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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bronze Age subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alashiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alashiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Alashiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alashiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pottery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cypriot_city_kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cypriot_city_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cypriot city kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cypriot_city_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_Iron_Age-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early Iron Age subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phoenicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phoenicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Phoenicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phoenicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ancient Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Medieval Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medieval_Cyprus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medieval Cyprus subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Third_Crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Third_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The Third Crusade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Third_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kingdom of Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ottoman Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ottoman_Cyprus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ottoman Cyprus subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cyprus_1571" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyprus_1571"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cyprus 1571</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus_1571-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_culture_under_Ottoman_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_culture_under_Ottoman_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Religion and culture under Ottoman leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_culture_under_Ottoman_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Change_of_Administration_of_Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_of_Administration_of_Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Change of Administration of Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_of_Administration_of_Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyprus_1878_(Russo-Turkish_War)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyprus_1878_(Russo-Turkish_War)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Cyprus 1878 (Russo-Turkish War)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus_1878_(Russo-Turkish_War)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Modern Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History,_general" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History,_general"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>History, general</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History,_general-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Classical Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Medieval Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_era_1878-1960" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_era_1878-1960"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>British era 1878-1960</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_era_1878-1960-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1960" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1960"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Since 1960</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_1960-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Cyprus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B5" title="تاريخ قبرص – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ قبرص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="সাইপ্রাসের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাইপ্রাসের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гісторыя Кіпра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Кіпра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83" title="Гісторыя Кіпру – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гісторыя Кіпру" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_Xipre" title="Història de Xipre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de Xipre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Kypru" title="Dějiny Kypru – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Kypru" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperns_historie" title="Cyperns historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cyperns historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Zyperns" title="Geschichte Zyperns – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Zyperns" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCprose_ajalugu" title="Küprose ajalugu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Küprose ajalugu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Ιστορία της Κύπρου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορία της Κύπρου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Chipre" title="Historia de Chipre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Chipre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipreko_historia" title="Zipreko historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zipreko historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="تاریخ قبرس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ قبرس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_Chypre" title="Histoire de Chypre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de Chypre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Chipre" title="Historia de Chipre – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia de Chipre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կիպրոսի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիպրոսի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Cipra" title="Povijest Cipra – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Cipra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Chipro" title="Historio di Chipro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Chipro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Siprus" title="Sejarah Siprus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Siprus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_di_Cipro" title="Storia di Cipro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia di Cipro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="היסטוריה של קפריסין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של קפריסין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კვიპროსის ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კვიპროსის ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Kupro" title="Historia ya Kupro – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Kupro" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipras_v%C4%93sture" title="Kipras vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kipras vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipro_istorija" title="Kipro istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kipro istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historie_va_Cyprus" title="Historie va Cyprus – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Historie va Cyprus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprus_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Ciprus történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ciprus történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Историја на Кипар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на Кипар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cyprus" title="Sejarah Cyprus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah Cyprus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Cyprus" title="Geschiedenis van Cyprus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Cyprus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="キプロスの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キプロスの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B5_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="قبرص دی تریخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قبرص دی تریخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Cypru" title="Historia Cypru – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Cypru" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Chipre" title="História de Chipre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História de Chipre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0" title="История Кипра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Кипра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Историја Кипра – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Кипра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyproksen_historia" title="Kyproksen historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kyproksen historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperns_historia" title="Cyperns historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cyperns historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s_Cumhuriyeti#Tarih" title="Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Cyprus" title="Category:History of Cyprus">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of <span class="fn org label">Cyprus</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_007-CYPRVS_INSVLA.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="CYPRVS INSVLA"><img alt="CYPRVS INSVLA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_007-CYPRVS_INSVLA.jpeg/150px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_007-CYPRVS_INSVLA.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_007-CYPRVS_INSVLA.jpeg/225px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_007-CYPRVS_INSVLA.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_007-CYPRVS_INSVLA.jpeg/300px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_007-CYPRVS_INSVLA.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4295" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Cyprus" title="Prehistoric Cyprus">Prehistoric</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Cyprus" title="Ancient history of Cyprus">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_city-kingdoms_of_Cyprus" title="Ten city-kingdoms of Cyprus">Ten city-kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Roman Era</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Cyprus in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_(theme)" title="Cyprus (theme)">Theme of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Kingdom of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Cyprus" title="Venetian Cyprus">Venetian Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus" title="Ottoman Cyprus">Ottoman Cyprus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus_(1878%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Cyprus (1878–present)">Modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">British Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus problem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">History by topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cypriot_history" title="Timeline of Cypriot history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Cypriot_art" title="Ancient Cypriot art">Ancient art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Cyprus" title="Pottery of ancient Cyprus">Ancient pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Cyprus" title="List of earthquakes in Cyprus">Earthquakes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/16px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/24px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" 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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Greece" title="Category:History of Greece">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History of <span class="fn org label">Greece</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Greece,_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli;_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Greece, drawn in 1791 by William Faden, at the scale of 1,350,000"><img alt="Map of Greece, drawn in 1791 by William Faden, at the scale of 1,350,000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/250px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/375px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/500px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9411" data-file-height="6605" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Greek Bronze Age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic chronology</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic</a> <small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100–1000</span> BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> <small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100–1100</span> BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenean</a> <small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750–1050</span> BC)</small></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a> <small>(1100 