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id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_a_Gallic_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_a_Gallic_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Establishment of a Gallic Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_a_Gallic_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confrontation_with_Gallienus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confrontation_with_Gallienus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Confrontation with Gallienus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confrontation_with_Gallienus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Fall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بوستوموس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوستوموس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postum_(imperator)" title="Postum (imperator) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Postum (imperator)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Постум – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Постум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Postumus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2stum_I" title="Pòstum I – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pòstum I" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Postumus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Postumus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Postumus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Postumus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Postumus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πόστουμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόστουμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3stumo_(emperador)" title="Póstumo (emperador) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Póstumo (emperador)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumo" title="Postumo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Postumo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postume" title="Postume – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Postume" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Postumus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3stumo" title="Póstumo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Póstumo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍀𐍉𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌼𐌿𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍀𐍉𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌼𐌿𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postum" title="Postum – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Postum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Postumus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumo" title="Postumo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Postumo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Cassianus_Latinius_Postumus" title="Marcus Cassianus Latinius Postumus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Marcus Cassianus Latinius Postumus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumuss" title="Postumuss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Postumuss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus_gall_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Postumus gall császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Postumus gall császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Postumus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9" title="マルクス・カッシアニウス・ラティニウス・ポストゥムス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルクス・カッシアニウス・ラティニウス・ポストゥムス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Postumus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Postumus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3stumo" title="Póstumo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Póstumo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC_(%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Постум (император) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Постум (император)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Postumus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Постум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Постум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postum" title="Postum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Postum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Postumus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Postumus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Postumus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Постум – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Постум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Postumus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_coin_of_Postumus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Golden_coin_of_Postumus.png/220px-Golden_coin_of_Postumus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Golden_coin_of_Postumus.png/330px-Golden_coin_of_Postumus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Golden_coin_of_Postumus.png/440px-Golden_coin_of_Postumus.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1020" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Reproduction of a coin featuring Postumus by the <a href="/wiki/Monnaie_de_Paris" title="Monnaie de Paris">Monnaie de Paris</a>. Legend: POSTUMUS AUG(USTUS)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">260–269<sup id="cite_ref-dates_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dates-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (as ruler of the united <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Marius" title="Marcus Aurelius Marius">Marcus Aurelius Marius</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">269<br /><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mogontiacum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Postumus_the_Younger" title="Postumus the Younger">Postumus the Younger (likely fictional)</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Imperator Caesar Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus Pius Felix Augustus Germanicus Maximus<sup id="cite_ref-Potter,_pg._260_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pg._260-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crisis_of_the_Third_Century18684" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century"><span class="wrap">Crisis of the Third Century</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(235–238)</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Death of Alexander Severus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(235)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_the_Harzhorn" title="Battle at the Harzhorn">Harzhorn</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>235)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_(usurper)" title="Magnus (usurper)">Usurpation of Magnus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>235)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartinus" title="Quartinus">Usurpation of Quartinus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(235)</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Six_Emperors" title="Year of the Six Emperors">Year of the Six Emperors</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238)</b> </p> <ul><li>Revolt of <a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(238)" title="Battle of Carthage (238)">Battle of Carthage</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aquileia" title="Siege of Aquileia">Siege of Aquileia</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238)</li> <li>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a> & <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Carpi" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of the Carpi">Invasion of the Carpi</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238–239)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238–244)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabinianus_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabinianus Revolt">Sabinianus Revolt</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(240)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Hatra" title="Fall of Hatra">Fall of Hatra</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(241)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaena" title="Battle of Resaena">Resaena</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(243)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Misiche" title="Battle