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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Theosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam_and_kebatinan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_and_kebatinan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Islam and kebatinan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam_and_kebatinan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Aim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Official recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meditation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meditation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Meditation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meditation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Fasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animistic_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animistic_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Animistic worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animistic_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Other practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Historical texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kebatinan_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kebatinan_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kebatinan organisations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kebatinan_organisations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kebatinan organisations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kebatinan_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Subud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sumarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sumarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pangestu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pangestu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Pangestu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pangestu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sapta_Dharma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sapta_Dharma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Sapta Dharma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sapta_Dharma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Majapahit_Pancasila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Majapahit_Pancasila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Majapahit Pancasila</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Majapahit_Pancasila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_of_Kebatinan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_of_Kebatinan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Spread of Kebatinan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spread_of_Kebatinan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spread of Kebatinan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spread_of_Kebatinan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suriname" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suriname"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Suriname</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suriname-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Published_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Published sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web-sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web-sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Web-sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejawen" title="Kejawen – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kejawen" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_traditionnelle_javanaise" title="Religion traditionnelle javanaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religion traditionnelle javanaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejawen" title="Kejawen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kejawen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejawen" title="Kejawen – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kejawen" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="சாவகத் தொன்னெறி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாவகத் தொன்னெறி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%98%89%E6%96%87" title="喀嘉文 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喀嘉文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Folk religion of Javanese people</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about polytheistic Javanism. For monotheistic Javanism, see <a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Polytheistic Javanism</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname"><b><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦏꦗꦮꦺꦤ꧀</span><br /><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">Kajawèn</span></b></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HYANG.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/HYANG.gif/100px-HYANG.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/HYANG.gif/150px-HYANG.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/HYANG.gif/200px-HYANG.gif 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="710" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Governance</a></th><td class="infobox-data">National Javanism Religious Council of the Republic Indonesia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">eastern</a> hemisphere of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOey200058-59_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOey200058-59-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200516_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200516-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Javanese language">Old Javanese</a> (mainly used in rituals)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> (mainly Bagongan Javanese)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Recognition</th><td class="infobox-data">Officially recognized by <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian government">Indonesian government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Separated from</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a> (monotheistic Javanism)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Religion of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borobdur9205.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Borobdur9205.jpg/250px-Borobdur9205.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Borobdur9205.jpg/375px-Borobdur9205.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Borobdur9205.jpg/500px-Borobdur9205.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="770" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Java</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_culture" title="Javanese culture">Javanese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundanese culture">Sundanese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Religion in Indonesia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Early religiosity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Sri" title="Dewi Sri">Dewi Sri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sunda Wiwitan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Hinduism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Java" title="Hinduism in Java">Hinduism in Java</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Buddhism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Buddhism in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghyang_Adi_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanghyang Adi Buddha">Sanghyang Adi Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashin_Jinarakkhita" title="Ashin Jinarakkhita">Ashin Jinarakkhita</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Islam</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santri" title="Santri">Santri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abangan" title="Abangan">Abangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_Sanga" title="Wali Sanga">Wali Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyai" title="Kyai">Kyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammadiyah" title="Muhammadiyah">Muhammadiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama" title="Nahdlatul Ulama">Nahdlatul Ulama</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Kebatinan</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebatinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebatinan">Kebatinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_kepercayaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliran kepercayaan">Aliran kepercayaan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Christianity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia" title="Christianity in Indonesia">Christianity in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Word_Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Word Missionaries">Divine Word Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjuran_Church" title="Ganjuran Church">Ganjuran Church</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_of_Java" title="Template:Religion of Java"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_of_Java" title="Template talk:Religion of Java"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_of_Java" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion of Java"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender; padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/220px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/330px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/440px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="2148" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Basic concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitas" title="Communitas">Communitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_language" title="Divine language">Divine language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">Laying on of hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">Liminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_cultures)" title="Mana (Oceanian cultures)">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nympholepsy" title="Nympholepsy">Nympholepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred%E2%80%93profane_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred–profane dichotomy">Sacred–profane dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred site">Sacred site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_dualism" title="Soul dualism">Soul dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Case studies</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt>Magic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Gardens_and_Their_Magic" title="Coral Gardens and Their Magic">Coral Gardens and Their Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of<br />Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Neo-Paganism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ritual</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angakkuq" title="Angakkuq">Angakkuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">Babaylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobohizan" title="Bobohizan">Bobohizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomoh" title="Bomoh">Bomoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_(Australian)" title="Bora (Australian)">Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukun" title="Dukun">Dukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">Miko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jh%C4%81kri" title="Jhākri">Jhākri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawang" title="Pawang">Pawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slametan" title="Slametan">Slametan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(shaman)" title="Wu (shaman)">Wu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Revitalization movements</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">Cargo cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handsome_Lake" title="Handsome Lake">Handsome Lake</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Elementary_Forms_of_the_Religious_Life" title="The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life">The Elementary Forms<br />of the Religious Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purity_and_Danger" title="Purity and Danger">Purity and Danger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_religion_and_ritual" title="Archaeology of religion and ritual">Archaeology of religion and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pole" title="Ceremonial pole">Poles in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lived_religion" title="Lived religion">Lived religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_religion" title="Elite religion">Elite religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major theorists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ahmed" title="Akbar Ahmed">Akbar S. Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talal_Asad" title="Talal Asad">Talal Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Douglas" title="Mary Douglas">Mary Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_van_Gennep" title="Arnold van Gennep">Arnold van Gennep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James Frazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_W._G._Horton" title="Robin W. G. Horton">Robin Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ranulph_Marett" title="Robert Ranulph Marett">Robert Marett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ozment" title="Steven Ozment">Steven Ozment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Rappaport" title="Roy Rappaport">Roy Rappaport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_Mahmood" title="Saba Mahmood">Saba Mahmood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melford_Spiro" title="Melford Spiro">Melford Spiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jeyaraja_Tambiah" title="Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah">Stanley Tambiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Turner" title="Victor Turner">Victor Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor">Edward Burnett Tylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Martin_Varisco" title="Daniel Martin Varisco">Daniel Martin Varisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_F._C._Wallace" title="Anthony F. C. Wallace">Anthony F. C. Wallace</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Journals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_Perspectives_on_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological Perspectives on Religion">Anthropological Perspectives on Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Folklore_Society" title="The Folklore Society">Folklore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hibbert_Journal" title="The Hibbert Journal">The Hibbert Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Religion" title="The Journal of Religion">The Journal of Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oceania_(journal)" title="Oceania (journal)">Oceania</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religion">Afro-American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaska Native religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atua" title="Atua">Atua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Böö mörgöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanitu" title="Hanitu">Hanitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noaidi" title="Noaidi">Noaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Shindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Shamanism in Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template talk:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Kejawèn</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <span lang="jv">ꦏꦗꦮꦺꦤ꧀</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">Kajawèn</i></span>) or <b>Javanism</b>, also called <b>Kebatinan</b>, <i>Agama Jawa</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Aliran_kepercayaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliran kepercayaan">Kepercayaan</a></i>, is a <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Javanese</a> cultural tradition, consisting of an amalgam of <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> aspects. It is rooted in <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> history and religiosity, <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretizing</a> aspects of different religions and traditions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wayang_Kulit_of_Semar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wayang_Kulit_of_Semar.jpg/220px-Wayang_Kulit_of_Semar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wayang_Kulit_of_Semar.jpg/330px-Wayang_Kulit_of_Semar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wayang_Kulit_of_Semar.jpg/440px-Wayang_Kulit_of_Semar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2105" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">Wayang</a> puppet representing <a href="/wiki/Semar" title="Semar">Semar</a></figcaption></figure><p>The term <i>kebatinan</i> is being used interchangeably with <i>kejawèn</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Agama Jawa</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982501_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982501-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Aliran_kepercayaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliran kepercayaan">Kepercayaan</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooker1988196_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooker1988196-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982539,_note_30_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982539,_note_30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they are not exactly the same: </p><ul><li>Kebatinan: "the science of the inner",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "inwardness",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982539,_note_30_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982539,_note_30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> derived from the Arabic word <i>batin</i>, meaning "inner" or "hidden".