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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barrier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Barrier </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barrier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intrauterine_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrauterine_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Intrauterine devices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrauterine_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sterilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sterilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Sterilization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sterilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavioral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavioral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Behavioral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavioral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fertility_awareness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertility_awareness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Fertility awareness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertility_awareness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 Withdrawal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abstinence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abstinence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.3 Abstinence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abstinence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lactation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lactation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.4 Lactation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lactation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Emergency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Dual protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Finances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Prevalence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_control_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_control_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Birth control movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_control_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Modern methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Legal positions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Religious views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Contraception_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Contraception_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 World Contraception Day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Contraception_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misconceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misconceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Misconceptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misconceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Accessibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_provisioning_for_contraception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_provisioning_for_contraception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Public provisioning for contraception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_provisioning_for_contraception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.2 Advocacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.3 Approval </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_directions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_directions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Research directions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_directions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research directions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research_directions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Females" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Females"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Females </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Females-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Males" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Males"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Males </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Males-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Birth control</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" > 102 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7" title="गर्भनिरोध – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गर्भनिरोध" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84" title="تحديد النسل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحديد النسل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82_%D4%B1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4)" title="Սերմնաբջիջներու Անցարգելներ (Բեղմնականխում) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սերմնաբջիջներու Անցարգելներ (Բեղմնականխում)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="জন্ম নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জন্ম নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9todu_anticonceutivu" title="Métodu anticonceutivu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Métodu anticonceutivu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memby%27%E1%BB%B9r%C3%A3" title="Memby'ỹrã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Memby'ỹrã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrasepsiya" title="Kontrasepsiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kontrasepsiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="জন্মনিয়ন্ত্রণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জন্মনিয়ন্ত্রণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%AB-%C4%ABn" title="Pī-īn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pī-īn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Кантрацэпцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кантрацэпцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Кантрацэпцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кантрацэпцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Контрацепция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Контрацепция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8D" title="འཆར་ལྡན་བུ་བཙའ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཆར་ལྡན་བུ་བཙའ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrola_ra%C4%91anja" title="Kontrola rađanja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kontrola rađanja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracepci%C3%B3" title="Contracepció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Contracepció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikoncepce" title="Antikoncepce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antikoncepce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njira_zolera" title="Njira zolera – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Njira zolera" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzira_dzekudzivirira_nadzo_kubata_pamuviri" title="Nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6vention" title="Prævention – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Prævention" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empf%C3%A4ngnisverh%C3%BCtung" title="Empfängnisverhütung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Empfängnisverhütung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCndimuskontroll" title="Sündimuskontroll – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sündimuskontroll" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%88%CE%B7" title="Αντισύλληψη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντισύλληψη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticoncepci%C3%B3n" title="Anticoncepción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anticoncepción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontra%C5%ADkoncipo" title="Kontraŭkoncipo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontraŭkoncipo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisorgailu" title="Antisorgailu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antisorgailu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پیشگیری از بارداری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیشگیری از بارداری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraception" title="Contraception – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Contraception" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antykonsepsje" title="Antykonsepsje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Antykonsepsje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breithrial%C3%BA" title="Breithrialú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Breithrialú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracepci%C3%B3n" title="Contracepción – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Contracepción" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A7" title="ગર્ભનિરોધ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગર્ભનિરોધ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%9E%84" title="피임 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피임" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulawar_haihuwa" title="Kulawar haihuwa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kulawar haihuwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Բեղմնականխում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեղմնականխում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7" title="संततिनिरोध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संततिनिरोध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontracepcija" title="Kontracepcija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kontracepcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibelata_%E1%BB%8Bm%E1%BB%A5_%E1%BB%8Dt%E1%BB%A5t%E1%BB%A5_%E1%BB%A5m%E1%BB%A5" title="Ibelata ịmụ ọtụtụ ụmụ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ibelata ịmụ ọtụtụ ụmụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengaturan_kelahiran" title="Pengaturan kelahiran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengaturan kelahiran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getna%C3%B0arv%C3%B6rn" title="Getnaðarvörn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Getnaðarvörn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraccezione" title="Contraccezione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Contraccezione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="פיקוח ילודה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיקוח ילודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ಸಂತಾನ ನಿಯಂತ್ರಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂತಾನ ನಿಯಂತ್ರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Контрацепция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Контрацепция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udhibiti_wa_uzazi" title="Udhibiti wa uzazi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Udhibiti wa uzazi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrol_di_s%C3%A9_n%C3%A9sans" title="Kontrol di sé nésans – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kontrol di sé nésans" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrola_zay%C3%AEn%C3%AA" title="Kontrola zayînê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kontrola zayînê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Контрацепция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Контрацепция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontracepcija" title="Kontracepcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kontracepcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verhiddungsm%C3%ABttel" title="Verhiddungsmëttel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Verhiddungsmëttel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontracepcija" title="Kontracepcija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kontracepcija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%BClet%C3%A9sszab%C3%A1lyoz%C3%A1s" title="Születésszabályozás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Születésszabályozás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoran_r%C3%A8mbi%27" title="Atoran rèmbi' – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Atoran rèmbi'" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Контрацепција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Контрацепција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanabeazana_aizana" title="Fanabeazana aizana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanabeazana aizana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ജനന നിയന്ത്രണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജനന നിയന്ത്രണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="संततिनियमन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संततिनियमन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84" title="تحديد النسل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تحديد النسل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%85%E1%80%B5%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%81%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%97%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98" title="ဒစဵုဒၞာဂဗ္ဘ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဒစဵုဒၞာဂဗ္ဘ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawalan_kelahiran" title="Kawalan kelahiran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kawalan kelahiran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuntrolo_de_natalidade" title="Cuntrolo de natalidade – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cuntrolo de natalidade" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%8B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93%E1%80%B1_%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပဋိသန္ဓေ တားဆီးခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပဋိသန္ဓေ တားဆီးခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticonceptie" title="Anticonceptie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anticonceptie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BF%E5%A6%8A" title="避妊 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="避妊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forheneringsmerel" title="Forheneringsmerel – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Forheneringsmerel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevensjon_(svangerskapsforebyggelse)" title="Prevensjon (svangerskapsforebyggelse) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Prevensjon (svangerskapsforebyggelse)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevensjon" title="Prevensjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Prevensjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraception" title="Contraception – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Contraception" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A7" title="ଜନ୍ମ ନିରୋଧ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜନ୍ମ ନିରୋଧ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homiladorlikdan_saqlanish" title="Homiladorlikdan saqlanish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Homiladorlikdan saqlanish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%AE" title="ਸੰਤਾਨ ਸੰਜਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਤਾਨ ਸੰਜਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84" title="مانع حمل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مانع حمل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boert_kanchuol" title="Boert kanchuol – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Boert kanchuol" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antykoncepcja" title="Antykoncepcja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antykoncepcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracep%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Contracepção – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Contracepção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracep%C8%9Bie" title="Contracepție – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Contracepție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Контрацепция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Контрацепция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taolo_ya_Pelehi" title="Taolo ya Pelehi – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Taolo ya Pelehi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrolli_i_lindjeve" title="Kontrolli i lindjeve – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kontrolli i lindjeve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuntrollu_d%C3%AE_n%C3%A0sciti" title="Cuntrollu dî nàsciti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cuntrollu dî nàsciti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="උපත් පාලනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උපත් පාලනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Birth control" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukhipha_sisu" title="Kukhipha sisu – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Kukhipha sisu" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikoncepcia" title="Antikoncepcia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antikoncepcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadzor_rojstev" title="Nadzor rojstev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nadzor rojstev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%95%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86" title="کۆنتڕۆلی ھۆرمۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆنتڕۆلی ھۆرمۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Контрола рађања – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Контрола рађања" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrola_ra%C4%91anja" title="Kontrola rađanja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kontrola rađanja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehk%C3%A4isy" title="Ehkäisy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ehkäisy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventivmedel" title="Preventivmedel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Preventivmedel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrasepsiyon" title="Kontrasepsiyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kontrasepsiyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" 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href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="การคุมกำเนิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การคุมกำเนิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fum_kontrol%C3%BC" title="Doğum kontrolü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğum kontrolü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awo_ano_a_wosiw" title="Awo ano a wosiw – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Awo ano a wosiw" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Contraception&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">Contraception</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Method of preventing human pregnancy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Birth_control_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Birth control (disambiguation)">Birth control (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Contraception" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Contraception_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Contraception (disambiguation)">Contraception (disambiguation)</a>.</div> Birth control, also known as contraception, anticonception, and fertility control, is the use of methods or devices to prevent <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Birth control has been used since ancient times, but effective and safe methods of birth control only became available in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-3">[3]</a> Planning, making available, and using human birth control is called <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OED2012-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO-health-topic-5">[5]</a> Some cultures limit or discourage access to birth control because they consider it to be morally, religiously, or politically undesirable.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> provide guidance on the safety of birth control methods among women with specific medical conditions.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The most effective methods of birth control are <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">sterilization</a> by means of <a href="/wiki/Vasectomy" title="Vasectomy">vasectomy</a> in males and <a href="/wiki/Tubal_ligation" title="Tubal ligation">tubal ligation</a> in females, <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">intrauterine devices</a> (IUDs), and <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_implant" title="Contraceptive implant">implantable birth control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011-8">[8]</a> This is followed by a number of <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal contraceptive">hormone-based methods</a> including <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_pills" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive pills">contraceptive pills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_patch" title="Contraceptive patch">patches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal rings">vaginal rings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Injectable_contraceptives" class="mw-redirect" title="Injectable contraceptives">injections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011-8">[8]</a> Less effective methods include <a href="/wiki/Barrier_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier contraception">physical barriers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Condoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Condoms">condoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(contraceptive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphragm (contraceptive)">diaphragms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_sponge" title="Contraceptive sponge">birth control sponges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility awareness methods">fertility awareness methods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011-8">[8]</a> The least effective methods are <a href="/wiki/Spermicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermicides">spermicides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal method">withdrawal by the male before ejaculation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011-8">[8]</a> Sterilization, while highly effective, is not usually reversible; all other methods are reversible, most immediately upon stopping them.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a> practices, such as with the use of condoms or <a href="/wiki/Female_condoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Female condoms">female condoms</a>, can also help prevent <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted infections">sexually transmitted infections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22423463-9">[9]</a> Other methods of birth control do not protect against sexually transmitted infections.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22341164-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emergency_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency contraceptive">Emergency birth control</a> can prevent pregnancy if taken within 72 to 120 hours after unprotected sex.<a href="#cite_note-Gizzo2012-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Some argue <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">not having sex</a> is also a form of birth control, but <a href="/wiki/Abstinence-only_sex_education" title="Abstinence-only sex education">abstinence-only sex education</a> may increase <a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancies" class="mw-redirect" title="Teenage pregnancies">teenage pregnancies</a> if offered without birth control education, due to non-compliance.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12065267-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18923389-14">[14]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy" title="Teenage pregnancy">teenagers</a>, pregnancies are at greater risk of poor outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22764559-15">[15]</a> Comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a> and access to birth control decreases the rate of unintended pregnancies in this age group.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22764559-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22764557-16">[16]</a> While all forms of birth control can generally be used by young people,<a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011p260-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Long-acting_reversible_birth_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-acting reversible birth control">long-acting reversible birth control</a> such as implants, IUDs, or vaginal rings are more successful in reducing rates of teenage pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22764557-16">[16]</a> After the delivery of a child, a woman who is not exclusively breastfeeding may become pregnant again after as few as four to six weeks.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011p260-17">[17]</a> Some methods of birth control can be started immediately following the birth, while others require a delay of up to six months.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011p260-17">[17]</a> In women who are breastfeeding, <a href="/wiki/Progestogen_only_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestogen only contraception">progestin-only methods</a> are preferred over <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">combined oral birth control pills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011p260-17">[17]</a> In women who have reached <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a>, it is recommended that birth control be continued for one year after the last <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual period">menstrual period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011p260-17">[17]</a> About 222 million women who want to avoid pregnancy in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> are not using a modern birth control method.<a href="#cite_note-Guttmacher2012-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22784540-19">[19]</a> Birth control use in developing countries has decreased the number of <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">deaths during or around the time of pregnancy</a> by 40% (about 270,000 deaths prevented in 2008) and could prevent 70% if the full demand for birth control were met.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22784533-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22784531-21">[21]</a> By lengthening the time between pregnancies, birth control can improve adult women's delivery outcomes and the survival of their children.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22784533-20">[20]</a> In the developing world, women's earnings, assets, and weight, as well as their children's schooling and health, all improve with greater access to birth control.