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class="mw-page-title-main">William Hopkins</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ويليام هوبكينز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويليام هوبكينز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%BE%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ویلیام هاپکینز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلیام هاپکینز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hopkins" title="William Hopkins – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="William Hopkins" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hopkins" title="William Hopkins – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Hopkins" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hopkins" title="William Hopkins – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Hopkins" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hopkins" title="William Hopkins – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="William Hopkins" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hopkins" title="William Hopkins – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="William Hopkins" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hopkins" title="William Hopkins – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Hopkins" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="ויליאם הופקינס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם הופקינס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hopkins" title="William Hopkins – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="William Hopkins" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ويليام هوبكينز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويليام هوبكينز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hopkins" title="William Hopkins – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Hopkins" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hopkins" title="William Hopkins – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Hopkins" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Хопкинс, Уильям – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хопкинс, Уильям" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Вільям Гопкінс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільям Гопкінс" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named William Hopkins, see <a href="/wiki/William_Hopkins_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="William Hopkins (disambiguation)">William Hopkins (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">William Hopkins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamHopkins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/WilliamHopkins.jpg/200px-WilliamHopkins.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/WilliamHopkins.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="326" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">William Hopkins (1793–1866)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1793-02-02</span>)</span>2 February 1793<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kingston-on-Soar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston-on-Soar">Kingston-on-Soar</a>, Nottinghamshire, England, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 October 1866<span style="display:none">(1866-10-13)</span> (aged 73)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge">St Peter's College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Finding that <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> increases with <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wollaston_Medal" title="Wollaston Medal">Wollaston Medal</a> (1850)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">Mathematician</a> and geologist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Routh" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward John Routh">Edward John Routh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a><br /><a href="/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gabriel Stokes">George Gabriel Stokes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Peter_Guthrie_Tait" title="Peter Guthrie Tait">Peter Guthrie Tait</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Todhunter" title="Isaac Todhunter">Isaac Todhunter</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kelland" title="Philip Kelland">Philip Kelland</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Hopkins</b> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (2 February 1793 – 13 October 1866) was an English <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> and geologist. He is famous as a private tutor of aspiring undergraduate <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> mathematicians, earning him the <i>sobriquet</i> the "<a href="/wiki/Senior_Wrangler_(University_of_Cambridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Wrangler (University of Cambridge)">senior-wrangler</a> maker." </p><p>He also made important contributions in asserting a solid, rather than fluid, interior for the Earth and explaining many geological phenomena in terms of his model. However, though his conclusions proved to be correct, his mathematical and physical reasoning were subsequently seen as unsound. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hopkins&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hopkins was born at <a href="/wiki/Kingston-on-Soar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston-on-Soar">Kingston-on-Soar</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a>, the only son of William Hopkins, a gentleman farmer. In his youth he learned practical agriculture in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> before his father rented him a small farm at <a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a>, Suffolk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Hopkins was unsuccessful as a farmer and, when his first wife died sometime around 1821, he took the opportunity to mitigate his losses and enter <a href="/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge">St Peter's College</a> (now Peterhouse) at the University of Cambridge, taking his degree of B.A. in 1827 as seventh <a href="/wiki/Wrangler_(University_of_Cambridge)" title="Wrangler (University of Cambridge)">wrangler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)">M.A.</a> in 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wrangler_maker">Wrangler maker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hopkins&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wrangler maker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before graduation, Hopkins had married Caroline Frances Boys (1799–1881) and was, therefore, ineligible for a <a href="/wiki/Fellow#Oxford,_Cambridge_and_Dublin" title="Fellow">fellowship</a>. He instead maintained himself as a private tutor, coaching the young mathematicians who sought the prestigious distinction of <a href="/wiki/Senior_Wrangler" title="Senior Wrangler">Senior Wrangler</a>. He was enormously successful in the role, earning the <i>sobriquet</i> <b>senior wrangler maker</b> and grossing £700–800 annually. By 1849, he had coached almost 200 wranglers, of whom 17 were senior wranglers including <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a> and <a href="/wiki/G._G._Stokes" class="mw-redirect" title="G. G. Stokes">G. G. Stokes</a>. Among his more famous pupils were <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Todhunter" title="Isaac Todhunter">Isaac Todhunter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> praised his teaching style:<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Hopkins to use a Cantab expression is a regular brick; tells funny stories connected with different problems and is no way Donnish; he rattles us on at a splendid pace and makes mathematics anything but a dry subject by entering thoroughly into its metaphysics. I never enjoyed anything so much before.</p></blockquote> <p>He also coached <a href="/wiki/Edward_Routh" title="Edward Routh">Edward Routh</a> who went on to be Senior Wrangler and himself a prodigious "wrangler maker".