of Misiche">Misiche</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(244)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip the Arab</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(244–249)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Carpi" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of the Carpi">Invasion of the Carpi</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(245–247)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Games_of_248" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular Games of 248">Secular Games of 248</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(248)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsianus" title="Sponsianus">Usurpation of Sponsianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(240s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacatianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacatianus">Usurpation of Pacatianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(248)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jotapianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jotapianus">Usurpation of Jotapianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(249)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Usurpation of Silbannacus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(249<span class="nowrap"> </span>or<span class="nowrap"> </span>253)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Decius' Rebellion">Decius' Rebellion</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(249)</li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(249)" title="Battle of Verona (249)">Verona</a> and death of Philip & <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(249)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(249–251)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian" title="Plague of Cyprian">Plague of Cyprian</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250–270)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decian_persecution" title="Decian persecution">Decian persecution</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250–251)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cniva" title="Cniva">Gothic invasion of Cniva</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250–251)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpi_invasion_of_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpi invasion of Dacia">Carpi invasion of Dacia</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis_ad_Istrum" title="Battle of Nicopolis ad Istrum">Nicopolis ad Istrum</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beroe" title="Battle of Beroe">Beroe</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Philippopolis_(250)" title="Siege of Philippopolis (250)">Philippopolis</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Julius_Priscus" title="Titus Julius Priscus">Usurpation of Julius Priscus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(251)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abritus" title="Battle of Abritus">Abritus</a> and death of <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Etruscus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(251)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(251–253)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Death of Hostilian</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(251)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariades%27_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariades' Revolt">Mariades' Revolt</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(252)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nisibis_(252)" title="Siege of Nisibis (252)">Nisibis</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(252)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barbalissos" title="Battle of Barbalissos">Barbalissos</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(253)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Interamna_Nahars" title="Battle of Interamna Nahars">Interamna Nahars</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(c<span class="nowrap"> </span>253)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(253)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(253)" title="Siege of Antioch (253)">Antioch</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(253)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(253–260)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(254)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (254)">Thessalonica</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(254)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae_(254)" title="Battle of Thermopylae (254)">Thermopylae</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(254)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dura-Europos_(256)" title="Siege of Dura-Europos (256)">Dura-Europos</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(256)</li> <li>Gothic invasion (256–257)</li> <li>Invasion of Shapur (258)</li> <li>Invasion of the Alemanni (258–260 approx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mediolanum" title="Battle of Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(259)</li> <li>Scythian invasion (259–260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa" title="Battle of Edessa">Edessa</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260–268)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caesarea_Cappadocia_(260)" title="Siege of Caesarea Cappadocia (260)">Caesarea</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Ingenuus" class="mw-redirect" title="Usurpation of Ingenuus">Usurpation of Ingenuus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Regalianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Usurpation of Regalianus">Usurpation of Regalianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Major" title="Macrianus Major">Usurpation of Macrianus Major</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>259–261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic Empire</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Saloninus" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Saloninus">Death of Saloninus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxolani" title="Roxolani">Roxolani Invasion of Pannonia</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odaenathus" title="Odaenathus">Campaigns of Odaenathus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260–267)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Usurpation of Quietus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balista" title="Balista">Usurpation of Balista</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens_Thessalonicus" title="Valens Thessalonicus">Usurpation of Valens Thessalonicus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Frugi" class="mw-redirect" title="Usurpation of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi">Usurpation of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Macrianus_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Usurpation of Macrianus Minor">Usurpation of Macrianus Minor</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(261)<br /></li> <li>Pannonian Rebellion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(261)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Mussius_Aemilianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Usurpation of Mussius Aemilianus">Usurpation of Mussius Aemilianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(261–262)</li> <li>Postumus' Campaign against the Franks<span class="nowrap"> </span>(262)</li> <li>Postumus' Campaign against the Alamanni<span class="nowrap"> </span>(263)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(263)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (263)">Ctesiphon</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(263)</li> <li>Scythian Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(265–266)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odaenathus#Assassination_theories" title="Odaenathus">Assassination of Odaenathus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(267)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeonius" title="Maeonius">Usurpation of Maeonius</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(266–267)</li> <li>Scythian Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(267–269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herules" class="mw-redirect" title="Herules">Heruli