BC–750 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a> <small>(800 BC–480 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> <small>(500 BC–323 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a> <small>(323 BC–31 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a> <small>(146 BC–330 AD)</small></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greece" title="Medieval Greece">Medieval Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine Greece</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankish and Latin states</a> <small>(1204-1579)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Venetian Crete</a> <small>(1205-1667)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian Ionian Islands</a> <small>(1363-1797)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a> <small>(1371-1912)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">Modern Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a> <small>(1800-1807)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">War of Independence</a> <small>(1821-1829)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Hellenic Republic</a> <small>(1822-1832)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> <small>(1832-1924, 1935-1973)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a> <small>(1914/15-1917)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Hellenic Republic</a> <small>(1924-1935)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a> <small>(1936-1941)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis occupation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Collaborationist regime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Political Committee of National Liberation">Free Greece</a>) <small>(1941-1944)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Civil War</a> <small>(1946-1949)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Military Junta</a> <small>(1967-1974)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</a> <small>(1974-)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">History by topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece#History" title="Church of Greece">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Greece" title="Constitutional history of Greece">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">Ethnonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek_music" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greek music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/16px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/24px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/32px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Greece portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Greece" title="Template:History of Greece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Greece" title="Template talk:History of Greece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Human habitation of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> era. Cyprus's geographic position has caused the island to be influenced by differing <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> civilisations over the millennia. </p><p>Periods of Cyprus's history from 1050 BC have been named according to styles of <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Cyprus" title="Pottery of ancient Cyprus">pottery</a> found, as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Cypro-Geometric I: 1050–950 BC</li> <li>Cypro-Geometric II: 950–900 BC</li> <li>Cypro-Geometric III: 900–750 BC</li> <li>Cypro-Archaic I: 750–600 BC</li> <li>Cypro-Archaic II: 600–480 BC</li> <li>Cypro-Classical I: 480–400 BC</li> <li>Cypro-Classical II: 400–310 BC</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistoric_Cyprus">Prehistoric Cyprus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistoric Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Cyprus" title="Prehistoric Cyprus">Prehistoric Cyprus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brettidol_Zypern_Slg_Ebn%C3%B6ther.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Brettidol_Zypern_Slg_Ebn%C3%B6ther.jpg/220px-Brettidol_Zypern_Slg_Ebn%C3%B6ther.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="473" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Brettidol_Zypern_Slg_Ebn%C3%B6ther.jpg/330px-Brettidol_Zypern_Slg_Ebn%C3%B6ther.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Brettidol_Zypern_Slg_Ebn%C3%B6ther.jpg/440px-Brettidol_Zypern_Slg_Ebn%C3%B6ther.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="2457" /></a><figcaption>Cypriot cult image. 'Red Polished Ware', 2100–2000 BC. <a href="/wiki/Museum_zu_Allerheiligen" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum zu Allerheiligen">Museum zu Allerheiligen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the arrival of humans in Cyprus, only four terrestrial mammal species were present on the island, including the <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus">Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dwarf_elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dwarf elephant">Cyprus dwarf elephant</a>, which were much smaller than their mainland ancestors as a result of <a href="/wiki/Insular_dwarfism" title="Insular dwarfism">insular dwarfism</a>, with the other species being the genet <i><a href="/wiki/Genetta_plesictoides" title="Genetta plesictoides">Genetta plesictoides</a></i> and the still living <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_mouse" title="Cypriot mouse">Cypriot mouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest humans to inhabit Cyprus were hunter gatherers who arrived on the island around 13-12,000 years ago (11-10,000 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last records of the endemic mammals other than the mouse date to shortly after human settlement. The hunter gatherers later introduced <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> to the island around 12,000 years ago, likely to act as a source of food.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest presence of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> farming settlements dates to around 8,500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dogs, sheep, goats and possibly <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> were introduced, as well as numerous wild animals such as <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a> (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Persian_fallow_deer" title="Persian fallow deer">Persian fallow deer</a> (<i>Dama mesopotamica</i>) that were previously unknown on the island. The PPNB settlers built round houses with floors made of <a href="/wiki/Terrazzo" title="Terrazzo">terrazzo</a> of burned lime (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kastros" title="Kastros">Kastros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shillourokambos" title="Shillourokambos">Shillourokambos</a>) and cultivated <a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">einkorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">emmer</a>. Pigs, sheep, goats and cattle were kept but remained, for the most part, behaviourally wild. Evidence of cattle such as that attested at Shillourokambos is rare, and when they apparently died out in the course of the 8th millennium BC they were not re-introduced until the ceramic Neolithic. </p><p>In the 6th millennium BC, the aceramic <a href="/wiki/Khirokitia" title="Khirokitia">Khirokitia</a> culture was characterised by <a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">roundhouses</a>, stone vessels and an economy based on sheep, goats and pigs. Cattle were unknown, and Persian <a href="/wiki/Fallow_deer" title="Fallow deer">fallow deer</a> were hunted. This was followed by the ceramic <a href="/wiki/Sotira,_Limassol" title="Sotira, Limassol">Sotira</a> phase. The <a href="/wiki/Eneolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eneolithic">Eneolithic</a> era is characterised by stone <a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">figurines</a> with spread arms. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khirokitia_near_Larnaca_01-2017_img7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Khirokitia_near_Larnaca_01-2017_img7.jpg/250px-Khirokitia_near_Larnaca_01-2017_img7.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Khirokitia_near_Larnaca_01-2017_img7.jpg/375px-Khirokitia_near_Larnaca_01-2017_img7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Khirokitia_near_Larnaca_01-2017_img7.jpg/500px-Khirokitia_near_Larnaca_01-2017_img7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4864" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khirokitia" title="Khirokitia">Khirokitia</a> archeological site.</figcaption></figure> <p>Water wells discovered by archaeologists in western Cyprus are believed to be among the oldest in the world, dated at 9,000 to 10,500 years old, putting them in the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>. They are said to show the sophistication of early settlers, and their heightened appreciation for the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, the remains of an 8-month-old cat were discovered buried with its human owner at a Neolithic archeological site in Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grave is estimated to be 9,500 years old, predating <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian civilization</a> and pushing back the earliest known feline-human association significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1900-1725_v._Chr._C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/1900-1725_v._Chr._C.jpg/220px-1900-1725_v._Chr._C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/1900-1725_v._Chr._C.jpg/330px-1900-1725_v._Chr._C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/1900-1725_v._Chr._C.jpg/440px-1900-1725_v._Chr._C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1447" /></a><figcaption>Red-polished ceramics from Enkomi, 1900–1725 BC. St. Barnabas Archaeological Museum, <a href="/wiki/Salamis,_Cyprus" title="Salamis, Cyprus">Salamis, Cyprus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> the first cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Enkomi" title="Enkomi">Enkomi</a>, were built in <a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a> (today Cyprus). Systematic copper mining began, and this resource was widely traded. <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a> were undoubtedly inhabiting Cyprus from the late stage of the Bronze Age while culturually destroying remaining Alašija, whereas the island's Greek name is already attested from the 15th century BC in the <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> script.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The yet undeciphered <a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan syllabic script</a> was first used in early phases of the late Bronze Age (LCIB) and continued in use for ca. 500 years into the LC IIIB, maybe up to the second half of the eleventh century BC. It is not known if pre-Greek languages survived beyond the Bronze Age as <a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-steele_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steele-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or if this language was introduced by later Eastern immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-petit_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petit-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The LCIIC (1300–1200 BC) was a time of local prosperity. Cities such as Enkomi were rebuilt on a rectangular grid plan, where the town gates correspond to the grid axes and numerous grand buildings front the street system or newly founded. Great official buildings constructed from <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> masonry point to increased social hierarchisation and control. Some of these buildings contain facilities for processing and storing <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Maroni,_Cyprus" title="Maroni, Cyprus">Maroni</a>-Vournes and Building X at <a href="/wiki/Kalavassos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalavassos">Kalavassos</a>-Ayios Dhimitrios. A sanctuary with a horned altar constructed from <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> masonry has been found at Myrtou-Pigadhes, other temples have been located at Enkomi, <a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kouklia" title="Kouklia">Kouklia</a> (Palaepaphos). Both the regular layout of the cities and the new masonry techniques find their closest parallels in Syria, especially in <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> (modern Ras Shamra). Rectangular corbelled tombs point to close contacts with Syria and Canaan (modern-day Israel) as well. </p><p>The practice of writing spread and tablets in the <a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan syllabic script</a> have been found at <a href="/wiki/Ras_Shamra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras Shamra">Ras Shamra</a>, then the city of Ugarit. Ugaritic texts from Ras Shamra and Enkomi mention Ya, the Assyrian name of Cyprus, that thus seems to have been in use already in the late Bronze Age. </p><p>Copper ingots shaped like oxhides have been recovered from shipwrecks such as at <a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a>, Iria and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a>, which attest to the widespread metal trade. Weights in the shape of animals found in Enkomi and Kalavassos follow the Syro-Palestinian, Mesopotamian, Hittite and Aegean standards and thus attest to the wide-ranging trade as well. </p><p>Late Bronze Age Cyprus was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a>, but was a client state and as such was not invaded, but rather merely part of the empire by association and governed by the ruling kings of Ugarit.