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1833, Hopkins published <i>Elements of Trigonometry</i> and became distinguished for his mathematical knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a famous story that the theory of <a href="/wiki/George_Green_(mathematician)" title="George Green (mathematician)">George Green</a> (1793–1841) was almost forgotten. In 1845, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (William Thomson, a young man in 1845) got some copies of Green's 1828 short book from William Hopkins. Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> helped to make Green's 1828 work famous.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hopkins&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 1833, through meeting <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a> at <a href="/wiki/Barmouth" title="Barmouth">Barmouth</a> and joining him in several excursions, Hopkins became intensely interested in geology. From then on, in papers published by the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Philosophical_Society" title="Cambridge Philosophical Society">Cambridge Philosophical Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a>, he defined the discipline of <b>physical geology</b>, making mathematical investigations dealing with the effects that an elevatory force, acting from below, would produce on a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a>, in fissures and <a href="/wiki/Geologic_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic fault">faults</a>. In this way he discussed the elevation and denudation of the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Weald" title="Weald">Wealden</a> area, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bas_Boulonnais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bas Boulonnais (page does not exist)">Bas Boulonnais</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hopkins conceived of a largely solid but dynamic Earth threaded with cavities whereby hot <a href="/wiki/Vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapour">vapours</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluids</a> could create locally elevatory pressures. Such a model was at odds with the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> whose theory was of a "steady state" with a largely liquid terrestrial interior, inside a solid crust no more than 100 miles thick. Hopkins presented a series of papers at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> between 1838 and 1842 analysing the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a>, including its <a href="/wiki/Axial_precession" title="Axial precession">precession</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_nutation" title="Astronomical nutation">nutation</a>, and using observations to support his theory, contending that they were inconsistent with a fluid interior. He also interpreted earthquakes and <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> through the same model in an 1847 <a href="/wiki/British_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association">British Association</a> report.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of his investigations, Hopkins sought to quantify the effects of enormous <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressures</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a> of various substances. With the support of a grant from the Royal Society, he invoked the assistance of Thomson, <a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Fairbairn" title="William Fairbairn">William Fairbairn</a> to make measurements which he interpreted as supporting his theory. He further asserted that the cooling of the Earth had had no real impact on <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He read a paper to the Geological Society <i>On the Causes which may have produced changes in the Earth's superficial Temperature</i> (1851). In his second address as president of the Geological Society of London (1853) he criticised <a href="/wiki/Elie_de_Beaumont" class="mw-redirect" title="Elie de Beaumont">Elie de Beaumont</a>'s theory of the elevation of mountain-chains and the imperfect evidence on which he saw it as resting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, it was Thomson who tactfully pointed out that, though Hopkins's conclusions about the Earth's structure were correct, his mathematical and physical reasoning was unsound.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glaciology">Glaciology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hopkins&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Glaciology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hopkins wrote also on the motion of <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> and the transport of <a href="/wiki/Glacial_erratic" title="Glacial erratic">glacial erratics</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but trespassed on the sensitivities of <a href="/wiki/James_David_Forbes" title="James David Forbes">J. D. Forbes</a> who saw the subject as his personal fiefdom and was contemptuous of Hopkins's lack of observational experience in the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Private_life">Private life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hopkins&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Private life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hopkins enjoyed music, poetry and landscape painting. He spent the end of his life in a <a href="/wiki/Mental_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental hospital">lunatic asylum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stoke_Newington" title="Stoke Newington">Stoke Newington</a>. He died there of chronic <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">exhaustion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He had, with his second wife, one son and three daughters, among them morality campaigner <a href="/wiki/Ellice_Hopkins" title="Ellice Hopkins">Ellice Hopkins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He played <a href="/wiki/First-class_cricket" title="First-class cricket">first-class cricket</a> from 1825 to 1828. He was mainly associated with <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Cricket_Club" title="Cambridge University Cricket Club">Cambridge University Cricket Club</a> and made 4 known appearances in first-class matches.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hopkins&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> (1 June 1837)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wollaston_Medal" title="Wollaston Medal">Wollaston Medal</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Geological_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Geological Society of London">President</a> (1851)</li></ul></li> <li>President of the <a href="/wiki/British_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association">British Association</a> (1853)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hopkins&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson2000">O'Connor & Robertson 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2007">Smith 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuller2004">Fuller 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCannell2001">Cannell 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/37/37035/37035">CricketArchive</a>. Retrieved 8 August 2009.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hopkins&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFuller2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fuller, A. T. (2004). "Routh, Edward John (1831–1907)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F35850">10.1093/ref:odnb/35850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Routh%2C+Edward+John+%281831%E2%80%931907%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F35850&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=A.