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aria-label="Aspetto" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aspetto</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_it.wikipedia.org&uselang=it" class=""><span>Fai una donazione</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:CreaUtenza&returnto=Aria" title="Si consiglia di registrarsi e di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio" class=""><span>registrati</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Entra&returnto=Aria" title="Si consiglia di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>entra</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu 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mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagine per utenti anonimi <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Benvenuto" aria-label="Ulteriori informazioni sulla contribuzione"><span>ulteriori informazioni</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieiContributi" title="Un elenco delle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>contributi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieDiscussioni" title="Discussioni sulle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>discussioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Storia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composizione_dell'aria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composizione_dell'aria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Composizione dell'aria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composizione_dell'aria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Composizione dell'aria</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composizione_dell'aria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sostanze_inquinanti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sostanze_inquinanti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sostanze inquinanti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sostanze_inquinanti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caratteristiche_e_proprietà_fisiche_dell'aria_secca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caratteristiche_e_proprietà_fisiche_dell'aria_secca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Caratteristiche e proprietà fisiche dell'aria secca</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caratteristiche_e_proprietà_fisiche_dell'aria_secca-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Caratteristiche e proprietà fisiche dell'aria secca</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caratteristiche_e_proprietà_fisiche_dell'aria_secca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indice_di_rifrazione_dell'aria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indice_di_rifrazione_dell'aria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Indice di rifrazione dell'aria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indice_di_rifrazione_dell'aria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trattamenti_dell'aria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trattamenti_dell'aria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Trattamenti dell'aria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trattamenti_dell'aria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Trattamenti dell'aria</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Trattamenti_dell'aria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compressione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compressione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Compressione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compressione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquefazione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquefazione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Liquefazione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquefazione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frazionamento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frazionamento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Frazionamento</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frazionamento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purificazione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purificazione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Purificazione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purificazione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applicazioni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applicazioni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Applicazioni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applicazioni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Percezione_visiva_della_presenza_dell'aria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Percezione_visiva_della_presenza_dell'aria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Percezione visiva della presenza dell'aria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Percezione_visiva_della_presenza_dell'aria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 113 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire" title="Aire - aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aire" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="هواء - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هواء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire" title="Aire - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aire" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hava" title="Hava - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hava" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="هاوا - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هاوا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Һауа - baschiro" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һауа" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baschiro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufd" title="Lufd - bavarese" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Lufd" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uors" title="Uors - samogitico" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Uors" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Паветра - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паветра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Паветра - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паветра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udara" title="Udara - betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Udara" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85" title="Въздух - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въздух" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aer" title="Aer - bretone" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrak" title="Zrak - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zrak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire" title="Aire - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aire" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ADng-k%C3%A9" title="Kŭng-ké - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kŭng-ké" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangin" title="Hangin - cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hangin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ھەوا - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzduch" title="Vzduch - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vzduch" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%88" title="Сывлăш - ciuvascio" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сывлăш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luft" title="Luft - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Luft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luft" title="Luft - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αέρας - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αέρας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Air" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero" title="Aero - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire" title="Aire - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aire" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95hk" title="Õhk - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õhk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire" title="Aire - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aire" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airi" title="Airi - estremegno" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Airi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estremegno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilma" title="Ilma - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ilma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95hk" title="Õhk - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Õhk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cegu" title="Cegu - figiano" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Cegu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="figiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Air" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loft" title="Loft - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Loft" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucht" title="Lucht - frisone occidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lucht" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhair" title="Adhair - gaelico scozzese" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Adhair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelico scozzese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar_(atmosf%C3%A9rico)" title="Ar (atmosférico) - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ar (atmosférico)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapytu" title="Arapytu - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arapytu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iska" title="Iska - hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Iska" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%BBng-hi" title="Khûng-hi - hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khûng-hi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrak" title="Zrak - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zrak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8_(van)" title="Lè (van) - creolo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lè (van)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="creolo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveg%C5%91" title="Levegő - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Levegő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%A4" title="Օդ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%A4" title="Օդ - Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Օդ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udara" title="Udara - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Udara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loft" title="Loft - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Loft" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%97" title="空気 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="空気" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udara" title="Udara - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Udara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჰაერი - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰაერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azwu" title="Azwu - cabilo" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azwu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabilo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwela" title="Mwela - kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Mwela" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%A9era" title="Rĩera - kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Rĩera" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Ауа - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ауа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EA%B8%B0" title="공기 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewa" title="Hewa - curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hewa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Аба (атмосфера) - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аба (атмосфера)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3ch" title="Lóch - limburghese" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lóch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria" title="Aria - lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Aria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oras" title="Oras - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiss" title="Gaiss - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gaiss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%84%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Кожфсь - moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кожфсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivotra" title="Rivotra - malgascio" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rivotra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaro" title="Udaro - menangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Udaro" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="menangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85" title="Воздух - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Воздух" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udara" title="Udara - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Udara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82" title="Кошт - erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кошт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luft" title="Luft - basso tedesco" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Luft" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locht_(atmosfeer)" title="Locht (atmosfeer) - basso tedesco olandese" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Locht (atmosfeer)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucht" title="Lucht - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lucht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luft" title="Luft - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Luft" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luft" title="Luft - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Luft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire" title="Aire - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air - piccardo" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Air" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="piccardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powietrze" title="Powietrze - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powietrze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar" title="Ar - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aer" title="Aer - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aer%C3%A2" title="Aerâ - arumeno" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Aerâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="arumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85" title="Воздух - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Воздух" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85" title="Воздух - ruteno" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Воздух" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruteno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="वायुः - sanscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वायुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Салгын - sacha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Салгын" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sacha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ria_(gas)" title="Ària (gas) - siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ària (gas)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazduh" title="Vazduh - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vazduh" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfus" title="Unfus - tashelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Unfus" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tashelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Air" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzduch" title="Vzduch - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vzduch" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrak" title="Zrak - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zrak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajri" title="Ajri - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ajri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85" title="Ваздух - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ваздух" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa" title="Hawa - sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hawa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luft" title="Luft - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Luft" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewa" title="Hewa - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hewa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luft" title="Luft - slesiano" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Luft" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="slesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/bali" title="bali - Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="bali" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/insuna" title="insuna - Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="insuna" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ҳаво - tagico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳаво" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tagico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBea" title="ʻea - tongano" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻea" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hava" title="Hava - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hava" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Һава - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һава" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Омыр - udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Омыр" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F" title="Повітря - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Повітря" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havo" title="Havo - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Havo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B4ng_kh%C3%AD" title="Không khí - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Không khí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_(g%C3%A5z)" title="Air (gåz) - vallone" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Air (gåz)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngelaw" title="Ngelaw - wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ngelaw" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94" title="空气 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="空气" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umoya" title="Umoya - xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Umoya" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoengqheiq" title="Hoengqheiq - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Hoengqheiq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94" title="空气 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="空气" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7391292#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussione:Aria" rel="discussion" title="Vedi le discussioni 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href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Aria" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PagineSpeciali" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine speciali [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagine speciali</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&oldid=139934499" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&page=Aria&id=139934499&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint nota-disambigua"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/18px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/27px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/36px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Disambiguazione" title="Aiuto:Disambiguazione">Disambiguazione</a> – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi <b><a href="/wiki/Aria_(disambigua)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aria (disambigua)">Aria (disambigua)</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#58DEA1">Aria</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Numero_CAS" title="Numero CAS">Numero CAS</a></th><td><span class="reflink plainlinksneverexpand"><span class="noarchive"><a class="external text" href="https://iw.toolforge.org/magnustools/cas.php?language=it&cas=132259-10-0">132259-10-0</a></span></span> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#58DEA1">Caratteristiche generali</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Composizione_chimica" title="Composizione chimica">Composizione</a></th><td>aria secca (privata dal <a href="/wiki/Vapore_acqueo" title="Vapore acqueo">vapore acqueo</a>): <a href="/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto">azoto</a> (78% mol), <a href="/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno">ossigeno</a> (21% mol), <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> (1% mol)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><th>Aspetto</th><td>incolore </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Stato_della_materia" title="Stato della materia">Stato di aggregazione</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Condizioni_standard" title="Condizioni standard">c.s.