Raids</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(267)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Athens_(267_AD)" title="Sack of Athens (267 AD)">Athens</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(267)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureolus" title="Aureolus">Usurpation of Acilius Aureolus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(268)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(268–270)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laelianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Laelianus">Usurpation of Laelianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Marius" title="Marcus Aurelius Marius">Reign of Marcus Aurelius Marius</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Augustodunum_Haeduorum" title="Siege of Augustodunum Haeduorum">Augustodunum Haeduorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naissus" title="Battle of Naissus">Naissus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(268/269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Benacus" title="Battle of Lake Benacus">Lake Benacus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(268 or 269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexippus" title="Dexippus">Capture of Athens</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(270–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Bostra" title="Sack of Bostra">Bostra</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(270)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Palmyrene invasion of Egypt">Palmyrene invasion of Egypt</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(270)</li> <li>Vandal Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(270)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(270–275)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Junior" title="Victorinus Junior">Usurpation of Victorinus Junior</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(271)</li> <li>Junthungi Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(271)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian_II" title="Domitian II">Domitian II</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(271)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetricus_I" title="Tetricus I">Tetricus I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tetricus_II" title="Tetricus II">Tetricus II</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(271–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felicissimus" title="Felicissimus">Rebellion of Felicissimus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(270s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Placentia_(271)" title="Battle of Placentia (271)">Placentia</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(271)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fano" title="Battle of Fano">Fano</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(271)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia_(271)" title="Battle of Pavia (271)">Pavia</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(271)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyana_(272)" title="Siege of Tyana (272)">Tyana</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(272)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Immae" title="Battle of Immae">Immae</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(272)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emesa" title="Battle of Emesa">Emesa</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(272)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razing_of_Palmyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Razing of Palmyra">Razing of Palmyra</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustinus" title="Faustinus">Usurpation of Faustinus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2lons_(274)" title="Battle of Châlons (274)">Châlons</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(274)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(275-276)</b> </p> <ul><li>Gothic Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(276-277)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(276-282)</b> </p> <ul><li>Vandal Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(276-278)</li> <li>Sarmatian Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(278)</li> <li>Usurpation of <a href="/wiki/Bonosus_(usurper)" title="Bonosus (usurper)">Bonosus</a> & <a href="/wiki/Proculus" title="Proculus">Proculus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(280)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Saturninus" title="Julius Saturninus">Usurpation of Julius Saturninus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(280)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(282-283)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carus%27_Sasanian_Campaign" title="Carus' Sasanian Campaign">Carus' Sasanian Campaign</a><span class="nowrap"> </span></li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(283-285)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Pannonia" title="Julian of Pannonia">Usurpation of Julian of Pannonia</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(284-285)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Margus" title="Battle of the Margus">Margum</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(285)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._720_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._720-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 259–269) was a Roman commander of <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavian</a> origin, who ruled as emperor of the splinter state of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> known to modern historians as the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic Empire</a>. The Roman army in Gaul threw off its allegiance to emperor <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> around the year 260,<sup id="cite_ref-dates_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dates-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Postumus assumed the title and powers of Emperor in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>. He ruled for the better part of ten years<sup id="cite_ref-trib._pot._4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trib._pot.-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before he was murdered by his own troops. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postumus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postumus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little is known about the early life of Postumus. He has been claimed as being of <a href="/wiki/Batavii" class="mw-redirect" title="Batavii">Batavian</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> origin; certainly his coinage honors deities—<a href="/wiki/Hercules_Magusanus" title="Hercules Magusanus">Hercules Magusanus</a> and Hercules Deusoniensis—who would have been popular among the Batavians.<sup id="cite_ref-Drinkwater_1987,_pp._162-3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkwater_1987,_pp._162-3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hercules Magusanus was probably an <i><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretatio romana">interpretatio romana</a></i> translation of the Germanic deity <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Þunraz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Deusoniensis</i> may refer to the town of Deuso, located in or near Batavian territory and likely to be identified with modern-day <a href="/wiki/Diessen" title="Diessen">Diessen</a>; it has been hypothesized that Postumus himself was born in Deuso.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From these relatively obscure provincial origins, Postumus would have risen through the ranks of the army until he held command of the Roman forces "... among the Celts".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What his precise title was is not definitely known,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though he may plausibly have been promoted by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(Roman_emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valerian (Roman emperor)">Valerian</a> to the position of <a href="/wiki/Legatus_Augusti_pro_praetore" title="Legatus Augusti pro praetore">imperial legate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._720_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._720-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Potter,_pg._257_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pg._257-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postumus was evidently in favour at court, and, according to König, was granted an honorary consulship.