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Hopkins" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson2000" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a> (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hopkins.html">"William Hopkins"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Hopkins&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FHopkins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Hopkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smith, Crosbie (May 2007). "Hopkins, William (1793–1866)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F13756">10.1093/ref:odnb/13756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hopkins%2C+William+%281793%E2%80%931866%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F13756&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Crosbie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Hopkins" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannell2001" class="citation book cs1">Cannell, D.M. (2001). <i>George Green: Mathematician and Physicist 1793-1841: The Background to His Life and Work</i> (2nd ed.). Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0898714630" title="Special:BookSources/978-0898714630"><bdi>978-0898714630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Green%3A+Mathematician+and+Physicist+1793-1841%3A+The+Background+to+His+Life+and+Work&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Society+for+Industrial+and+Applied+Mathematics&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0898714630&rft.aulast=Cannell&rft.aufirst=D.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Hopkins" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Attribution:</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hopkins,_William" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hopkins, William">Hopkins, William</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 685.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hopkins%2C+William&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=685&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Hopkins" class="Z3988"></span> Endnotes: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1867" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warington_Wilkinson_Smyth" title="Warington Wilkinson Smyth">Smyth, W. W.</a> (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=saFGAAAAcAAJ">"William Hopkins (obituary)"</a>. <i>Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society</i>: xxix–xxii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Geological+Society&rft.atitle=William+Hopkins+%28obituary%29&rft.pages=xxix-xxii&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=W.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsaFGAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Hopkins" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hopkins&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1989" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, C. (1989). "William Hopkins and the shaping of dynamical geology, 1830–1860". <i>British Journal for the History of Science</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 27–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007087400025528">10.1017/S0007087400025528</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128514517">128514517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+for+the+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=William+Hopkins+and+the+shaping+of+dynamical+geology%2C+1830%E2%80%931860&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-52&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007087400025528&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128514517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Hopkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"William Hopkins (obituary)". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. 16 October 1866. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=William+Hopkins+%28obituary%29&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1866-10-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Hopkins" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hopkins&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:William_Hopkins" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:William Hopkins">William Hopkins</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=42016">William Hopkins</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADHPKS823W" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=HPKS823W&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Hopkins, William (HPKS823W)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hopkins%2C+William+%28HPKS823W%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DHPKS823W%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Hopkins" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:GLS_Presidents&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:GLS Presidents (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GLS_Presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GLS Presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Geological_Society_of_London" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London"><span style="color:white;">Presidents of the Geological Society of London</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#002b7a; color:white;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bellas_Greenough" title="George Bellas Greenough">George Bellas Greenough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Grey_Bennet" title="Henry Grey Bennet">Henry Grey Bennet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake_(economist)" title="William Blake (economist)">William Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacCulloch" title="John MacCulloch">John MacCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bellas_Greenough" title="George Bellas Greenough">George Bellas Greenough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_2nd_Marquess_of_Northampton" title="Spencer Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton">Earl Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Babington_(physician)" title="William Babington (physician)">William Babington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bostock_(physician)" title="John Bostock (physician)">John Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fitton" title="William Henry Fitton">William Fitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bellas_Greenough" title="George Bellas Greenough">George Bellas Greenough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Warburton" title="Henry Warburton">Henry Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Horner" title="Leonard Horner">Leonard Horner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_De_la_Beche" title="Henry De la Beche">Henry De la Beche</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Forbes" title="Edward Forbes">Edward Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(geologist)" title="William Hamilton (geologist)">William Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sharpe" title="Daniel Sharpe">Daniel Sharpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellison_Portlock" title="Joseph Ellison Portlock">Joseph Ellison Portlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Phillips_(geologist)" title="John Phillips (geologist)">John Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Horner" title="Leonard Horner">Leonard Horner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ramsay_(geologist)" title="Andrew Ramsay (geologist)">Andrew Crombie Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(geologist)" title="William Hamilton (geologist)">William Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warington_Wilkinson_Smyth" title="Warington Wilkinson Smyth">Warington Wilkinson Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Prestwich" title="Joseph Prestwich">Joseph Prestwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Campbell,_8th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll">George Douglas Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Evans_(archaeologist)" title="John Evans (archaeologist)">John Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Martin_Duncan" title="Peter Martin Duncan">Peter Martin Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clifton_Sorby" title="Henry Clifton Sorby">Henry Clifton Sorby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Etheridge_(geologist)" title="Robert