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22784535-22">[22]</a> Birth control increases economic growth because of fewer dependent children, more women participating in the <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">workforce</a>, and/or less use of scarce resources.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22784535-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22784542-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Contraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm/290px--Contraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="290" height="163" data-durationhint="151" data-mwtitle="Contraception_–_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Contraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Contraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm/Contraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Contraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="540" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Contraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm/Contraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Contraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm/Contraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Contraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm/Contraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Contraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm/Contraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AContraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AContraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AContraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AContraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm&lang=gl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="gl" label="galego ‪(gl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AContraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AContraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AContraception_%E2%80%93_How_to_Prevent_Unwanted_Pregnancy.webm&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Video explaining how to prevent unwanted pregnancy</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Methods">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_birth_control_methods" title="Comparison of birth control methods">Comparison of birth control methods</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"> <caption>Chance of pregnancy during first year of use<a href="#cite_note-Trus2011-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2013-25">[25]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Method</th> <th>Typical use</th> <th>Perfect use </th></tr> <tr> <td>No birth control</td> <td>85%</td> <td>85% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">Combination pill</a></td> <td>9%</td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_pill" title="Progestogen-only pill">Progestogen-only pill</a></td> <td>13%</td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sterilization (female)</td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sterilization (male)</td> <td>0.15%</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Female_condom" title="Female condom">Condom (female)</a></td> <td>21%</td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condom (male)</a></td> <td>18%</td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper_IUD" title="Copper IUD">Copper IUD</a></td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_intrauterine_device" title="Hormonal intrauterine device">Hormonal IUD</a></td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_patch" title="Contraceptive patch">Patch</a></td> <td>9%</td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_ring" title="Vaginal ring">Vaginal ring</a></td> <td>9%</td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">MPA</a> shot</td> <td>6%</td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_implant" title="Contraceptive implant">Implant</a></td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>0.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(birth_control)" title="Diaphragm (birth control)">Diaphragm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spermicide" title="Spermicide">spermicide</a></td> <td>12%</td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></td> <td>24%</td> <td>0.4–5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coitus_interruptus" title="Coitus interruptus">Withdrawal</a></td> <td>22%</td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lactational_amenorrhea" title="Lactational amenorrhea">Lactational amenorrhea</a> method (6 months failure rate)</td> <td>0–7.5%<a href="#cite_note-Vanderwijden-26">[26]</a></td> <td><2%<a href="#cite_note-Blenning2005-27">[27]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Birth control methods include <a href="/wiki/Barrier_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier methods">barrier methods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_birth_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal birth control">hormonal birth control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrauterine devices">intrauterine devices</a> (IUDs), <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">sterilization</a>, and behavioral methods. They are used before or during sex while <a href="/wiki/Emergency_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency contraceptive">emergency contraceptives</a> are effective for up to five days after sex. Effectiveness is generally expressed as the percentage of women who become pregnant using a given method during the first year,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and sometimes as a lifetime failure rate among methods with high effectiveness, such as <a href="/wiki/Tubal_ligation" title="Tubal ligation">tubal ligation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dew2012-29">[29]</a> Birth control methods fall into two main categories: <a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">male contraception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Female_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Female contraception">female contraception</a>. Common male contraceptives are <a href="/wiki/Coitus_interruptus" title="Coitus interruptus">withdrawal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Condoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Condoms">condoms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vasectomy" title="Vasectomy">vasectomy</a>. Female contraception is more developed compared to male contraception, these include <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_pill" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive pill">contraceptive pills</a> (combination and progestin-only pill), hormonal or non-hormonal <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">IUD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_patch" title="Contraceptive patch">patch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_ring" title="Vaginal ring">vaginal ring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(birth_control)" title="Diaphragm (birth control)">diaphragm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combined_injectable_birth_control" title="Combined injectable birth control">shot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_implant" title="Contraceptive implant">implant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">fertility awareness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tubal_ligation" title="Tubal ligation">tubal ligation</a>. The most effective methods are those that are long acting and do not require ongoing health care visits.<a href="#cite_note-Will2012-30">[30]</a> Surgical sterilization, implantable hormones, and intrauterine devices all have first-year failure rates of less than 1%.<a href="#cite_note-Trus2011-24">[24]</a> Hormonal contraceptive pills, patches or vaginal rings, and the <a href="/wiki/Lactational_amenorrhea" title="Lactational amenorrhea">lactational amenorrhea method</a> (LAM), if adhered to strictly, can also have first-year (or for LAM, first-6-month) failure rates of less than 1%.<a href="#cite_note-Will2012-30">[30]</a> With typical use, first-year failure rates are considerably higher, at 9%, due to inconsistent use.<a href="#cite_note-Trus2011-24">[24]</a> Other methods such as condoms, diaphragms, and spermicides have higher first-year failure rates even with perfect usage.<a href="#cite_note-Will2012-30">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a> recommends <a href="/wiki/Long_acting_reversible_birth_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Long acting reversible birth control">long acting reversible birth control</a> as first line for young individuals.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> While all methods of birth control have some potential adverse effects, the risk is less than that of pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-Will2012-30">[30]</a> After stopping or removing many methods of birth control, including oral contraceptives, IUDs, implants and injections, the rate of pregnancy during the subsequent year is the same as for those who used no birth control.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> For individuals with specific health problems, certain forms of birth control may require further investigations.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2009_10-33">[33]</a> For women who are otherwise healthy, many methods of birth control should not require a <a href="/wiki/Medical_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical exam">medical exam</a>—including birth control pills, injectable or implantable birth control, and condoms.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> For example, a <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelvic exam">pelvic exam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breast_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast exam">breast exam</a>, or blood test before starting birth control pills does not appear to affect outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011p10-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) published a detailed list of <a href="/wiki/Medical_Eligibility_Criteria_for_Contraceptive_Use" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use">medical eligibility criteria</a> for each type of birth control.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2009_10-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hormonal">Hormonal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hormonal">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a> is available in a number of different forms, including <a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral contraceptive">oral pills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_implant" title="Contraceptive implant">implants</a> under the skin, <a href="/wiki/Injectable_contraceptives" class="mw-redirect" title="Injectable contraceptives">injections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_patch" title="Contraceptive patch">patches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_IUD" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal IUD">IUDs</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_ring" title="Vaginal ring">vaginal ring</a>. They are currently available only for women, although hormonal contraceptives for men have been and are being clinically tested.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> There are two types of oral birth control pills, the <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">combined oral contraceptive pills</a> (which contain both <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogen</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">progestin</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_pill" title="Progestogen-only pill">progestogen-only pills</a> (sometimes called minipills).<a href="#cite_note-Ammer_2009a-39">[39]</a> If either is taken during pregnancy, they do not increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a> nor cause <a href="/wiki/Birth_defects" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth defects">birth defects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011p10-36">[36]</a> Both types of birth control pills prevent <a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">fertilization</a> mainly by inhibiting <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a> and thickening cervical mucus.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2011-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams2011-41">[41]</a> They may also change the lining of the uterus and thus decrease implantation.<a href="#cite_note-Williams2011-41">[41]</a> Their effectiveness depends on the user's adherence to taking the pills.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011p10-36">[36]</a> Combined hormonal contraceptives are associated with a slightly increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Venous_thrombosis" title="Venous thrombosis">venous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arterial_thrombosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial thrombosis">arterial blood clots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Review2011-42">[42]</a> Venous clots, on average, increase from 2.8 to 9.8 per 10,000 women years<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> which is still less than that associated with pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-Review2011-42">[42]</a> Due to this risk, they are not recommended in women over 35 years of age who continue to smoke.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Due to the increased risk, they are included in decision tools such as the <a href="/wiki/DASH_score" class="mw-redirect" title="DASH score">DASH score</a> and <a href="/wiki/PERC_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="PERC rule">PERC rule</a> used to predict the risk of blood clots.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The effect on sexual drive is varied, with increase or decrease in some but with no effect in most.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Combined oral contraceptives reduce the risk of <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a> and do not change the risk of breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Shulman2011-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> They often reduce menstrual bleeding and <a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">painful menstruation cramps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011p10-36">[36]</a> The lower doses of estrogen released from the vaginal ring may reduce the risk of breast tenderness, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, and headache associated with higher dose estrogen products.<a href="#cite_note-Shulman2011-47">[47]</a> Progestin-only pills, injections and intrauterine devices are not associated with an increased risk of blood clots and may be used by women with a history of blood clots in their veins.<a href="#cite_note-Review2011-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In those with a history of arterial blood clots, non-hormonal birth control or a progestin-only method other than the injectable version should be used.<a href="#cite_note-Review2011-42">[42]</a> Progestin-only pills may improve menstrual symptoms and can be used by breastfeeding women as they do not affect <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">milk production</a>. Irregular bleeding may occur with progestin-only methods, with some users reporting <a href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">no periods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21961819-50">[50]</a> The progestins <a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">drospirenone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">desogestrel</a> minimize the <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgenic</a> side effects but increase the risks of blood clots and are thus not first line.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The perfect use first-year failure rate of <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">injectable progestin</a> is 0.2%; the typical use first failure rate is 6%.<a href="#cite_note-Trus2011-24">[24]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaquettes_de_pilule.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Three varieties of birth control pills in calendar oriented packaging"><img alt="birth control pill packages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Plaquettes_de_pilule.jpg/120px-Plaquettes_de_pilule.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Plaquettes_de_pilule.jpg/180px-Plaquettes_de_pilule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Plaquettes_de_pilule.jpg/240px-Plaquettes_de_pilule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Three varieties of <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">birth control pills</a> in calendar oriented packaging</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Birth_Control_Pills.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Birth control pills"><img alt="Birth control pills" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Birth_Control_Pills.png/120px-Birth_Control_Pills.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Birth_Control_Pills.png/180px-Birth_Control_Pills.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Birth_Control_Pills.png/240px-Birth_Control_Pills.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Birth control pills</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BirthControlPatch.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A transdermal contraceptive patch"><img alt="a contraceptive patch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BirthControlPatch.JPG/69px-BirthControlPatch.JPG" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BirthControlPatch.JPG/104px-BirthControlPatch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BirthControlPatch.JPG/138px-BirthControlPatch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="3825" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A transdermal <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_patch" title="Contraceptive patch">contraceptive patch</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NuvaRing_in_hand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A NuvaRing vaginal ring"><img alt="a vaginal ring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/NuvaRing_in_hand.jpg/120px-NuvaRing_in_hand.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/NuvaRing_in_hand.jpg/180px-NuvaRing_in_hand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/NuvaRing_in_hand.jpg/240px-NuvaRing_in_hand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="250" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/NuvaRing" class="mw-redirect" title="NuvaRing">NuvaRing</a> vaginal ring</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barrier">Barrier</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Barrier">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Barrier_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier contraceptive">Barrier contraceptives</a> are devices that attempt to prevent pregnancy by physically preventing <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> from entering the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neinstein2008-52">[52]</a> They include male <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Female_condom" title="Female condom">female condoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cap" title="Cervical cap">cervical caps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(contraceptive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphragm (contraceptive)">diaphragms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_sponge" title="Contraceptive sponge">contraceptive sponges</a> with <a href="/wiki/Spermicide" title="Spermicide">spermicide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neinstein2008-52">[52]</a> Globally, condoms are the most common method of birth control.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Male_condoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Male condoms">Male condoms</a> are put on a man's erect <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">penis</a> and physically block ejaculated sperm from entering the body of a sexual partner.<a href="#cite_note-Hamil2012-54">[54]</a> Modern condoms are most often made from <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a>, but some are made from other materials such as <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a>, or lamb's intestine.<a href="#cite_note-Hamil2012-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Female_condom" title="Female condom">Female condoms</a> are also available, most often made of <a href="/wiki/Nitrile_rubber" title="Nitrile rubber">nitrile</a>, latex or polyurethane.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Male condoms have the advantage of being inexpensive, easy to use, and have few adverse effects.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Making condoms available to teenagers does not appear to affect the age of onset of sexual activity or its frequency.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In Japan, about 80% of couples who are using birth control use condoms, while in Germany this number is about 25%,<a href="#cite_note-Ebe2010-58">[58]</a> and in the United States it is 18%.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Male condoms and the diaphragm with spermicide have typical use first-year failure rates of 18% and 12%, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Trus2011-24">[24]</a> With perfect use condoms are more effective with a 2% first-year failure rate versus a 6% first-year rate with the diaphragm.<a href="#cite_note-Trus2011-24">[24]</a> Condoms have the additional benefit of helping to prevent the spread of some sexually transmitted infections such as <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, however, condoms made from animal intestine do not.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Contraceptive sponges combine a barrier with a spermicide.<a href="#cite_note-Will2012-30">[30]</a> Like diaphragms, they are inserted vaginally before intercourse and must be placed over the <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a> to be effective.<a href="#cite_note-Will2012-30">[30]</a> Typical failure rates during the first year depend on whether or not a woman has previously given birth, being 24% in those who have and 12% in those who have not.<a href="#cite_note-Trus2011-24">[24]</a> The sponge can be inserted up to 24 hours before intercourse and must be left in place for at least six hours afterward.<a href="#cite_note-Will2012-30">[30]</a> Allergic reactions<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and more severe adverse effects such as <a href="/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome" title="Toxic shock syndrome">toxic shock syndrome</a> have been reported.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kondom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A rolled up male condom."><img alt="A rolled up male condom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kondom.jpg/120px-Kondom.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kondom.jpg/180px-Kondom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kondom.jpg/240px-Kondom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="220" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A rolled up male <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condom</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An unrolled male latex condom"><img alt="an unrolled condom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg/120px-Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg/180px-Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg/240px-Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="606" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An unrolled male <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a> <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condom</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A polyurethane female condom"><img alt="a female condom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg/120px-Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg/180px-Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg/240px-Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="1141" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A polyurethane <a href="/wiki/Female_condom" title="Female condom">female condom</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Contraceptive_diaphragm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A diaphragm vaginal-cervical barrier, in its case with a quarter U.S. coin."><img alt="a diaphragm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Contraceptive_diaphragm.jpg/103px-Contraceptive_diaphragm.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Contraceptive_diaphragm.jpg/154px-Contraceptive_diaphragm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Contraceptive_diaphragm.jpg/206px-Contraceptive_diaphragm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="562" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(contraceptive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphragm (contraceptive)">diaphragm</a> vaginal-cervical <a href="/wiki/Barrier_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier contraception">barrier</a>, in its case with a <a href="/wiki/Quarter_(United_States_coin)" title="Quarter (United States coin)">quarter U.S. coin</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89ponge_spermicide.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A contraceptive sponge set inside its open package."><img alt="a contraceptive sponge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%C3%89ponge_spermicide.jpg/120px-%C3%89ponge_spermicide.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%C3%89ponge_spermicide.jpg/180px-%C3%89ponge_spermicide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%C3%89ponge_spermicide.jpg/240px-%C3%89ponge_spermicide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1192" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_sponge" title="Contraceptive sponge">contraceptive sponge</a> set inside its open package.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intrauterine_devices">Intrauterine devices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Intrauterine devices">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%AAte_de_st%C3%A9rilet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/T%C3%AAte_de_st%C3%A9rilet.jpg/220px-T%C3%AAte_de_st%C3%A9rilet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/T%C3%AAte_de_st%C3%A9rilet.jpg/330px-T%C3%AAte_de_st%C3%A9rilet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/T%C3%AAte_de_st%C3%A9rilet.jpg/440px-T%C3%AAte_de_st%C3%A9rilet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption>Copper T-shaped IUD with removal strings</figcaption></figure> The current <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">intrauterine devices</a> (IUD) are small devices, often T-shaped, containing either copper or <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a>, which are inserted into the uterus. They are one form of <a href="/wiki/Long-acting_reversible_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-acting reversible contraception">long-acting reversible contraception</a> which are the most effective types of reversible birth control.