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 259, Valerian was campaigning in the east against the Persians, while his son and co-emperor <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> was preoccupied with the situation on the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danubian</a> <a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">frontier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_pg._79_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._79-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, Gallienus left his son, <a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a>, and military commanders, including Postumus, to protect the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polfer,_''Postumus''-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amid the chaos of an invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, and spurred on by news of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa" title="Battle of Edessa">defeat and capture</a> of Valerian,<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_pg._79_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._79-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the army in Gaul revolted and proclaimed Postumus emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter,_pg._256_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pg._256-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drinkwater_89_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkwater_89-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trigger was their defeat in 260<sup id="cite_ref-dates_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dates-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a <a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungian</a> army which was returning from <a href="/wiki/Italia_(Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia (Roman Empire)">Italy</a> laden with prisoners, even though they had been repulsed by Gallienus at <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Potter,_pg._256_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pg._256-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the command of Postumus and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Simplicinius_Genialis" title="Marcus Simplicinius Genialis">Marcus Simplicinius Genialis</a>, the Roman army crushed the Juthungi, and Postumus proceeded to distribute the captured spoils to the legions he commanded.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter,_pg._257_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pg._257-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saloninus, on the advice of his <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a> <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(praetorian_prefect)" title="Silvanus (praetorian prefect)">Silvanus</a> (who had coordinated Roman policy in Gaul alongside Postumus), demanded the transfer of the recovered booty to his residence at <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium" title="Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium">Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polfer,_''Postumus''-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postumus assembled his army and made a show of reluctantly enforcing this command, thus inviting his troops to instead throw off their allegiance to Gallienus.<sup id="cite_ref-Drinkwater_89_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkwater_89-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The troops accordingly proclaimed Postumus emperor and besieged Colonia, trapping Saloninus and Silvanus.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter,_pg._257_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pg._257-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After breaching the walls of the city, Postumus had Silvanus and Saloninus killed,<sup id="cite_ref-Potter,_pg._257_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pg._257-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drinkwater_89_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkwater_89-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although his supporters later claimed that it was the native Gauls who were responsible for the murders.<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_pg._98_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._98-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later he erected a triumphal arch to celebrate his victory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_a_Gallic_Empire">Establishment of a Gallic Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postumus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Establishment of a Gallic Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic Empire</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Postumus_antoninianus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Postumus_antoninianus.jpg/180px-Postumus_antoninianus.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Postumus_antoninianus.jpg/270px-Postumus_antoninianus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Postumus_antoninianus.jpg/360px-Postumus_antoninianus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antoninianus" title="Antoninianus">Antoninianus</a> of Postumus: IMP. C. POSTVMVS P. F. AVG</figcaption></figure> <p>Postumus was immediately recognized as emperor in Gaul (except perhaps for the province of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Potter,_pg._257_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pg._257-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Inferior</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_pg._98_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._98-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polfer,_''Postumus''-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 261, Britannia, Narbonensis and Hispania also acknowledged him as emperor,<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_pg._98_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._98-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly after an expedition to Britain in the winter of 260–261.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He established his capital in northern Gaul, probably at Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_pg._98_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._98-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Treverorum" title="Augusta Treverorum">Augusta Treverorum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and furnished his government with many of the traditional Roman legislative and executive structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_pg._97_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._97-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from the position of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">emperor</a>, he immediately assumed the office of <a href="/wiki/Consul_(Gallic_Empire)" title="Consul (Gallic Empire)">consul</a> alongside a colleague, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Honoratianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honoratianus (page does not exist)">Honoratianus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter,_pg._260_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pg._260-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like his imperial predecessors, he became the <i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a></i> of the state<sup id="cite_ref-Potter,_pg._260_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pg._260-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and assumed <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribunician</a> power each year.<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_pg._97_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._97-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is thought to have established a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polfer,_''Postumus''-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps on the basis of the Council of the Three Gauls or provincial councils,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Pretorian_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretorian Guard">Pretorian Guard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_pg._98_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._98-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of whose officers was the future Gallic emperor <a href="/wiki/Victorinus" title="Victorinus">Victorinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief members of Postumus's administration, such as Victorinus and <a href="/wiki/Tetricus_I" title="Tetricus I">Tetricus</a>, appear to have been drawn from his power base in northern Gaul, and indeed the entire administration rapidly became Gallicized.