&page=Genotipe&id=2146489&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacions sus cossí citar aquesta pagina"><span>Citar aqueste article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Foc.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGenotipe"><span>Obténer una URL acorchida</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Foc.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGenotipe"><span>Telecargar lo còdi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir / exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Libre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Genotipe"><span>Crear un libre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Genotipe&action=show-download-screen"><span>Telecargar coma PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&printable=yes" title="Version imprimibla d'aquesta pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimibla</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dins d'autres projèctes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Genotypes" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q106016" title="Ligam cap a l’element de referencial de las donadas connectadas [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipèdia, l'enciclopèdia liura.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:DNA_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/DNA_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="181" height="313" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>Una molecula d'ADN<span></span>: ambedós brins son compausats de <a href="/wiki/Nucleotid" title="Nucleotid">nucleotids</a>, que la sequéncia constituís l'informacion genetica.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lo <b>genotipe</b> e una partida donada de l'informacion genetica (composicion <a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">genetica</a>) d'un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Individ%C3%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Individú (la pagina existís pas)">individú</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lo genotipe d'un individú es donc la composicion allelica de totes los <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A8n" title="Gèn">gèns</a> d'aqueste individú. La definicion de genotipe sevís tanben quand se considèra la composicion allelica d'un individú per un nombre restrench de gèns d'interés. Per exemple, s'existís doas formas du gèn X<span></span>: l'allèle Xa e l'allèle Xb, alara lo genotipe d'un individú pel gèn X pòt èsser o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omozig%C3%B2t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omozigòt (la pagina existís pas)">omozigòt</a> (Xa/Xa o Xb/Xb), o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eterozig%C3%B2t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eterozigòt (la pagina existís pas)">eterozigòt</a> (Xa/Xb). L'òme possedís doas copiás de cada gèn, donc potencialament, 2 allèles diferents al maxim (levat en cas de malautiá, coma dins los cas de trisomia 21, ont se reapa tres cromosòmas a la 21n parelh, donc tres copiás per un mèsme gèn). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definicion">Definicion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Definicion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Definicion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo genotipe es l’informacion portada pel <a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%B2ma" title="Genòma">genòma</a> d’un <a href="/wiki/Organisme_vivent" title="Organisme vivent">organisme</a>, contengut dins cada <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellula</a> jos forma d’<a href="/wiki/Acid_desoxiribonucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid desoxiribonucleïc">acid desoxiribonucleïc</a> l'ADN. Portat pels <a href="/wiki/Cromos%C3%B2ma" title="Cromosòma">cromosòmas</a>, es localizat a l’interior del nuclèu pels <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota">eucariòtas</a> e dins lo <a href="/wiki/Citoplasma" title="Citoplasma">citoplasma</a> pels <a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" title="Prokaryota">procariòtas</a>. Dins la <a href="/wiki/Molecula" title="Molecula">molecula</a> d'ADN, es la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequ%C3%A9ncia_(acid_nucle%C3%AFc)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sequéncia (acid nucleïc) (la pagina existís pas)">sequéncia</a> dels <a href="/wiki/Nucleotid" title="Nucleotid">nucleotids</a> que constituís l'informacion genetica. </p><p>Per l'òme, s'estima que lo nombre de gèns es comprés entre 25 000 e 30 000. Existís per una majoritat d'aquestes gèns diferents allèles dins la populacion. S'existís tres genotipes diferents possibles per un gèn existant jos dos formas allelicas, es aisit d'imaginar lo nombre faraminós de genotipes possibles per un individú. Es per aquò que se dich que sèm totes diferents: es nautament improbable que dos individús ajan, a l'azard, eritat dels mèsmes allèles per totes lors gèns. Lo bessons verais fan excepcion a aquesta règla, son eissits de la mèsma cellula uòu (zigòt), e donc de mèsme composicion allelica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relacions_genotipe/fenotipe"><span id="Relacions_genotipe.2Ffenotipe"></span>Relacions genotipe/fenotipe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Relacions genotipe/fenotipe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Relacions genotipe/fenotipe"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genotipe e <a href="/wiki/Fenotipe" title="Fenotipe">fenotipe</a> son de termas inventadas par William Bateson al començament del sègle XX. es