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Failure rates with the <a href="/wiki/Copper_IUDs" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper IUDs">copper IUD</a> is about 0.8% while the <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_intrauterine_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Levonorgestrel intrauterine system">levonorgestrel IUD</a> has a failure rates of 0.2% in the first year of use.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010b-64">[64]</a> Among types of birth control, they, along with birth control implants, result in the greatest satisfaction among users.<a href="#cite_note-Comm2012-65">[65]</a> As of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit">[update]</a>, IUDs are the most widely used form of reversible contraception, with more than 180 million users worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Darney2010-66">[66]</a> Evidence supports effectiveness and safety in adolescents<a href="#cite_note-Comm2012-65">[65]</a> and those who have and have not previously had children.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> IUDs do not affect <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a> and can be inserted immediately after delivery.<a href="#cite_note-Gabbe2012-68">[68]</a> They may also be used immediately after an abortion.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Once removed, even after long term use, fertility returns to normal immediately.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Copper_IUDs" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper IUDs">copper IUDs</a> may increase menstrual bleeding and result in more painful cramps,<a href="#cite_note-Grimes2007-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_IUDs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal IUDs">hormonal IUDs</a> may reduce menstrual bleeding or stop menstruation altogether.<a href="#cite_note-Gabbe2012-68">[68]</a> Cramping can be treated with painkillers like <a href="/wiki/NSAIDs" class="mw-redirect" title="NSAIDs">non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marnach2013-73">[73]</a> Other potential complications include expulsion (2–5%) and rarely perforation of the uterus (less than 0.7%).<a href="#cite_note-Gabbe2012-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marnach2013-73">[73]</a> A previous model of the intrauterine device (the <a href="/wiki/Dalkon_shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalkon shield">Dalkon shield</a>) was associated with an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">pelvic inflammatory disease</a>; however, the risk is not affected with current models in those without <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted infections">sexually transmitted infections</a> around the time of insertion.<a href="#cite_note-guttmacher2007-74">[74]</a> IUDs appear to decrease the risk of <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sterilization">Sterilization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sterilization">edit</a>]</div> Two broad categories exist, surgical and non-surgical. <a href="/wiki/Sterilisation_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterilisation (medicine)">Surgical sterilization</a> is available in the form of <a href="/wiki/Tubal_ligation" title="Tubal ligation">tubal ligation</a> for women and <a href="/wiki/Vasectomy" title="Vasectomy">vasectomy</a> for men.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-3">[3]</a> Tubal ligation decreases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-3">[3]</a> Short term complications are twenty times less likely from a vasectomy than a tubal ligation.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> After a vasectomy, there may be swelling and pain of the scrotum which usually resolves in one or two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Chronic scrotal pain associated with negative impact on quality of life occurs after vasectomy in about 1–2% of men.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> With tubal ligation, complications occur in 1 to 2 percent of procedures with serious complications usually due to the <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Neither method offers protection from sexually transmitted infections.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-3">[3]</a> Sometimes, <a href="/wiki/Salpingectomy" title="Salpingectomy">salpingectomy</a> is also used for sterilization in women.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sterilisation_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterilisation (medicine)">Non-surgical sterilization</a> methods have also been explored. Fahim<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> et al. found that heat exposure, especially high-intensity ultrasound, was effective either for temporary or permanent contraception depending on the dose, e.g. selective destruction of germ cells and Sertoli cells without affecting Leydig cells or testosterone levels. Chemical, e.g. drug-based methods are also available, e.g. orally-administered Lonidamine<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> for temporary, or permanent (depending on the dose) fertility management. Boris<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> provides a method for chemically inducing either temporary or non-reversible sterility, depending on the dose, "Permanent sterility in human males can be obtained by a single oral dosage containing from about 18 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg". The permanence of this decision may cause regret in some men and women. Of women who have undergone tubal ligation after the age of 30, about 6% regret their decision, as compared with 20–24% of women who received sterilization within one year of delivery and before turning 30, and 6% in <a href="/wiki/Nulliparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Nulliparous">nulliparous</a> women sterilized before the age of 30.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> By contrast, less than 5% of men are likely to regret sterilization. Men who are more likely to regret sterilization are younger, have young or no children, or have an unstable marriage.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In a survey of biological parents, 9% stated they would not have had children if they were able to do it over again.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Although sterilization is considered a permanent procedure,<a href="#cite_note-Deff2011-89">[89]</a> it is possible to attempt a <a href="/wiki/Tubal_reversal" title="Tubal reversal">tubal reversal</a> to reconnect the <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallopian tubes">fallopian tubes</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Vasectomy_reversal" title="Vasectomy reversal">vasectomy reversal</a> to reconnect the <a href="/wiki/Vasa_deferentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasa deferentia">vasa deferentia</a>. In women, the desire for a reversal is often associated with a change in spouse.<a href="#cite_note-Deff2011-89">[89]</a> Pregnancy success rates after tubal reversal are between 31 and 88 percent, with complications including an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">ectopic pregnancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deff2011-89">[89]</a> The number of males who request reversal is between 2 and 6 percent.<a href="#cite_note-Shri2010-90">[90]</a> Rates of success in fathering another child after reversal are between 38 and 84 percent; with success being lower the longer the time period between the vasectomy and the reversal.<a href="#cite_note-Shri2010-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sperm_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm extraction">Sperm extraction</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">in vitro fertilization</a> may also be an option in men.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavioral">Behavioral</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Behavioral">edit</a>]</div> Behavioral methods involve <a href="/wiki/Calendar-based_contraceptive_methods" title="Calendar-based contraceptive methods">regulating the timing</a> or method of intercourse to prevent introduction of sperm into the female reproductive tract, either altogether or when an egg may be present.<a href="#cite_note-Grim2004-92">[92]</a> If used perfectly the first-year failure rate may be around 3.4%; however, if used poorly first-year failure rates may approach 85%.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fertility_awareness">Fertility awareness</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fertility awareness">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geburtenkontrollkette_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a birth control chain calendar necklace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Geburtenkontrollkette_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Geburtenkontrollkette_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Geburtenkontrollkette_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Geburtenkontrollkette_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Geburtenkontrollkette_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Geburtenkontrollkette_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2318" data-file-height="1486" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/CycleBeads" title="CycleBeads">CycleBeads</a> tool, used for estimating fertility based on days since last menstruation</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility awareness method">Fertility awareness methods</a> involve determining the most fertile days of the <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycle</a> and avoiding unprotected intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-Grim2004-92">[92]</a> Techniques for determining fertility include monitoring <a href="/wiki/Basal_body_temperature" title="Basal body temperature">basal body temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cervical_secretions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical secretions">cervical secretions</a>, or the day of the cycle.<a href="#cite_note-Grim2004-92">[92]</a> They have typical first-year failure rates of 24%; perfect use first-year failure rates depend on which method is used and range from 0.4% to 5%.<a href="#cite_note-Trus2011-24">[24]</a> The evidence on which these estimates are based, however, is poor as the majority of people in trials stop their use early.<a href="#cite_note-Grim2004-92">[92]</a> Globally, they are used by about 3.6% of couples.<a href="#cite_note-Sivin2010-94">[94]</a> If based on both basal body temperature and another primary sign, the method is referred to as symptothermal. First-year failure rates of 20% overall and 0.4% for perfect use have been reported in clinical studies of the symptothermal method.<a href="#cite_note-Jennings_2011-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trus2011-24">[24]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/Fertility_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility tracking">fertility tracking</a> apps are available, as of 2016, but they are more commonly designed to assist those trying to get pregnant rather than prevent pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Withdrawal">Withdrawal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Withdrawal">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal method">withdrawal method</a> (also known as coitus interruptus) is the practice of ending intercourse ("pulling out") before ejaculation.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2009_100-97">[97]</a> The main risk of the withdrawal method is that the man may not perform the maneuver correctly or in a timely manner.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2009_100-97">[97]</a> First-year failure rates vary from 4% with perfect usage to 22% with typical usage.<a href="#cite_note-Trus2011-24">[24]</a> It is not considered birth control by some medical professionals.<a href="#cite_note-Will2012-30">[30]</a> There is little data regarding the sperm content of <a href="/wiki/Pre-ejaculatory_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-ejaculatory fluid">pre-ejaculatory fluid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jones2009-98">[98]</a> While some tentative research did not find sperm,<a href="#cite_note-Jones2009-98">[98]</a> one trial found sperm present in 10 out of 27 volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The withdrawal method is used as birth control by about 3% of couples.<a href="#cite_note-Sivin2010-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abstinence">Abstinence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Abstinence">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a> may be used as a form of birth control, meaning either not engaging in any type of sexual activity, or specifically not engaging in vaginal intercourse, while engaging in other forms of non-vaginal sex.<a href="#cite_note-PP2009-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Complete sexual abstinence is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> However, among those who take a <a href="/wiki/Virginity_pledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginity pledge">pledge to abstain</a> from <a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">premarital sex</a>, as many as 88% who engage in sex, do so prior to marriage.<a href="#cite_note-Den2005-104">[104]</a> The choice to abstain from sex cannot protect against pregnancy as a result of rape, and public health efforts emphasizing abstinence to reduce unwanted pregnancy may have limited effectiveness, especially in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> and among <a href="/wiki/Disadvantaged" title="Disadvantaged">disadvantaged groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Deliberate <a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">non-penetrative sex</a> without vaginal sex or deliberate <a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">oral sex</a> without vaginal sex are also sometimes considered birth control.<a href="#cite_note-PP2009-100">[100]</a> While this generally avoids pregnancy, pregnancy can still occur with <a href="/wiki/Intercrural_sex" title="Intercrural sex">intercrural sex</a> and other forms of penis-near-vagina sex (genital rubbing, and the penis exiting from <a href="/wiki/Anal_intercourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal intercourse">anal intercourse</a>) where sperm can be deposited near the entrance to the vagina and can travel along the vagina's lubricating fluids.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abstinence-only_sex_education" title="Abstinence-only sex education">Abstinence-only sex education</a> does not reduce <a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy" title="Teenage pregnancy">teenage pregnancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22341164-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Santelli2017-109">[109]</a> Teen pregnancy rates and STI rates are generally the same or higher in states where students are given abstinence-only education, as compared with <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_sex_education" title="Comprehensive sex education">comprehensive sex education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Santelli2017-109">[109]</a> Some authorities recommend that those using abstinence as a primary method have backup methods available (such as condoms or emergency contraceptive pills).<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lactation">Lactation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lactation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_fertility" class="mw-redirect" title="Breastfeeding and fertility">Breastfeeding and fertility</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Lactational_amenorrhea_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactational amenorrhea method">lactational amenorrhea method</a> involves the use of a woman's natural <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_infertility" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpartum infertility">postpartum infertility</a> which occurs after delivery and may be extended by <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blackburn2007-111">[111]</a> For a postpartum woman to be infertile (protected from pregnancy), their periods have usually not yet returned (not menstruating), they are exclusively breastfeeding the infant, and the baby is younger than six months.<a href="#cite_note-Blenning2005-27">[27]</a> If breastfeeding is the infant's only source of nutrition and the baby is less than 6 months old, 93–99% of women are estimated to have protection from becoming pregnant in the first six months (0.75–7.5% failure rate).<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The failure rate increases to 4–7% at one year and 13% at two years.<a href="#cite_note-Fritz2012-114">[114]</a> Feeding formula, pumping instead of nursing, the use of a <a href="/wiki/Pacifier" title="Pacifier">pacifier</a>, and feeding solids all increase the chances of becoming pregnant while breastfeeding.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In those who are exclusively breastfeeding, about 10% begin having periods before three months and 20% before six months.<a href="#cite_note-Fritz2012-114">[114]</a> In those who are not breastfeeding, fertility may return as early as four weeks after delivery.<a href="#cite_note-Fritz2012-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergency">Emergency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Emergency">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emergency_contraceptive_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="emergency contraceptive pills" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Emergency_contraceptive_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Emergency_contraceptive_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Emergency_contraceptive_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Emergency_contraceptive_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Emergency_contraceptive_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Emergency_contraceptive_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>A split dose of two <a href="/wiki/Emergency_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency contraceptive">emergency contraceptive</a> pills</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Emergency_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency contraceptive">Emergency contraceptive</a> methods are medications (sometimes misleadingly referred to as "morning-after pills")<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> or devices used after unprotected sexual intercourse with the hope of preventing pregnancy. Emergency contraceptives are often given to victims of rape.<a href="#cite_note-Gizzo2012-11">[11]</a> They work primarily by preventing ovulation or fertilization.<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leu2010-117">[117]</a> They are unlikely to affect implantation, but this has not been completely excluded.<a href="#cite_note-Leu2010-117">[117]</a> A number of options exist, including <a href="/wiki/Yuzpe_regimen" title="Yuzpe regimen">high dose birth control pills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">mifepristone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulipristal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulipristal">ulipristal</a> and IUDs.<a href="#cite_note-Shen2019-118">[118]</a> All methods have minimal side effects.<a href="#cite_note-Shen2019-118">[118]</a> Providing emergency contraceptive pills to women in advance of sexual activity does not affect rates of sexually transmitted infections, condom use, pregnancy rates, or sexual risk-taking behavior.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17894132-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21923590-120">[120]</a> In a UK study, when a three-month "bridge" supply of the <a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_pill" title="Progestogen-only pill">progestogen-only pill</a> was provided by a pharmacist along with emergency contraception after sexual activity, this intervention was shown to increase the likelihood that the person would begin to use an effective method of long-term contraception.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a> pills, when used within 3 days, decrease the chance of pregnancy after a single episode of unprotected sex or condom failure by 70% (resulting in a pregnancy rate of 2.2%).<a href="#cite_note-Gizzo2012-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulipristal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulipristal">Ulipristal</a>, when used within 5 days, decreases the chance of pregnancy by about 85% (pregnancy rate 1.4%) and is more effective than levonorgestrel.<a href="#cite_note-Gizzo2012-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shen2019-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a> is also more effective than levonorgestrel, while copper IUDs are the most effective method.<a href="#cite_note-Shen2019-118">[118]</a> IUDs can be inserted up to five days after intercourse and prevent about 99% of pregnancies after an episode of unprotected sex (pregnancy rate of 0.1 to 0.2%).<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> This makes them the most effective form of emergency contraceptive.<a href="#cite_note-Cleland2012-125">[125]</a> In those who are <a href="/wiki/Overweight" title="Overweight">overweight</a> or <a href="/wiki/Obese" class="mw-redirect" title="Obese">obese</a>, levonorgestrel is less effective and an IUD or ulipristal is recommended.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual_protection">Dual protection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dual protection">edit</a>]</div> Dual protection is the use of methods that prevent both <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infections</a> and pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> This can be with condoms either alone or along with another birth control method or by the avoidance of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">penetrative sex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cates2002-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> If pregnancy is a high concern, using two methods at the same time is reasonable.<a href="#cite_note-Cates2002-128">[128]</a> For example, two forms of birth control are recommended in those taking the anti-<a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a> drug <a href="/wiki/Isotretinoin" title="Isotretinoin">isotretinoin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anti-epileptic_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-epileptic drugs">anti-epileptic drugs</a> like <a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">carbamazepine</a>, due to the high risk of <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a> if taken during pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta2011-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Effects">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="maternal mortality rate map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg/290px-Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg/435px-Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg/580px-Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Maternal mortality rate as of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-CIA2010-132">[132]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scatterplot_of_contraceptive_use_and_TFR_by_region_2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Scatterplot_of_contraceptive_use_and_TFR_by_region_2010.png/290px-Scatterplot_of_contraceptive_use_and_TFR_by_region_2010.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Scatterplot_of_contraceptive_use_and_TFR_by_region_2010.png/435px-Scatterplot_of_contraceptive_use_and_TFR_by_region_2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Scatterplot_of_contraceptive_use_and_TFR_by_region_2010.png/580px-Scatterplot_of_contraceptive_use_and_TFR_by_region_2010.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Birth control use and <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> by region.</figcaption></figure> Contraceptive use in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> is estimated to have decreased the number of <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">maternal deaths</a> by 40% (about 270,000 deaths prevented in 2008) and could prevent 70% of deaths if the full demand for birth control were met.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22784533-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22784531-21">[21]</a> These benefits are achieved by reducing the number of unplanned pregnancies that subsequently result in unsafe abortions and by preventing pregnancies in those at high risk.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22784533-20">[20]</a> Birth control also improves child survival in the developing world by lengthening the time between pregnancies.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22784533-20">[20]</a> In this population, outcomes are worse when a mother gets pregnant within eighteen months of a previous delivery.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22784533-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shol2010-133">[133]</a> Delaying another pregnancy after a <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a>, however, does not appear to alter risk and women are advised to attempt pregnancy in this situation whenever they are ready.<a href="#cite_note-Shol2010-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy" title="Teenage pregnancy">Teenage pregnancies</a>, especially among younger teens, are at greater risk of adverse outcomes including <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">early birth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_birth_weight" title="Low birth weight">low birth weight</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">death of the infant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22764559-15">[15]</a> In 2012 in the United States 82% of pregnancies in those between the ages of 15 and 19 years old are unplanned.<a href="#cite_note-Marnach2013-73">[73]</a> Comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a> and access to birth control are effective in decreasing pregnancy rates in this age group.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Birth control methods, especially <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">hormonal methods</a>, can also have undesirable side effects. Intensity of side effects can range from minor to debilitating, and varies with individual experiences. These most commonly include change in menstruation regularity and flow, nausea, breast tenderness, headaches, weight gain, and mood changes (specifically an increase in depression and anxiety).