<sup id="cite_ref-TTW1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TTW1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such Cyprus was essentially "left alone with little intervention in Cypriot affairs".<sup id="cite_ref-TTW1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TTW1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(tribe)" title="Achaeans (tribe)">Achaean</a> Greeks were living in Cyprus from the 14th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Andreas_G_2017,_pp._7_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andreas_G_2017,_pp._7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of them inhabited the island after the Trojan war. Achaeans were colonizing Cyprus from 1210 to 1000 BC. <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorian</a> Greeks arrived around 1100 BC and, unlike the pattern on the Greek mainland, the evidence suggests that they settled on Cyprus peacefully.<sup id="cite_ref-Andreas_G_2017,_pp._7_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andreas_G_2017,_pp._7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another wave of Greek settlement is believed to have taken place in the following century (LCIIIB, 1100–1050), indicated, among other things, by a new type of graves (long dromoi) and Mycenaean influences in pottery decoration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alashiya">Alashiya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alashiya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></div> <p>Alashiya, the Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean state that was the major source of copper in the region, was likely situated in Cyprus or includes parts of Cyprus. </p><p>Correspondences between the King of Alashiya and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian administration</a> could be found in the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_texts" title="Ugaritic texts">Ugaritic texts</a> contains exchanges between the King of Alashiya and the King of <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>. </p><p>In the second half of the 13th century BC., the current town of Enkomi - if it can be identified with Alašija - was conquered and destroyed twice. The first destruction may have coincided with the historically documented conquest of Alašija by the Hittite king Tudḫalija IV. The second destruction took place around 1220 BC - archaeological sources indicate this - apparently by members of the Mycenaean Greek culture, who rebuilt the city in a chessboard fashion. Around 1050 BC Enkomi was destroyed again by an earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pottery">Pottery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Cyprus" title="Pottery of ancient Cyprus">Pottery of ancient Cyprus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Base_ring_vessel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Base_ring_vessel.jpg/220px-Base_ring_vessel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Base_ring_vessel.jpg/330px-Base_ring_vessel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Base_ring_vessel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Base ring vessel of Late Bronze Age</figcaption></figure> <p>In the later phase of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">late Bronze Age</a> (LCIIIA, 1200–1100 BC) great amounts of 'Mycenaean' IIIC:1b pottery were produced locally. New architectural features include <a href="/wiki/Cyclopean_walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopean walls">cyclopean walls</a>, found on the Greek mainland, as well and a certain type of rectangular stepped capitals, endemic on Cyprus. Chamber tombs are given up in favour of shaft graves. Large amounts of IIIC:1b pottery are found in Palestine during this period as well. While this was formerly interpreted as evidence of an invasion ('<a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>'), this is seen more and more as an indigenous development, triggered by increasing trade relations with Cyprus and <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>. Evidence of early trade with Crete is found in archaeological recovery on Cyprus of pottery from <a href="/wiki/Kydonia" title="Kydonia">Cydonia</a>, a powerful urban center of ancient Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cypriot_city_kingdoms">Cypriot city kingdoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cypriot city kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most authors claim that the Cypriot city kingdoms, first described in written sources in the 8th century BC were already founded in the 11th century BC. Other scholars see a slow process of increasing social complexity between the 12th and the 8th centuries, based on a network of chiefdoms. In the 8th century (<a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">geometric period</a>) the number of settlements increases sharply and monumental tombs, like the 'Royal' tombs of <a href="/wiki/Salamis,_Cyprus" title="Salamis, Cyprus">Salamis</a> appear for the first time. This could be a better indication for the appearance of the Cypriot kingdoms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Iron_Age">Early Iron Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> on Cyprus follows the Submycenaean period (1125–1050 BC) of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a>. It is divided into the Geometric (1050–700) and Archaic (700–525) periods. </p><p>Foundations myths documented by classical authors connect the foundation of numerous Cypriot towns with immigrant Greek heroes in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan war">Trojan war</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Teucer" title="Teucer">Teucer</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Aias" class="mw-redirect" title="Aias">Aias</a> was supposed to have founded <a href="/wiki/Salamis,_Cyprus" title="Salamis, Cyprus">Salamis</a>, and the Arcadian <a href="/wiki/Agapenor" title="Agapenor">Agapenor</a> of Tegea to have replaced the native ruler Kinyras and to have founded <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a>. Some scholars see this a memory of a Greek colonisation already in the 11th century. In the 11th century tomb 49 from Palaepaphos-Skales three bronze <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obeloi</a> with inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabic script</a> have been found, one of which bears the name of Opheltas. This is the first indication of the use of Greek language on the island. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a> as a burial rite is seen as a Greek introduction as well. The first cremation burial in bronze vessels has been found at Kourion-Kaloriziki, tomb 40, dated to the first half of the 11th century (LCIIIB). The shaft grave contained two bronze rod tripod stands, the remains of a shield and a golden sceptre as well. Formerly seen as the Royal grave of first Argive founders of Kourion, it is now interpreted as the tomb of a native Cypriot or a Phoenician prince. The cloisonné enamelling of the sceptre head with the two falcons surmounting it has no parallels in the Aegean, but shows a strong Egyptian influence. </p><p>A population living in Amathus in the early Iron age left inscriptions in the <a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot language</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a>. It is not known if this language survived from a Bronze Age language spoken in Cyprus, maybe one written in the <a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan script</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-steele_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steele-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or if it was related to <a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurrian</a>, since later Eastern immigrants may have adopted the script, similar to how the Mycenaeans adopted the Minoan script.<sup id="cite_ref-petit_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petit-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phoenicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Literary evidence suggests an early Phoenician presence at <a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a> which was under Tyrian rule at the beginning of the 10th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <a href="/wiki/Merchants" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchants">merchants</a> who were believed to come from <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonized</a> the area and expanded the political influence of Kition. After c. 850 BC the sanctuaries [at the Kathari site] were rebuilt and reused by the Phoenicians.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC-plaque_excerpt_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-plaque_excerpt-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kition,_Zeus_Keraunios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kition%2C_Zeus_Keraunios.jpg/220px-Kition%2C_Zeus_Keraunios.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="437" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kition%2C_Zeus_Keraunios.jpg/330px-Kition%2C_Zeus_Keraunios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kition%2C_Zeus_Keraunios.jpg/440px-Kition%2C_Zeus_Keraunios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="2167" /></a><figcaption>Zeus Keraunios, 500-480 BC, Nicosia museum</figcaption></figure><p>The oldest cemetery of Salamis has produced children's burials in Canaanite jars, indication of Phoenician presence already in the LCIIIB 11th century. Similar jar burials have been found in cemeteries in Kourion-Kaloriziki and Palaepaphos-Skales near Kouklia. In Skales, many Levantine imports and Cypriot imitations of Levantine forms have been found and point to a Phoenician expansion even before the end of the 11th century. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Cyprus">Ancient Cyprus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ancient Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Cyprus" title="Ancient history of Cyprus">Ancient history of Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Roman Cyprus</a></div><p>The <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrians</a> rediscovered Cyprus in the late eighth century BCE, yet they did not establish lasting territorial control over the island. The Assyrian name for Cyprus, Iadnana, likely designated it as the "island of the Danunians," although its exact origins remain uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Stela" class="mw-redirect" title="Stela">stela</a> found 1845 in <a href="/wiki/Kition_(ancient_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kition (ancient state)">Kition</a> commemorates the victory of king <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> (721–705 BC) in 709 over the seven kings in the land of Ia', in the district of Iadnana or Atnana. There are other inscriptions referring to Ia' in Sargon's palace at <a href="/wiki/Khorsabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorsabad">Khorsabad</a>. The ten kingdoms listed by an inscription of <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> in 673/2 BC have been identified as <a href="/wiki/Salamis,_Cyprus" title="Salamis, Cyprus">Salamis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amathus" title="Amathus">Amathus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kourion" title="Kourion">Kourion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soli,_Cyprus" title="Soli, Cyprus">Soli</a> on the coast and <a href="/wiki/Tamassos" title="Tamassos">Tamassos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ledra" title="Ledra">Ledra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idalium" title="Idalium">Idalium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chytri" title="Chytri">Chytri</a> in the interior.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Episkopi_01-2017_img03_Kourion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Episkopi_01-2017_img03_Kourion.jpg/250px-Episkopi_01-2017_img03_Kourion.