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter,_pg._261_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pg._261-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PostumusMilestoneAraba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PostumusMilestoneAraba.jpg/250px-PostumusMilestoneAraba.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PostumusMilestoneAraba.jpg/255px-PostumusMilestoneAraba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/PostumusMilestoneAraba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Milestone of Postumus c.261-269 found in <a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. It bears the inscription: [I]MP(ERATORI) CAE[S(ARI)] [M]ARCO CA[SSIJANO] LAT[IN]IO POSTUMO AUG(USTO).</figcaption></figure> <p>Postumus represented himself as the restorer of Gaul (<i>Restitutor Galliarum</i>) and the bringer of security to the provinces (<i>Salus Provinciarum</i>) on some of his coins;<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_pg._98_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._98-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prior to 10 December 261,<sup id="cite_ref-dates_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dates-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he also took the title of <i>Germanicus maximus</i>, a title he earned after successfully defending Gaul against the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polfer,_''Postumus''-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His principal objective in assuming the purple appeared to be the restoration and defence of the Rhine frontier and the surrounding area, a task that he approached with vigour, earning the admiration of the ancient authors, who declared that he restored the security that the provinces had enjoyed in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_pg._98_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._98-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So successful was he in the task of stabilizing his domain that the coins issued by Postumus were of better workmanship and higher precious metal content than coins issued by Gallienus.<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_pg._118_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._118-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His control of the Spanish and British mining regions was presumably crucial in this regard,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was his employment of master minters who would have come into Gaul with Gallienus.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postumus fought successful campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> in 262 and 263; following his victory over them in 263, his coin-types celebrated peaceful themes such as <i>Felicitas Augusti</i> for some time.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After having spent much of the last four years pushing the Franks out of Gaul, Postumus then recruited Frankish troops to fight against other Franks, probably dispersed within existing Roman army units.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars continue to debate whether Postumus originally intended to dislodge Gallienus from Rome or was content to rule only the western provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_pg._98_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._98-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the beginning of his usurpation, Postumus had made it clear that his priority was for Gaul, and that he had no immediate intentions to make a bid for Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polfer,_''Postumus''-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drinkwater_89_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkwater_89-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postumus's power base was Gaul and his main responsibility was the defense of the Rhine provinces. If he marched against Gallienus, then he would be exposing his heartland not only to the Germanic tribes but also potentially to any number of usurpers.<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_pg._98_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._98-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps he hoped to achieve some official recognition from Gallienus; what is clear, however, is that Postumus was not overtly separatist and did not revive the 1st-century dream of an independent <i>Galliarum imperium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polfer,_''Postumus''-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="/wiki/Julius_Sabinus" title="Julius Sabinus">Julius Sabinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Batavi" title="Revolt of the Batavi">revolt of the Batavi</a>.) The forms, titles, and administrative structures of Postumus's principate remained conventionally Roman.<sup id="cite_ref-Drinkwater_28_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkwater_28-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confrontation_with_Gallienus">Confrontation with Gallienus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postumus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Confrontation with Gallienus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For four years Gallienus was too distracted by Germanic invasions and other usurpers in the east to address the situation to his north and west,<sup id="cite_ref-Potter,_pg._263_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pg._263-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in 265 he launched a campaign to defeat Postumus.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter,_pg._263_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pg._263-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_pg._100_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._100-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first attempt failed when Postumus managed to escape from a precarious situation due to the carelessness of Gallienus's cavalry commander <a href="/wiki/Aureolus" title="Aureolus">Aureolus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polfer,_''Postumus''-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aureolus was punished with demotion, eventually leading him to turn against Gallienus in 267.<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_pg._100_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._100-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second campaign, led by Gallienus himself, also seemed to have the advantage over Postumus, but while Gallienus was besieging a city in Gaul (perhaps <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Treverorum" title="Augusta Treverorum">Augusta Treverorum</a><sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_pg._100_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._100-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), he was wounded and forced to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter,_pg._263_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pg._263-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, Gallienus was occupied with crises in the rest of his empire and did not confront Postumus again.<sup id="cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polfer,_''Postumus''-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postumus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radiate_of_Postumus_(YORYM_2001_8633)_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Radiate_of_Postumus_%28YORYM_2001_8633%29_obverse.jpg/180px-Radiate_of_Postumus_%28YORYM_2001_8633%29_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Radiate_of_Postumus_%28YORYM_2001_8633%29_obverse.jpg/270px-Radiate_of_Postumus_%28YORYM_2001_8633%29_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Radiate_of_Postumus_%28YORYM_2001_8633%29_obverse.jpg/360px-Radiate_of_Postumus_%28YORYM_2001_8633%29_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2494" data-file-height="2494" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Antoninianus" title="Antoninianus">antoninianus</a> of Postumus. Legend: IMP. C. POSTVMVS P. F. AVG.