<a href="#cite_note-:4-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-136">[136]</a> Additionally, hormonal contraception can contribute to bone mineral density loss, impaired glucose metabolism, increased risk of venous thromboembolism.<a href="#cite_note-:5-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-135">[135]</a> Comprehensive sex education and transparent discussion of birth control side effects and contraindications between healthcare provider and patient is imperative.<a href="#cite_note-:4-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Finances">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Family_economics" title="Family economics">Family economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_raising_a_child" title="Cost of raising a child">Cost of raising a child</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/290px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/435px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/580px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Map of countries by fertility rate (2020)</figcaption></figure> In the developing world, birth control increases economic growth due to there being fewer dependent children and thus more women participating in or increased contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">workforce</a> – as they are usually the primary <a href="/wiki/Caregiver" title="Caregiver">caregiver</a> for children.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22784535-22">[22]</a> Women's earnings, assets, <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a>, and their children's schooling and body mass index all improve with greater access to birth control.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22784535-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a>, via the use of modern birth control, is one of the most <a href="/wiki/Cost-effective" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost-effective">cost-effective</a> health interventions.<a href="#cite_note-Tsui2010-137">[137]</a> For every dollar spent, the United Nations estimates that two to six dollars are saved.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22784540-19">[19]</a> These cost savings are related to preventing unplanned pregnancies and decreasing the spread of sexually transmitted illnesses.<a href="#cite_note-Tsui2010-137">[137]</a> While all methods are beneficial financially, the use of copper IUDs resulted in the greatest savings.<a href="#cite_note-Tsui2010-137">[137]</a> The total medical cost for a pregnancy, delivery and care of a newborn in the United States is on average $21,000 for a vaginal delivery and $31,000 for a <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">caesarean delivery</a> as of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2013-138">[138]</a> In most other countries, the cost is less than half.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2013-138">[138]</a> For a child born in 2011, an average US family will spend $235,000 over 17 years to raise them.<a href="#cite_note-USDAChildExpense-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Prevalence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_birth_control" title="Prevalence of birth control">Prevalence of birth control</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SOWM2010_modern_contraception.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="prevalence of modern birth control map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SOWM2010_modern_contraception.svg/350px-SOWM2010_modern_contraception.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SOWM2010_modern_contraception.svg/525px-SOWM2010_modern_contraception.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SOWM2010_modern_contraception.svg/700px-SOWM2010_modern_contraception.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>World map colored according to modern birth control use. Each shading level represents a range of six percentage points, with usage less than or equal to: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  6%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  12%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  18%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  24%</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  30%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  36%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  48%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  60%</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  66%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  78%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  86%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No data</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demand_for_family_planning_satisfied_by_modern_methods,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Demand_for_family_planning_satisfied_by_modern_methods%2C_OWID.svg/350px-Demand_for_family_planning_satisfied_by_modern_methods%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Demand_for_family_planning_satisfied_by_modern_methods%2C_OWID.svg/525px-Demand_for_family_planning_satisfied_by_modern_methods%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Demand_for_family_planning_satisfied_by_modern_methods%2C_OWID.svg/700px-Demand_for_family_planning_satisfied_by_modern_methods%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods as of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></figcaption></figure> Globally, as of 2009, approximately 60% of those who are married and able to have children use birth control.<a href="#cite_note-Darroch2013-141">[141]</a> How frequently different methods are used varies widely between countries.<a href="#cite_note-Darroch2013-141">[141]</a> The most common method in the developed world is condoms and oral contraceptives, while in Africa it is oral contraceptives and in Latin America and Asia it is sterilization.<a href="#cite_note-Darroch2013-141">[141]</a> In the developing world overall, 35% of birth control is via female sterilization, 30% is via IUDs, 12% is via oral contraceptives, 11% is via condoms, and 4% is via male sterilization.<a href="#cite_note-Darroch2013-141">[141]</a> While less used in the developed countries than the developing world, the number of women using IUDs as of 2007 was more than 180 million.<a href="#cite_note-Darney2010-66">[66]</a> Avoiding sex when fertile is used by about 3.6% of women of childbearing age, with usage as high as 20% in areas of South America.<a href="#cite_note-Dar2010p315-142">[142]</a> As of 2005, 12% of couples are using a male form of birth control (either condoms or a vasectomy) with higher rates in the developed world.<a href="#cite_note-Naz2009-143">[143]</a> Usage of male forms of birth control has decreased between 1985 and 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Darroch2013-141">[141]</a> Contraceptive use among women in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> has risen from about 5% in 1991 to about 30% in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> As of 2012, 57% of women of childbearing age want to avoid pregnancy (867 of 1,520 million).<a href="#cite_note-Dar2013-145">[145]</a> About 222 million women, however, were not able to access birth control, 53 million of whom were in sub-Saharan Africa and 97 million of whom were in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Dar2013-145">[145]</a> This results in 54 million unplanned pregnancies and nearly 80,000 maternal deaths a year.<a href="#cite_note-Darroch2013-141">[141]</a> Part of the reason that many women are without birth control is that many countries limit access due to religious or political reasons,<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-3">[3]</a> while another contributor is poverty.<a href="#cite_note-Rasch2011-146">[146]</a> Due to restrictive abortion laws in Sub-Saharan Africa, many women turn to unlicensed abortion providers for <a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">unintended pregnancy</a>, resulting in about 2–4% obtaining <a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">unsafe abortions</a> each year.<a href="#cite_note-Rasch2011-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_birth_control" title="History of birth control">History of birth control</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silphium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="ancient coin depicting silphium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Silphium.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="164" /></a><figcaption>Ancient silver coin from <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> depicting a stalk of <a href="/wiki/Silphium_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silphium (antiquity)">silphium</a></figcaption></figure> The Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus" title="Ebers Papyrus">Ebers Papyrus</a> from 1550 BC and the <a href="/wiki/Kahun_Papyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahun Papyrus">Kahun Papyrus</a> from 1850 BC have within them some of the earliest documented descriptions of birth control: the use of honey, <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacia</a> leaves and lint to be placed in the vagina to block sperm.<a href="#cite_note-History2010-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lipsey2005-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Silphium_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silphium (antiquity)">Silphium</a>, a species of <a href="/wiki/Ferula" title="Ferula">giant fennel</a> native to north Africa, may have been used as birth control in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herbalcontraceptives-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Due to its desirability, by the first century AD, it had become so rare that it was worth more than its weight in silver and, by late antiquity, it was fully extinct.<a href="#cite_note-Herbalcontraceptives-149">[149]</a> Most methods of birth control used in antiquity were probably ineffective.<a href="#cite_note-Carrick2001-151">[151]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 384–322 BC) recommended applying <a href="/wiki/Cedar_oil" title="Cedar oil">cedar oil</a> to the womb before intercourse, a method which was probably only effective on occasion.<a href="#cite_note-Carrick2001-151">[151]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocratic</a> text On the Nature of Women recommended that a woman drink a copper <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a> dissolved in water, which it claimed would prevent pregnancy for a year.<a href="#cite_note-Carrick2001-151">[151]</a> This method was not only ineffective, but also dangerous, as the later medical writer <a href="/wiki/Soranus_of_Ephesus" title="Soranus of Ephesus">Soranus of Ephesus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 98–138 AD) pointed out.<a href="#cite_note-Carrick2001-151">[151]</a> Soranus attempted to list reliable methods of birth control based on rational principles.<a href="#cite_note-Carrick2001-151">[151]</a> He rejected the use of superstition and amulets and instead prescribed mechanical methods such as vaginal plugs and pessaries using wool as a base covered in oils or other gummy substances.<a href="#cite_note-Carrick2001-151">[151]</a> Many of Soranus's methods were probably also ineffective.<a href="#cite_note-Carrick2001-151">[151]</a> In medieval Europe, any effort to halt pregnancy was deemed immoral by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-History2010-147">[147]</a> although it is believed that women of the time still used a number of birth control measures, such as <a href="/wiki/Coitus_interruptus" title="Coitus interruptus">coitus interruptus</a> and inserting <a href="/wiki/Lily" class="mw-redirect" title="Lily">lily</a> root and <a href="/wiki/Rue" class="mw-redirect" title="Rue">rue</a> into the vagina.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Women in the Middle Ages were also encouraged to tie weasel testicles around their thighs during sex to prevent pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-:0-153">[153]</a> The oldest condoms discovered to date were recovered in the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Castle" title="Dudley Castle">Dudley Castle</a> in England, and are dated back to 1640.<a href="#cite_note-:0-153">[153]</a> They were made of animal gut, and were most likely used to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Casanova" class="mw-redirect" title="Casanova">Casanova</a>, living in 18th-century Italy, described the use of a lambskin covering to prevent pregnancy; however, condoms only became widely available in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-History2010-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_control_movement">Birth control movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Birth control movement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victorian_Postcard_-_woman_hitting_stork_with_parasol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a cartoon of a woman being chased by a stork with a baby" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Victorian_Postcard_-_woman_hitting_stork_with_parasol.jpg/290px-Victorian_Postcard_-_woman_hitting_stork_with_parasol.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Victorian_Postcard_-_woman_hitting_stork_with_parasol.jpg/435px-Victorian_Postcard_-_woman_hitting_stork_with_parasol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Victorian_Postcard_-_woman_hitting_stork_with_parasol.jpg/580px-Victorian_Postcard_-_woman_hitting_stork_with_parasol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>"And the villain still pursues her", a satirical <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> postcard</figcaption></figure> The birth control movement developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Malthusian_League" title="Malthusian League">Malthusian League</a>, based on the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a>, was established in 1877 in the United Kingdom to educate the public about the importance of <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> and to advocate for getting rid of penalties for promoting birth control.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> It was founded during the "Knowlton trial" of <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bradlaugh" title="Charles Bradlaugh">Charles Bradlaugh</a>, who were prosecuted for publishing on various methods of birth control.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a> and Otto Bobsein popularized the phrase "birth control" in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-Wilk2004-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Galvin-158">[158]</a> Sanger primarily advocated for birth control on the idea that it would prevent women from seeking unsafe abortions, but during her lifetime, she began to campaign for it on the grounds that it would reduce mental and physical defects.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYU2017-160">[160]</a> She was mainly active in the United States but had gained an international reputation by the 1930s. At the time, under the <a href="/wiki/Comstock_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Comstock Law">Comstock Law</a>, distribution of birth control information was illegal. She <a href="/wiki/Jumped_bail" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumped bail">jumped bail</a> in 1914 after her arrest for distributing birth control information and left the United States for the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> In the U.K., Sanger, influenced by Havelock Ellis, further developed her arguments for birth control. She believed women needed to enjoy sex without fearing a pregnancy. During her time abroad, Sanger also saw a more flexible <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(birth_control)" title="Diaphragm (birth control)">diaphragm</a> in a Dutch clinic, which she thought was a better form of contraceptive.<a href="#cite_note-NYU2017-160">[160]</a> Once Sanger returned to the United States, she established a short-lived birth-control clinic with the help of her sister, Ethel Bryne, based in the Brownville section of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> in 1916. It was shut down after eleven days and resulted in her arrest.<a href="#cite_note-Baker2012-163">[163]</a> The publicity surrounding the arrest, trial, and appeal sparked birth control activism across the United States.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Besides her sister, Sanger was helped in the movement by her first husband, William Sanger, who distributed copies of "Family Limitation." Sanger's second husband, James Noah H. Slee, would also later become involved in the movement, acting as its main funder.<a href="#cite_note-NYU2017-160">[160]</a> Sanger also contributed to the funding of research into hormonal contraceptives in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> She helped fund research John Rock, and biologist Gregory Pincus that resulted in the first hormonal contraceptive pill, later called Enovid.<a href="#cite_note-:3-166">[166]</a> The first human trials of the pill were done on patients in the Worcester State Psychiatric Hospital, after which <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_trials_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Contraceptive trials in Puerto Rico">clinical testing was done in Puerto Rico</a> before Enovid was approved for use in the U.S.. The people participating in these trials were not fully informed on the medical implications of the pill, and often had minimal to no other family planning options.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The newly approved birth control method was not made available to the participants after the trials, and contraceptives are still not widely accessible in Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-:3-166">[166]</a> The increased use of birth control was seen by some as a form of social decay.<a href="#cite_note-:2-169">[169]</a> A decrease of fertility was seen as a negative. Throughout the Progressive Era (1890–1920), there was an increase of voluntary associations aiding the contraceptive movement.<a href="#cite_note-:2-169">[169]</a> These organizations failed to enlist more than 100,000 women because the use of birth control was often compared to eugenics;<a href="#cite_note-:2-169">[169]</a> however, there were women seeking a community with like-minded women. The ideology that surrounded birth control started to gain traction during the Progressive Era due to voluntary associations establishing community. Birth control was unlike the Victorian Era because women wanted to manage their sexuality. The use of birth control was another form of self-interest women clung to. This was seen as women began to gravitate towards strong figures, like the <a href="/wiki/Gibson_Girl" title="Gibson Girl">Gibson Girl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The first permanent birth-control clinic was established in Britain in 1921 by <a href="/wiki/Marie_Stopes" title="Marie Stopes">Marie Stopes</a> working with the Malthusian League.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The clinic, run by midwives and supported by visiting doctors,<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> offered women's birth-control advice and taught them the use of a <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cap" title="Cervical cap">cervical cap</a>. Her clinic made contraception acceptable during the 1920s by presenting it in scientific terms. In 1921, Sanger founded the American Birth Control League, which later became the <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a> Federation of America.<a href="#cite_note-:1-173">[173]</a> In 1924 the Society for the Provision of Birth Control Clinics was founded to campaign for municipal clinics; this led to the opening of a second clinic in <a href="/wiki/Greengate,_Salford" title="Greengate, Salford">Greengate, Salford</a> in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Throughout the 1920s, Stopes and other <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> pioneers, including <a href="/wiki/Dora_Russell" title="Dora Russell">Dora Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stella_Browne" title="Stella Browne">Stella Browne</a>, played a major role in breaking down <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboos</a> about sex. In April 1930 the Birth Control Conference assembled 700 delegates and was successful in bringing birth control and abortion into the political sphere – three months later, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Care#History" title="Department of Health and Social Care">Ministry of Health</a>, in the United Kingdom, allowed local authorities to give birth-control advice in welfare centres.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The National Birth Control Association was founded in Britain in 1931, and became the <a href="/wiki/Family_Planning_Association" title="Family Planning Association">Family Planning Association</a> eight years later. The Association amalgamated several British birth control-focused groups into 'a central organisation' for administering and overseeing birth control in Britain. The group incorporated the Birth Control Investigation Committee, a collective of physicians and scientists that was founded to investigate scientific and medical aspects of contraception with 'neutrality and impartiality'.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Subsequently, the Association effected a series of <a href="/wiki/Pure_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure science">'pure'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">'applied'</a> product and safety standards that manufacturers must meet to ensure their contraceptives could be prescribed as part of the Association's standard two-part-technique combining 'a rubber appliance to protect the mouth of the womb' with a 'chemical preparation capable of destroying... sperm'.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Between 1931 and 1959, the Association founded and funded a series of tests to assess chemical efficacy and safety and rubber quality.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> These tests became the basis for the Association's Approved List of contraceptives, which was launched in 1937, and went on to become an annual publication that the expanding network of FPA clinics relied upon as a means to 'establish facts [about contraceptives] and to publish these facts as a basis on which a sound public and scientific opinion can be built'.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> In 1936, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit</a> ruled in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._One_Package_of_Japanese_Pessaries" title="United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries">United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries</a> that medically prescribing contraception to save a person's life or well-being was not illegal under the <a href="/wiki/Comstock_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Comstock Laws">Comstock Laws</a>. Following this decision, the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> Committee on Contraception revoked its 1936 statement condemning birth control.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> A national survey in 1937 showed 71 percent of the adult population supported the use of contraception.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> By 1938, 374 birth control clinics were running in the United States despite their advertisement still being illegal.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> publicly supported birth control and family planning.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The restrictions on birth control in the Comstock laws were effectively rendered null and void by <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> decisions <a href="/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a> (1965)<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt_v._Baird" title="Eisenstadt v. Baird">Eisenstadt v. Baird</a> (1972).<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">President Lyndon B. Johnson</a> started endorsing public funding for family planning services, and the Federal Government began subsidizing birth control services for low-income families.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">The Affordable Care Act</a>, passed into law on March 23, 2010, under President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, requires all plans in the Health Insurance Marketplace to cover contraceptive methods. These include barrier methods, hormonal methods, implanted devices, emergency contraceptives, and sterilization procedures.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_methods">Modern methods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Modern methods">edit</a>]</div> In 1909, Richard Richter developed the first intrauterine device made from silkworm gut, which was further developed and marketed in Germany by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gr%C3%A4fenberg" title="Ernst Gräfenberg">Ernst Gräfenberg</a> in the late 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> In 1951, an Austrian-born American chemist, named <a href="/wiki/Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Syntex" title="Syntex">Syntex</a> in Mexico City made the hormones in progesterone pills using Mexican yams (<a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_mexicana" title="Dioscorea mexicana">Dioscorea mexicana</a>).<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Djerassi had chemically created the pill but was not equipped to distribute it to patients. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Pincus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Pincus">Gregory Pincus</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Rock_(American_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rock (American scientist)">John Rock</a> with help from the <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_Federation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned Parenthood Federation of America">Planned Parenthood Federation of America</a> developed the first birth control pills in the 1950s, such as <a href="/wiki/Mestranol/noretynodrel" title="Mestranol/noretynodrel">mestranol/noretynodrel</a>, which became publicly available in the 1960s through the Food and Drug Administration under the name Enovid.<a href="#cite_note-:1-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Medical_abortion" title="Medical abortion">Medical abortion</a> became an alternative to surgical abortion with the availability of <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_analogue" title="Prostaglandin analogue">prostaglandin analogs</a> in the 1970s and <a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">mifepristone</a> in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_positions">Legal positions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legal positions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_reproductive_rights_legislation" title="Timeline of reproductive rights legislation">Timeline of reproductive rights legislation</a></div> Human rights agreements require most governments to provide family planning and contraceptive information and services. These include the requirement to create a national plan for family planning services, remove laws that limit access to family planning, ensure that a wide variety of safe and effective birth control methods are available including emergency contraceptives, make sure there are appropriately trained healthcare providers and facilities at an affordable price, and create a process to review the programs implemented. If governments fail to do the above it may put them in breach of binding international treaty obligations.