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Episkopi_01-2017_img03_Kourion.jpg/375px-Episkopi_01-2017_img03_Kourion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Episkopi_01-2017_img03_Kourion.jpg/500px-Episkopi_01-2017_img03_Kourion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5330" data-file-height="2665" /></a><figcaption>An ancient Greek theater in <a href="/wiki/Kourion" title="Kourion">Kourion</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>Cyprus gained independence for some time around 669 but was conquered by Egypt under <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Amasis</a> (570–526/525). The island was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a> around 545 BC. A Persian palace has been excavated in the territory of <a href="/wiki/Marion,_Cyprus" title="Marion, Cyprus">Marion</a> on the North coast near Soli. The inhabitants took part in the Ionian rising. At the beginning of the 4th century BC, Euagoras I, King of Salamis, took control of the whole island and tried to gain independence from Persia. Another uprising took place in 350 but was crushed by <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes III of Persia">Artaxerxes</a> in 344. </p><p>During the siege of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, the Cypriot Kings went over to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. In 321 four Cypriot kings sided with <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy I">Ptolemy I</a> and defended the island against <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonos</a>. Ptolemy <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">lost Cyprus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Poliorketes" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrios Poliorketes">Demetrios Poliorketes</a> between 306 and 295 BC, but after that it remained under <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a> rule till 58 BC. It was ruled by a governor from Egypt and sometimes formed a minor Ptolemaic kingdom during the power-struggles of the 2nd and 1st centuries. Strong commercial relationships with <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, two of the most important commercial centres of antiquity, developed. </p><p>Full <a href="/wiki/Hellenisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenisation">Hellenisation</a> only took place under <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a> rule. Phoenician traits disappeared, together with the old <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot syllabic script">Cypriot syllabic script</a>. A number of cities were founded during this time, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Southwest_Cyprus)" title="Arsinoe (Southwest Cyprus)">Arsinoe</a> that was founded between old and new <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy II">Ptolemy II</a>. </p><p>Cyprus became a Roman province in 58 BC, according to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> because the Roman politician, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher" title="Publius Clodius Pulcher">Publius Clodius Pulcher</a>, held a grudge against the king of Cyprus, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Cyprus" title="Ptolemy of Cyprus">Ptolemy</a>, and sent <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Marcus Cato</a> to conquer the island after he had become <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribune</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> gave the island to <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII">Cleopatra VII</a> of Egypt and her sister <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe IV of Egypt">Arsinoe IV</a>, but it became a Roman province again after his defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a> (31 BC) in 30 BC. From 22 BC it was a <a href="/wiki/Senatorial_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Senatorial province">senatorial province</a>. The island suffered great losses during the <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Jewish uprising of 115/116 AD</a>. </p><p>After the reforms of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> it was placed under the control of the Consularis Oriens and governed by a <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guidebook18_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guidebook18-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several earthquakes led to the destruction of Salamis at the beginning of the 4th century, at the same time drought and famine hit the island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_Cyprus">Medieval Cyprus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medieval Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Cyprus in the Middle Ages">Cyprus in the Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theme_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme of Cyprus">Theme of Cyprus</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeroskipou_2010-05-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Yeroskipou_2010-05-04.jpg/250px-Yeroskipou_2010-05-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Yeroskipou_2010-05-04.jpg/375px-Yeroskipou_2010-05-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Yeroskipou_2010-05-04.jpg/500px-Yeroskipou_2010-05-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Ayia Paraskevi Byzantine church in <a href="/wiki/Yeroskipou" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeroskipou">Yeroskipou</a>, Cyprus</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">division of the Roman Empire</a> into an eastern half and a <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">western half</a>, Cyprus came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. At that time, its <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>, while still subject to the <a href="/wiki/One_Holy_Catholic_and_Apostolic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church">Christian Church</a>, was made <a href="/wiki/Autocephalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocephalous">autocephalous</a> by the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">First Council of Ephesus</a> in 431. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> invaded Cyprus in force in the 650s, but in 688, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad caliphate">Umayyad caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān</a> reached an unprecedented agreement. For the next 300 years, Cyprus was ruled jointly by both the Arabs and the Byzantines as a <i><a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">condominium</a></i>, despite the nearly constant warfare between the two parties on the mainland. The Byzantines recovered control over the island for short periods thereafter, but the <i>status quo</i> was always restored. </p><p>This period lasted until the year 965, when <a href="/wiki/Niketas_Chalkoutzes" title="Niketas Chalkoutzes">Niketas Chalkoutzes</a> conquered the island for a resurgent Byzantium. In 1185, the last Byzantine governor of Cyprus, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Comnenus_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Comnenus of Cyprus">Isaac Comnenus of Cyprus</a> from a minor line of the Imperial house, rose in rebellion, and attempted to seize the throne. His attempted coup was unsuccessful, but Comnenus was able to retain control of the island. Byzantine actions against Comnenus failed because he enjoyed the support of <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily" title="William II of Sicily">William II of Sicily</a>. The Byzantine emperor had an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Egypt" title="Sultan of Egypt">sultan of Egypt</a> to close Cypriot harbours to the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Third_Crusade">The Third Crusade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Third Crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a>, the island of Cyprus became a target of the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> in the late 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_2018_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson_2018-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard the Lionheart</a> landed in <a href="/wiki/Limassol" title="Limassol">Limassol</a> on 1 June 1191 in search of his sister and his bride <a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Navarre" title="Berengaria of Navarre">Berengaria</a>, whose ship had become separated from the fleet in a storm.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_2018_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson_2018-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard's army landed when Isaac refused to return the hostages (Richard's sister, his bride, and several shipwrecked soldiers), and forced Isaac to flee from Limassol. He eventually surrendered, conceding control of the island to the King of England. Richard married Berengaria in Limassol on 12 May 1192; she was crowned as Queen of England by <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Fitzluke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Fitzluke (page does not exist)">John Fitzluke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_%C3%89vreux" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Évreux">Bishop of Évreux</a>. The Crusader fleet continued to <a href="/wiki/St._Jean_d%27Acre" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Jean d'Acre">St. Jean d'Acre</a> on 5 June of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_2018_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson_2018-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The army of <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard the Lionheart</a> continued to occupy Cyprus and raised taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_2018_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson_2018-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sold the island to the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>. Soon after that, the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> army under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lusignan" title="House of Lusignan">House of Lusignan</a> occupied the island, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Kingdom of Cyprus</a> in 1192.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_2018_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson_2018-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They declared <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as the official language, later replacing it with <a href="/wiki/Medieval_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval French">French</a>; much later, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Greek</a> was recognized as a second official language. In 1196, dioceses of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> were established on the island, and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Greek Orthodox Cypriot Church</a> experienced a series of <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">religious persecutions</a> perpetrated by the Latin Catholics. <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a> settled on Cyprus during the Crusades and still maintain some villages in the North. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kingdom_of_Cyprus">Kingdom of Cyprus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Kingdom of Cyprus</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Famagusta_01-2017_img14_Lala_Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Famagusta_01-2017_img14_Lala_Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque.jpg/250px-Famagusta_01-2017_img14_Lala_Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Famagusta_01-2017_img14_Lala_Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque.jpg/375px-Famagusta_01-2017_img14_Lala_Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Famagusta_01-2017_img14_Lala_Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque.jpg/500px-Famagusta_01-2017_img14_Lala_Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5144" data-file-height="3429" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lala_Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque" title="Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque">Cathedral of Saint Nicholas</a>, consecrated in 1328, the largest medieval building in Famagusta, where the Kings of Cyprus were crowned also as Kings of Jerusalem. In 1571 having fallen to the Ottoman Empire it became the Mosque of Mağusa, and remains a mosque today</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Berlinghieri,_Geographia,_incunabolo_per_niccol%C3%B2_di_lorenzo,_firenze_1482,_28_medio_oriente_02_cipro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Francesco_Berlinghieri%2C_Geographia%2C_incunabolo_per_niccol%C3%B2_di_lorenzo%2C_firenze_1482%2C_28_medio_oriente_02_cipro.jpg/300px-Francesco_Berlinghieri%2C_Geographia%2C_incunabolo_per_niccol%C3%B2_di_lorenzo%2C_firenze_1482%2C_28_medio_oriente_02_cipro.