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenda201172_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenda201172-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kejawèn: "Javanism",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200516_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200516-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the culture and religious beliefs and practices of the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOey200058-59_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOey200058-59-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200516_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200516-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is "not a religious category, but refers to an ethic and a style of life that is inspired by Javanist thinking".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200517_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200517-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Agama Jawa: "The Javanese religion"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982501_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982501-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_kepercayaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliran kepercayaan">Kepercayaan</a>: "belief",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooker1988196_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooker1988196-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "faith",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982539,_note_30_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982539,_note_30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> full term: <i>Kepercayaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCR_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Believer in One Mighty God".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999112_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999112-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Kepercayaan" is an official cover term for various forms of mysticism in Indonesia. According to Caldarola, it "is not an apt characterization of what the mystical groups have in common".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982539,_note_30_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982539,_note_30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes <i>kebatinan</i>, <i>kejiwan</i> and <i>kerohanian</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982539,_note_30_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982539,_note_30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><i>Kebatinan</i> is the inward cultivation of inner peace, rooted in pre-Islamic traditions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenda201173_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenda201173-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas <i>kejawèn</i> is outward and community-oriented, manifesting in rituals and practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenda201173_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenda201173-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_culture" title="Javanese culture">Javanese culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Java" title="Hinduism in Java">Hinduism in Java</a></div> <p>Java has been a melting pot of religions and cultures, which has created a broad range of religious belief, including animism, spirit cults, and cosmology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism_and_Buddhism">Hinduism and Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hinduism and Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Hinduism in Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Buddhism in Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism">Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_van_karbouwenhuid_de_mythische_vogel_Garuda_voorstellend_TMnr_1772-697.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_van_karbouwenhuid_de_mythische_vogel_Garuda_voorstellend_TMnr_1772-697.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_van_karbouwenhuid_de_mythische_vogel_Garuda_voorstellend_TMnr_1772-697.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_van_karbouwenhuid_de_mythische_vogel_Garuda_voorstellend_TMnr_1772-697.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_van_karbouwenhuid_de_mythische_vogel_Garuda_voorstellend_TMnr_1772-697.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_van_karbouwenhuid_de_mythische_vogel_Garuda_voorstellend_TMnr_1772-697.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_van_karbouwenhuid_de_mythische_vogel_Garuda_voorstellend_TMnr_1772-697.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">Wayang</a> puppet representing <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Indian</a> influences came firstly in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, which reached the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Indonesian Archipelago</a> as early as the first century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the fourth century, the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>, and Holing (<a href="/wiki/Kalingga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga">Kalingga</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, were among the early Hindu states established in the region. Several notable ancient Indonesian Hindu kingdoms are: <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a>, famous for the construction of the majestic <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> temple, followed by <a href="/wiki/Kediri_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediri (historical kingdom)">Kediri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a>. Since then Hinduism, along with <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, spread across the archipelago and reached the peak of its influence in the fourteenth century. The last and largest of the Hindu-Buddhist Javanese empires, that of the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, influenced the entire Indonesian archipelago.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> penetrated deeply into all aspects of society, blending with the indigenous tradition and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One <a href="/wiki/Conduit_(spiritualism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduit (spiritualism)">conduit</a> for this was the <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetics</a>, called "resi," (Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">rishi</a>) who taught a variety of mystical practices. A resi lived surrounded by students, who took care of their master's daily needs. Resi's authorities were merely ceremonial. At the courts, Brahmanas clerics and <i>pudjangga</i> (sacred literati) legitimized rulers and linked <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> cosmology to their political needs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presently, small <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> enclaves are scattered throughout Java, but there is a large <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> population along the eastern coast nearest <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, especially around the town of <a href="/wiki/Banyuwangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyuwangi">Banyuwangi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Islam in Indonesia</a></div> <p>Java adopted<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islam around 1500 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islam was first accepted by the elites and upper echelons of society, which contributed to its further spread and acceptance. Sufism and other versions of <a href="/wiki/Folk_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Islam">Folk Islam</a> were most easily integrated into the existing folk religion of Java.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The learned versions of Sufi Islam and Shari`a-oriented Islam were integrated at the courts, blending with the rituals and myths of the existing Hindu-Buddhist culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clifford Geertz described this as <a href="/wiki/Abangan" title="Abangan">abangan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priyayi" title="Priyayi">priyayi</a>; "the lower class and elite varieties of Javanese syncretism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kyai" title="Kyai">Kyai</a>, the Muslim scholar of the writ became the new religious elite as Hindu influences receded. Islam recognises no hierarchy of religious leaders nor a formal <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">priesthood</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch colonial government</a> established an elaborate rank order for the mosque and other Islamic preaching schools. In Javanese <i><a href="/wiki/Pesantren" title="Pesantren">pesantren</a></i> (Islamic schools), The <i>Kyai</i> perpetuated the tradition of the <i>resi</i>. Students around him provided his needs, even <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a> around the school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia" title="Christianity in Indonesia">Christianity in Indonesia</a></div> <p>Early 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was brought to Java by Portuguese traders and missionaries, from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a>, and in the 20th century also by Roman Catholics, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Word_Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Word Missionaries">Divine Word Missionaries</a>. Nowadays there are <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> communities, mostly Reformed in the larger cities, though some rural areas of south-central Java are strongly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theosophy">Theosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kejawèn is also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a>. Theosophy was a very popular religion among Dutch residents in the Dutch East Indies in the early 20th century. Also, many influential Indonesians joined the Theosophical Society. The Theosophical Society "played a role in the growth" of Kejawèn in the early and mid-twentieth century, and several kebatinan groups were founded by Theosophists. The kebatinan Budi Setia group, founded in 1949, considered "its formal transformation into a theosophical lodge".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam_and_kebatinan">Islam and kebatinan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Islam and kebatinan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Java is predominately Muslim, <i>kejawen</i> the syncretic Javanese culture, still plays a cultural undercurrent among some Javanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder2005_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Javanese texts relate stories about Syekh Siti Jenar (also known as Syekh Lemah Abang) who had conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Wali_Sanga" title="Wali Sanga">Wali Sanga</a>, the nine Islamic scholars in Java, and the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Demak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Demak">Sultanate of Demak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeadley2004367-368_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadley2004367-368-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAzra2006129_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzra2006129-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the Islamisation of Java there emerged a loosely structured society of religious leadership, revolving around <a href="/wiki/Kyai" title="Kyai">kyais</a>, Islamic experts possessing various degrees of proficiency in pre-Islamic and Islamic <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">lore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a>, and practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kyais are the principal intermediaries between the village masses and the realm of the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>. However, this very looseness of Kyai's leadership structure has promoted <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a>. There were often sharp divisions between orthodox kyais, who merely instructed in Islamic law, with those who taught <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> and those who sought reformed Islam with modern scientific concepts. </p><p>As a result, the Javanese recognize two broad streams of religious commitment:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200515_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200515-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Santri" title="Santri">Santri</a></i> or <i>putihan</i> ("pure ones"), what the majority of <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> people tend to follow are those who pray, performing the five obligatory daily ritual prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200515_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200515-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are more orthodox in their Islamic belief and practice,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and oppose the <i>abangan</i>, who they consider to be heterodox.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200515-16_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200515-16-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abangan" title="Abangan">Abangan</a></i>, "the red ones", who do not strictly observe the Islamic rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200515_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200515-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have mixed pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animistic</a> and Hindu-Buddhist concepts with a superficial acceptance of Islamic belief,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and emphasize the importance of the purity of the inner person, the <i>batin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200515_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200515-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>This distinction between "the High Islam or scripturalist, shari`a-oriented Islam of the `ulama"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "living local Islam"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "<a href="/wiki/Folk_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Islam">Folk Islam</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "popular Islam"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is not restricted to Java but can be found in other Islamic countries as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gellner" title="Ernest Gellner">Ernest Gellner</a> has developed an influential model of Muslim society, in which this dichotomy is central:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He sees a dialectical relationship between the two, with periods of scripturalist dominance followed by relapses into emotional, mystical, magical folk Islam. Modernity — especially urbanisation and mass literacy — unsettles the balance between the two, by eroding the social bases of folk Islam. An irreversible shift to scripturalist Islam occurs, which is in Gellner’s view is the equivalent of secularisation in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bruinessen finds this too limited, and distinguishes three overlapping spheres:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Shari`a-oriented Islam,</li> <li>Sufism (mystical Islam, which has its learned and popular variants),</li> <li>The periphery of local rituals, local shrines, local spirit cults, and heterodox beliefs and practices in general.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Javanese syncretistic religiousness has a strong popular base, outnumbering the santri and the support for Islamic political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200522-24_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200522-24-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Choy relates this to a Javanese apparent openness to new religions, but filtering out only those elements which fit into the Javanese culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999109_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999109-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Choy mentions several reasons for this nominal Islamic identity:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999109-110_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999109-110-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The Islamic scholars in Java have been trained in curricula that were geared toward social conditions of two or three centuries ago, lacking the ability to impart the spirit and sense of Islam;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999109_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999109-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The inability to summarise the principles of Islam in understandable basic points that can be applied to daily life;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999109-110_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999109-110-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kebatinan can be learned and understood without the need to learn Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999110_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999110-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In the early 20th century, several groups became formalised, developing systematised teachings and rituals, thus offering a 'high' form of <i>abangan</i> religiosity, as an alternative to the 'high' Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasudSalvatorevan_Bruinessen2009148_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasudSalvatorevan_Bruinessen2009148-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruinessen opines that the kebatinan-movements is a deliberate rejection of scriptural Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000b_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000b-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which arose out of "<a href="/wiki/Folk_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Islam">folk Islam</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Java_man_gezeten_onder_een_waringinboom_TMnr_60020257.