lo mèsme Bateson que prepausèt en 1905 li tèrme « <a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">genetic</a> » per designar la sciéncia de l'ereditqat e de la variacion. </p><p>Lo genotipe determina los caractèrs d’un individú, constituissent lo <a href="/wiki/Fenotipe" title="Fenotipe">fenotipe</a>, e se transmet dels parents a lors descendents. </p><p>Lo fenotipe es l'ensemble dels caractèrs observables d'un individú, a cada escala<span></span>: macroscopica (la color dels uèis), cellulara (la concentracion sanguina en emacias) e moleculara (l'activitat d'una enzima). L'expression del genotipe produch (en partida) lo fenotipe. Autrament dich, la composicion allelica de cada individú per cada gèn produirà un fenotipe particular a cada còp. Per exemple, la color de la pèl pòt variar seguent la composicion allelica dels individús pels gèns implicats dins la via de biosintèsi de la melanina (escala moleculara), lo pigment que colora la pèl (escala macroscopica). Las personas de color negra possedissent d'allèles codant d'enzimas fòrça activas per la produccion de la melanina, al contrari de las personas de color blanca. Lo genotipe es pasmens pas sol responsable del fenotipe<span></span>: l'<a href="/wiki/Environament" title="Environament">environament</a> i ten tanben unas partida non negligible. Aquesta observacion triviala pòt èsser illustrada atal: Per un genotipe egal (bessons verais) se un enfant passa sas jornadas al solelh, en plen estiu per exemple, bronzarà (produira mai de melanina), alara que son besson, que preferís jogar à l'ombre, demorarà blanc. Lo fenotipe (color de la pèl) serà donc diferent amb genotipe egal. </p><p>La relacion genotipe-fenotipe, malgrat son aparenta simplicitat e l'extraordinari vam que'n resultèt per la sciéncia genetica, demora un problèma central de la biologia contemporanèa. En efièch, conéisser lo fenotipe <i>total</i> (es a dire l'ensemble dels fenotipes o « fenòma ») d'un individú demandariá de l'observar amb totas las aisinas d'analisi possiblas e dins totas las escasenças e mitans extèrnes e intèrnes possibles. E mai d'aquesta dificultat practica de definir exaustivament la relacion genotipe-fenotipe i a una autra mai fondamentala<span></span>: los 25000 (environ) gèns umans sufison de segur pas als innombrables caractèrs fenotipics d'un individú uman e perqué lo genotipe producha sonque en partida lo fenotipe. L'autra partida pòt demorar fòra dels "gèns" classics, per exemple dins de regions intergenicas exprimissent d'ARN (pichons ARN non codificants (ARNnc)) o, alternativament, èsser pas genetic (non inscrich dins l'ADN) mas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epigenetica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epigenetica (la pagina existís pas)">epigenetic</a> (per exemple dependenta de l'estat de la cromatina). </p><p>Waddington que portèt al vam lo tèrme epigénetica a l'onor disiá de biais visionari a partir de 1939 : « <i>the appearance of a particular organ [is] the product of the genotype and the epigenotype, reacting with the external environment</i> »<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genotipe_e_ereditat">Genotipe e ereditat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Genotipe e ereditat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Genotipe e ereditat"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cada individú produch dins sos gonadas de <a href="/wiki/Gameta" title="Gameta">gametas</a> masclas o femas que,fusionant, produsent un zigòt/una cellula uòu, vodat a donar un novèl individú. La produccion de cada gameta passa per doas divisions cellularas successivas originals, regropadas jol nom de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mei%C3%B2sa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meiòsa (la pagina existís pas)">meiòsa</a>. Pendent aquesta meiòsa, cada parent reduch la quantitat d'informacion genetica que donarà a cada gameta: se passa d'una cellula diploïda (doas copiás de cada gèn, donc potencialament dos allèles diferents) a de cellulas aploïdas (una sola copia de cada gèn, donc un sol allèle). Un gameta conten donc qu'una copia de cada gèn de l'individú parent. Un parent transmet donc totes sos gèns, mas pas totes sos allèles (sonque un sus dos dins lo cas d'un gèn eterozigòt). Pendnet la formacion de la cellula uòu per fusion del gamèta mascle e del gamèta femne se restaura una cellula diploïda, amb doas copias de cada gèns, mas a la composicion allelica retocada, qu'es ni aqueste del paire, ni aqueste de la maire, mas una mescla dels dos. Per exemple, se pel gèn X lp paire èra omozigòt Xa/Xa, e la maire omozigòt Xb/Xb, alara l'enfant serà eterozigòt Xa/Xb, que cada parent aurà donat una version (un allèle) del gèn X. Lo genotipe d'un enfant es donc lo resultat de la mescla d'una partida del genotipe del paire e de la maire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genotipe_e_mutacions">Genotipe e mutacions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Genotipe e mutacions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Genotipe e mutacions"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'existéncia de diferents allèles d'un mèsme gèn es lo fruch de mutacions. Un gèn còde un produch (<a href="/wiki/Acid_ribonucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid ribonucleïc">ARN</a> o <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%AFna" title="Proteïna">proteïna</a>) qu'a una foncion dins l'organisme. La sequéncia d'aqueste gèn es pas constrencha per totas las basas que la compausan, tanben de mutacions dichas "silenciosas" pòdon arribar sens provocar d'alteracions del foncionament del produch d'aqueste gèn. L'allèle atal creat (es plan diferent de l'allèle de que deriva, es donc un novèl allèle) se propaga dins la populacion per un mecanisme nomenat deriva genetica. A vegada aquesta mutacion fa lo produch del gèn mai eficaç, çò que dona un avantatge selectiu a l'organisme que pòrta aqueste allèle. S'es avantatjat al respècte dels autres membres de la populacion, aurà tendéncia a subreviure mai de temps, e donc à transmetre mai sos gèns<span></span>: i a donc seleccion positiva d'aqueste allèle, e se propaga dins la populacion mai rapidament que per deriva genetica. E en darrièra escasença, aquesta mutacion pòt èsser <b>deletèra</b> pel foncionament del produch del gèn, e es mai sovent contra seleccionada se son efièch s'exprimís, e va damatge a l'organisme. Mas, s'aquesta mutacion inactiva l'allèle, lo segond allèle foncional pòt sufire a gardar un fenotipe normal. Aquesta mutacion es nomenada recessiva, qu'a pas d'incidéncia sul fenotipe a l'estat eterozigòt. Pòt donc se propagar per darive genetica. Pasmens, quand dos individús portaires d'aquesre allèle deletèr se torna, pòdon ambedós doner l'allèle mutat (1 escasença sus 4), çò que provocarà un fenotipe malaut per l'enfant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genotipe_e_malautiás"><span id="Genotipe_e_malauti.C3.A1s"></span>Genotipe e malautiás</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : Genotipe e malautiás" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Genotipe e malautiás"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sovent, per la caracterizacion d'una malautiá, se cerca quina partida i prend lo mitant, e la genetica. Unas malautiás son unicament ligadas a l'environament (varicèla), e d'autres entièrament al genotipe (malautiá de Huntington). D'autras malautiás son dependentas doas compausantas a de gras diferents (recentament foguèt descobèrt una causa genetica a l'autisme). Existís mai d'un metòdes per determinar se una malautiá es d'origina genetica: s'estudia de pedigree, per ensejar de mostrar una agregacion familiala de la malautiá, signa de la transmission de l'allèle morbid al sen de la familha. Se la frequéncia d'aparicion de la malautiá es mai nauta dins la familha que dins la populacion generala, aquò traduch una causa genetica. Quand se sopçona fòrça la malautiá d'aver una origina genetica, s'ensag de localizar lo gèn responsable (estudi de ligam amb de marcaires genetics: microsatellits o SNP). Un còp lo gèn isolat e caracterizat, se pòt estudiar l'allèle delétèr. La deteccion del genotipe d'un individú, pendent un diagnostic prenatal per exemple, permet d'estimar la probabilitat qu'un individú desvolopa una malautiá, e de metre en plaça de biais precòç un tractament coma cal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Botanica">Botanica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Botanica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Botanica"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per las plantas, qu'an pas de sistèma immunitari a base d'<a href="/wiki/Antic%C3%B2rs" title="Anticòrs">anticòrs</a> coma los umans, de genotipes diferents pòdon « coabitar » sens problèma per formar un mèsme individú. Es perque se pòt far un <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ut" title="Empèut">empèut</a> de las plantas sens damtge, alara qu'una luta medicamentoda de contunh es imperativa per assegurar lo manten d'un empèut uman e empachar lo rebrot. </p><p>Atal, per las plantes, es corrent que de mutacions de <a href="/wiki/Borron_(botanica)" title="Borron (botanica)">borrons</a> o d'infeccions viralas modifican una partida del patrimòni genetic. Aqueste fenomèn foguèt e es sempre a l'origina de seleccion de cultivars plan interessants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lo_genotipe_es_escrich_dins_un_lengatge_universal">Lo genotipe es escrich dins un lengatge universal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo genotipe es escrich dins un lengatge universal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo genotipe es escrich dins un lengatge universal"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pendnet la <a href="/wiki/Transgen%C3%A8si" title="Transgenèsi">transgenèsi</a>, l'organisme receveire es capable d'expleitar l'informacion genetica detenguda pel transgèn (gèn transferit). En efièch, aqueste organisme exprimarà lo caractèr contrarotlat per aqueste transgèn<span></span>: l'informacion genetica es inscricha dins l'ADN d'aqueste transgèn segon un mòde universal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannsen, 1909</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Waddington CH. Introduction to Modern Genetics. London: Allen and Unwin 1939</span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Articles_connèxes"><span id="Articles_conn.C3.A8xes"></span>Articles connèxes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : Articles connèxes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Articles connèxes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A8n" title="Gèn">Gèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">Genetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%B2ma" title="Genòma">Genòma</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&oldid=2146489">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genotipe&oldid=2146489</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categoria de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Informacion_genetica" title="Categoria:Informacion genetica">Informacion genetica</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 21 octobre de 2019 a 03.24.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. 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