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of 265, Postumus's coin issues were triumphantly commemorating the victory over Gallienus, and the festivities celebrating his <i><a href="/wiki/Quinquennalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquennalia">quinquennalia</a></i> continued into the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polfer,_''Postumus''-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very little troubled the reign of Postumus from 265 to 268; archaeological evidence, such as it is, points to a general return to peace and normalcy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 266, Postumus became consul for the fourth time, taking as his colleague <a href="/wiki/Victorinus" title="Victorinus">Marcus Piavonius Victorinus</a>, a Gallic noble who was also a senior military officer; his selection to such a high-profile position may be seen as an attempt to broaden Postumus's base of support.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The year 268 saw the issuing of the 'Labours of Hercules' series of gold coins in honour of Postumus's favourite god.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sudden debasement of the coinage later that year shows that Postumus was facing increasing financial difficulties, due perhaps to a disruption of silver production in the Spanish mines<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the need to buy off an increasingly discontented army.<sup id="cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polfer,_''Postumus''-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such discontent was probably due to Postumus's failure to take advantage of a golden opportunity to move against Gallienus in 268.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aureolus, the general who was in command of <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (Milan) in Gallienus's interest, rebelled and ultimately declared for Postumus.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter,_pg._263_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pg._263-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of Mediolanum and its north Italian and <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetian</a> hinterland would have been critical to Postumus if he planned to march on Rome. For whatever reason, Postumus failed to support Aureolus, who was defeated by Gallienus and besieged inside Mediolanum.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the end of summer in 268, Gallienus was assassinated, and his successor, <a href="/wiki/Claudius_II_Gothicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius II Gothicus">Claudius II</a>, captured and killed Aureolus.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, a sequence of events began which would end Postumus's rule in Gaul. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall">Fall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postumus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Postumus assumed his fifth consulship on 1 January 269,<sup id="cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polfer,_''Postumus''-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the army in <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a> raised a usurper in early 269.<sup id="cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polfer,_''Postumus''-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Laelianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Laelianus">Laelianus</a>, one of Postumus's top military leaders and the governor of Germania Superior, was declared emperor in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Mogontiacum" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Mogontiacum">Mogontiacum</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>) by the local garrison and surrounding troops (<a href="/wiki/Legio_XXII_Primigenia" title="Legio XXII Primigenia">Legio XXII <i>Primigenia</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polfer,_''Postumus''-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a few months, Postumus was able to capture Mogontiacum and kill Laelianus. His army wanted to sack the defeated city, and when Postumus tried to restrain them, the soldiers turned on him and killed him.<sup id="cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polfer,_''Postumus''-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mutineers set up <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Marius" title="Marcus Aurelius Marius">Marius</a>, a common soldier, as emperor. Marius held sway for a short while before being overthrown by <a href="/wiki/Victorinus" title="Victorinus">Victorinus</a>, Postumus's erstwhile colleague in the consulship and tribune of the praetorian guard.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, the Gallic Empire lost Hispania.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postumus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoninien_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Postume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Antoninien_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Postume.jpg/170px-Antoninien_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Postume.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Antoninien_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Postume.jpg/255px-Antoninien_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Postume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Antoninien_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Postume.jpg/340px-Antoninien_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Postume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Antoninianus struck under Aureolus; Mediolanum (Milan) mint, AD 268.<br /> Left: Radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust<br /> Right: <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> standing right, holding lion skin and club resting on rock</figcaption></figure> <p>Postumus's coinage has been of particular interest to numismatists, in light of the high quality and relative abundance of his coin issues. His ‘Labours of Hercules’ series is particularly renowned,<sup id="cite_ref-Drinkwater_1987,_pp._162-3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkwater_1987,_pp._162-3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as are several <a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">aurei</a> which carry full-face portraits of Postumus instead of the usual profile view.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_sources">Historical sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postumus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the ancient literary references to Postumus come from the works thought to be based on the <i><a href="/wiki/Enmannsche_Kaisergeschichte" title="Enmannsche Kaisergeschichte">Enmannsche Kaisergeschichte</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Epitome_de_Caesaribus" title="Epitome de Caesaribus">Epitome de Caesaribus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a></i>, in the last of which Postumus is listed among the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants_(Roman)" title="Thirty Tyrants (Roman)">Thirty Tyrants</a>). He also figures in the works of <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zonaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Zonaras">Zonaras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postumus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dates-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dates_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dates_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dates_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dates_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The year of Postumus's accession was either 259 or 260. While the year 259 has sometimes been favoured, the consensus now favours mid-/late 260 as the date that he was hailed emperor, according to <a href="#CITEREFPolfer2000">Polfer (2000)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, p. 97 The <i>terminus ante quem</i> is an inscription from September 260 naming Postumus as emperor: Bakker (1993), pp. 369–386. Other dates cited in this article must be pushed back one year for those who take 259 as the year of Postumus's accession. See <a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, pp. 95–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trib._pot.