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Java_man_gezeten_onder_een_waringinboom_TMnr_60020257.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Java_man_gezeten_onder_een_waringinboom_TMnr_60020257.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Java_man_gezeten_onder_een_waringinboom_TMnr_60020257.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Java_man_gezeten_onder_een_waringinboom_TMnr_60020257.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Java_man_gezeten_onder_een_waringinboom_TMnr_60020257.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Java_man_gezeten_onder_een_waringinboom_TMnr_60020257.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A Javanese man meditating under a <a href="/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan">Banyan</a> tree. <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, before 1940.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aim">Aim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">Batin (Islam)</a></div> <p><i>Kebatinan</i> is derived from the Arabic word <i>batin</i>, meaning "inner" or "hidden",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenda201172_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenda201172-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "inner self".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999107_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999107-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a metaphysical search for harmony within one's inner self, connection with the universe, and with an Almighty God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999107_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999107-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kebatinan</i> believes in a "super-consciousness" that can be contacted through meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999110_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999110-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kebatinan</i> is a combination of metaphysics, mysticism, and other esoteric doctrines<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999107_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999107-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Animistic, Hinduistic, Buddhist, and Islamic origins.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although the Javanese culture is tolerant and open to new religions, only those qualities accepted and filtered fit into the Javanese culture, character, and personality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999109_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999109-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Javanese ideals combine human wisdom (<i>wicaksana</i>), psyche (<i>waskita</i>), and perfection (<i>sempurna</i>). The follower must control their passions, eschewing earthly riches and comforts, so that they may one day reach enlightened harmony and union with the spirit of the universe. </p><p>According to Choy, the <i>Kebatinan</i> have no certain prophet,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999108_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999108-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sacred book,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999108_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999108-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor distinct religious festivals and rituals. Nevertheless, various kebatinan-movements have their foundational writings and founders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasudSalvatorevan_Bruinessen2009148_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasudSalvatorevan_Bruinessen2009148-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>kebatinan</i> practitioner can identify with one of the six officially recognized religions, while still subscribing to the <i>kebatinan</i> belief and way of life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership">Membership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <i>kebatinan</i> is a predominantly Javanese tradition, it has also attracted practitioners from other ethnic and religious groups, such as Chinese and Buddhists,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999111-112_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999111-112-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and foreigners from Australia and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999112_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999112-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> counted himself as one of its adherents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Their total membership is difficult to estimate as many of their adherents identify themselves with one of the official religions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeatty1999_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeatty1999-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_recognition">Official recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Official recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a>, Indonesia's national philosophical foundation, recognizes only the "belief in the one and only God"—which is often justified as the sole recognition of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> in the country<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—religions not recognized by the government are also tolerated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder2005_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A broad plurality of religions and sects exist. In the middle of 1956, the <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> representative of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)">Department of Religious Affairs</a> reported 63 religious sects in Java other than the official Indonesian religions. Of these, 22 were in <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>, 35 were in <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, and 6 in <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These include also kebatinan-groups, such as Sumarah. This loosely organized current of thought and practice was legitimized in the 1945 constitution,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but failed to attain official recognition as a religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999112_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999112-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973 it was recognized as <i>Kepercayaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa</i> (Indonesian: Belief in One Mighty God<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999112_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999112-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), but withdrawn from the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Religion and placed under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education and Culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999112_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999112-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas (Indian religions)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is a part of the series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Indonesian<br />mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Indonesia" title="Folklore of Indonesia">folklore</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Dewi_Sri_de_rijstgodin_TMnr_60016918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Dewi_Sri_de_rijstgodin_TMnr_60016918.jpg/150px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Dewi_Sri_de_rijstgodin_TMnr_60016918.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Dewi_Sri_de_rijstgodin_TMnr_60016918.jpg/225px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Dewi_Sri_de_rijstgodin_TMnr_60016918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Dewi_Sri_de_rijstgodin_TMnr_60016918.jpg/300px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Dewi_Sri_de_rijstgodin_TMnr_60016918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Cultural mythologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adat" title="Adat">Adat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_mythology" title="Balinese mythology">Balinese mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_mythology" title="Batak mythology">Batak mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_folklore" title="Malay folklore">Malay folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Malay_culture" title="Ghosts in Malay culture">Ghosts in Malay culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_Moluccas" title="Folklore of the Moluccas">Molucca Folklore</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Traditional folk religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Iban_religion" title="Dayak people">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sunda Wiwitan</a></li> <li><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapta_Darma" class="extiw" title="id:Sapta Darma">Sapta Darma</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acintya" title="Acintya">Acintya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antaboga" title="Antaboga">Antaboga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barong_(mythology)" title="Barong (mythology)">Barong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batara_Guru" title="Batara Guru">Batara Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batara_Kala" title="Batara Kala">Batara Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batara_Sambu" title="Batara Sambu">Batara Sambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Fu_Zhen_Ren" title="Chen Fu Zhen Ren">Chen Fu Zhen Ren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Danu" title="Dewi Danu">Dewi Danu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Lanjar" title="Dewi Lanjar">Dewi Lanjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Ratih" title="Dewi Ratih">Dewi Ratih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Sri" title="Dewi Sri">Dewi Sri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainuwele" title="Hainuwele">Hainuwele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudoq" title="Hudoq">Hudoq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyai_Roro_Kidul" title="Nyai Roro Kidul">Nyai Roro Kidul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Raksasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratu_Adil" title="Ratu Adil">Ratu Adil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghyang_Adi_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanghyang Adi Buddha">Sanghyang Adi Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrio_Piningit" title="Satrio Piningit">Satrio Piningit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setesuyara" title="Setesuyara">Setesuyara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Siwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Ambu" title="Sunan Ambu">Sunan Ambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warak_ngendog" title="Warak ngendog">Warak ngendog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Wisnu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Mythological and folkloric creatures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Beings</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acintya" title="Acintya">Acintya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aji_Saka" title="Aji Saka">Aji Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Bidadari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batara_Guru" title="Batara Guru">Batara Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batara_Kala" title="Batara Kala">Batara Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batara_Sambu" title="Batara Sambu">Batara Sambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calon_Arang" title="Calon Arang">Calon Arang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Fu_Zhen_Ren" title="Chen Fu Zhen Ren">Chen Fu Zhen Ren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damarwulan" title="Damarwulan">Damarwulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Danu" title="Dewi Danu">Dewi Danu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Lanjar" title="Dewi Lanjar">Dewi Lanjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Ratih" title="Dewi Ratih">Dewi Ratih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Sri" title="Dewi Sri">Dewi Sri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebu_gogo" title="Ebu gogo">Ebu Gogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainuwele" title="Hainuwele">Hainuwele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantu_Air" title="Hantu Air">Hantu Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantu_Bongkok" title="Hantu Bongkok">Hantu Bongkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudoq" title="Hudoq">Hudoq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifrit" title="Ifrit">Ifrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jailangkung" title="Jailangkung">Jailangkung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenglot" title="Jenglot">Jenglot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keong_Emas" title="Keong Emas">Keong Emas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuntilanak" title="Kuntilanak">Kuntilanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasue" title="Krasue">Kuyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langsuyar" title="Langsuyar">Langsuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyak" title="Leyak">Leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malin_Kundang" title="Malin Kundang">Malin Kundang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_Tuk_Kong" title="Na Tuk Kong">Na Tuk Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyai_Roro_Kidul" title="Nyai Roro Kidul">Nyai Roro Kidul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_bunian" title="Orang bunian">Orang bunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Pendek" title="Orang Pendek">Orang Pendek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Tokata" title="O Tokata">O Tokata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelesit" title="Pelesit">Pelesit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penanggalan" title="Penanggalan">Penanggalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petruk" title="Petruk">Petruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocong" title="Pocong">Pocong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putri_Tangguk" title="Putri Tangguk">Putri Tangguk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panji_tales" title="Panji tales">Raden Panji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Raksasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratu_Adil" title="Ratu Adil">Ratu Adil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghyang_Adi_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanghyang Adi Buddha">Sanghyang Adi Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangkuriang" title="Sangkuriang">Sangkuriang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrio_Piningit" title="Satrio Piningit">Satrio Piningit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semar" title="Semar">Semar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setesuyara" title="Setesuyara">Setesuyara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silewe_Nazarata" title="Silewe Nazarata">Silewe Nazarata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_Pitung" title="Si Pitung">Si Pitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Siwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suanggi" title="Suanggi">Suanggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Ambu" title="Sunan Ambu">Sunan Ambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundel_bolong" title="Sundel bolong">Sundel Bolong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyol" title="Toyol">Tuyul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twalen" title="Twalen">Twalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wewe_Gombel" title="Wewe Gombel">Wewe Gombel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Wisnu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Animals</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antaboga" title="Antaboga">Antaboga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_ngepet" title="Babi ngepet">Babi ngepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barong_(mythology)" title="Barong (mythology)">Barong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buraq" title="Buraq">Burak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Naga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takshaka" title="Takshaka">Taksaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangda" title="Rangda">Rangda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warak_ngendog" title="Warak ngendog">Warak ngendog</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Wayang characters</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wayang#Wayang_purwa" title="Wayang">Wayang purwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayang#Wayang_panji" title="Wayang">Wayang panji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayang#Wayang_menak" title="Wayang">Wayang