Etheridge (geologist)">Robert Etheridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hulke" title="John Hulke">John Whitaker Hulke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_George_Bonney" title="Thomas George Bonney">Thomas Bonney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Judd" title="John Wesley Judd">John Wesley Judd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Blanford" title="William Thomas Blanford">William Blanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Geikie" title="Archibald Geikie">Archibald Geikie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Hudleston_Hudleston" title="Wilfred Hudleston Hudleston">Wilfred Hudleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Woodward_(geologist)" title="Henry Woodward (geologist)">Henry Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hicks_(geologist)" title="Henry Hicks (geologist)">Henry Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitaker_(geologist)" title="William Whitaker (geologist)">William Whitaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#002b7a; color:white;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jethro_Teall" title="Jethro Teall">Jethro Teall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lapworth" title="Charles Lapworth">Charles Lapworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Marr" title="John Edward Marr">John Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Geikie" title="Archibald Geikie">Archibald Geikie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_Sollas" title="William Johnson Sollas">William Sollas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitehead_Watts" title="William Whitehead Watts">William Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Strahan" title="Aubrey Strahan">Aubrey Strahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Smith_Woodward" title="Arthur Smith Woodward">Arthur Smith Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Harker" title="Alfred Harker">Alfred Harker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Lamplugh" title="George William Lamplugh">George Lamplugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dixon_Oldham" title="Richard Dixon Oldham">Richard Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Seward" title="Albert Seward">Albert Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Evans_(geologist)" title="John William Evans (geologist)">John Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Arthur_Bather" title="Francis Arthur Bather">Francis Bather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Walter_Gregory" title="John Walter Gregory">John Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Johnston_Garwood" title="Edmund Johnston Garwood">Edmund Garwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Holland" title="Thomas Henry Holland">Thomas Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Norman_Green" title="John Frederick Norman Green">John Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Thomas_Jones" title="Owen Thomas Jones">Owen Thomas Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hurd_Swinnerton" title="Henry Hurd Swinnerton">Henry Hurd Swinnerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_George_Hamnall_Boswell" title="Percy George Hamnall Boswell">Percy Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Leader_Hawkins" title="Herbert Leader Hawkins">Herbert Leader Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_George_Fearnsides" title="William George Fearnsides">William Fearnsides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._E._Trueman" title="A. E. Trueman">Arthur Trueman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Harold_Read" title="Herbert Harold Read">Herbert Harold Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Edgar_Tilley" title="Cecil Edgar Tilley">Cecil Tilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Thomas_Jones" title="Owen Thomas Jones">Owen Thomas Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Martin_Lees" title="George Martin Lees">George Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._R._King" title="W. B. R. King">William King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Campbell_Smith" title="Walter Campbell Smith">Walter Campbell Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hawkes" title="Leonard Hawkes">Leonard Hawkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_James_Stubblefield" title="Cyril James Stubblefield">James Stubblefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Ewart_Hollingworth" title="Sydney Ewart Hollingworth">Sydney Hollingworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Bulman" title="Oliver Bulman">Oliver Bulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Shotton" title="Frederick William Shotton">Frederick Shotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Dunham" title="Kingsley Dunham">Kingsley Dunham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_George" title="Neville George">Neville George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Deer" title="William Alexander Deer">William Alexander Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley_Westoll" title="Thomas Stanley Westoll">Thomas Westoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Edward_Kent" title="Percy Edward Kent">Percy Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Spencer_Pitcher" title="Wallace Spencer Pitcher">Wallace Pitcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Allen" title="Percival Allen">Percival Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Howel_Francis" title="Edward Howel Francis">Howel Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Watson" title="Janet Watson">Janet Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hepworth_Holland" title="Charles Hepworth Holland">Charles Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Elgey_Leake" title="Bernard Elgey Leake">Bernard Leake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_John_Blundell" title="Derek John Blundell">Derek Blundell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Leonard_Harris" title="Anthony Leonard Harris">Anthony Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Curtis" title="Charles David Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephen_John_Sparks" title="Robert Stephen John Sparks">R. S. J. Sparks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hardman" title="Richard Hardman">Richard Hardman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cocks" title="Robin Cocks">Robin Cocks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#002b7a; color:white;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Oxburgh,_Baron_Oxburgh" title="Ronald Oxburgh, Baron Oxburgh">Ronald Oxburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Moody-Stuart" title="Mark Moody-Stuart">Mark Moody-Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Styles_(geologist)" title="Peter Styles (geologist)">Peter Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fortey" title="Richard Fortey">Richard Fortey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Frostick" title="Lynne Frostick">Lynne Frostick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000063169816">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/10611332">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1684274/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvCP7fpX3Ty8pGvMMmDbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116981806">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2007013826">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/815332">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1137241">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116981806.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/116981806">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/142539732">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rb8vz1">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Hopkins&oldid=1256085039">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Hopkins&oldid=1256085039</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1793_births" title="Category:1793 births">1793 births</a></li><li><a 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