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Francesco_Berlinghieri%2C_Geographia%2C_incunabolo_per_niccol%C3%B2_di_lorenzo%2C_firenze_1482%2C_28_medio_oriente_02_cipro.jpg/450px-Francesco_Berlinghieri%2C_Geographia%2C_incunabolo_per_niccol%C3%B2_di_lorenzo%2C_firenze_1482%2C_28_medio_oriente_02_cipro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Francesco_Berlinghieri%2C_Geographia%2C_incunabolo_per_niccol%C3%B2_di_lorenzo%2C_firenze_1482%2C_28_medio_oriente_02_cipro.jpg/600px-Francesco_Berlinghieri%2C_Geographia%2C_incunabolo_per_niccol%C3%B2_di_lorenzo%2C_firenze_1482%2C_28_medio_oriente_02_cipro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5286" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>Cyprus in 1482</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Amalric_I_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalric I of Cyprus">Amalric I of Cyprus</a> (Aimery de Lusignan) received the royal crown and title from <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. A small minority Roman Catholic population of the island was mainly confined to some coastal cities, such as Famagusta, as well as inland Nicosia, the traditional capital. Roman Catholics kept the reins of power and control, while the Greek inhabitants lived in the countryside; this was much the same as the arrangement in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The independent Eastern Orthodox Church of Cyprus, with its own archbishop and subject to no patriarch, was allowed to remain on the island, but the Latin Church largely displaced it in stature and holding property. </p><p>After the death of Amalric of Lusignan, the Kingdom continually passed to a series of young boys who grew up as king. The Ibelin family, which had held much power in Jerusalem prior its downfall, acted as regents during these early years. In 1229 one of the Ibelin regents was forced out of power by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, who brought the struggle between the Guelphs and Ghibellines to the island. </p><p>Frederick's supporters were defeated in this struggle by 1233, although it lasted longer in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and in the Holy Roman Empire. Frederick's Hohenstaufen descendants continued to rule as kings of Jerusalem until 1268 when <a href="/wiki/Hugh_III_of_Cyprus" title="Hugh III of Cyprus">Hugh III of Cyprus</a> (d.1284) of the Lusignan family claimed the title and its territory of Acre for himself upon the death of Conrad III of Jerusalem, thus uniting the two kingdoms. The territory in Palestine was finally lost while Henry II was king in 1291, but the kings of Cyprus continued to claim the title. </p><p>Like Jerusalem, Cyprus had a Haute Cour (High Court), although it was less powerful than it had been in Jerusalem. The island was richer and more feudal than Jerusalem, so the king had more personal wealth and could afford to ignore the Haute Cour. The most important vassal family was the multi-branch House of Ibelin. However, the king was often in conflict with the Italian merchants, especially because Cyprus had become the centre of European trade with Africa and Asia after the fall of Acre in 1291. </p><p>The kingdom eventually came to be dominated more and more in the 14th century by the Genoese merchants. Cyprus therefore sided with the Avignon Papacy in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>, in the hope that the French would be able to drive out the Italians. The Mameluks then made the kingdom a tributary state in 1426; the remaining monarchs gradually lost almost all independence, until 1489 when the last Queen, Catherine Cornaro, was forced to sell the island to Venice. <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> started raiding Cyprus immediately afterwards, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)">captured it in 1571</a>. </p><p>This is the historical setting to <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></i>, the play's title character being the commander of the Venetian garrison defending Cyprus against the Ottomans. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicosia_Venetian_walls_the_Venetians_ruled_Cyprus_from_1489_to_1571.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Venetian walls of Nicosia."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nicosia_Venetian_walls_the_Venetians_ruled_Cyprus_from_1489_to_1571.JPG/600px-Nicosia_Venetian_walls_the_Venetians_ruled_Cyprus_from_1489_to_1571.JPG" decoding="async" width="600" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Nicosia_Venetian_walls_the_Venetians_ruled_Cyprus_from_1489_to_1571.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="265" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicosia_Venetian_walls_the_Venetians_ruled_Cyprus_from_1489_to_1571.JPG" title="File:Nicosia Venetian walls the Venetians ruled Cyprus from 1489 to 1571.JPG"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Venetian_walls_of_Nicosia" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian walls of Nicosia">Venetian walls of Nicosia</a>.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ottoman_Cyprus">Ottoman Cyprus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ottoman Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus" title="Ottoman Cyprus">Ottoman Cyprus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyprus_1571">Cyprus 1571</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cyprus 1571"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1571, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> became an <a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">Eyalet</a>, a province, of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> until 1878. In 1571, the Turks entered the country in order of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)">Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)">Fourth Ottoman - Venetian War</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Cyprus">War of Cyprus</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman conquest of Cyprus">Ottoman Empire's invasion</a> of Cyprus with 350-400 ships and 60,000-100,000 soldiers to take control of the island, Turks and Cypriots coexisted on the island. Cyprus was rich in salt, sugar, cotton, grains, and other import and export goods at that time, in addition it was also a transfer country for the Syria-Venice trade. As a result, Cyprus served as the eastern Mediterranean's main emporium for Venice's maritime trade.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Venecia,_San_Carlos" title="Venecia, San Carlos">Venetians</a> lost control and the Ottomans gained control over Cyprus, Venice continued to use Cyprus for trading. Merchants that were imprisoned during the war were released and had their goods and ships returned to them. The trade continued and was only interrupted during wars. There were also Venetian consuls present in Cyprus to stabilize trade and protect the traders. The government of Cyprus used to borrow money from Venician merchants in the early 16th century. Until the end of Ottoman rule on Cyprus, the trade continued with being held during the times of war.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_culture_under_Ottoman_leadership">Religion and culture under Ottoman leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion and culture under Ottoman leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ottoman Empire was predominantly Muslim. Therefore, there was a cultural and religious clash when it conquered Cyprus. As Cyprus became a territory of the Ottoman Empire, more Muslims came to Cyprus mixing in with the Orthodox Christian Greek population of the island. That's why the <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millet System</a> was introduced in Cyprus, it allowed authorities to rule over their religious minorities to keep peace in the Country. The Ottoman Empire still tried to spread the Muslim culture in Cyprus. That especially concerned women as by Islam they had to cover their heads and most women at the time obeyed that rule.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Change_of_Administration_of_Cyprus">Change of Administration of Cyprus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Change of Administration of Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1670, the Ottomans have shifted their governance of Cyprus and its significance multiple times. From a <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjak</a> (sub-province) to a <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">Grand Vizer</a>'s fief, to an <a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">eyalet</a>, back to a fief, and finally back to a sanjak.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>From </th> <th>To </th> <th>Type of Administration </th></tr> <tr> <td>1670 </td> <td>1703 </td> <td>a sanjak of the Eyalet of the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">Archipelago</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1703 </td> <td>1745 </td> <td>a fief of the Grand Vizier </td></tr> <tr> <td>1745 </td> <td>1748 </td> <td>an eyalet (province) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1748 </td> <td>1784 </td> <td>a fief of the Grand Vizier </td></tr> <tr> <td>1784 </td> <td>... </td> <td>a sanjak of the Eyalet of the Archipelago </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyprus_1878_(Russo-Turkish_War)"><span id="Cyprus_1878_.28Russo-Turkish_War.29"></span>Cyprus 1878 (Russo-Turkish War)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cyprus 1878 (Russo-Turkish War)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War">Russo-Turkish War</a> in the Mediterranean Cyprus prepared for the invasion which occurred and left the population with financial issues for the decades to come. The Russians had been spreading propaganda in the Mediterranean which called upon <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Orthodox Greek Christians</a> to fight against the Ottoman Empire. Cyprus was trying to balance between supporting the Ottoman Empire with grain but on the other hand they tried not to oppose Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russo-Turkish War ended the Ottoman control of Cyprus in 1878. Cyprus then came under the control of the British Empire with its conditions set out in the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus Convention</a> between the United Kingdom and Ottoman Empire. However, the sovereignty of the island continued to be maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> until Great Britain annexed the island unilaterally in 1914, after it declared war against the Ottomans during the First World War. Following World War I, under the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Lausanne Treaty</a>, Turkey relinquished all claims and rights on Cyprus. </p><p>Under British rule, the island began to enjoy a period of increased freedom of speech, something which allowed further development of the Greek Cypriots' ideas of <i><a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">enosis</a></i> (unification with Greece).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Cyprus">Modern Cyprus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history of Cyprus">Modern history of Cyprus</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cypriot_demonstration_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cypriot_demonstration_1930.jpg/250px-Cypriot_demonstration_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cypriot_demonstration_1930.jpg/375px-Cypriot_demonstration_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cypriot_demonstration_1930.jpg/500px-Cypriot_demonstration_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Cypriot demonstrations for <a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a> (Union) with <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicosia_01-2017_img03_Liberty_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nicosia_01-2017_img03_Liberty_Monument.jpg/250px-Nicosia_01-2017_img03_Liberty_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nicosia_01-2017_img03_Liberty_Monument.jpg/375px-Nicosia_01-2017_img03_Liberty_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nicosia_01-2017_img03_Liberty_Monument.jpg/500px-Nicosia_01-2017_img03_Liberty_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3477" data-file-height="2608" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Liberty symbolising the independence of Cyprus.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1878, as the result of the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus Convention</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> took over the government of Cyprus as a protectorate from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In 1914, at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the Ottomans declared war on Britain, leading to the British annexation of Cyprus. </p><p>The island's population welcomed the arrival of the British in 1878, as it meant the end of the long Turkish occupation, on one hand, but also because (bearing in mind the example of the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian islands</a>) it was believed to be a necessary transitional stage for the final purpose, which was the return of Cyprus to Greece. In the 1920s, the political leaders of the Cypriot Greeks decided to adopt a change of tactics in their pursuit for <a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">enosis</a>—the union of Cyprus with Greece. Instead of the uncompromising course for "union and only union", it was decided that, under the circumstances, some civil liberties could be negotiated and won in favor of the Cypriot people. In 1921, the Political Organization of Cyprus was formed to serve that purpose, but was dissolved later that decade.