menak</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Rituals and traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomoh" title="Bomoh">Bomoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukun" title="Dukun">Dukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jailangkung" title="Jailangkung">Jailangkung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawang" title="Pawang">Pawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziarah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Mythical and sacred locations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraton_(Indonesia)" title="Kraton (Indonesia)">Kraton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tidar" title="Mount Tidar">Mt. Tidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratu_Boko" title="Ratu Boko">Ratu Boko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tua_Pek_Kong" title="Tua Pek Kong">Tua Pek Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgo" title="Turgo">Turgo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Sacred objects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Mythical texts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjunawiwaha" title="Arjunawiwaha">Arjunawiwaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Amir_Hamzah" title="Hikayat Amir Hamzah">Hikayat Amir Hamzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Banjar" title="Hikayat Banjar">Hikayat Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Bayan_Budiman" title="Hikayat Bayan Budiman">Hikayat Bayan Budiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Iskandar_Zulkarnain" title="Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain">Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Raja-raja_Pasai" title="Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai">Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakawin_Ramayana" title="Kakawin Ramayana">Kakawin Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakawin_Sutasoma" title="Kakawin Sutasoma">Kakawin Sutasoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Galigo" title="La Galigo">La Galigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatayuddha" title="Bharatayuddha">Bharatayuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakawin_Bh%C4%81ratayuddha" title="Kakawin Bhāratayuddha">Kakawin Bhāratayuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakawin_Hariwangsa" title="Kakawin Hariwangsa">Kakawin Hariwangsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarakretagama" title="Nagarakretagama">Nagarakṛtāgama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pararaton" title="Pararaton">Pararaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pustaha" title="Pustaha">Pustaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aiwar%C4%81trikalpa" title="Śiwarātrikalpa">Śiwarātrikalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaradahana" title="Smaradahana">Smaradahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhfat_al-Nafis" title="Tuhfat al-Nafis">Tuhfat al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wawacan_Sulanjana" title="Wawacan Sulanjana">Wawacan Sulanjana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sacred weapons</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kris" title="Kris">Kris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kujang_(weapon)" title="Kujang (weapon)">Kujang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rencong" title="Rencong">Rencong</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Funerals</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tau_tau" title="Tau tau">Tau tau</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hantu_(supernatural_creature)" title="Hantu (supernatural creature)">Hantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Indonesian folk religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_sacred_places" title="Javanese sacred places">Javanese sacred places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_deities" title="List of Indonesian deities">List of Indonesian deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sacred_places_in_Java" title="List of sacred places in Java">List of sacred places in Java</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/16px-Draig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/24px-Draig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/32px-Draig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="475" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Mythology">Mythology portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indonesian_mythology_and_folklore" title="Template:Indonesian mythology and folklore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indonesian_mythology_and_folklore" title="Template talk:Indonesian mythology and folklore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesian_mythology_and_folklore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesian mythology and folklore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>A variety of practices is being used in kebatinan to acquire <i>ilmu</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERetsikas2012179_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERetsikas2012179-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, namely <i>tiraka</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristomy2008171_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristomy2008171-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERetsikas2012179_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERetsikas2012179-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes-Freeland2008189_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes-Freeland2008189-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>tapa</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristomy2008171_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristomy2008171-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>tapabrata</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes-Freeland2008189_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes-Freeland2008189-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Kebatinan followers practice in their own way to seek spiritual and emotional relief. These practices are not performed in churches or mosques, but at home or in caves or on mountain perches. Meditation in Javanese culture is a search for inner self wisdom and to gain physical strength. This tradition is passed down from generation to generation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meditation">Meditation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Meditation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several <i>tapa</i>: </p> <ul><li>tapa Ngalong (meditation by hanging from a tree)</li> <li>tapa Kungkum (meditation under a small waterfall or meeting point of 2-3 rivers / <i>Tempuran</i> / <i>Tjampuhan</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fasting">Fasting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fasting is a common practice employed by Javanese spiritualists in order to attain discipline of mind and body to get rid of material and emotional desires: </p> <ul><li>pasa Mutih (abstention from eating anything that is salted and sweetened, only eating/drinking pure water & rice)</li> <li>pasa Senen-Kemis (fasting on Monday-Thursday)</li> <li>pasa Ngebleng (fasting for a longer period, usually 3-5-7 days)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animistic_worship">Animistic worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Animistic worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kebatinan</i> often implies animistic worship, because it encourages sacrifices and devotions to local and ancestral spirits. These spirits are believed to inhabit natural objects, human beings, artifacts, and grave sites of important wali (Muslim saints). Illness and other misfortunes are traced to such spirits, and if sacrifices or pilgrimages fail to placate angry deities, the advice of a <i>dukun</i> or healer is sought. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_practices">Other practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other practices include: </p> <ul><li>tapa Pati-Geni (avoiding fire or light for a day or days and isolating oneself in dark rooms),</li> <li>tapa Ngadam (stand/walk on foot from sunset till sunset, 24 hours in Silence)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_texts">Historical texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Historical texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kebatinan and <i>kejawen</i> practices are extensively written about in texts that are held in the <a href="/wiki/Sonobudoyo_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonobudoyo library">Sonobudoyo library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, and the main <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraton_Libraries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kraton Libraries (page does not exist)">Kraton Libraries</a> of <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a> and Yogyakarta.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many of the texts are deliberately elliptical so that those who do not work with either initiates or teachers are unable to ascertain or understand the esoteric doctrines and practices.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In quite a few cases codified texts with secret systems to "unlock" the meanings are employed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>But according to Bruinessen, the writing down of kebatinan teachings was a novelty which appeared with the institutionalisation of the kebatinan-movements in the beginning of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000b_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000b-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kebatinan_organisations">Kebatinan organisations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Kebatinan organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The appearance of formal kebatinan movements reflects the modernisation of Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kebatinan movements appeared early in the 1900s in urban traditional elite circles,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with the rise of nationalism and the <a href="/wiki/Muhammadiyah" title="Muhammadiyah">Muhammadiyah</a>, a modernist Islamic movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardopusoro, one of the earliest kebatinan-movements, had strong links with the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some remained very elitist, while others also accepted lower urban and rural followings, thereby popularising abangan, or syncretistic Islam, as an alternative to shari`a-oriented Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Indonesia gained independence in 1945, the kebatinan received political support and attracted large followings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasudSalvatorevan_Bruinessen2009148_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasudSalvatorevan_Bruinessen2009148-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kebatinan-movements were seen by secular nationalistic elites as allies against the rise of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">political Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000b_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000b-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political struggle between the Muslim parties and the Communists and Nationalists lead to a sharper demarcation between syncretistic and shari`a-oriented Islam, whereby most kebatinan movements affiliated with the Communist or Nationalist Parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Umbrella organisations representing several hundred kebatinan organisations, lobbied to attain legitimacy and recognition as an official religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooker1988196_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooker1988196-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are registered at the HKP (Himpunan Penghayat Kepercayaan), which is controlled by the PAKEM (Pengawas Aliran Kepercayaan Masyarakat).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the Suharto-era (1967-1998), the kebatinan-movements lost political support,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasudSalvatorevan_Bruinessen2009148_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasudSalvatorevan_Bruinessen2009148-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have become less dynamic, their adherents avoiding public engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Altogether several hundred kebatinan-groups are or have been registered, the best-known of which are:<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Subud<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_BruinessenHowell2007226_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_BruinessenHowell2007226-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sumarah<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_BruinessenHowell2007226_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_BruinessenHowell2007226-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pangestu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_BruinessenHowell2007226_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_BruinessenHowell2007226-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sapta Dharma<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_BruinessenHowell2007226_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_BruinessenHowell2007226-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Majapahit Pancasila<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subud">Subud</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Subud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></div> <p>Subud was founded in the 1920s by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Subuh_Sumohadiwidjojo" title="Muhammad Subuh Sumohadiwidjojo">Muhammad Subuh Sumohadiwidjojo</a>. The name Subud was first used in the late 1940s when Subud was legally registered in Indonesia. The basis of Subud is a spiritual exercise commonly referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/Latihan" title="Latihan">latihan kejiwaan</a></i>, which was said by Muhammad Subuh to be guidance from "the Power of God" or "the Great Life Force". The aim of Subud is to attain perfection of character according to the will of God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999118_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999118-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only when passion, heart and mind are separated from the inner feeling is it possible to make contact with the "Great Life Force" which permeates everywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999119_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999119-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad Subuh saw the present age as one that demands personal evidence and proof of religious or spiritual realities, as people no longer just believe in words. He claimed that Subud is not a new teaching or religion but only that the latihan kejiwaan itself is the kind of proof that humanity is looking for. He also rejected the classification of Subud as a kebatinan organization. There are now Subud groups in about 83 countries, with a worldwide membership of about 10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt2003122_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt2003122-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>Subud</i> is said to be formed from the Sanskrit words <i>susila</i> ("the good character of man"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999118_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999118-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <i><a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">bodhi</a></i> ("the force of the inner self"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999118_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999118-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i> ("trust in God"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999118_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999118-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-SubudBritain_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SubudBritain-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumarah">Sumarah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sumarah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sumarah was formed in the 1930s by Pak Hardo, Pak Soekino and Pak Sutadi, without a formal organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999115_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999115-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In those early days, the younger members were taught <i>kanoman</i>, occult practices including invulnerability for knives and guns. This was regarded as essential in the struggle against the Dutch colonial powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999115_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999115-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1950, when Indonesia became an independent nation, Sumarah was streamlined and organised by Dr. Surono. The emphasis shifted from magic to "surrender to God".