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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ligatuer" title="De sideynhâld sjen litte [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oerlis:Ligatuer" rel="discussion" title="Oerlis oer de sideynhâld [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Oerlis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Taalfariant feroarje" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Frysk</span> </label> 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If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. </p> Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details.</div></div><hr /> <p>Jo kinne de boarnetekst fan dizze side besjen en kopiearje. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="fy" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">[[File:ligatuerfisk.png|frame|right|Ligatuer fan de ''f'' en ''i'' yn [[romein (lettertype)|romein]], [[obliek|falsk kursyf]] en [[cursief|echt kursyf]].|right]] In '''ligatuer''' (fan it [[Latyn]]ske ''ligatus'', it [[mulwurd]] fan ''ligare'', dat "bine" betsjut) is in [[skrift]]teken dat foarme wurdt troch twa of mear [[letter]]s yn ien foarm te [[skriuwen]] of te printsjen. Yn 'e regel wurdt in ligatuer brûkt foar twa tekens dy't inoar oars yn it paad sitte soene, bygelyks de oerhingjende f folge fan in stokletter lykas de b, f, l, k, h. De reden foar it brûken is meast [[estetyk|estetysk]] of technysk. Inkeldris wurdt ûnderskied makke tusken ''ligaminten'' en ''ligatueren'', wêrby't ligatueren nije letters binne dy't út twa oare letters ûntstien binne, lykas de w en de ß, en ligaminten 'opsierde' foarmen binne, lykas de f+i = ﬁ. In [[digraaf]] is in kombinaasje fan twa lettertekens dy't yn 'e [[útspraak]] ien inkeld lûd fertsjintwurdiget. Sokke digrafen kinne har ûntjaan ta (oaninoar skreaune) ligatueren, mar dat hoecht net. It begryp 'digraaf' ferwiist benammen nei de útspraak, wylst de term 'ligatuer' op 'e skriuwwize tsjut. Ligatueren ûntstiene op natuerlike wize yn hânskriften, en bleaune yn gebrûk doe't der út lead set waard. De oerhingjende leadletter koe by beskate letters net goed genôch oanslute. By it fêstsetten fan sok setsel rekken de letters skansearre en brieken. Om dat foar te kommen waard yn foarkommende gefallen in ligatuer brûkt. Yn lead is ek de kombinaasje fi of fj nedich, om't de punt boppe de i en de j mei de oerhingjende f of f (lange s) konfliktearret. == Foarbylden == [[File:Ampersand.png|90px|right]] In och sa dúdlik foarbyld fan in ligatuer is de [[ampersand]] (&). Dat teken is ûntstien út it [[Latyn|Latynske]] ''et'', dat ''en'' betsjut, krekt as de ampersand. Dy ligatuer is al yn it hânskrift ûntstien en is letter yn de printkeunst oernommen. Benammen yn kursive farianten fan in soad lettertypes is de hânskreaune E mei in t deroan noch dúdlik te werkennen. [[File:Ligature drawing.png|80px|right]] In oar bekend foarbyld is de kombinaasje fan de f en de i, wêrby't dy meast ferfongen wurdt troch in kombinaasje wêrby't de flagge fan de f mei de punt fan de i gearraant. In reden foar dy ligatuer wie dat de letterstaafkes inoar rekken om't de krul fan de f wat útstiek sadat dy tichter tsjin bygelyks in u oanskood wurde koe. By inoar folgjende l of i rekken dy leaden staafkes inoar, sadat de krul fan de f ôfbrekke koe, om dat foar te kommen waard in ligatuer brûkt. [[File:Ligatuur_ij.jpg|30px|right]] In oare reden wie dat guon letterkombinaasjes faak brûkt waarden. Benammen yn Dútske boeken binne gauris kombinaasjes lykas ch of ck te finen. Yn it Frysk is benammen de kombinaasje ij bekend, wêrby't de i en de j troch íén teken ferfongen wurde, sadat se ek wat tichter opinoar steane. === Ligatuer of letter? === [[File:Szlig.png|right]] Oare ligatueren hawwe letter in eigen libben as letter krigen. In bekend foarbyld is de letter w, dy't yn it [[Latyn]] net foarkaam. Yn it [[Aldingelsk]] kaam dy klank wol foar, mar dêr waard de [[Runen|rune]] Wynn (Ƿ) brûkt. Letter waard vv of uu (wat foar de Romeinen winlik deselde letter wie) brûkt om de w oan te tsjutten. Stadichoan gie dy kombinaasje oer yn de kombinaasje w. Noch altyd wurdt de w yn it Ingelsk ''double u'' en yn it Frânsk ''double v'' neamd. Yn it Dútsk wurdt de ß ek noch hieltyd as ss sortearre. Oarsom binne letterkombinaasjes lykas de Spaanske ll, dy't yn it hânskrift wol in ligatuer foarmen en yn alfabetyske listen as aparte letter jilde, typografysk út 'e tiid rekke. Foarbylden hjirfan, ynklusyf de neamde, binne: * a + e = æ * A + E = Æ * o + e = œ * e + t = & * v + v = w * It persintteken, "per cento" (de hûndert), ᵱ c<sup>o</sup> * ſ + z = ß [[File:aedske.png|right]] Ligatueren komme yn de stavering fan it Frysk net foar, útsein yn eigennammen. Sa wurdt it Frânske ''œuvre'' yn it Frysk stavere as ''oeuvre''. Wol kin de IJ as ligatuer sjoen wurde. Sa krijt in wurd dat begjint mei de haadletter ''ij'' twa kapitalen. Meastentiids wurdt de ij lykwols as twa aparte letters sjoen. Meast wurde