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek Cypriot representatives were repeatedly sent to England over the years to formally set the request to the colonial metropolis, but to no avail whatsoever. The participation of Greek Cypriots in the national struggles of the Greeks (such as in the wars at the end of the 19th century and in the Balkan wars of 1912-13) was an expression of their belief in the common origin of Greeks and Cypriots, in a common fate and a common path. The participation of Greek Cypriot volunteers in the First World War was an expression of the belief that there would be a "Cypriot share" in the "distribution of profits" after the victory (something that also happened later, during the Second World War). Besides, the Greek Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a>, had negotiated the handing over of Cyprus to Greece, in the years leading to the First World War. However, during the "distribution of profits" at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris conference</a> after the First World War, there was no "Cypriot share" despite the Greek Cypriot leadership's presence and efforts. After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> (1923), by which Turkey renounced all its rights over Cyprus, some new hopes were born because a very serious obstacle to the return of Cyprus to Greece was removed. However, in 1925, following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">dissolution of the Ottoman Empire</a>, and with the removal of this obstacle, England proceeded not to cede Cyprus to Greece but to annex it by declaring the island a <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Colony">Crown Colony</a>. It had then become absolutely clear to the Greek Cypriots, from English officials (such as the Colonial Secretary <a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a>) that unification was out of the question, and that this subject was definitively closed, rebutting the hopes and expectations of the Greek Cypriots for achieving their ideal.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Organization of Cyprus (EOK; not to be confused with EOKA), that was founded in 1930 by church circles and whose members were chosen by the Archbishop, played a role in strengthening the demand of <a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">enosis</a>. Its purpose was the pursuit of this goal and the rejection of the Autonomy proposed by the English.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1931, the even more hardline National Radical Union of the Center (ΕRΕΚ) was founded whose members were secret.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The repetitive rebuttal of the Greek Cypriots' hopes, along with other political events at the time, triggered the great uprising of October 1931, known as the <a href="/wiki/1931_Cyprus_revolt" title="1931 Cyprus revolt">October riots</a>. Cyprus thus entered a period of autocratic rule known as <i>Palmerokratia</i> ("Palmerocracy"), named after governor <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Palmer" title="Richmond Palmer">Richmond Palmer</a>, which started shortly before the revolt and would last until the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>In January 1950, the Orthodox Church of Cyprus organized the Union Referendum (referendum about Enosis), in which Greek Cypriots, which constituted around 80% of the population at the time, were called to vote, and ended in strong favor for the movement. However, their shout fell on deaf ears since the international community showed no desire to support their request<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Between 1955 and 1959 <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriots</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/EOKA" title="EOKA">EOKA</a> organisation, led by <a href="/wiki/George_Grivas" class="mw-redirect" title="George Grivas">George Grivas</a>, and began the liberation struggle with ultimate goal being <a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">enosis</a>. However the EOKA campaign did not result in union with Greece but rather in an independent republic, the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a>, in 1960. </p><p>The 1960 constitution put in place a form of power-sharing, or <a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">consociational</a> government, in which concessions were made to the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriots</a> minority, including as a requirement that the vice-president of Cyprus and at least 30% of members of parliament be Turkish Cypriots. Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Makarios_III" title="Makarios III">Makarios III</a> would be the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">President</a> and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Faz%C4%B1l_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk" title="Fazıl Küçük">Fazıl Küçük</a> would become vice president. One of the articles in the constitution was the creation of separate local municipalities so that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could manage their own municipalities in large towns. </p><p>Internal conflicts turned into full-fledged armed fighting between the two communities on the island which prompted the United Nations to send <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Force_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus">peacekeeping forces</a> in 1964; these forces are still in place today. In 1974, Greek nationalists performed <a href="/wiki/1974_Cypriot_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Cypriot coup d'état">a military coup</a> with the support of the military junta in Greece. Unable to secure multilateral support against the coup, Turkey <a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">invaded</a> the northern portion of the island. Turkish forces remained after a cease-fire, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Taksim_(politics)" title="Taksim (politics)">partition</a> of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-danopoulos_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danopoulos-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intercommunal violence, the coup, and the subsequent invasion led to the <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_refugees" title="Cypriot refugees">displacement</a> of hundreds of thousands of Cypriots.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> state of Northern Cyprus was proclaimed in 1975 under the name of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Federated_State_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish Federated State of Cyprus">Turkish Federated State of Cyprus</a>. The name was changed to its present form, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a>, on 15 November 1983. Recognised only by Turkey, Northern Cyprus is considered by the international community to be part of the Republic of Cyprus. </p><p>In 2002 <a href="/wiki/UN_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Secretary General">UN Secretary General</a> <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> started a new round of negotiations for the unification of the island. In 2004 after long negotiations between both sides a plan for unification of the island emerged. The resulting plan was supported by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The nationalists on both sides campaigned for the rejection of the plan, the result being that Turkish Cypriots accepted the plan while Greek Cypriots rejected it overwhelmingly. </p><p>After Cyprus became a member of the European Union in 2004, it adopted the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> as its currency on January 1, 2008, replacing the previously used <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_pound" title="Cypriot pound">Cypriot pound</a>; Northern Cyprus continued to use the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political environment is dominated by the communist <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Working_People" title="Progressive Party of Working People">AKEL</a>, the liberal conservative <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Rally" title="Democratic Rally">Democratic Rally</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Cyprus)" title="Democratic Party (Cyprus)">Democratic Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social-democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Social_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Social Democracy">EDEK</a>. In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Christofias" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimitris Christofias">Dimitris Christofias</a> became the country's first Communist head of state. Due to his involvement in the <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Cypriot_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2012–13 Cypriot financial crisis">2012–13 Cypriot financial crisis</a>, Christofias did not run for re-election in 2013. The Presidential election in 2013 resulted in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Rally" title="Democratic Rally">Democratic Rally</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Nicos_Anastasiades" title="Nicos Anastasiades">Nicos Anastasiades</a> winning 57.48% of the vote. As a result, Anastasiades was sworn in on 28 February 2013. Anastasiades was re-elected with 56% of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_presidential_election,_2018" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot presidential election, 2018">2018 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 February 2023, <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Christodoulides" title="Nikos Christodoulides">Nikos Christodoulides</a>, the winner of the 2023 presidential <a href="/wiki/2023_Cypriot_presidential_election" title="2023 Cypriot presidential election">election</a> run-off, was sworn in as the eighth president of the Republic of Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/48px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/64px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cyprus" title="Portal:Cyprus">Cyprus portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Kingdom of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cypriot_history" title="Timeline of Cypriot history">Timeline of Cypriot history</a></li></ul> <p><b>General:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Haifa Museums – The National Maritime Museum. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-535-013-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-535-013-5"><bdi>978-965-535-013-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cypriot+Pottery+in+Ancient+Times&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Haifa+Museums+%E2%80%93+The+National+Maritime+Museum&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-965-535-013-5&rft.aulast=Zemer&rft.aufirst=Avshalom&rft.au=Rotgaizer%2C+Orit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthanassiouvan_der_GeerLyras2019" class="citation journal cs1">Athanassiou, Athanassios; van der Geer, Alexandra A.E.; Lyras, George A. (August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379119300848">"Pleistocene insular Proboscidea of the Eastern Mediterranean: A review and update"</a>. <i>Quaternary Science Reviews</i>. <b>218</b>: 306–321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2019.06.028">10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.06.028</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199107354">199107354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Pleistocene+insular+Proboscidea+of+the+Eastern+Mediterranean%3A+A+review+and+update&rft.volume=218&rft.pages=306-321&rft.date=2019-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2019.06.028&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199107354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Athanassiou&rft.aufirst=Athanassios&rft.au=van+der+Geer%2C+Alexandra+A.E.&rft.au=Lyras%2C+George+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0277379119300848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsakalosEfstratiouBassiakosKazantzaki2021" class="citation journal cs1">Tsakalos, Evangelos; Efstratiou, Nikos; Bassiakos, Yannis; Kazantzaki, Maria; Filippaki, Eleni (2021-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/716100">"Early Cypriot Prehistory: On the Traces of the Last Hunters and Gatherers on the Island—Preliminary Results of Luminescence Dating"</a>. <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>62</b> (4): 412–425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F716100">10.1086/716100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3204">0011-3204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Early+Cypriot+Prehistory%3A+On+the+Traces+of+the+Last+Hunters+and+Gatherers+on+the+Island%E2%80%94Preliminary+Results+of+Luminescence+Dating&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=412-425&rft.date=2021-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F716100&rft.issn=0011-3204&rft.aulast=Tsakalos&rft.aufirst=Evangelos&rft.au=Efstratiou%2C+Nikos&rft.au=Bassiakos%2C+Yannis&rft.au=Kazantzaki%2C+Maria&rft.au=Filippaki%2C+Eleni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F716100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVigneCucchiRousouBailon2023" class="citation journal cs1">Vigne, Jean-Denis; Cucchi, Thomas; Rousou, Maria; Bailon, Salvador; Carrère, Isabelle; Devillers, Benoît; Douché, Carolyne; Gourichon, Lionel; Hadjikoumis, Angelos; Mylona, Pantelitsa; Papayianni, Katerina; Parès, Andréa; Tengberg, Margareta; Zazzo, Antoine; Guilaine, Jean (March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352409X23002249">"Historical dynamics of the human-environment interactions in Cyprus during the 12th-10th millennia cal. BP: The last 30 years contributions of the Amathous area (Limassol district)"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</i>. <b>50</b>: 104049. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2023.104049">10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=Historical+dynamics+of+the+human-environment+interactions+in+Cyprus+during+the+12th-10th+millennia+cal.+BP%3A+The+last+30+years+contributions+of+the+Amathous+area+%28Limassol+district%29&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=104049&rft.date=2023-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2023.104049&rft.aulast=Vigne&rft.aufirst=Jean-Denis&rft.au=Cucchi%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Rousou%2C+Maria&rft.au=Bailon%2C+Salvador&rft.au=Carr%C3%A8re%2C+Isabelle&rft.au=Devillers%2C+Beno%C3%AEt&rft.au=Douch%C3%A9%2C+Carolyne&rft.au=Gourichon%2C+Lionel&rft.au=Hadjikoumis%2C+Angelos&rft.au=Mylona%2C+Pantelitsa&rft.au=Papayianni%2C+Katerina&rft.au=Par%C3%A8s%2C+Andr%C3%A9a&rft.au=Tengberg%2C+Margareta&rft.au=Zazzo%2C+Antoine&rft.au=Guilaine%2C+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2352409X23002249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-Yosef_MayerKahanovRoskinGildor2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bar-Yosef Mayer, Daniella E.; Kahanov, Yaacov; Roskin, Joel; Gildor, Hezi (2015-09-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2015.1060277">"Neolithic Voyages to Cyprus: Wind Patterns, Routes, and Mechanisms"</a>. <i>The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 412–435. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15564894.2015.1060277">10.1080/15564894.2015.1060277</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-4894">1556-4894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Island+and+Coastal+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Neolithic+Voyages+to+Cyprus%3A+Wind+Patterns%2C+Routes%2C+and+Mechanisms&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=412-435&rft.date=2015-09-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15564894.2015.1060277&rft.issn=1556-4894&rft.aulast=Bar-Yosef+Mayer&rft.aufirst=Daniella+E.&rft.au=Kahanov%2C+Yaacov&rft.au=Roskin%2C+Joel&rft.au=Gildor%2C+Hezi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F15564894.2015.1060277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8118318.stm">"Stone Age wells found in Cyprus"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2009-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Stone+Age+wells+found+in+Cyprus&rft.date=2009-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F8118318.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wade, Nicholas, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/health/29iht-29cat.6404420.html?_r=1">Study Traces Cat's Ancestry to Middle East</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, June 29, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton2004" class="citation news cs1">Walton, Marsha (April 9, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222092756/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/04/08/cats.cyprus/index.html">"Ancient burial looks like human and pet cat"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/04/08/cats.cyprus/index.html">the original</a> on 2007-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ancient+burial+looks+like+human+and+pet+cat&rft.date=2004-04-09&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Marsha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2004%2FTECH%2Fscience%2F04%2F08%2Fcats.cyprus%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Through the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> Linear B <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀓𐀠𐀪𐀍</span></span>, <i>ku-pi-ri-jo</i>, meaning "Cypriot" and corresponding to the later Greek form <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κύπριος</span></span>, <i>Kyprios</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrange1980" class="citation book cs1">Strange, John (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c9QUAAAAIAAJ&q=cyprus+mycenaeans&pg=PA154"><i>Caphtor : Keftiu : a new investigation</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06256-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06256-6"><bdi>978-90-04-06256-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caphtor+%3A+Keftiu+%3A+a+new+investigation&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06256-6&rft.aulast=Strange&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc9QUAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dcyprus%2Bmycenaeans%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-steele-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-steele_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-steele_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2018" class="citation web cs1">Steele, Philippa M. (24 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-8218">"Eteocypriot"</a>. <i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2024</span>. <q>Eteocypriot had survived from the Cypriot Bronze Age (perhaps related to a language written in the undeciphered Cypro-Minoan script).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Eteocypriot&rft.date=2018-01-24&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Philippa+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fclassics%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199381135-e-8218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-petit-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-petit_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-petit_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetit1999" class="citation journal cs1">Petit, Thierry (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00001435/file/TPMyth.pdf">"Eteocypriot myth and amathusian reality"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 108–120. HAL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00001435">ffhalshs-00001435</a>. <q>[Eteocypriot] is a Hurrian dialect [and] was not the first spoken language in Cyprus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mediterranean+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Eteocypriot+myth+and+amathusian+reality&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=108-120&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Petit&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshs.hal.science%2Fhalshs-00001435%2Ffile%2FTPMyth.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TTW1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TTW1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TTW1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, Carol G. & Conant, C.: <i>The Trojan War</i>, pages 121-122. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32526-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32526-X">0-313-32526-X</a>, 9780313325267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andreas_G_2017,_pp._7-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andreas_G_2017,_pp._7_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andreas_G_2017,_pp._7_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_G._Orphanides" title="Andreas G. Orphanides">Andreas G. Orphanides</a>, "Late Bronze Age Socio-Economic and Political Organization, and the Hellenization of Cyprus", Athens Journal of History, volume 3, number 1, 2017, pp. 7–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enkomi Alasia in Cyprus. Auf: turkish.co.uk vom 12. Februar 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Michael Hogan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/10881/cydonia.html#fieldnotes">C. Michael Hogan, <i>Cydonia</i>, The Modern Antiquarian, Jan. 23, 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadjisavvas2013" class="citation book cs1">Hadjisavvas, Sophocles (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111945/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/publications/2012/hadjisavvas.html"><i>The Phoenician Period Necropolis of Kition, Volume I</i></a>. Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications. p. 1. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Cyprus+country+profile&rft.date=2020-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-17217956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230228-new-cyprus-president-sworn-in">"New Cyprus president sworn in"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 28 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=New+Cyprus+president+sworn+in&rft.date=2023-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20230228-new-cyprus-president-sworn-in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cyprus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><p> Enkomi Alasia in Cyprus. Auf: turkish.co.uk vom 12. Februar 2020. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History,_general"><span id="History.2C_general"></span>History, general</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: History, general"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kinross, Lord. "The Problem of Cyprus." <i>History Today</i> (Nov 1954) 4#11 pp 725–733</li> <li>Mallinson, William. <i>Cyprus: A modern history</i> (IB Tauris, 2005).</li> <li>Wallace, Paul W., & <a href="/wiki/Andreas_G._Orphanides" title="Andreas G. Orphanides">Andreas G. Orphanides</a> (eds.), "Sources for the History of Cyprus", vols I - XV, (Albany, NY, Greece and Cyprus Research Center, University at Albany (SUNY) 1990-2007)</li> <li>C. D. Cobham, <i>Excerpta Cypria: materials for a history of Cyprus</i> (Cambridge 1908). Nice Collection of written sources.</li> <li>D. Hunt, <i>Footprints in Cyprus</i> (London, Trigraph 1990).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Vassos Karageorghis, <i>Cyprus</i> (1969). Includes bibliography.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_G._Orphanides" title="Andreas G. Orphanides">Andreas G. Orphanides</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/30822917/Andreas_G._Orphanides_Late_Bronze_Age_Socio-Economic_and_Political_Organization_and_the_Hellenization_of_Cyprus_Athens_Journal_of_History_volume_3_number_1_2017_pp._7-20">"Late Bronze Age Socio-Economic and Political Organization, and the Hellenization of Cyprus"</a>, Athens Journal of History, volume 3, number 1, 2017, pp. 7–20</li> <li>Veronica Tatton-Brown, <i>Cyprus BC: 7000 years of history</i> (London, British Museum 1979).</li> <li>Stuart Swiny, <i>Earliest Prehistory of Cyprus</i> (American School of Oriental Research 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89757-051-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89757-051-0">0-89757-051-0</a></li> <li>J. M. Webb/D. Frankel, "Characterising the Philia facies. Material culture, chronology and the origins of the Bronze Age in Cyprus" in <i>American Journal of archaeology</i> 103, 1999, 3-43.</li> <li>S. Gitin/A. Mazar/E. Stern (eds.), <i>Mediterranean peoples in transition, thirteenth to early 10th century BC</i> (Jerusalem, Israel exploration Society 1998). Late Bronze Age and transition to the Iron Age.</li> <li>J. D. Muhly, "The role of the Sea People in Cyprus during the LCIII period. In: Vassos Karageorghis and J. D. Muhly (eds.), <i>Cyprus at the close of the Bronze Age</i> (Nicosia 1984), 39-55. End of Bronze Age</li> <li>Winbladh, M.-L., The Bearded Goddess, Androgynes, goddesses and monsters in ancient Cyprus. Armida Edition, Cypern 2012</li> <li>Winbladh, M.-L., The Origins of The Cypriots. With Scientific Data of Archaeology and Genetics, Galeri Kultur Publishing, Lefkosa 2020</li> <li>Winbladh, M-L., 'Adventuring with Cyprus. A Chronicle of the Swedish Cyprus Expedition 1927 – 1931' in The Northern Face of Cyprus. New Studies in Cypriot Archaeology and Art History, eds. Hazar Kaba & Summerer, Latife, Istanbul 2016</li> <li>Winbladh, M-L., Adventures of an archaeologist. Memoirs of a museum curator, AKAKIA Publications, London</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Period">Classical Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Classical Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Paul W Wallace & <a href="/wiki/Andreas_G._Orphanides" title="Andreas G. Orphanides">Andreas G. Orphanides</a> (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10335676/Paul_W._Wallace_and_Andreas_G._Orphanides_Sources_for_the_History_of_Cyprus_Greek_and_Latin_Texts_to_the_Third_Century_A.D._Volume_I">"Sources for the History of Cyprus: Greek and Latin Texts to the Third Century A.D."</a>, vol. I, (Nicosia, The Institute of Cypriot Studies, University at Albany (SUNY) & Cyprus College 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, "The Histories"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a>, "Nicocles"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, "Bibliothiki" (Library)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, "The Campaigns of Alexander the Great"</li> <li>T. Bekker-Nielsen, <i>The Roads of Ancient Cyprus</i>. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRZiz4HNJ7oC">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Age">Medieval Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Medieval Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Angel Nicolaou-Konnari, Chris Schabel (eds.): <i>Cyprus: Society and Culture, 1191–1374</i>; Leiden : Brill, 2005. - XVI, 403 S., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14767-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14767-5">90-04-14767-5</a></li> <li>Peter W. Edbury: <i>The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191–1374</i> (Cambridge, 1991).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_era_1878-1960">British era 1878-1960</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: British era 1878-1960"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Georghallides, George S. <i>A political and administrative history of Cyprus, 1918-1926: with a survey of the foundations of British rule</i> (Cyprus Research Centre, 1979).</li> <li>Hakki, Murat Metin. <i>The Cyprus issue: a documentary history, 1878-2007</i> (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2007).</li> <li>Heraclidou, Antigone. "Politics of education and language in Cyprus and Malta during the inter-war years." <i>Journal of Mediterranean Studies</i> 23.1 (2014): 75-88. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/303/article/671427/summary">excerpt</a></li> <li>Katsourides, Yiannos, and Antigone Heraclidou. "Nationalism and Decolonisation in the Mediterranean: Cyprus and Malta Compared, 1918–1964." <i>Journal of Mediterranean Studies</i> 23.1 (2014): 1-7.</li> <li>Medlicott, W. N. “The Gladstone Government and the Cyprus Convention, 1880-85.” <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 13#2 (1940), pp. 186–208. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1874896">online</a>.</li> <li>Persianis, Panayiotis. "The British Colonial Education 'Lending' Policy in Cyprus (1878-1960): An intriguing example of an elusive 'adapted education' policy." <i>Comparative Education</i> 32.1 (1996): 45-68.</li> <li>Phylaktis, Kate. "Banking in a British colony: Cyprus 1878–1959." <i>Business History</i> 30.4 (1988): 416-431 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.schweitzer-online.de/static/catalog_manager/live/media_files/representation/zd_std_orig__zd_schw_orig/017/639/042/9783447059664_table_of_content_pdf_1.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200910130332/http://content.schweitzer-online.de/static/catalog_manager/live/media_files/representation/zd_std_orig__zd_schw_orig/017/639/042/9783447059664_table_of_content_pdf_1.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-09-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Rosenbaum, Naomi. "Success in foreign policy: The British in Cyprus, 1878-1960." <i>Canadian Journal of Political Science</i> (1970): 605-627 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3231542">online</a>.</li> <li>C. Spyridiakis, <i>The education policy of the English government in Cyprus</i> (1878–1954).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrekos_Varnava" title="Andrekos Varnava">Varnava</a>, Andrekos. <i>British imperialism in Cyprus, 1878–1915: the inconsequential possession</i> (Manchester UP, 2017)</li> <li>Yiangou, Anastasia. "The Political Impact of World War II on Cyprus and Malta." <i>Journal of Mediterranean Studies</i> 23.1 (2014): 101-112. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/38481779/8_Anastasia_Yiangou.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1960">Since 1960</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Since 1960"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bishku, Michael B. "The Middle Eastern Relations of Cyprus and Malta: From Independence to Nonalignment to the European Union." <i>Mediterranean Quarterly</i> 26.2 (2015): 42-62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/4/article/583422/summary">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cyprus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030122225955/http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext03/cyprs10.txt">"Cyprus, as I Saw it in 1879"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Baker" title="Samuel Baker">Samuel W. Baker</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/flash/0,5860,1199973,00.html">Cyprus - an island divided</a> - Interactive guide from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Cyprus" title="Prehistoric Cyprus">Prehistoric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alasiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Cyprus" title="Ancient history of Cyprus">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_city-kingdoms_of_Cyprus" title="Ten city-kingdoms of Cyprus">Ten city-kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Persian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Roman Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Cyprus in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Byzantine Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Arab Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Cyprus" title="Venetian Cyprus">Venetian rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus" title="Ottoman Cyprus">Ottoman rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">British Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_British_Cyprus" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of British Cyprus">Governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus_since_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Cyprus since 1878">Post-1878 overview</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taksim_(politics)" title="Taksim (politics)">Taksim</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Intercommunal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_refugees" title="Cypriot refugees">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_S-300_crisis" title="Cypriot S-300 crisis">Cypriot S-300 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annan_Plan" title="Annan Plan">Annan Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">EU accession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arms_of_Cyprus.svg/80px-Arms_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arms_of_Cyprus.svg/120px-Arms_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arms_of_Cyprus.svg/160px-Arms_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cyprus" title="Geography of Cyprus">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Cyprus" title="List of cities, towns and villages in Cyprus">Cities, towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cyprus" title="Climate of Cyprus">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Cyprus" title="Districts of Cyprus">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Cyprus" title="List of earthquakes in Cyprus">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cyprus_islets" title="List of Cyprus islets">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Cyprus" title="Category:Lakes of Cyprus">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Cyprus" title="Category:Mountains of Cyprus">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Cyprus" title="Category:Rivers of Cyprus">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Cyprus" title="Wildlife of Cyprus">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cyprus" title="Politics of Cyprus">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Cyprus" title="Chief Justice of Cyprus">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Cyprus">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cyprus" title="Corruption in Cyprus">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Cyprus" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Cyprus">UN resolutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cyprus" title="Elections in Cyprus">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Cyprus">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Cyprus">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cyprus">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_National_Guard" title="Cypriot National Guard">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_National_Guard_General_Staff" title="Chief of the National Guard General Staff">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Police" title="Cyprus Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Cyprus" title="List of political parties in Cyprus">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cyprus" title="Agriculture in Cyprus">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Cyprus" title="List of banks in Cyprus">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus" title="Energy in Cyprus">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Stock_Exchange" title="Cyprus Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cyprus" title="Tourism in Cyprus">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Cyprus" title="Trade unions in Cyprus">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cyprus" title="Transport in Cyprus">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Cypriot_financial_crisis" title="2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis">2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Cyprus" title="Category:Society of Cyprus">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_nationality_law" title="Cypriot nationality law">Cypriot nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cyprus" title="Health in Cyprus">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cyprus" title="Poverty in Cyprus">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cyprus" title="Public holidays in Cyprus">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cyprus">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cypriot_art" title="Category:Cypriot art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Category:Cinema of Cyprus">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_wine" title="Cypriot wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_literature" title="Cypriot literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Cyprus" title="Category:Mass media in Cyprus">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Cyprus" title="Sport in Cyprus">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cyprus" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Cyprus">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cyprus" title="Demographics of Cyprus">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Greek Cypriot diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Greek Cypriots in Northern Cyprus">Greek Cypriots in Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linobambaki" title="Linobambaki">Linobambaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_settlers_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus">Settlers from Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Cyprus">Armenian Cypriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Cypriots" title="Maronite Cypriots">Maronite Cypriots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Cyprus" title="National symbols of Cyprus">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Cyprus" title="Coat of arms of Cyprus">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cyprus" title="Flag of Cyprus">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Cyprus" title="Outline of Cyprus">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cyprus-related_articles" title="Index of Cyprus-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cyprus" title="Category:Cyprus">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cyprus" title="Portal:Cyprus">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_current_European_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Template:European history by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_history_by_country" title="Template talk:European history by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European history by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_current_European_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of current European countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link 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0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southwest_Asia.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Middle East (Southwest Asia)"><img alt="Middle East (Southwest Asia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Southwest_Asia.PNG/45px-Southwest_Asia.PNG" decoding="async" width="45" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Southwest_Asia.PNG/68px-Southwest_Asia.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Southwest_Asia.PNG/90px-Southwest_Asia.PNG 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jordan" title="History of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="History of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_West_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the West Bank">West Bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Timor" title="History of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jordan" title="History of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan" title="History of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan" title="History of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan" title="History of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="History of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a 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