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999115_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999115-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1957 on internal struggles surfaced between dr. Surono and the founders Pak Hardo and Pak Sadina, leading to a change in leadership by dr. Ary Muthy in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999115_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999115-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sumarah theology maintains that humankind's soul is like the holy spirit, a spark from the Divine Essence, which means that we are in essence similar to God. In other words, "One can find God within oneself," a belief similar to the "<a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">I</a>=<a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">God</a>" theory found in Hindu-Javanese literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999114_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999114-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Sumarah theology, man and his physical and spiritual world are divided into three parts:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999114_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999114-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The physical body and brain. One section, <i>Sukusma</i>, governs the passions. In the brain, the faculty of thinking has two functions: <ul><li>To record memories</li> <li>To serve as a means of communion with God</li></ul></li> <li>The invisible world, which is situated within the chest. It is the <a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">Jiwa</a>, the ineffable soul, which provides the driving forces governing thought and reason. It is here that the deeper feeling (<i>Rasa</i>) is located.</li> <li>The more elusive and sublime world. The most elusive and sublime world is hidden somewhere near the anatomical heart.</li></ul> <p>Sumarah's conception of God is different from Islam. It has a <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheistic</a> vision of reality, considering God to be present in all living beings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999114_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999114-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pangestu">Pangestu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Pangestu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pangestu was founded in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999117_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999117-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its doctrine was revealed in 1932 to Sunarto Mertowarjoyo, and written down in the <i>Setat Sasangka Djati</i> by R.T. Harjoparakowo and R. Trihardono Sumodiharjo Pangastu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999117_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999117-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It describes the way to obtain <i>wahyu</i>, the blessing of God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999117_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999117-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sapta_Dharma">Sapta Dharma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sapta Dharma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sapta Dharma was founded in 1952 by Harjo Sapura, after he received a revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116_58-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sri Pawenang, it was God's wish to provide the Indonesian people with a new spirituality in a time of crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116_58-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its aim is to free man of his passions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999117_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999117-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Sapta Dharma teachings, <i>suji</i> (meditation) is necessary to pierce through different layers of obstacles to reach <a href="/wiki/Semar" title="Semar">Semar</a>, the guardian spirit of Java.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116-117_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116-117-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theory and practice resemble Hindu <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a>, aiming at awakening the Kundalini energy and guiding it through the <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999117_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999117-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Majapahit_Pancasila">Majapahit Pancasila</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Majapahit Pancasila"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> Pancasila<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was founded by W. Hardjanta Pardjapangarsa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999119_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999119-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is based in Javanese Hindu-yogic practices,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarling1992563_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling1992563-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> c.q. <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999119_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999119-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than Balinese ritual practice as is prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Parisada_Hindu_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Parisada Hindu Dharma">Parisada Hindu Dharma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarling1992563_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling1992563-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hardjanta, his meditation practices also lead to invulnerability for knives, daggers and other weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999122_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999122-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spread_of_Kebatinan">Spread of Kebatinan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Spread of Kebatinan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kebatinan beliefs have spread to some parts of Malaysia, wherein certain individuals have combined it with Islamic concepts (e.g. proclaiming themselves to be new-age Islamic prophets, but delivering messages that are a combination of Islamic and kebatinan beliefs). This has led to the Malaysian Islamic authorities declaring elements of kebatinan to be "syirik" (<a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a>) and un-Islamic. Kebatinan interpretations of Islam are widespread in Malaysia among practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Silat" title="Silat">silat</a>, traditional healers, and some preachers (such as <a href="/wiki/Ariffin_Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariffin Mohammed">Ariffin Mohammed</a> and other self-proclaimed Islamic prophets). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Netherlands, the former colonial power in Indonesia, some kebatinan-groups are active.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenard2010_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenard2010-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the majority of Singaporean Malays are of Indonesian descent, particularly from Java, many of Kebatinan are still practiced usually among older people. However, the practice is still widespread among some Javanese Silat and <a href="/wiki/Kuda_Kepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuda Kepang">Kuda Kepang</a> groups, and also traditional shamans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suriname">Suriname</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Suriname"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Javanism_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanism in Suriname">Javanism in Suriname</a></div> <p>It was brought to <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> by <a href="/wiki/Javanese_Surinamese" title="Javanese Surinamese">Javanese</a> workers in the late 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></span></li></ul><p><b>Belief systems</b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></p><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a> – Indonesian official term for syncretist indigenous and new religious beliefs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a> – Form of Hinduism specific to Bali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Java" title="Hinduism in Java">Hinduism in Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism">Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism</a> – Esoteric Buddhism found in Maritime Southeast Asia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a> – Indonesian folk religion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a> – Belief of ancient people on Java island</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Marapu</a> – Tribal religion in Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Mythology of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Parmalim</a> – The traditional religion of the Batak people</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saminism_Movement" title="Saminism Movement">Saminism Movement</a> – Indonesian nationalist movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sunda Wiwitan</a> – Indonesian ethnic religion</li></ul> </div> <p><b>Gods and rituals</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 100em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Sri" title="Dewi Sri">Dewi Sri</a> – Hindu Goddess of rice and fertility in Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a> – Spiritual entity in Java-Bali mythology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_sacred_places" title="Javanese sacred places">Javanese sacred places</a> – Locations in Java, Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuda_Lumping" title="Kuda Lumping">Kuda Lumping</a> – Indonesian traditional dance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyai_Roro_Kidul" title="Nyai Roro Kidul">Nyai Roro Kidul</a> – Indonesian goddess of the sea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slametan" title="Slametan">Slametan</a> – Indonesian celebratory meals including thanksgiving prayers<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruinessen: "Java was converted to Islam quite late; the process started seriously around 1500CE, that is, at the time of the great Alevi rebellions. Adoption of Islam is perhaps a better term than conversion, for the Javanese were deliberately syncretistic. For many of the new Muslims Islam, especially in its Sufi variety, was a welcome additional source of spiritual power, not a substitute for what they already had."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthropologist Clifford Geertz made a well-known, though criticised, threefold distinction between <i>abangan</i>, <i>antri</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Priyayi" title="Priyayi">priyayi</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200521-22_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200521-22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>priyayi</i> are the descendants of the high class and court members, were gurus taught the Hindu-Buddhist art of inner cultivation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200521_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200521-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which stayed alive in the interior areas of Java.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200516_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200516-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geertz noticed that the <i>priyayi</i> play a central role in the teaching of <i>kejawen</i> and <i>kebatinan</i> to the <i>abangan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200521_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200521-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruinessen: "This third sphere was no doubt in most parts of the world for many years the one that had by far the greatest numbers of adherents. It has often been through Sufism that people from the heterodox periphery gradually moved towards some degree of conformity with orthodoxy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although it was intended for pantheism to flourish as well; the enforcement of monotheism in Indonesia has increased steadily since 1970.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Esa</i> has ambiguous meaning which doesn't always mean one, as a result this is an imperfect translation of the phrase.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">knowledge, power</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Fasting",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristomy2008171_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristomy2008171-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "ascetic exercises",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERetsikas2012179_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERetsikas2012179-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "spiritual techniques"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes-Freeland2008189_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes-Freeland2008189-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">"austerity"</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristomy2008171_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristomy2008171-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "spiritual techniques"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes-Freeland2008189_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes-Freeland2008189-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The relation between religion c.q. "spirituality", politics and (post-)colonial struggles is not unique to Indonesia. In India, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a> involved both religious and social reforms, for example the <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinari2000_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinari2000-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a>, who modernised <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERambachan1994_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan1994-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aurobindo" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinari2000_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinari2000-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinari2000_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinari2000-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Buddhist countries, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a> was a response against the colonial powers and the western culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sri Lanka, <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> was revitalised in the struggle against the colonial rule. The <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> played an essential role here.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahan200898_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahan200898-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich1996185-188_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich1996185-188-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFields199283-118_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFields199283-118-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, <a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a> propagated a <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a>, which is again endorsed by Jing Hui, the (former) abbott of <a href="/wiki/Bailin_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailin Monastery">Bailin Monastery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwang2010189_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwang2010189-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japan, Buddhism adopted nationalistic politics to survive in the modern era, in which it lost support from the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVictoria2006_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVictoria2006-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zen was popularised in the west by adherents of this modern Buddhism, especially <a href="/wiki/D.T._Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="D.T. Suzuki">D.T. Suzuki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hakuun_Yasutani" title="Hakuun Yasutani">Hakuun Yasutani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFields1992_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFields1992-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_BruinessenHowell2007225-226_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_BruinessenHowell2007225-226-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a longer list of Kebatinan organisations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full "<a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Sanaata Dharma</a> Majapahit Pancasila",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEResearch_School_of_Pacific_Studies1980217_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEResearch_School_of_Pacific_Studies1980217-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acronym "Sadhar Mapan"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEResearch_School_of_Pacific_Studies1980217_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEResearch_School_of_Pacific_Studies1980217-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOey200058-59-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOey200058-59_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOey200058-59_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOey2000">Oey 2000</a>, p. 58-59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200516-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200516_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200516_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200516_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200516_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMulder2005">Mulder 2005</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004719_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOoi2004">Ooi 2004</a>, p. 719.