<a href="#cite_note-hrintlaw-192">[192]</a> In the United States, the 1965 Supreme Court decision <a href="/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a> overturned a state law prohibiting dissemination of contraception information based on a constitutional right to privacy for marital relationships. In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt_v._Baird" title="Eisenstadt v. Baird">Eisenstadt v. Baird</a> extended this right to privacy to single people.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> In 2010, the United Nations launched the Every Woman Every Child movement to assess the progress toward meeting women's contraceptive needs. The initiative has set a goal of increasing the number of users of modern birth control by 120 million women in the world's 69 poorest countries by 2020. Additionally, they aim to eradicate discrimination against girls and young women who seek contraceptives.<a href="#cite_note-Gutt2012-194">[194]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Congress_of_Obstetricians_and_Gynecologists" class="mw-redirect" title="American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists">American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists</a> (ACOG) recommended in 2014 that oral birth control pills should be <a href="/wiki/Over_the_counter_medications" class="mw-redirect" title="Over the counter medications">over the counter medications</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Since at least the 1870s, American religious, medical, legislative, and legal commentators have debated contraception laws. Ana Garner and Angela Michel have found that in these discussions men often attach reproductive rights to moral and political matters, as part of an ongoing attempt to regulate human bodies. In press coverage between 1873 and 2013 they found a divide between institutional ideology and real-life experiences of women.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Religious views">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_birth_control" title="Religion and birth control">Religion and birth control</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_contraception" title="Jewish views on contraception">Jewish views on contraception</a></div> Religions vary widely in their views of the ethics of birth control.<a href="#cite_note-Srikanthan2008-197">[197]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> re-affirmed its teachings in <a href="/wiki/Humanae_vitae" title="Humanae vitae">1968</a> that only <a href="/wiki/Natural_family_planning" title="Natural family planning">natural family planning</a> is permissible,<a href="#cite_note-pope1-198">[198]</a> although large numbers of Catholics in <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a> accept and use modern methods of birth control.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> admits a possible exception to its traditional teaching forbidding the use of artificial contraception, if used within marriage for certain purposes, including the spacing of births.<a href="#cite_note-GOARCH2019-202">[202]</a> Among <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>, there is a wide range of views from supporting none, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">Quiverfull movement</a>, to allowing all methods of birth control.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Views in Judaism range from the stricter <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> sect, which heavily restricts the use of birth control, to the more relaxed <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> sect, which allows most.<a href="#cite_note-jew_BC-204">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a> may use both natural and modern contraceptives.<a href="#cite_note-hindu_BC-205">[205]</a> A common <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> view is that preventing conception is acceptable, while intervening after conception has occurred is not.<a href="#cite_note-buddhist_BC-206">[206]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, contraceptives are allowed if they do not threaten health, although their use is discouraged by some.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Contraception_Day">World Contraception Day</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: World Contraception Day">edit</a>]</div> September 26 is World Contraception Day, devoted to raising awareness and improving education about sexual and reproductive health, with a vision of a world where every pregnancy is wanted.<a href="#cite_note-WorldContraceptionDay-208">[208]</a> It is supported by a group of governments and international NGOs, including the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Population_Affairs" title="Office of Population Affairs">Office of Population Affairs</a>, the Asian Pacific Council on Contraception, Centro Latinamericano Salud y Mujer, the European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health, the <a href="/wiki/German_Foundation_for_World_Population" title="German Foundation for World Population">German Foundation for World Population</a>, the International Federation of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, <a href="/wiki/International_Planned_Parenthood_Federation" title="International Planned Parenthood Federation">International Planned Parenthood Federation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marie_Stopes_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Stopes International">Marie Stopes International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Population_Services_International" title="Population Services International">Population Services International</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Population_Council" title="Population Council">Population Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a> (USAID), and <a href="/wiki/Women_Deliver" title="Women Deliver">Women Deliver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WorldContraceptionDay-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misconceptions">Misconceptions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Misconceptions">edit</a>]</div> There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Common_misconceptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Common misconceptions">common misconceptions</a> regarding sex and pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Douche" title="Douche">Douching</a> after sexual intercourse is not an effective form of birth control.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Additionally, it is associated with a number of health problems and thus is not recommended.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Women can become pregnant the first time they have sexual intercourse<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> and in any <a href="/wiki/Sexual_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual position">sexual position</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> It is possible, although not very likely, to become pregnant during menstruation.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Contraceptive use, regardless of its duration and type, does not have a negative effect on the ability of women to conceive following termination of use and does not significantly delay fertility. Women who use oral contraceptives for a longer duration may have a slightly lower rate of pregnancy than do women using oral contraceptives for a shorter period of time, possibly due to fertility decreasing with age.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessibility">Accessibility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Accessibility">edit</a>]</div> Access to birth control may be affected by finances and the laws within a region or country.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> In the United States African American, Hispanic, and young women are disproportionately affected by limited access to birth control, as a result of financial disparity.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> For example, Hispanic and African American women often lack insurance coverage and are more often poor.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> New immigrants in the United States are not offered preventive care such as birth control.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> In the United Kingdom contraception can be obtained free of charge via contraception clinics, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_health_clinic" title="Sexual health clinic">sexual health</a> or GUM (<a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">genitourinary medicine</a>) clinics, via some GP surgeries, some young people's services and pharmacies.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> In September 2021, France announced that women aged under 25 in France will be offered free contraception from 2022. It was elaborated that they "would not be charged for medical appointments, tests, or other medical procedures related to birth control" and that this would "cover hormonal contraception, biological tests that go with it, the prescription of contraception and all care related to this contraception".<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> From August 2022 onwards contraception for women aged between 17 and 25 years will be free in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_provisioning_for_contraception">Public provisioning for contraception</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Public provisioning for contraception">edit</a>]</div> In most parts of the world, the political attitude to contraception determines whether and how much state provisioning of contraceptive care occurs. In the United States, for example, the Republican party and the Democratic party have held opposite positions, contributing to continuous policy shifts over the years.<a href="#cite_note-lets-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> In the 2010s, policies, and attitudes to contraceptive care shifted abruptly between Obama's and Trump's administrations.<a href="#cite_note-lets-226">[226]</a> The Trump administration extensively overturned the efforts for contraceptive care, and reduced federal spending, compared to efforts and funding during the Obama administration.<a href="#cite_note-lets-226">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advocacy">Advocacy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Advocacy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Free_the_Pill" class="mw-redirect" title="Free the Pill">Free the Pill</a>, a collaboration between <a href="/wiki/Advocates_for_Youth" title="Advocates for Youth">Advocates for Youth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibis_Reproductive_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibis Reproductive Health">Ibis Reproductive Health</a> are working to bring birth control over-the-counter, covered by insurance with no age-restriction throughout the United States.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Approval">Approval</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Approval">edit</a>]</div> On July 13, 2023, the first US daily oral nonprescription over-the-counter birth control pill was approved for manufacturer by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a>. The pill, Opill is expected to be more effective in preventing unintended pregnancies than condoms are. Opill is expected to be available in 2024 but the price has yet to be set. <a href="/wiki/Perrigo" title="Perrigo">Perrigo</a>, a pharmaceutical company based in Dublin is the manufacturer.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_directions">Research directions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Research directions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Females">Females</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Females">edit</a>]</div> Improvements of existing birth control methods are needed, as around half of those who get pregnant unintentionally are using birth control at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Will2012-30">[30]</a> A number of alterations of existing contraceptive methods are being studied, including a better female condom, an improved <a href="/wiki/SILCS_diaphragm" class="mw-redirect" title="SILCS diaphragm">diaphragm</a>, a patch containing only progestin, and a vaginal ring containing long-acting progesterone.<a href="#cite_note-Jensen2011-232">[232]</a> This vaginal ring appears to be effective for three or four months and is currently available in some areas of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Jensen2011-232">[232]</a> For women who rarely have sex, the taking of the hormonal birth control <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a> around the time of sex looks promising.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> A number of methods to perform sterilization via the cervix are being studied. One involves putting <a href="/wiki/Quinacrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinacrine">quinacrine</a> in the uterus which causes scarring and infertility. While the procedure is inexpensive and does not require surgical skills, there are concerns regarding long-term side effects.<a href="#cite_note-Cast2010-234">[234]</a> Another substance, <a href="/wiki/Polidocanol" title="Polidocanol">polidocanol</a>, which functions in the same manner is being looked at.<a href="#cite_note-Jensen2011-232">[232]</a> A device called <a href="/wiki/Essure" title="Essure">Essure</a>, which expands when placed in the fallopian tubes and blocks them, was approved in the United States in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Cast2010-234">[234]</a> In 2016, a <a href="/wiki/Black_boxed_warning" class="mw-redirect" title="Black boxed warning">black boxed warning</a> regarding potentially serious side effects was added,<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> and in 2018, the device was discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Males">Males</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Males">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></div> Despite high levels of interest in male contraception,<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-methods-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-240">[240]</a> progress been stymied by a lack of industry involvement. Most funding for male contraceptive research is derived from government or philanthropic sources.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> A number of novel contraceptive methods based on hormonal and non-hormonal mechanisms of action are in various stages of <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a>, up to and including <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a>,<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> including gels, pills, injectables, implants, wearables, and oral contraceptives.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Recent avenues of research include <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> required for male <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a>. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Serine/threonine-specific_protein_kinase" title="Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase">serine/threonine-protein kinase</a> 33 (STK33) is a <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testis</a>-enriched <a href="/wiki/Kinase" title="Kinase">kinase</a> that is indispensable for male fertility in humans and mice. An inhibitor of this kinase, <a href="/wiki/CDD-2807" title="CDD-2807">CDD-2807</a>, has recently been identified and induced reversible male <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a> without measurable <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> in mice.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> Such an inhibitor would be a potent male contraceptive if it passed safety and efficacy tests. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animals">Animals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Animals">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Neutering" title="Neutering">Neutering</a> or spaying, which involves removing some of the reproductive organs, is often carried out as a method of birth control in household pets. Many <a href="/wiki/Animal_shelters" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal shelters">animal shelters</a> require these procedures as part of adoption agreements.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> In large animals the surgery is known as <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Birth control is also being considered as an alternative to hunting as a means of controlling <a href="/wiki/Overpopulation_in_wild_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Overpopulation in wild animals">overpopulation in wild animals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boyle_2009-257">[257]</a> <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive vaccine">Contraceptive vaccines</a> have been found to be effective in a number of different animal populations.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Kenyan goat herders fix a skirt, called an <a href="/wiki/Olor" title="Olor">olor</a>, to male goats to prevent them from impregnating female goats.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunocontraception" title="Immunocontraception">Immunocontraception</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351">"Definition of Birth control"</a>. MedicineNet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120806234913/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedicineNet&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Birth+control&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medterms.com%2Fscript%2Fmain%2Fart.asp%3Farticlekey%3D53351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreiberBarnhart2014" class="citation book cs1">Schreiber CA, Barnhart K (2014). 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In Hurt KJ, Guile MW, Bienstock JL, Fox HE, Wallach EE (eds.). The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 382–395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60547-433-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60547-433-5"><bdi>978-1-60547-433-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fertility+control%3A+contraception%2C+sterilization%2C+and+abortion&rft.btitle=The+Johns+Hopkins+manual+of+gynecology+and+obstetrics&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E382-%3C%2Fspan%3E395&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health%2FLippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60547-433-5&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Burke%2C+AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Sg5sXyiBvkC%26pg%3DPR232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED2012-4"><a href="#cite_ref-OED2012_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/19395">Oxford English Dictionary</a>. 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The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (10): CD001329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD001329.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD001329.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6823189">6823189</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26457821">26457821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Lactational+amenorrhoea+method+for+family+planning&rft.volume=2015&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=CD001329&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6823189%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26457821&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD001329.pub2&rft.aulast=Van+der+Wijden&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Manion%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6823189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blenning2005-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blenning2005_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blenning2005_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenningPaladine2005" class="citation journal cs1">Blenning CE, Paladine H (December 2005). 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Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-0909-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-0909-9"><bdi>978-0-7637-0909-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610000602/https://books.google.com/books?id=_0H4iyS_DFwC&pg=PA162">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+for+health+and+wellness&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+MA&rft.pages=161&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-0909-9&rft.aulast=Edlin&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Golanty%2C+E&rft.au=Brown%2C+KM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_0H4iyS_DFwC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dew2012-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Dew2012_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds2012" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds DK, ed. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140521031817/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/06/male-contraceptive-pill-bring-it-on">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2014. 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Obstetrics and Gynecology. 122 (1): 139–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FAOG.0b013e318291c235">10.1097/AOG.0b013e318291c235</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23743450">23743450</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31552437">31552437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Oral+contraceptive+pills+as+primary+prevention+for+ovarian+cancer%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31552437%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23743450&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FAOG.0b013e318291c235&rft.aulast=Havrilesky&rft.aufirst=LJ&rft.au=Moorman%2C+PG&rft.au=Lowery%2C+WJ&rft.au=Gierisch%2C+JM&rft.au=Coeytaux%2C+RR&rft.au=Urrutia%2C+RP&rft.au=Dinan%2C+M&rft.au=McBroom%2C+AJ&rft.au=Hasselblad%2C+V&rft.au=Sanders%2C+GD&rft.au=Myers%2C+ER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManthaKarpRaghavanTerrin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mantha S, Karp R, Raghavan V, Terrin N, Bauer KA, Zwicker JI (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3413580">"Assessing the risk of venous thromboembolic events in women taking progestin-only contraception: a meta-analysis"</a>. BMJ. 345 (aug07 2): e4944. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.e4944">10.1136/bmj.e4944</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3413580">3413580</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22872710">22872710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+risk+of+venous+thromboembolic+events+in+women+taking+progestin-only+contraception%3A+a+meta-analysis&rft.volume=345&rft.issue=aug07+2&rft.pages=e4944&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3413580%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22872710&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.e4944&rft.aulast=Mantha&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Karp%2C+R&rft.au=Raghavan%2C+V&rft.au=Terrin%2C+N&rft.au=Bauer%2C+KA&rft.au=Zwicker%2C+JI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3413580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21961819-50"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21961819_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2011" class="citation journal cs1">Burke AE (October 2011). 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Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 624. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-9256-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-9256-1"><bdi>978-0-7817-9256-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617091640/https://books.google.com/books?id=XIzo5uo3XIQC&pg=PA624">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adolescent+health+care+%3A+a+practical+guide&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=624&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-9256-1&rft.aulast=Neinstein&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXIzo5uo3XIQC%26pg%3DPA624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri2007" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri SK (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzanxKlcU74C&pg=PA88">"Barrier Contraceptives"</a>. 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St. Louis, MO: Elsevier/Saunders. p. 799. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-3582-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-3582-6"><bdi>978-1-4377-3582-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603075248/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4SwO2dHcAIC&pg=PA799">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacology+for+nursing+care&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=799&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FSaunders&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4377-3582-6&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_4SwO2dHcAIC%26pg%3DPA799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GAFgWda-2NMC&pg=PA141">Facts for life</a> (4th ed.). New York: United Nations Children's Fund. 2010. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-806-4466-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-806-4466-1"><bdi>978-92-806-4466-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513045129/https://books.google.com/books?id=GAFgWda-2NMC&pg=PA141">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts+for+life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=141&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=United+Nations+Children%27s+Fund&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-92-806-4466-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGAFgWda-2NMC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPray2005" class="citation book cs1">Pray WS (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XU1sMK1djVAC&pg=PA414">Nonprescription product therapeutics</a> (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-3498-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-3498-1"><bdi>978-0-7817-3498-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430062155/https://books.google.com/books?id=XU1sMK1djVAC&pg=PA414">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nonprescription+product+therapeutics&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=414&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-3498-1&rft.aulast=Pray&rft.aufirst=WS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXU1sMK1djVAC%26pg%3DPA414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_on_Adolescence2013" class="citation journal cs1">Committee on Adolescence (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2013-2821">"Condom Use by Adolescents"</a>. 