-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trib._pot._4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on numismatic evidence, Postumus's rule extended over ten periods of tribunician power, each conventionally lasting for one year beginning on December 10. Regardless of which year Postumus assumed the purple (259 or 260), his rule must have stretched across ten such years. See <a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, pp. 93–95.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postumus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Potter,_pg._260-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pg._260_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pg._260_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pg._260_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2004">Potter (2004)</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._720-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._720_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._720_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, p. 720.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">State, Paul F., <i>A Brief History of the Netherlands</i>, Infobase Publishing, 2008, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drinkwater_1987,_pp._162-3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drinkwater_1987,_pp._162-3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drinkwater_1987,_pp._162-3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, pp. 162–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fields, Nic (2006): <i>Roman Auxiliary Cavalryman: AD 14–193</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1841769738" title="Special:BookSources/1841769738">1841769738</a>, p. 45–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131225132849/http://www.regionaalarchieftilburg.nl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=191&Itemid=327">"Regionaal Archief Tilburg - II. Romeinen in Deusone"</a> (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regionaalarchieftilburg.nl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=191&Itemid=327">the original</a> on 25 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regionaal+Archief+Tilburg+-+II.+Romeinen+in+Deusone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regionaalarchieftilburg.nl%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D191%26Itemid%3D327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostumus" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The phrase is <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a>'s, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potter,_pg._257-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pg._257_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pg._257_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pg._257_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pg._257_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pg._257_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2004">Potter (2004)</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southern,_pg._79-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._79_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._79_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouthern2001">Southern (2001)</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polfer,_''Postumus''-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polfer,_''Postumus''_14-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolfer2000">Polfer (2000)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potter,_pg._256-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pg._256_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pg._256_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2004">Potter (2004)</a>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drinkwater_89-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drinkwater_89_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drinkwater_89_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drinkwater_89_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drinkwater_89_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southern,_pg._98-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._98_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._98_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._98_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._98_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._98_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._98_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._98_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._98_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._98_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouthern2001">Southern (2001)</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, pp. 146, 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southern,_pg._97-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._97_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._97_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouthern2001">Southern (2001)</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potter,_pg._261-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pg._261_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2004">Potter (2004)</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southern,_pg._118-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._118_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern (2001), p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, pp. 30, 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouthern2001">Southern (2001)</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drinkwater_28-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drinkwater_28_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potter,_pg._263-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pg._263_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pg._263_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pg._263_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pg._263_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2004">Potter (2004)</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southern,_pg._100-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._100_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._100_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._100_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouthern2001">Southern (2001)</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, p. 89, who cites <a href="/wiki/Zonaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Zonaras">Zonaras</a> (12.24.13-18) as the ancient authority for these events.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, pp. 32, 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouthern2001">Southern (2001)</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2004">Potter (2004)</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2004">Potter (2004)</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a> 33.8; <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Historian</a> 9.9.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2004">Potter (2004)</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKentHirmerHirmer1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._C._Kent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. P. C. Kent (page does not exist)">Kent, J. P. C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Max_Hirmer" title="Max Hirmer">Hirmer, Max</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Hirmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Hirmer (page does not exist)">Hirmer, Albert</a> (1978). <i>Roman Coins</i>. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500232733" title="Special:BookSources/0500232733"><bdi>0500232733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Coins&rft.place=London&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson+Ltd.&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0500232733&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=J.+P.+C.