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982501-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982501_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982501_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaldarola1982">Caldarola 1982</a>, p. 501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooker1988196-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooker1988196_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooker1988196_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooker1988196_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHooker1988">Hooker 1988</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982539,_note_30-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982539,_note_30_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982539,_note_30_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982539,_note_30_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982539,_note_30_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldarola1982539,_note_30_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaldarola1982">Caldarola 1982</a>, p. 539, note 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenda201172-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenda201172_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenda201172_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevenda2011">Levenda 2011</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200517-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200517_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMulder2005">Mulder 2005</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999112-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999112_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999112_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999112_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999112_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999112_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoy1999">Choy 1999</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenda201173-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenda201173_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenda201173_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevenda2011">Levenda 2011</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2010-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2010_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDaniel2010">McDaniel 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1961_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Kroef1961">van der Kroef 1961</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000a_14-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Bruinessen2000a">van Bruinessen 2000a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sedgwick, M. J. (2017). Western Sufism: From the Abbasids to the new age.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder2005-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder2005_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder2005_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMulder2005">Mulder 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadley2004367-368-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeadley2004367-368_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeadley2004">Headley 2004</a>, p. 367-368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzra2006129-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAzra2006129_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAzra2006">Azra 2006</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200515-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200515_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200515_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200515_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200515_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMulder2005">Mulder 2005</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200521-22-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200521-22_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMulder2005">Mulder 2005</a>, p. 21-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200521-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200521_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200521_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMulder2005">Mulder 2005</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200515-16-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200515-16_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMulder2005">Mulder 2005</a>, p. 15-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulder200522-24-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulder200522-24_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMulder2005">Mulder 2005</a>, p. 22-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999109-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999109_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999109_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999109_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoy1999">Choy 1999</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999109-110-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999109-110_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999109-110_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoy1999">Choy 1999</a>, p. 109-110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999110-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999110_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999110_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoy1999">Choy 1999</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasudSalvatorevan_Bruinessen2009148-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasudSalvatorevan_Bruinessen2009148_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasudSalvatorevan_Bruinessen2009148_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasudSalvatorevan_Bruinessen2009148_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasudSalvatorevan_Bruinessen2009148_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasudSalvatorevan_Bruinessen2009">Masud, Salvatore & van Bruinessen 2009</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000b-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000b_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000b_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bruinessen2000b_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Bruinessen2000b">van Bruinessen 2000b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999107-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999107_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999107_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999107_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoy1999">Choy 1999</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999108-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999108_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999108_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoy1999">Choy 1999</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoy1999">Choy 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999111-112-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999111-112_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoy1999">Choy 1999</a>, p. 111-112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeatty1999-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeatty1999_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeatty1999">Beatty 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERetsikas2012179-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERetsikas2012179_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERetsikas2012179_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERetsikas2012179_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRetsikas2012">Retsikas 2012</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristomy2008171-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristomy2008171_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristomy2008171_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristomy2008171_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristomy2008171_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristomy2008">Christomy 2008</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes-Freeland2008189-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes-Freeland2008189_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes-Freeland2008189_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes-Freeland2008189_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes-Freeland2008189_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes-Freeland2008">Hughes-Freeland 2008</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinari2000-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinari2000_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinari2000_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinari2000_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinari2000">Sinari 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan1994-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERambachan1994_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRambachan1994">Rambachan 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMahan2008">McMahan 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahan200898-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahan200898_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMahan2008">McMahan 2008</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich1996185-188-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich1996185-188_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGombrich1996">Gombrich 1996</a>, p. 185-188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFields199283-118-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFields199283-118_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFields1992">Fields 1992</a>, p. 83-118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwang2010189-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwang2010189_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeuchtwang2010">Feuchtwang 2010</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVictoria2006-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVictoria2006_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVictoria2006">Victoria 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFields1992-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFields1992_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFields1992">Fields 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_BruinessenHowell2007225-226-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_BruinessenHowell2007225-226_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_BruinessenHowell2007">van Bruinessen & Howell 2007</a>, p. 225-226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_BruinessenHowell2007226-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_BruinessenHowell2007226_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_BruinessenHowell2007226_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_BruinessenHowell2007226_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_BruinessenHowell2007226_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_BruinessenHowell2007">van Bruinessen & Howell 2007</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116_58-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116_58-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoy1999">Choy 1999</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999118-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999118_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999118_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999118_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999118_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoy1999">Choy 1999</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999119-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999119_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999119_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999119_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoy1999">Choy 1999</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt2003122-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt2003122_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunt2003">Hunt 2003</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999115-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999115_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999115_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999115_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999115_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoy1999">Choy 1999</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999114-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999114_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999114_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999114_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoy1999">Choy 1999</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999117-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999117_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999117_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999117_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999117_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999117_65-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoy1999">Choy 1999</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116-117-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999116-117_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoy1999">Choy 1999</a>, p. 116-117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEResearch_School_of_Pacific_Studies1980217-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEResearch_School_of_Pacific_Studies1980217_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEResearch_School_of_Pacific_Studies1980217_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFResearch_School_of_Pacific_Studies1980">Research School of Pacific Studies 1980</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling1992563-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarling1992563_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarling1992563_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarling1992">Tarling 1992</a>, p. 563.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoy1999122-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoy1999122_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoy1999">Choy 1999</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenard2010-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenard2010_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenard2010">Renard 2010</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_sources">Published sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Published sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAzra2006" class="citation cs2">Azra, Azyumardi (2006), <i>Islam in the Indonesian World: An Account of Institutional Formation</i>, Mizan Pustaka</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+Indonesian+World%3A+An+Account+of+Institutional+Formation&rft.pub=Mizan+Pustaka&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Azra&rft.aufirst=Azyumardi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKejaw%C3%A8n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatty1999" class="citation cs2">Beatty, Andrew (1999), <i>Varieties of Javanese Religion: An Anthropological Account</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62473-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-62473-8"><bdi>0-521-62473-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Javanese+Religion%3A+An+Anthropological+Account&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-62473-8&rft.aulast=Beatty&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKejaw%C3%A8n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Bruinessen2000a" class="citation cs2">van Bruinessen, Martin (2000a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hum.uu.nl/medewerkers/m.vanbruinessen/publications/Oratie%20korte%20versie.htm"><i>Muslims, Minorities and Modernity: The restructuring of heterodoxy in the Middle East and Southeast Asia. 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In: Chattopadhyana (gen.ed.), "History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization. Volume II Part 2: Advaita Vedanta"</i>, Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advaita+and+Contemporary+Indian+Philosophy.+In%3A+Chattopadhyana+%28gen.ed.%29%2C+%22History+of+Science%2C+Philosophy+and+Culture+in+Indian+Civilization.+Volume+II+Part+2%3A+Advaita+Vedanta%22&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Centre+for+Studies+in+Civilizations&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Sinari&rft.aufirst=Ramakant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKejaw%C3%A8n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStange1980" class="citation cs2">Stange, Paul (1980), <i>The Sumarah movement in Javanese mysticism. Thesis (Ph.D.) University of Wisconsin-Madison</i>, University Microfilms International</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sumarah+movement+in+Javanese+mysticism.+Thesis+%28Ph.D.%29+University+of+Wisconsin-Madison&rft.pub=University+Microfilms+International&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Stange&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKejaw%C3%A8n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarling1992" class="citation cs2">Tarling, N. (1992), <i>The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: The nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Volume two</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Southeast+Asia%3A+The+nineteenth+and+twentieth+centuries.+Volume+two&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKejaw%C3%A8n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictoria2006" class="citation cs2">Victoria, Brian Daizen (2006), <i>Zen at war</i> (Second ed.), Lanham e.a.