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[S.l.]: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 563. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-78355-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-78355-8"><bdi>978-3-540-78355-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510175547/https://books.google.com/books?id=mEgckDNkonUC&pg=PA563">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrology+Male+Reproductive+Health+and+Dysfunction&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pages=563&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-540-78355-8&rft.aulast=Eberhard&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmEgckDNkonUC%26pg%3DPA563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbieri2009" class="citation book cs1">Barbieri JF (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NudwnhxY8kYC&pg=PA873">Yen and Jaffe's reproductive endocrinology : physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management</a> (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 873. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-4907-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-4907-4"><bdi>978-1-4160-4907-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518002841/https://books.google.com/books?id=NudwnhxY8kYC&pg=PA873">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yen+and+Jaffe%27s+reproductive+endocrinology+%3A+physiology%2C+pathophysiology%2C+and+clinical+management&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=873&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Saunders%2FElsevier&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-4907-4&rft.aulast=Barbieri&rft.aufirst=JF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNudwnhxY8kYC%26pg%3DPA873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727010034/https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthlinkbc-files/preventing-sti">"Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)"</a>. British Columbia Health Link. February 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthlinkbc-files/preventing-sti">the original</a> on July 27, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Columbia+Health+Link&rft.atitle=Preventing+Sexually+Transmitted+Infections+%28STIs%29&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthlinkbc.ca%2Fhealthlinkbc-files%2Fpreventing-sti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuyohToroitich-RutoGrimesSchulz2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kuyoh MA, Toroitich-Ruto C, Grimes DA, Schulz KF, Gallo MF (January 2003). "Sponge versus diaphragm for contraception: a Cochrane review". Contraception. 67 (1): 15–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0010-7824%2802%2900434-1">10.1016/s0010-7824(02)00434-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12521652">12521652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Sponge+versus+diaphragm+for+contraception%3A+a+Cochrane+review&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0010-7824%2802%2900434-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12521652&rft.aulast=Kuyoh&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Toroitich-Ruto%2C+C&rft.au=Grimes%2C+DA&rft.au=Schulz%2C+KF&rft.au=Gallo%2C+MF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pouTfH33wF8C&pg=PA88">Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use</a> (4th ed.). Geneva: Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization. 2009. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156388-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156388-8"><bdi>978-92-4-156388-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515194650/https://books.google.com/books?id=pouTfH33wF8C&pg=PA88">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+eligibility+criteria+for+contraceptive+use&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=88&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Reproductive+Health+and+Research%2C+World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-92-4-156388-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpouTfH33wF8C%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinnerPeipertZhaoBuckel2012" class="citation journal cs1">Winner B, Peipert JF, Zhao Q, Buckel C, Madden T, Allsworth JE, Secura GM (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/open_access_pubs/2773">"Effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraception"</a>. The New England Journal of Medicine. 366 (21): 1998–2007. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa1110855">10.1056/NEJMoa1110855</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22621627">22621627</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16812353">16812353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Effectiveness+of+long-acting+reversible+contraception&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1998-%3C%2Fspan%3E2007&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16812353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22621627&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa1110855&rft.aulast=Winner&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Peipert%2C+JF&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Q&rft.au=Buckel%2C+C&rft.au=Madden%2C+T&rft.au=Allsworth%2C+JE&rft.au=Secura%2C+GM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.wustl.edu%2Fopen_access_pubs%2F2773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkins2010b-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins2010b_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansonBurke2012" class="citation book cs1">Hanson SJ, Burke AE (March 28, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PR232">"Fertility Control: Contraception, Sterilization, and Abortion"</a>. 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Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60547-433-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60547-433-5"><bdi>978-1-60547-433-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512081611/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PR232">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fertility+Control%3A+Contraception%2C+Sterilization%2C+and+Abortion&rft.btitle=The+Johns+Hopkins+manual+of+gynecology+and+obstetrics&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=232&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health%2FLippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2012-03-28&rft.isbn=978-1-60547-433-5&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Burke%2C+AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Sg5sXyiBvkC%26pg%3DPR232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comm2012-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Comm2012_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comm2012_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_on_Adolescent_Health_Care_Long-Acting_Reversible_Contraception_Working_Group,_The_American_College_of_Obstetricians_and_Gynecologists2012" class="citation journal cs1">Committee on Adolescent Health Care Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Working Group, The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FAOG.0b013e3182723b7d">"Committee opinion no. 539: adolescents and long-acting reversible contraception: implants and intrauterine devices"</a>. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 120 (4): 983–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FAOG.0b013e3182723b7d">10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182723b7d</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22996129">22996129</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35516759">35516759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Committee+opinion+no.+539%3A+adolescents+and+long-acting+reversible+contraception%3A+implants+and+intrauterine+devices&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E983-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35516759%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22996129&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FAOG.0b013e3182723b7d&rft.au=Committee+on+Adolescent+Health+Care+Long-Acting+Reversible+Contraception+Working+Group%2C+The+American+College+of+Obstetricians+and+Gynecologists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252FAOG.0b013e3182723b7d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darney2010-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Darney2010_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darney2010_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperoffDarney2010" class="citation book cs1">Speroff L, Darney PD (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f5XJtYkiJ0YC&pg=PT425">A clinical guide for contraception</a> (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 242–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60831-610-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60831-610-6"><bdi>978-1-60831-610-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506220517/https://books.google.com/books?id=f5XJtYkiJ0YC&pg=PT425">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+clinical+guide+for+contraception&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E242-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60831-610-6&rft.aulast=Speroff&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Darney%2C+PD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df5XJtYkiJ0YC%26pg%3DPT425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackLotkeBuhlingZite2012" class="citation journal cs1">Black K, Lotke P, Buhling KJ, Zite NB (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4950459">"A review of barriers and myths preventing the more widespread use of intrauterine contraception in nulliparous women"</a>. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care. 17 (5): 340–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13625187.2012.700744">10.3109/13625187.2012.700744</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4950459">4950459</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22834648">22834648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Journal+of+Contraception+%26+Reproductive+Health+Care&rft.atitle=A+review+of+barriers+and+myths+preventing+the+more+widespread+use+of+intrauterine+contraception+in+nulliparous+women&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E340-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4950459%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22834648&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F13625187.2012.700744&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Lotke%2C+P&rft.au=Buhling%2C+KJ&rft.au=Zite%2C+NB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4950459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabbe2012-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gabbe2012_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabbe2012_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabbe2012_68-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabbe2012" class="citation book cs1">Gabbe S (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x3mJpT2PkEUC&pg=PA527">Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies</a>. 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The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012 (4): CD004860. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004860.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD004860.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8855505">8855505</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15495128">15495128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Fertility+awareness-based+methods+for+contraception&rft.volume=2012&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=CD004860&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8855505%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15495128&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD004860.pub2&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Gallo%2C+MF&rft.au=Grigorieva%2C+V&rft.au=Nanda%2C+K&rft.au=Schulz%2C+KF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8855505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2010" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence R (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jhQ2zHnKEKwC&pg=PA673">Breastfeeding : a guide for the medical professional</a> (7th ed.). 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Ohio State University Press. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0954-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0954-7"><bdi>978-0-8142-0954-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103122651/http://books.google.com/books?id=bdl78Y2eRcEC&pg=PA184">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Any+friend+of+the+movement%3A+networking+for+birth+control%2C+1920%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8142-0954-7&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=JE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbdl78Y2eRcEC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galvin-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Galvin_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalvin1998" class="citation journal cs1">Galvin R (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001164818/http://www.neh.gov/humanities/1998/septemberoctober/feature/margaret-sangers-deeds-terrible-virtue">"Margaret Sanger's "Deeds of Terrible Virtue""</a>. 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-65112-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-65112-4"><bdi>978-1-118-65112-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604052259/https://books.google.com/books?id=OpMYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT65">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Progressives%3A+Activism+and+Reform+in+American+Society%2C+1893%E2%80%931917&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-118-65112-4&rft.aulast=Pastorello&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOpMYAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZorea2012" class="citation book cs1">Zorea A (2012). 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Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 115–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-6897-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-6897-3"><bdi>978-1-4299-6897-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504215433/https://books.google.com/books?id=u7pgCFIcH2cC&lpg=PA335&vq=115&dq=Mararet%20Sanger%20%3A%20a%20life%20of%20passion&pg=PA115">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+Sanger+%3A+a+life+of+passion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.edition=First+pbk.&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-6897-3&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=JH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du7pgCFIcH2cC%26q%3DMararet%2520Sanger%2520%253A%2520a%2520life%2520of%2520passion%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCann2010" class="citation book cs1">McCann CR (2010). 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Cambridge University Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48938-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48938-6"><bdi>978-1-139-48938-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116162745/https://books.google.com/books?id=CR-EXq4y8XAC&pg=PA98">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+and+Society%3A+An+Introduction+to+Demography&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48938-6&rft.aulast=Poston&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCR-EXq4y8XAC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangZhouShanLuo2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang J, Zhou K, Shan D, Luo X (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9128719">"Medical methods for first trimester abortion"</a>. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531543-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531543-1"><bdi>978-0-19-531543-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528212537/https://books.google.com/books?id=bQF4j8nv1VQC&pg=PA178">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+is+thicker+than+blood+%3A+an+Augustinian+theology+of+marriage+and+singleness&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531543-1&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbQF4j8nv1VQC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jew_BC-204"><a href="#cite_ref-jew_BC_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman1998" class="citation book cs1">Feldman DM (1998). 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American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 66 (1): 63–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0897.2011.01005.x">10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01005.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5567843">5567843</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21501281">21501281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Reproductive+Immunology&rft.atitle=Contraceptive+vaccines+for+the+humane+control+of+community+cat+populations&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5567843%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21501281&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0897.2011.01005.x&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=JK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5567843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7648860.stm">"Goat 'condoms' save Kenyan herds"</a>. BBC News. October 6, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006071209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7648860.stm">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Goat+%27condoms%27+save+Kenyan+herds&rft.date=2008-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F7648860.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperoffDarney2010" class="citation book cs1">Speroff L, Darney PD (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f5XJtYkiJ0YC&pg=PT1">A clinical guide for contraception</a> (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 242–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60831-610-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60831-610-6"><bdi>978-1-60831-610-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506220517/https://books.google.com/books?id=f5XJtYkiJ0YC&pg=PT1">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+clinical+guide+for+contraception&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E242-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60831-610-6&rft.aulast=Speroff&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Darney%2C+PD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df5XJtYkiJ0YC%26pg%3DPT1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubblefieldRoncari2011" class="citation book cs1">Stubblefield PG, Roncari DM (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P3erI0J8tEQC&q=editions%3AytqC2tqT5BIC&pg=PA247">"Family Planning"</a>. In Berek JS (ed.). Berek & Novak's Gynecology (15th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 211–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-1433-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-1433-1"><bdi>978-1-4511-1433-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Planning&rft.btitle=Berek+%26+Novak%27s+Gynecology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4511-1433-1&rft.aulast=Stubblefield&rft.aufirst=PG&rft.au=Roncari%2C+DM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP3erI0J8tEQC%26q%3Deditions%253AytqC2tqT5BIC%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensenMishell_Jr2012" class="citation book cs1">Jensen JT, Mishell Jr DR (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X5KT_w6Nye8C&pg=PA215">"Family Planning: Contraception, Sterilization, and Pregnancy Termination"</a>. In Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, Katz VL (eds.). Comprehensive Gynecology (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 215–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-06986-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-06986-1"><bdi>978-0-323-06986-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Planning%3A+Contraception%2C+Sterilization%2C+and+Pregnancy+Termination&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Gynecology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Mosby+Elsevier&rft.date=2012-03&rft.isbn=978-0-323-06986-1&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=JT&rft.au=Mishell+Jr%2C+DR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX5KT_w6Nye8C%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavinMoskoskyCarterCurtis2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gavin L, Moskosky S, Carter M, Curtis K, Glass E, Godfrey E, et al. (Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC) (April 2014). "Providing quality family planning services: Recommendations of CDC and the U.S. Office of Population Affairs". MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 63 (RR-04): 1–54. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24759690">24759690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMWR.+Recommendations+and+Reports&rft.atitle=Providing+quality+family+planning+services%3A+Recommendations+of+CDC+and+the+U.S.+Office+of+Population+Affairs&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=RR-04&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24759690&rft.aulast=Gavin&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Moskosky%2C+S&rft.au=Carter%2C+M&rft.au=Curtis%2C+K&rft.au=Glass%2C+E&rft.au=Godfrey%2C+E&rft.au=Marcell%2C+A&rft.au=Mautone-Smith%2C+N&rft.au=Pazol%2C+K&rft.au=Tepper%2C+N&rft.au=Zapata%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization_Department_of_Reproductive_Health_and_Research_and_Johns_Hopkins_Bloomberg_School_of_Public_Health2011" class="citation book cs1">World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf">Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration</a> (PDF) (Rev. and Updated ed.). Geneva: WHO and Center for Communication Programs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9788563-7-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9788563-7-3"><bdi>978-0-9788563-7-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+planning%3A+A+global+handbook+for+providers%3A+Evidence-based+guidance+developed+through+worldwide+collaboration&rft.place=Geneva&rft.edition=Rev.+and+Updated&rft.pub=WHO+and+Center+for+Communication+Programs&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3&rft.au=World+Health+Organization+Department+of+Reproductive+Health+and+Research+and+Johns+Hopkins+Bloomberg+School+of+Public+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fphandbook.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fhb_english_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoratti2017" class="citation book cs1">Moratti S (2017). "Fertility Control". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-05544-2_193-1?fromPaywallRec=true">Encyclopedia of Global Bioethics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer,_Cham" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer, Cham">Springer, Cham</a>. pp. 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-05544-2_193-1">10.1007/978-3-319-05544-2_193-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-05544-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-05544-2"><bdi>978-3-319-05544-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fertility+Control&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Bioethics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Cham&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-05544-2_193-1&rft.isbn=978-3-319-05544-2&rft.aulast=Moratti&rft.aufirst=Sofia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferenceworkentry%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-05544-2_193-1%3FfromPaywallRec%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtisJatlaouiTepperZapata2016" class="citation journal cs1">Curtis KM, Jatlaoui TC, Tepper NK, Zapata LB, Horton LG, Jamieson DJ, Whiteman MK (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.rr6504a1">"U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use, 2016"</a>. MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 65 (4): 1–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.rr6504a1">10.15585/mmwr.rr6504a1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27467319">27467319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMWR.+Recommendations+and+Reports&rft.atitle=U.S.+Selected+Practice+Recommendations+for+Contraceptive+Use%2C+2016&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15585%2Fmmwr.rr6504a1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27467319&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=KM&rft.au=Jatlaoui%2C+TC&rft.au=Tepper%2C+NK&rft.au=Zapata%2C+LB&rft.au=Horton%2C+LG&rft.au=Jamieson%2C+DJ&rft.au=Whiteman%2C+MK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15585%252Fmmwr.rr6504a1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamimiBasu2017" class="citation book cs1">Samimi P, Basu T (2017). "Contraception and Family Planning". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-17798-4_17">Handbook of Gynecology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer,_Cham" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer, Cham">Springer, Cham</a>. pp. 21–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-17798-4_17">10.1007/978-3-319-17798-4_17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-17798-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-17798-4"><bdi>978-3-319-17798-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contraception+and+Family+Planning&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Gynecology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Cham&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-17798-4_17&rft.isbn=978-3-319-17798-4&rft.aulast=Samimi&rft.aufirst=Parisa&rft.au=Basu%2C+Tania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferenceworkentry%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-17798-4_17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSel2020" class="citation book cs1">Sel G (2020). "Contraception". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-29669-8_30">Practical Guide to Oral Exams in Obstetrics and Gynecology : Questions & Answers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer,_Cham" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer, Cham">Springer, Cham</a>. pp. 185–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-29669-8_30">10.1007/978-3-030-29669-8_30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-29669-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-29669-8"><bdi>978-3-030-29669-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contraception&rft.btitle=Practical+Guide+to+Oral+Exams+in+Obstetrics+and+Gynecology+%3A+Questions+%26+Answers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Cham&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-29669-8_30&rft.isbn=978-3-030-29669-8&rft.aulast=Sel&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6rker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-29669-8_30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoupe2020" class="citation book cs1">Shoupe D (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-46391-5">The Handbook of Contraception: Evidence Based Practice Recommendations and Rationales</a>. Cham: <a href="/wiki/Humana_Press" title="Humana Press">Humana Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-46391-5">10.1007/978-3-030-46391-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-46390-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-46390-8"><bdi>978-3-030-46390-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Contraception%3A+Evidence+Based+Practice+Recommendations+and+Rationales&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-46391-5&rft.isbn=978-3-030-46390-8&rft.aulast=Shoupe&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-46391-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Birth control at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Birth_control" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Birth control">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Contraception" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Contraception">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Birth_control" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Birth control">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Birth_control" class="extiw" title="q:Birth control">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Birth_control" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Birth control">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Birth_control" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Birth control">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Birth_control" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Birth control">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122224" class="extiw" title="d:Q122224">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Birth control <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Birth+control">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Birth+control&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs351/en/">"WHO Fact Sheet"</a>. July 2017. Retrieved July 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHO+Fact+Sheet&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs351%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birth-control-comparison.info/">"Birth Control Comparison Chart"</a>. Cedar River Clinics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birth+Control+Comparison+Chart&rft.pub=Cedar+River+Clinics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birth-control-comparison.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+control" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/rhem/procurement/en/">Bulk procurement of birth control</a> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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Justice">Reproductive Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_security" title="Contraceptive security">Contraceptive security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">Abortion-rights movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity#Genital_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Genital integrity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversies" title="Circumcision controversies">Circumcision controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_counseling" title="Genetic counseling">Genetic counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-conception_counseling" title="Pre-conception counseling">Pre-conception counseling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_childlessness" title="Voluntary childlessness">Childfreeness</a>/<a href="/wiki/Childlessness" title="Childlessness">childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_spacing" title="Birth spacing">Birth spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">foster care</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperm_theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm theft">Sperm theft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birth_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth Control">Contraception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">Sterilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">In vitro fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracytoplasmic_sperm_injection" title="Intracytoplasmic sperm injection">ICSI</a></li> <li>Gamete Cryopreservation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oocyte_cryopreservation" title="Oocyte cryopreservation">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semen_cryopreservation" title="Semen cryopreservation">Sperm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperm_bank" title="Sperm bank">Sperm bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_fraud" title="Fertility fraud">fertility fraud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_health" title="Men's health">Men's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulvovaginal_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulvovaginal health">vulvovaginal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Research <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-report_sexual_risk_behaviors" title="Self-report sexual risk behaviors">self-report sexual risk behaviors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_options_counseling" title="Pregnancy options counseling">Options counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_from_rape" title="Pregnancy from rape">Pregnancy from rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnant_patients%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregnant patients' rights">Pregnant patients' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care" title="Prenatal care">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy" title="Teenage pregnancy">Teenage pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Precocious_puberty_and_pregnancy" title="Category:Precocious puberty and pregnancy">Precocious puberty and pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Genitourinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disorders_of_sex_development" title="Disorders of sex development">Disorders of sex development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_disease" title="Reproductive system disease">Reproductive system disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_health_clinic" title="Sexual health clinic">clinic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_Iran" title="Family planning in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraception_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Contraception in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_Pakistan" title="Family planning in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_Parenthood_and_Reproductive_Health_Act_of_2012" title="Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_planning_in_Singapore" title="Population planning in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Teenage pregnancy in the United Kingdom">teen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_the_United_States" title="Family planning in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy_in_the_United_States" title="Teenage pregnancy in the United States">teen pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">birth control</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control movement in the United States">Birth control movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_condoms" title="History of condoms">History of condoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_reproductive_rights_legislation" title="Timeline of reproductive rights legislation">Timeline of reproductive rights legislation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-child_policy" title="Three-child policy">Three-child policy</a></li> <li>Financial <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_bonus" title="Baby bonus">baby bonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_tax" title="Bachelor tax">bachelor tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_benefit" title="Child benefit">child benefit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_on_childlessness" title="Tax on childlessness">tax on childlessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Birth_control_methods322" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birth_control_methods" title="Template:Birth control methods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birth_control_methods" title="Template talk:Birth control methods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birth_control_methods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birth control methods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Birth_control_methods322" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birth control</a> methods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_birth_control_methods" title="Comparison of birth control methods">Comparison of birth control methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Preventing sexually-transmitted infections</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Approval">Over-the-counter oral contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_formulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral contraceptive formulations">Oral contraceptive formulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Long-acting_reversible_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-acting reversible contraception">Long-acting reversible contraception</a> (LARC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine device</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hormonal_IUD" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal IUD">Hormonal IUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_IUD" title="Copper IUD">Copper IUD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_implant" title="Contraceptive implant">Contraceptive implant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel_implant" title="Etonogestrel implant">Etonogestrel implant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_implant" class="mw-redirect" title="Levonorgestrel implant">Levonorgestrel implant</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">Sterilization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tubal_ligation" title="Tubal ligation">Tubal ligation</a> (female)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasectomy" title="Vasectomy">Vasectomy</a> (male)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception#Combined" title="Hormonal contraception">Combined estrogen–progestogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">Oral pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_cycle_combined_hormonal_contraceptive" title="Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive">Extended cycle Pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_patch" title="Contraceptive patch">Contraceptive patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_injectable_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined injectable contraceptive">Monthly injections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel" title="Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel">Vaginal ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_contraception" title="Progestogen-only contraception">Progestogen-only</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_injectable_contraceptive" title="Progestogen-only injectable contraceptive">Multi-month injections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_pill" title="Progestogen-only pill">Progestogen-only pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_vaginal_ring" title="Progesterone vaginal ring">Vaginal ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">SERMs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ormeloxifene" title="Ormeloxifene">Ormeloxifene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barrier_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier contraception">Barrier Methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">External condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_condom" title="Female condom">Internal condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cap" title="Cervical cap">Cervical cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(birth_control)" title="Diaphragm (birth control)">Diaphragm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_sponge" title="Contraceptive sponge">Contraceptive sponge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Contraception">Emergency Contraception</a> (Post-intercourse)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper_IUD#Emergency_contraception" title="Copper IUD">Copper IUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulipristal_acetate" title="Ulipristal acetate">Ulipristal acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel#Emergency_birth_control" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone#Other" title="Mifepristone">Low-dose mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzpe_regimen" title="Yuzpe regimen">Yuzpe regimen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spermicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermicides">Spermicides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid/citric_acid/potassium_bitartrate" title="Lactic acid/citric acid/potassium bitartrate">Vaginal pH modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonoxynol-9" title="Nonoxynol-9">Nonoxynol-9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behavioral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Including <a href="/wiki/Penile-vaginal_intercourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Penile-vaginal intercourse">vaginal intercourse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactational_amenorrhea#Use_as_birth_control" title="Lactational amenorrhea">Breastfeeding method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar-based_contraceptive_methods" title="Calendar-based contraceptive methods">Calendar (rhythm) methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coitus_interruptus" title="Coitus interruptus">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Avoiding <a href="/wiki/Penile-vaginal_intercourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Penile-vaginal intercourse">vaginal intercourse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Abstinence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive#Research_into_new_methods" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptives in development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_impact_on_the_environment505" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Template:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Template talk:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_impact_on_the_environment505" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">list of issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (ethics)">Social ecology (ethics)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">animal agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cannabis_cultivation" title="Environmental impact of cannabis cultivation">cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_irrigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of irrigation">irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cocoa_production" title="Environmental impact of cocoa production">cocoa production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">(US)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_bitcoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of bitcoin">Bitcoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate behavior">Corporate behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">Energy industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_land_use_change_impacts_of_biofuels" title="Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels">biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of biodiesel">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_electricity_generation" title="Environmental impact of electricity generation">electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fracking_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental impact of fracking in the United States">fracking (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_power" title="Environmental impact of nuclear power">nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_oil_shale_industry" title="Environmental impact of the oil shale industry">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of transport">transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_impact_of_explosives" title="Ecological impact of explosives">Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use#Environment" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cleaning_products" title="Environmental impact of cleaning products">cleaning agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact of concrete">concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Environmental_effects" title="Plastic">plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_nanotechnology" title="Impact of nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paint">paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paper">paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides" title="Environmental impact of pesticides">pesticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">pharmaceuticals and personal care</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">fishing down the food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of rail">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_ecology" title="Road ecology">roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_threats" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity threats">Biodiversity threats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">runaway climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_breadbasket_failure" title="Multiple breadbasket failure">Multiple breadbasket failure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Effects of climate change on livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_security" title="Environmental security">Environmental insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater cycle">Freshwater cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on the nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss and damage">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Loss of green belts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle#Human_influences" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification#Possible_impacts" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water degradation">Water degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mitigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_resilience" title="Community resilience">Community resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling" title="Eco-economic decoupling">Decoupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_mitigation" title="Environmental mitigation">Environmental mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitigation_banking" title="Mitigation banking">Mitigation banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Environmental impact">Commons</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_by_source" title="Category:Environmental impact by source">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_by_country" title="Category:Environmental impact by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Category:Environmental impact assessment">assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_mitigation" title="Category:Environmental mitigation">mitigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x18px_Women&#039;s_health729" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #F2D4CE;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Women%27s_health_icon.svg/18px-Women%27s_health_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Women%27s_health_icon.svg/24px-Women%27s_health_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="412" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Reproductive health</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Reproductive tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">External female genitalia (vulva)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">Clitoris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_hood" title="Clitoral hood">Clitoral hood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_minora" title="Labia minora">Labia minora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora" title="Labia majora">Labia majora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">Cervix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">Fallopian tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_disease" title="Reproductive system disease">Reproductive system disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravidity_and_parity" title="Gravidity and parity">Gravidity and parity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenatal_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenatal care">Antenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolescent pregnancy">Adolescent pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complications_of_pregnancy" title="Complications of pregnancy">Complications of pregnancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperemesis_gravidarum" title="Hyperemesis gravidarum">Hyperemesis gravidarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">Ectopic pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Obstetrical bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">Gestational diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_disease_of_pregnancy" title="Hypertensive disease of pregnancy">Hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preeclampsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Preeclampsia">Preeclampsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclampsia" title="Eclampsia">Eclampsia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwifery" title="Midwifery">Midwifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_births" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple births">Multiple births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructed_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstructed labor">Obstructed labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesarian_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesarian section">Cesarian section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_placenta" title="Retained placenta">Retained placenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_fistulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrical fistulae">Obstetrical fistulae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesicovaginal_fistula" title="Vesicovaginal fistula">Vesicovaginal fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectovaginal_fistula" title="Rectovaginal fistula">Rectovaginal fistula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episiotomy" title="Episiotomy">Episiotomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband_stitch" title="Husband stitch">Husband stitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_care" title="Postpartum care">Postpartum care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_confinement" title="Postpartum confinement">Postpartum confinement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal deaths">Maternal deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillbirths" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillbirths">Stillbirths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother-to-child_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-to-child transmission">Mother-to-child transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sterilization">Sterilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_mental_health" title="Breastfeeding and mental health">Breastfeeding and mental health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_life_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive life plan">Reproductive life plan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childlessness" title="Childlessness">Childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproductive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">In vitro fertilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fostering" class="mw-redirect" title="Fostering">Fostering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">Contraception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Oral contraceptive pill">Oral contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_prevalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive prevalence">Contraceptive prevalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_security" title="Contraceptive security">Contraceptive security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_parenthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned parenthood">Planned parenthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">Menstruation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_hygiene" title="Feminine hygiene">Feminine hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">Menstrual cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_aids" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual aids">Menstrual aids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_menstrual_pad" title="Cloth menstrual pad">Cloth menstrual pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cup" title="Menstrual cup">Menstrual cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">Tampon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_napkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitary napkin">Sanitary pad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorrhagia">Menorrhagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenorrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenorrhoea">Amenorrhoea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">Hormone replacement therapy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Sexual health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexually_transmittedinfections72" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted infections">Sexually transmitted infections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_papilloma_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papilloma virus">Human papilloma virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV vaccine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">Pelvic inflammatory disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoridectomy" title="Clitoridectomy">Clitoridectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infibulation" title="Infibulation">Infibulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_binding" title="Breast binding">Breast binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast health">Breast health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_ironing" title="Breast ironing">Breast ironing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">Dyspareunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecological_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecological disorders">Gynaecological disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginitis" title="Vaginitis">Vaginitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leblouh" title="Leblouh">Leblouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences">Sex differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Non-reproductive health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Violence_against_women114" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_during_childbirth" title="Abuse during childbirth">Abuse during childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">Intimate partner violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender discrimination">Gender discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-communicable_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-communicable diseases">Non-communicable diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancer10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">Lung cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">Breast cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">Uterine cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">Endometrial cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papanicolaou_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Papanicolaou test">Papanicolaou test</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">Ovarian cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_health" title="Bone health">Bone health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">Osteoporosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">Hip fracture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">Anaemia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary tract">Urinary tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">Urinary tract infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">Urinary incontinence</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Sociocultural factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disadvantaged" title="Disadvantaged">Disadvantaged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare inequality">Healthcare inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_disparities_in_health" title="Gender disparities in health">Gender disparities in health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Politics, research and advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_against_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women">The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_elimination_of_violence_against_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration on the elimination of violence against women">Declaration on the elimination of violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">International Day of the Girl Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on the Status of Women">Commission on the Status of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Research_on_Women%27s_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Research on Women's Health">Office of Research on Women's Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_Initiative" title="Women's Health Initiative">Women's Health Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Research_on_Women" title="International Center for Research on Women">International Center for Research on Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurses%27_Health_Study" title="Nurses' Health Study">Nurses' Health Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Women%27s_Health_Study" title="Black Women's Health Study">Black Women's Health Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartwright_Inquiry" title="Cartwright Inquiry">Cartwright Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Women%27s_Health_Research" title="Society for Women's Health Research">Society for Women's Health Research</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Women's health by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_China" title="Women's health in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_Ethiopia" title="Women's health in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_India" title="Women's health in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">Family planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_Russia" title="Women's reproductive health in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control in the United States</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F2D4CE;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_health" title="Category:Women's health">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Women%27s_health" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Women's health">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Women%27s_Health" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Women's Health">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outline_of_human_sexuality686" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex" title="Template:Sex"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex" title="Template talk:Sex"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outline_of_human_sexuality686" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_sexuality" title="Outline of human sexuality">Outline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_erection" title="Clitoral erection">Clitoral erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erogenous_zone" title="Erogenous zone">Erogenous zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">Nocturnal emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">Female</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">male ejaculation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Penile erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-ejaculate" title="Pre-ejaculate">Pre-ejaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_response_cycle" title="Human sexual response cycle">Sexual response cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">Vaginal lubrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson" title="Masters and Johnson">Masters and Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_therapy" title="Sex therapy">Sex therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/PLISSIT_model" title="PLISSIT model">PLISSIT model</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hyposexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenge pornography">Revenge pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">History of erotic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Relationships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and love/sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">Extramarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm_gap" title="Orgasm gap">Orgasm gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">Premarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slang" title="Sexual slang">Sexual slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_by_country" title="Category:Sexuality by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">Anal sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareback_(sexual_act)" title="Bareback (sexual act)">Bareback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creampie_(sexual_act)" title="Creampie (sexual act)">Creampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edging_(sexual_practice)" title="Edging (sexual practice)">Edging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_sexual_denial" title="Erotic sexual denial">Erotic sexual denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_(sexual_act)" title="Facial (sexual act)">Facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">Fisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Foot fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footjob" title="Footjob">Footjob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_orgasm" title="Forced orgasm">Forced orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frot" title="Frot">Frot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_bang" title="Gang bang">Gang bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_intercourse" title="Mammary intercourse">Mammary intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex#Manual_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Manual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)#Anus" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Anal fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handjob" title="Handjob">Handjob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_stimulation" title="Nipple stimulation">Nipple stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">Oral sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/69_(sex_position)" title="69 (sex position)">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anilingus" title="Anilingus">Anilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">Cunnilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">Fellatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrumatio" title="Irrumatio">Irrumatio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompoir" title="Pompoir">Pompoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickie_(sex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quickie (sex)">Quickie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexercise" title="Sexercise">Sexercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_position" title="Sex position">Sex positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Sexual fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">Sexual penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumata">Sumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribadism" title="Tribadism">Tribadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_intercourse" title="Urethral intercourse">Urethral intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_sex" title="Virtual sex">Virtual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex" title="Cybersex">Cybersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_talk" title="Erotic talk">Erotic talk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_T-shirt_contest" title="Wet T-shirt contest">Wet T-shirt contest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_nudity_in_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and nudity in video games">Adult video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor" title="Pornographic film actor">Film actor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sex_museums" title="List of sex museums">Sex museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_shop" title="Sex shop">Sex shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">Sex tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_sex_tourism" title="Female sex tourism">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">Sex worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_toy" title="Sex toy">Sex toy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_doll" title="Sex doll">Doll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">Strip club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam_model" title="Webcam model">Webcam model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexuality" title="Buddhism and sexuality">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and sexuality">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Tantric sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">Clerical celibacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Hindu monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain monasticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_sexual_practices" title="Taoist sexual practices">Daoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_sexuality" title="Judaism and sexuality">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and LGBT people">LGBT people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT-affirming_religious_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT-affirming religious groups">LGBT-affirming religious groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Sacred prostitution in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/16px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/24px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Population682" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Population" title="Template:Population"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Population" title="Template talk:Population"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Population" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Population"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Population682" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">Estimates of historical world population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population biology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Seven_Billion" title="Day of Seven Billion">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion" title="Day of Eight Billion">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_world_population_conferences" title="United Nations world population conferences">United Nations world population conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_law" title="Bennett's law">Bennett's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_populations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human populations">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Population" title="Category:Population">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/19px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/29px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/38px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pregnancy_and_childbirth184" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pregnancy" title="Template:Pregnancy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pregnancy" title="Template talk:Pregnancy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pregnancy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pregnancy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pregnancy_and_childbirth184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_family_planning" title="Natural family planning">Natural family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-conception_counseling" title="Pre-conception counseling">Pre-conception counseling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Conception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproductive technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">artificial insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_fraud" title="Fertility fraud">fertility fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">fertility medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation">in vitro fertilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partner-assisted_reproduction" title="Partner-assisted reproduction">partner-assisted reproduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_ultrasound" title="3D ultrasound">3D ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">Obstetric ultrasonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_test" title="Pregnancy test">Pregnancy test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HCG_pregnancy_strip_test" class="mw-redirect" title="HCG pregnancy strip test">home testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_testing" title="Prenatal testing">Prenatal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging_in_pregnancy" title="Medical imaging in pregnancy">Medical imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_pregnancy" title="Cervical pregnancy">Cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptic_pregnancy" title="Cryptic pregnancy">Cryptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">Ectopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pregnancy" title="Abdominal pregnancy">Abdominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopic_pregnancy" title="Heterotopic pregnancy">Heterotopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molar_pregnancy" title="Molar pregnancy">Molar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_pregnancy" title="Ovarian pregnancy">Ovarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postterm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_pregnancy" title="Interstitial pregnancy">Interstitial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudimentary_horn_pregnancy" title="Rudimentary horn pregnancy">Rudimentary horn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_method_of_natural_childbirth" title="Bradley method of natural childbirth">Bradley method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaze_technique" title="Lamaze technique">Lamaze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Newborn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postterm pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doula" title="Doula">Doula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_attendant" title="Birth attendant">Birth attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_role_in_childbirth" title="Men's role in childbirth">Men's roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">Midwife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_nurse_midwife" title="Auxiliary nurse midwife">Auxiliary nurse midwife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_nursing" title="Obstetrical nursing">Perinatal nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_birth_attendant" title="Traditional birth attendant">Traditional birth attendant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelvimetry" title="Pelvimetry">Pelvimetry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bishop_score" title="Bishop score">Bishop score</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_dilation" title="Cervical dilation">cervical dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_effacement" title="Cervical effacement">cervical effacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_(obstetrics)" title="Position (obstetrics)">position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_show" title="Bloody show">Bloody show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_contraction" title="Uterine contraction">Uterine contraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_delivery" title="Vaginal delivery">Vaginal delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_(obstetrics)" title="Presentation (obstetrics)">Presentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breech_birth" title="Breech birth">breech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalic_presentation" title="Cephalic presentation">cephalic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_presentation" title="Shoulder presentation">shoulder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupture_of_membranes" title="Rupture of membranes">Rupture of membranes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Caesarean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth_positions" title="Childbirth positions">Childbirth positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_birth" title="Home birth">Home birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_induction" title="Labor induction">Labor induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_birth" title="Multiple birth">Multiple birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_childbirth" title="Natural childbirth">Natural childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_birth" title="Silent birth">Silent birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unassisted_childbirth" title="Unassisted childbirth">Unassisted childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_birth" title="Water birth">Water birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_expulsion" title="Placental expulsion">Placental expulsion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prenatal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid" title="Amniotic fluid">Amniotic fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_sac" title="Amniotic sac">Amniotic sac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">Endometrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">Embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">Fetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundal_height" title="Fundal height">Fundal height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_age" title="Gestational age">Gestational age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_physiological_changes_in_pregnancy" title="Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy">Maternal physiological changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_physiological_changes" title="Postpartum physiological changes">Postpartum physiological changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care" title="Prenatal care">Care</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li>Nutrition <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicants_and_fetal_development" title="Environmental toxicants and fetal development">environmental toxicants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_and_pregnancy" title="Nutrition and pregnancy">in pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_nutrition" title="Prenatal nutrition">prenatal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenatal_depression" title="Antenatal depression">Prenatal depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunization_during_pregnancy" title="Immunization during pregnancy">Immunization</a></li> <li>Concomitant conditions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemia_in_pregnancy" title="Anemia in pregnancy">Anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_disease_of_pregnancy" title="Hypertensive disease of pregnancy">Hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercoagulability_in_pregnancy" title="Hypercoagulability in pregnancy">Hypercoagulability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_pregnancy" title="Drugs in pregnancy">Substance use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_pregnancy" title="Smoking and pregnancy">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol and pregnancy">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_pregnancy" title="Cannabis in pregnancy">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioids_and_pregnancy" title="Opioids and pregnancy">Opioids</a></li></ul></li> <li>Endocrine diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_and_pregnancy" title="Diabetes and pregnancy">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_disease_in_pregnancy" title="Thyroid disease in pregnancy">Thyroid disease</a></li></ul></li> <li>Liver diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_fatty_liver_of_pregnancy" title="Acute fatty liver of pregnancy">Acute fatty liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrahepatic_cholestasis_of_pregnancy" title="Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy">Intrahepatic cholestasis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Infections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy" title="HIV and pregnancy">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy" title="COVID-19 in pregnancy">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCV_in_children_and_pregnancy" title="HCV in children and pregnancy">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy-associated_malaria" title="Pregnancy-associated malaria">Malaria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Skin diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_and_pregnancy" title="Lupus and pregnancy">Lupus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritic_folliculitis_of_pregnancy" title="Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy">Pruritic folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatoses_of_pregnancy" title="Dermatoses of pregnancy">Dermatoses</a></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_pregnancy" title="Drugs in pregnancy">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_flora_in_pregnancy" title="Vaginal flora in pregnancy">Vaginal flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissions_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicle emissions and pregnancy">Motor vehicle emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existing_disease_in_pregnancy" title="Pre-existing disease in pregnancy">Pre-existing disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_and_sleep" title="Pregnancy and sleep">Sleep</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amniocentesis" title="Amniocentesis">Amniocentesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotocography" title="Cardiotocography">Cardiotocography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling" title="Chorionic villus sampling">Chorionic villus sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonstress_test" title="Nonstress test">Nonstress test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_period" title="Postpartum period">Postpartum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maternal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lochia" title="Lochia">Lochia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_care" title="Postpartum care">Postpartum care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_confinement" title="Postpartum confinement">Postpartum confinement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_after_pregnancy" title="Sex after pregnancy">Sex after pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Psychiatric disorders of childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_physiological_changes" title="Postpartum physiological changes">Postpartum physiological changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doula" title="Doula">Doula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_visitor" title="Health visitor">Health visitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation_consultant" title="Lactation consultant">Lactation consultant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_nurse" title="Monthly nurse">Monthly nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny#Maternity_nurse_/_newborn_care_specialists_/_confinement_nanny" title="Nanny">Confinement nanny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation_to_extrauterine_life" title="Adaptation to extrauterine life">Adaptation to extrauterine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apgar_score" title="Apgar score">Apgar score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">Congenital disorders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obstetric history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravidity_and_parity" title="Gravidity and parity">Gravidity and parity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parental_brain" title="Parental brain">Parental brain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122224#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1651" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/876819/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4070794-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85031589">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118503&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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