kombinaasjes fan letters en diakrityske tekens lykas de Ä, net as ligatuer sjoen, hoewol't sokke kombinaasjes yn guon talen wol in aparte posysje yn it alfabet ynnimme. == Brûken fan ligatueren == By boekdruk wurde (waarden) ligatueren noch altyd brûkt út technyske needsaak, mei't oerhingjende leaden letters oars mei inoar konfliktearren en skansearren. Mei it opkommen fan it kompjûtersetten rekken it brûken fan ligatueren wat út 'e tiid, om't der meast in beheind tal karakters beskikber wie, en der gauris in íén-op-íén-korrespondinsje wie tusken karakters en tekens. Mei de nije techniken fan [[OpenType]] wurdt it lykwols wer makliker om automatysk ligatueren te brûken. Der moat lykwols wol rekken mei holden wurde dat it brûken fan sokke ligatueren net altyd tastien is neffens de offisjele regels fan in taal. Yn it Turksk ken men njonken de i ek de ı en ek in İ en in I. Yn it Turksk kin de ligatuer fan f+i dan ek net brûkt wurde, mei't it dan net dúdlik is oft it in f+i of in f+ı is. Yn it Dútsk meie ligatueren net brûkt wurde yn wurdgearstallings, dus ''Auflage'' komt net yn de beneaming foar in ferfangende fl, wylst ''erfinden'' wol in fi krije kinne soe. Ek as teksten yn [[Fraktur]] set wurde, is it fan belang de s en de ſ goed te brûken. == Ligatueren yn oare skriften == Ligatueren binne net beheind ta it Latynske skrift en farianten dêrfan. Sterker noch, foar it Arabyske skrift is it brûken fan ligatueren needsaaklik. De measte letters ha dêryn, ôfhinklik fan harren posysje yn it wurd, oan it begjin, yn it midden of oan de ein, in ferskate foarm. Guon kombinaasjes fan letters moatte as spesjaal teken set wurde. It ferneamdst is de kombinaasje fan de lam (ل) en de alif (ا) dy't altyd kombinearre wurde moatte yn (لا). Ek foar it Arabyske wurd foar God, ''Allah'', is in aparte ligatuer: ﷲ. Foar it [[Gryksk]] is it brûken fan ligatueren net mear fan belang, hoewol't it foarhinne wol guon ligatueren hie, benammen in kombinaasje fan de [[omnikron]] (ο) en [[ypsilon]] (υ), dy't as de letter uk (ѹ) yn it [[Sirillyske alfabet]] oernommen is, mar no net mear brûkt wurdt. De letter joe' (ю), dy't bygelyks brûkt wurdt yn de namme fan it Russyske oaljebedriuw [[Yukos]], is op syn bar lykwols wer as ligatuer fan dizze uk en in âlde fariant fan de Cirillyske letter i ([[и]]), te witten de [[І (cirillysk)|і]] of de [[Н (cirillysk)|н]]. Ek oare (argayske) Cirillyske letters ha in oarsprong as ligatuer. Aziatyske talen ha gauris noch folle kompleksere regels foar it setten fan lûd- en bylûdgroepen en it gearfoegjen fan tekens. In foarbyld dêrfan is [[Devanagari]]. {{boarnen|boarnefernijing= * {{Aut|Treebus, K.F.}}, ''Tekstwijzer'', De Haach, 1990 (SDU Uitgeverij), ISBN 9 01 20 66 344. * {{Aut|Bringhurst, Robert}}, ''The Elements of Typographic Style v. 3.0'', Vancouver, 2004 (Hartley & Marks Publishers), ISBN 0 88 17 92 063. }} [[Kategory:Typografy]] [[Kategory:Lienwurd út it Latyn]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Berjochten brûkt op dizze side: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Berjocht:Aut" title="Berjocht:Aut">Berjocht:Aut</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berjocht:Aut&action=edit" title="Berjocht:Aut">bewurkje</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Berjocht:Boarnen" title="Berjocht:Boarnen">Berjocht:Boarnen</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berjocht:Boarnen&action=edit" title="Berjocht:Boarnen">bewurkje</a>) </li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Werom nei <a href="/wiki/Ligatuer" title="Ligatuer">Ligatuer</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Opfrege fan "<a dir="ltr" href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligatuer">https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligatuer</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacybelied</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedy:Ynfo">Oer Wikipedy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedy:Foarbeh%C3%A2ld">Foarbehâld</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Gedrachskoade</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Untwikkelders</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/fy.wikipedia.org">Statistiken</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Taljochting koekjes</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//fy.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ligatuer&action=edit&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile ferzje</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2d8xz","wgBackendResponseTime":177,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.004","walltime":"0.005","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":690,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":2,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 0.000 1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2d8xz","timestamp":"20241124152956","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>