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+at+war&rft.place=Lanham+e.a.&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Victoria&rft.aufirst=Brian+Daizen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKejaw%C3%A8n" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web-sources">Web-sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Web-sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UNHCR-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNHCR_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130615104354/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,,IDN,,41501c1c1c,0.html">Indonesia: East Java native religion called Aliran Kepercayaan or Kepercayaan Kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, aka <i>Pangistu</i>; its status and treatment of its members by Muslim fundamentalists (2003-June 2004)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SubudBritain-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SubudBritain_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.subud.org.uk/about-subud.html">SubudBritain, <i>About Subud</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Fajfrlíková, Pavla (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnistudia.cz/kejawen-as-the-traditional-mystical-belief-on-the-contemporary-java-island/"><i>Kejawen as the Traditional Mystical Belief on the Contemporary Java Island</i></a>, Kulturní studia / Cultural Studies</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kejawen+as+the+Traditional+Mystical+Belief+on+the+Contemporary+Java+Island&rft.pub=Kulturn%C3%AD+studia+%2F+Cultural+Studies&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Fajfrl%C3%ADkov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Pavla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkulturnistudia.cz%2Fkejawen-as-the-traditional-mystical-belief-on-the-contemporary-java-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKejaw%C3%A8n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Geertz, Clifford (1976), <i>Religion of Java</i>, University of Chicago Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+of+Java&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKejaw%C3%A8n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Jones, David (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newdawnmagazine.com/articles/magic-mysticism-in-java"><i>Magic & Mysticism in Java</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+%26+Mysticism+in+Java&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newdawnmagazine.com%2Farticles%2Fmagic-mysticism-in-java&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKejaw%C3%A8n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Kinney, Ann R.; Klokke, Marijke J.; Kieven, Lydia (2003), <i>Worshiping Siva and Buddha: The Temple Art of East Java</i>, University of Hawaii Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worshiping+Siva+and+Buddha%3A+The+Temple+Art+of+East+Java&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kinney&rft.aufirst=Ann+R.&rft.au=Klokke%2C+Marijke+J.&rft.au=Kieven%2C+Lydia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKejaw%C3%A8n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Retsikas, Konstantinos (2012), <i>Becoming: An Anthropological Approach to Understandings of the Person in Java</i>, Anthem Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming%3A+An+Anthropological+Approach+to+Understandings+of+the+Person+in+Java&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Retsikas&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKejaw%C3%A8n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Stange, Paul (n.d.), "chapter 1 Exploring Javanism", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224014804/http://paulstange.net/evolution.pdf"><i>The evolution of Sumarah</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paulstange.net/evolution.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 24, 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=chapter+1+Exploring+Javanism&rft.btitle=The+evolution+of+Sumarah&rft.aulast=Stange&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaulstange.net%2Fevolution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKejaw%C3%A8n" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaw%C3%A8n&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127093100/http://www.joglosemar.co.id/kejawen/">Kejawen, a Javanese traditional spiritual teaching - Joglosemar Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahasraadhipura.org/">A center for Javanese Metaphysics and Kundalini Yoga</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wichm.home.xs4all.nl/javmys1.html">Sumarah</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumarah.tripod.com">SUMARAH: A STUDY OF THE ART OF LIVING</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indahnesia.com/indonesia/JAWREL/religion.php">IndaNehsia.com, <i>Religion at Java</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230231735/http://indahnesia.com/indonesia/JAWREL/religion.php">Archived</a> 2013-12-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indonesia_topics" title="Template:Indonesia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indonesia_topics" title="Template talk:Indonesia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indonesia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles" title="Index of Indonesia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indonesian_history" title="Timeline of Indonesian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia#Hindu-Buddhist_civilizations" title="History of Indonesia">Hinduism-Buddhism era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese era (1512–1605)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Company rule in the Dutch East Indies">VOC era (1603–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">French and British era (1806–1816)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies (1800–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation (1942–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">National Revolution (1945–49)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy era (1950–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy (1959–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transitional period (1965–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order (1966–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia"><i>Reformasi</i> (since 1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia" title="Geography of Indonesia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Borders of Indonesia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Indonesia" title="Climate of Indonesia">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia" title="Climate change in Indonesia">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Indonesia" title="Conservation in Indonesia">Conservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_of_Indonesia" title="List of biosphere reserves of Indonesia">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Indonesia" title="List of national parks of Indonesia">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Indonesia" title="List of earthquakes in Indonesia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Indonesia" title="Environmental issues in Indonesia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Indonesia" title="Geology of Indonesia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Indonesia" title="List of lakes of Indonesia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Mountains of Indonesia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_highest_point" title="List of Indonesian provinces by highest point">Provincial highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Natural history of Indonesia">Natural history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Indonesia" title="Fauna of Indonesia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Indonesia" title="Flora of Indonesia">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Indonesia" title="List of rivers of Indonesia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Indonesia" title="List of volcanoes in Indonesia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Indonesia" title="Subdivisions of Indonesia">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Administrative divisions of the Dutch East Indies">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regencies & Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia" title="Districts of Indonesia">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indonesia" title="Cabinet of Indonesia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia" title="Foreign relations of Indonesia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia" title="Human rights in Indonesia">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Indonesia" title="Law of Indonesia">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Indonesia" title="Censorship in Indonesia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Indonesia" title="Law enforcement in Indonesia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Babinsa" title="Babinsa">Babinsa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia" title="Capital of Indonesia">National capital</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police" title="Indonesian National Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indonesia" title="List of political parties in Indonesia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of presidents of Indonesia">List</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wawasan_Nusantara" title="Wawasan Nusantara">Wawasan Nusantara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indonesia" title="Agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Automotive industry in Indonesia">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Indonesia" title="Aviation in Indonesia">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Indonesia" title="List of banks in Indonesia">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Indonesia" title="Energy in Indonesia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Indonesia" title="Science and technology in Indonesia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Stock_Exchange" title="Indonesia Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Indonesia" title="Communications in Indonesia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia" title="Transport in Indonesia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Indonesia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Society of Indonesia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Indonesia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Indonesia" title="Crime in Indonesia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Indonesia" title="Human trafficking in Indonesia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Indonesia" title="Prostitution in Indonesia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Indonesia" title="Smoking in Indonesia">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Indonesia" title="Architecture of Indonesia">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture_of_Indonesia" title="Colonial architecture of Indonesia">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Mosques</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumah_adat" title="Rumah adat">Rumah adat</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_art" title="Indonesian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik_in_Indonesia" title="Batik in Indonesia">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Indonesia" title="Dance in Indonesia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Indonesia" title="List of festivals in Indonesia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Indonesia" title="Folklore of Indonesia">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_literature" title="Indonesian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Indonesia" title="Mass media in Indonesia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">National heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_painting" title="Indonesian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_properties_of_Indonesia" title="Cultural properties of Indonesia">Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Indonesia" title="Public holidays in Indonesia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Indonesia" title="Sport in Indonesia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Indonesia" title="Theatre of Indonesia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Indonesia" title="Video games in Indonesia">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia" title="Demographics of Indonesia">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Indonesia" title="Health in Indonesia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Indonesia" title="Healthcare in Indonesia">Healthcare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Indonesia" title="Homelessness in Indonesia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Indonesia" title="Refugees in Indonesia">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Indonesia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Indonesia" title="National symbols of Indonesia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Raya" title="Indonesia Raya">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Indonesia" title="National emblem of Indonesia">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia" title="Armorial of Indonesia">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia" title="Armorial of Indonesia">Subdivision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_faunal_emblems" title="List of Indonesian faunal emblems">Faunal emblems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Indonesia" title="Flag of Indonesia">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of Indonesia">Subdivision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_floral_emblems" title="List of Indonesian floral emblems">Floral emblems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika" title="Bhinneka Tunggal Ika">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwi" title="Ibu Pertiwi">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesian_songs" title="Category:Indonesian songs">Songs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Indonesia" title="Outline of Indonesia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles" title="Index of Indonesia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesia" title="Category:Indonesia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Indonesia">Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Indonesia">Atlas</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_in_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Islam in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Islam in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Islam in Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Shia Islam in Indonesia">Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Indonesia" title="Ahmadiyya in Indonesia">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kejawèn</a></li> <li>Old divisions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abangan" title="Abangan">Abangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyayi" title="Priyayi">Priyayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santri" title="Santri">Santri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg/60px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg/90px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg/120px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classic era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Arsyad_al-Banjari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari (page does not exist)">Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Arsyad_al-Banjari" class="extiw" title="id:Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nawawi_al-Bantani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nawawi al-Bantani (page does not exist)">Nawawi al-Bantani</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawawi_al-Bantani" class="extiw" title="id:Nawawi al-Bantani">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamzah_Fansuri" title="Hamzah Fansuri">Hamzah Fansuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Yusuf" title="Sheikh Yusuf">Yusuf al-Makassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malikussaleh" title="Malikussaleh">Malikussaleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Khalidi_al-Minangkabawi" title="Ismail al-Khalidi al-Minangkabawi">Ismail al-Khalidi al-Minangkabawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Misri" title="Abdullah al-Misri">Abdullah al-Misri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Padri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Imam_Bonjol" title="Tuanku Imam Bonjol">Tuanku Imam Bonjol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Rao" title="Tuanku Rao">Tuanku Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Tambusai" title="Tuanku Tambusai">Tuanku Tambusai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdus_Samad_al-Palimbani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdus Samad al-Palimbani (page does not exist)">Abdus Samad al-Palimbani</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdus_Samad_al-Palimbani" class="extiw" title="id:Abdus Samad al-Palimbani">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_Sanga" title="Wali Sanga">Wali Sanga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Ampel" title="Sunan Ampel">Sunan Ampel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Bonang" title="Sunan Bonang">Sunan Bonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Drajat" title="Sunan Drajat">Sunan Drajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Giri" title="Sunan Giri">Sunan Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Gunung_Jati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan Gunung Jati">Sunan Gunung