&rft.au=Hirmer%2C+Max&rft.au=Hirmer%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostumus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater1987">Drinkwater (1987)</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Primary sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/victor.caes.html#33.8"><i>Liber de Caesaribus</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm"><i>Epitome de Caesaribus</i></a> (sometimes attributed to Aurelius Victor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/eutropius/eutropius9.shtml#9"><i>Brevarium</i>, Book 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/">Tyranni_XXX*.html <i>The Thirty Tyrants</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Joannes Zonaras</a>, Compendium of History <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080521191250/http://www.ancientsites.com/aw/Post/1049415">extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus01_book1.htm"><i>Historia Nova</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Secondary sources</dt></dl> <ul><li>Bakker, Lothar. (1993), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/germania/article/view/88931">Raetien unter Postumus. Das Siegesdenkmal einer Juthungenschlacht im Jahre 260 n. Chr. aus Augsburg</a>." <i>Germania</i> 71, pp. 369–386.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrinkwater1987" class="citation cs2">Drinkwater, J. F. (1987), <i>The Gallic Empire: Separatism and continuity in the north-western provinces of the Roman Empire, A.D. 260–274</i>, Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GMBH, Stuttgart, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-04806-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-04806-5"><bdi>3-515-04806-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gallic+Empire%3A+Separatism+and+continuity+in+the+north-western+provinces+of+the+Roman+Empire%2C+A.D.+260%26ndash%3B274&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag+Wiesbaden+GMBH%2C+Stuttgart&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=3-515-04806-5&rft.aulast=Drinkwater&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostumus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKönig1981" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">König, Ingemar (1981), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diegallischenusu0000koni"><i>Die gallischen Usurpatoren von Postumus bis Tetricus</i> [The Gaulish usurpers from Postumus to Tetricus]<i><span></span></i></a></span> (in German), C.H. Beck, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-04801-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-04801-3"><bdi>3-406-04801-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+gallischen+Usurpatoren+von+Postumus+bis+Tetricus+%5BThe+Gaulish+usurpers+from+Postumus+to+Tetricus%5D&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=3-406-04801-3&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6nig&rft.aufirst=Ingemar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiegallischenusu0000koni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostumus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPLRE" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Jones" title="A. H. M. Jones">Jones, A.H.M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Martindale" title="John Robert Martindale">J.R. Martindale</a> & <a href="/wiki/John_Morris_(historian)" title="John Morris (historian)">J. Morris</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I/page/720/mode/1up"><i>The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire Volume 1: A.D. 260–395</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07233-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-07233-6"><bdi>0-521-07233-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prosopography+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire+Volume+1%3A+A.D.+260%E2%80%93395&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-521-07233-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=A.H.M.&rft.au=J.R.+Martindale&rft.au=J.+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprosopography-later-roman-empire%2FPLRE-I%2Fpage%2F720%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostumus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPolfer2000" class="citation web cs1">Polfer, Michel (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805143542/http://www.roman-emperors.org/postumus.htm">"Postumus (A.D. 260-269)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Imperatoribus_Romanis" title="De Imperatoribus Romanis">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a></i>. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2003</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis&rft.atitle=Postumus+%28A.D.+260-269%29&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Polfer&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Fpostumus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostumus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>()</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPotter2004" class="citation cs2">Potter, David Stone (2004), <i>The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395</i>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+at+Bay%2C+AD+180-395&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David+Stone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostumus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSouthern2001" class="citation cs2">Southern, Pat (2001), <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+from+Severus+to+Constantine&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostumus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postumus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Postumus" class="extiw" title="commons:Postumus"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Postumus</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/ric/postumus/i.html">Partial coinage listing featuring Postumus</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperor</a> </b><br />260–269 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Laelian" title="Laelian">Laelian</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Marius" title="Marcus Aurelius Marius">Marius</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Aemilianus,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Bassus_(consul_259_%26_271)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomponius Bassus (consul 259 & 271)">Pomponius Bassus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Consul_(Gallic_Empire)" title="Consul (Gallic Empire)">Gallic consul</a> </b><br />261–262<br /><i>with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Honoratianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honoratianus (page does not exist)">Honoratianus</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Unknown</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Unknown</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Consul_(Gallic_Empire)" title="Consul (Gallic Empire)">Gallic consul</a> </b><br />268–269<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Victorinus" title="Victorinus">Victorinus</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Victorinus" title="Victorinus">Victorinus</a>,<br />Sanctus</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant433" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant433" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a><br />284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius">Honorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Romanos_Lekapenos_(grandson_of_Romanos_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanos Lekapenos (grandson of Romanos I)">Romanos</a></i> (?), <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Montferrat" title="Irene of Montferrat">Irene</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Savoy" title="Anna of Savoy">Anna</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (271–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312603#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1385" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312603#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1385" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312603#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000369686832">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/74645515">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbtmBfKHQhCptg6DHYpT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118595989">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810561309105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/147964">Vatican</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500356469">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118595989.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118595989">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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