Jati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ibrahim" title="Malik Ibrahim">Maulana Malik Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Kalijaga" title="Sunan Kalijaga">Sunan Kalijaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Kudus" title="Sunan Kudus">Sunan Kudus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Murya" title="Sunan Murya">Sunan Murya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rauf_al-Sinkili" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili">Abdurrauf Singkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mughayat_Syah" title="Ali Mughayat Syah">Ali Mughayat Syah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Nan_Tuo" title="Tuanku Nan Tuo">Tuanku Nan Tuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Ulakan" title="Burhanuddin Ulakan">Burhanuddin Ulakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usman_bin_Yahya" title="Usman bin Yahya">Usman bin Yahya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National <br />Awakening era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_(ulama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Ahmad (ulama)">Abdullah Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Karim_Amrullah" title="Abdul Karim Amrullah">Abdul Karim Amrullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasyim_Asy%27ari" title="Hasyim Asy'ari">Hasyim Asy'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Dahlan">Ahmad Dahlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahir_bin_Jalaluddin" title="Tahir bin Jalaluddin">Tahir bin Jalaluddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jamil_Jambek" title="Muhammad Jamil Jambek">Muhammad Jamil Jambek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas_Mansoer" title="Mas Mansoer">Mas Mansoer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Khatib_al-Minangkabawi" title="Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi">Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Misbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Haji Misbach">Haji Misbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_ar-Rasuli" title="Sulaiman ar-Rasuli">Sulaiman ar-Rasuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Roem" title="Mohammad Roem">Mohammad Roem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasuna_Said" title="Rasuna Said">Rasuna Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agus_Salim" title="Agus Salim">Agus Salim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oemar_Said_Tjokroaminoto" title="Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto">Tjokroaminoto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<br />independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Syafi%27i_Maarif" title="Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif">Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azyumardi_Azra" title="Azyumardi Azra">Azyumardi Azra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakar_Bashir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakar Bashir">Abu Bakar Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idham_Chalid" title="Idham Chalid">Idham Chalid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djohan_Effendi" title="Djohan Effendi">Djohan Effendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Gymnastiar" title="Abdullah Gymnastiar">Abdullah Gymnastiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamka" title="Hamka">Hamka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahid_Hasyim" title="Wahid Hasyim">Wahid Hasyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekarmadji_Maridjan_Kartosoewirjo" title="Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo">Kartosoewirjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurcholish_Madjid" title="Nurcholish Madjid">Nurcholish Madjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harun_Nasution" title="Harun Nasution">Harun Nasution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Natsir" title="Mohammad Natsir">Mohammad Natsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amien_Rais" title="Amien Rais">Amien Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rizieq_Shihab" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rizieq Shihab">Muhammad Rizieq Shihab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraish_Shihab" title="Quraish Shihab">Quraish Shihab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ruf_Amin" title="Ma'ruf Amin">Ma'ruf Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Aqil_Siradj" title="Said Aqil Siradj">Said Aqil Siradj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Somad" title="Abdul Somad">Abdul Somad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Wahid" title="Abdurrahman Wahid">Abdurrahman Wahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_bin_Abdul_Qadir_Jawas" title="Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas">Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Luthfi_bin_Yahya" title="Muhammad Luthfi bin Yahya">Muhammad Luthfi bin Yahya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkhairaat" title="Alkhairaat">Alkhairaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Dakwah_Institute" title="Campus Dakwah Institute">Campus Dakwah Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidayatullah_(Islamic_organization)" title="Hidayatullah (Islamic organization)">Hidayatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbut_Tahrir_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia">Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Association_of_Muslim_Intellectuals" title="Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals">Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Institute_of_Islamic_Dawah" title="Indonesia Institute of Islamic Dawah">Indonesia Institute of Islamic Dawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Islamic_Propagation_Council" title="Indonesian Islamic Propagation Council">Indonesian Islamic Propagation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Mujahedeen_Council" title="Indonesian Mujahedeen Council">Indonesian Mujahedeen Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Ulema_Council" title="Indonesian Ulema Council">Indonesian Ulema Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Irshad_Al-Islamiya" title="Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya">Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Defenders_Front" title="Islamic Defenders Front">Islamic Defenders Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaringan_Islam_Liberal" title="Jaringan Islam Liberal">Liberal Islam Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majelis_Rasulullah" title="Majelis Rasulullah">Majelis Rasulullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammadiyah" title="Muhammadiyah">Muhammadiyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisyiyah" title="Aisyiyah">Aisyiyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Students%27_Association_(Indonesia)" title="Muslim Students' Association (Indonesia)">Muslim Students' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama" title="Nahdlatul Ulama">Nahdlatul Ulama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansor_Youth_Movement" title="Ansor Youth Movement">GP Ansor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam%27iyyah_Ahlith_Thariqah_al-Mu%27tabarah_an-Nahdliyyah" title="Jam'iyyah Ahlith Thariqah al-Mu'tabarah an-Nahdliyyah">JATMAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahdlatul_Wathan" title="Nahdlatul Wathan">Nahdlatul Wathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PERSIS_(organization)" title="PERSIS (organization)">PERSIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Education_Movement" title="Islamic Education Movement">PERTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rabithah_al-Alawiyyah" title="Al-Rabithah al-Alawiyyah">Rabithah Alawiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarekat_Islam" title="Sarekat Islam">Sarekat Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatera_Thawalib" title="Sumatera Thawalib">Sumatera Thawalib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahdah_Islamiyah" title="Wahdah Islamiyah">Wahdah Islamiyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Star_Party_(Indonesia)" title="Crescent Star Party (Indonesia)">Crescent Star Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Nahdlatul_Community_Party" title="Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party">Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyumi_Party" title="Masyumi Party">Masyumi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Awakening_Party" title="National Awakening Party">National Awakening Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mandate_Party" title="National Mandate Party">National Mandate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah_Party" title="Ummah Party">Ummah Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Development_Party" title="United Development Party">United Development Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Militia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banser" title="Banser">Banser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darul_Islam_(Indonesia)" title="Darul Islam (Indonesia)">Darul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaah_Ansharut_Tauhid" title="Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid">Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaah_Islamiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaah Islamiyah">Jamaah Islamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laskar_Jihad" title="Laskar Jihad">Laskar Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahidin_Indonesia_Timur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujahidin Indonesia Timur">Mujahidin Indonesia Timur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-<br />independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_embassy_to_Aceh" title="Ottoman embassy to Aceh">Ottoman embassy to Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_Sanga" title="Wali Sanga">Wali Sanga</a></li> <li>Islamic Kingdoms in Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaimana" title="Kingdom of Kaimana">Kingdom of Kaimana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowa_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowa Sultanate">Gowa Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Ternate Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Tidore Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta Sultanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Padri War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<br />independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Charter" title="Jakarta Charter">Jakarta Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition_of_Fifty" title="Petition of Fifty">Petition of Fifty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Priok_massacre" title="Tanjung Priok massacre">Tanjung Priok massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talangsari_incident" title="Talangsari incident">Talangsari incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh" title="Insurgency in Aceh">Insurgency in Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_sectarian_conflict" title="Maluku sectarian conflict">Maluku sectarian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poso_riots" title="Poso riots">Poso riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatwa_on_Religious_Pluralism,_Liberalism,_and_Secularism" title="Fatwa on Religious Pluralism, Liberalism, and Secularism">Fatwa on Religious Pluralism, Liberalism, and Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Madago_Raya" title="Operation Madago Raya">Operation Tinombala / Madago Raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Jakarta_protests" title="December 2016 Jakarta protests">December 2016 Jakarta protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adat" title="Adat">Adat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babad_Tanah_Jawi" title="Babad Tanah Jawi">Babad Tanah Jawi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia#Clothing" title="Islam in Indonesia">Costumes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kupiah" title="Kupiah">Kupiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkok" title="Songkok">Songkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">Sarong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Hadroh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khaul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khaul (page does not exist)">Khaul</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haul_(Islam)" class="extiw" title="id:Haul (Islam)">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauman" title="Kauman">Kauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebaran" title="Lebaran">Lebaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaqib" title="Manaqib">Manakiban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Maulid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Indonesia" title="List of mosques in Indonesia">Mosques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque,_Jakarta" title="Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta">Istiqlal Mosque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musabaqah_Tilawatil_Quran" title="Musabaqah Tilawatil Quran">Musabaqah Tilawatil Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia#Qasidah_modern" title="Music of Indonesia">Qasidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebana" title="Rebana">Rebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salawat" title="Salawat">Sholawatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman_(dance)" title="Saman (dance)">Saman</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Banten" title="Sejarah Banten">Sejarah Banten</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekaten" title="Sekaten">Sekaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serak_Gulo" title="Serak Gulo">Serak Gulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slametan" title="Slametan">Slametan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suroan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suroan (page does not exist)">Suroan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suroan" class="extiw" title="id:Suroan">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suronan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suronan (page does not exist)">Suronan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_Suronan" class="extiw" title="id:Festival Suronan">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabligh_Akbar" title="Tabligh Akbar">Tabligh Akbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabuik" title="Tabuik">Tabuik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlil" title="Tahlil">Tahlilan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takbiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takbiran (page does not exist)">Takbiran</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takbiran" class="extiw" title="id:Takbiran">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausiyah" title="Tausiyah">Tausiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirakatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tirakatan (page does not exist)">Tirakatan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirakat" class="extiw" title="id:Tirakat">id</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tombo_Ati" title="Tombo Ati">Tombo Ati</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetu_Telu" title="Wetu Telu">Wetu Telu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqowiyu" title="Yaqowiyu">Yaqowiyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya-Sin" title="Ya-Sin">Yasinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munir" title="Al-Munir">Al-Munir</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqro" title="Iqro">Iqro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Kheir" title="Jamiat Kheir">Jamiat Kheir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_kuning" title="Kitab kuning">Kitab kuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_santri" title="Kota santri">Kota santri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyai" title="Kyai">Kyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIPIA" title="LIPIA">LIPIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesantren" title="Pesantren">Pesantren</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Al-Mishbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafsir Al-Mishbah">Tafsir Al-Mishbah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_Nusantara" title="Islam Nusantara">Islam Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_Yes,_Islamic_Party_No" title="Islam Yes, Islamic Party No">Islam Yes, Islamic Party No</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_law_in_Aceh" title="Islamic criminal law in Aceh">Islamic criminal law in Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat" title="Tablighi Jamaat">Jama’ah Tabligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Tarbiyah" title="Jemaah Tarbiyah">Jemaah Tarbiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(Islam_in_Indonesia)" title="Modernism (Islam in Indonesia)">Modernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Islam_in_Indonesia)" title="Traditionalism (Islam in Indonesia)">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Aceh" title="Islam in Aceh">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_West_Sumatra" title="Islam in West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_East_Java" title="Islam in East Java">East Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Sulawesi" title="Islam in Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mosques_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Mosques in Indonesia">Mosques in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template:History of Indonesia">History of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Heroes_of_Indonesia" title="Template:National Heroes of Indonesia">National Heroes of Indonesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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