</a>)</th><td>gassoso </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#58DEA1">Proprietà chimico-fisiche</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Densit%C3%A0" title="Densità">Densità</a> (kg·m<sup>−3</sup>, in <a href="/wiki/Condizioni_standard" title="Condizioni standard">c.s.</a>)</th><td>1,225 kg/m³ (a <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002288150000000000♠"></span>15 <a href="/wiki/Grado_Celsius" title="Grado Celsius">°C</a></span> e <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005101300000000000♠"></span>~1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">013</span> <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit%C3%A0_di_misura)" title="Pascal (unità di misura)">hPa</a></span>) </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Temperatura_di_ebollizione" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperatura di ebollizione">Temperatura di ebollizione</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>)</th><td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001831499999999999♠"></span>−190 <a href="/wiki/Grado_Celsius" title="Grado Celsius">°C</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-trec_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trec-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1013 hPa) </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Viscosit%C3%A0_cinematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscosità cinematica">Viscosità cinematica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metro_quadrato" title="Metro quadrato">m<sup>2</sup></a>/<a href="/wiki/Secondo" title="Secondo">s</a> a 20 °C)</th><td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995150000000000000♠"></span>1,50<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup> <a href="/wiki/Metro_quadrato" title="Metro quadrato">m²</a></span>/<a href="/wiki/Secondo" title="Secondo">s</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Viscosit%C3%A0_dinamica" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscosità dinamica">Viscosità dinamica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit%C3%A0_di_misura)" title="Pascal (unità di misura)">mPa</a>·<a href="/wiki/Secondo" title="Secondo">s</a> a 20 °C)</th><td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995181000000000000♠"></span>1,81<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup> <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit%C3%A0_di_misura)" title="Pascal (unità di misura)">Pa</a></span>·<a href="/wiki/Secondo" title="Secondo">s</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Conduttivit%C3%A0_termica" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduttività termica">Conduttività termica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a>/<a href="/wiki/Metro" title="Metro">m</a>·<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>)</th><td>0,02422 W/(m·K) </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cielo_con_nubes_raras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cielo_con_nubes_raras.jpg/220px-Cielo_con_nubes_raras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cielo_con_nubes_raras.jpg/330px-Cielo_con_nubes_raras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cielo_con_nubes_raras.jpg/440px-Cielo_con_nubes_raras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Correnti d'aria nel <a href="/wiki/Cielo" title="Cielo">cielo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>L'<b>aria</b> è una miscela di <a href="/wiki/Sostanza_pura" title="Sostanza pura">sostanze</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeriforme" title="Aeriforme">aeriformi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> e <a href="/wiki/Vapore" title="Vapore">vapori</a>) che costituisce l'<a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_terrestre" title="Atmosfera terrestre">atmosfera terrestre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trec_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trec-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> È essenziale per la <a href="/wiki/Vita" title="Vita">vita</a> della maggior parte degli <a href="/wiki/Organismo_vivente" title="Organismo vivente">organismi</a> <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">animali</a> e <a href="/wiki/Plant%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantæ">vegetali</a><sup id="cite_ref-zan_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, in particolare per la vita <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">umana</a>, per cui la sua salvaguardia è fondamentale ed è regolata da apposite <a href="/wiki/Norma_giuridica" title="Norma giuridica">norme legislative</a>. Tale miscela gassosa trova molte applicazioni nell'ambito industriale e nell'uso quotidiano, in particolare sotto forma di <a href="/wiki/Aria_compressa" title="Aria compressa">aria compressa</a> (cioè sottoposta a <a href="/wiki/Pressione" title="Pressione">pressione</a>) e di <a href="/wiki/Liquefazione_dell%27aria" title="Liquefazione dell'aria">aria liquida</a>. </p><p>Nel contesto <a href="/wiki/Protoscienza" title="Protoscienza">protoscientifico</a> della tradizione filosofica, l'aria è uno dei <a href="/wiki/Quattro_elementi" title="Quattro elementi">quattro elementi</a> primari (<a href="/wiki/Aria_(elemento)" title="Aria (elemento)">aria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acqua_(elemento)" title="Acqua (elemento)">acqua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terra_(elemento)" title="Terra (elemento)">terra</a> e <a href="/wiki/Fuoco_(elemento)" title="Fuoco (elemento)">fuoco</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologia">Etimologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Etimologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il termine <i>aria</i> deriva dal <a href="/wiki/Lingua_latina" title="Lingua latina">latino</a> <i>āera</i>, nominativo <i>āer</i>, dal greco <span dir="ltr" lang="grc" class="polytonic">ἀήρ</span>, <i>aér</i>, di etimologia incerta, probabilmente correlato da una radice <i>awer</i>. La parola è associata nelle varie <a href="/wiki/Lingue_indoeuropee" title="Lingue indoeuropee">lingue indoeuropee</a> al <a href="/wiki/Vento" title="Vento">vento</a>, alla <a href="/wiki/Luce" title="Luce">luce</a> e al <a href="/wiki/Cielo" title="Cielo">cielo</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alchemical_air_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alchemical_air_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/110px-Alchemical_air_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alchemical_air_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/165px-Alchemical_air_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alchemical_air_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/220px-Alchemical_air_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>Simbolo <a href="/wiki/Alchimia" title="Alchimia">alchemico</a> utilizzato per indicare l'<a href="/wiki/Aria_(elemento)" title="Aria (elemento)">aria</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Aria_(elemento)" title="Aria (elemento)">Aria (elemento)</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Nel passato all'aria furono dati diversi significati religiosi: ad esempio fu considerata al pari di una divinità dai <a href="/wiki/Babilonesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Babilonesi">Babilonesi</a> e dagli <a href="/wiki/Antico_Egitto" title="Antico Egitto">egiziani</a> e come sede delle anime nell'<a href="/wiki/Antica_Grecia" title="Antica Grecia">Antica Grecia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sapere_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sapere-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'<a href="/wiki/Chimica_analitica" title="Chimica analitica">analisi chimica</a> dell'aria venne svolta per la prima volta nel 1772 da <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Laurent_de_Lavoisier" title="Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier">Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-zan_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> che chiamò "<a href="/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno">ossigeno</a>" il componente dell'aria necessario agli esseri viventi e "<a href="/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto">azoto</a>" il componente <a href="/wiki/Inerte_(chimica)" title="Inerte (chimica)">inerte</a>. </p><p>Nel 1895 <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linde" title="Carl von Linde">Carl von Linde</a> riuscì a <a href="/wiki/Liquefazione_dell%27aria" title="Liquefazione dell'aria">liquefare</a> l'aria per la prima volta attraverso il cosiddetto "<a href="/wiki/Processo_Linde" title="Processo Linde">processo Linde</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-zan_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nel 1902 seguì il <a href="/wiki/Processo_Claude" title="Processo Claude">processo Claude</a> (messo a punto da <a href="/wiki/Georges_Claude" title="Georges Claude">Georges Claude</a>), che è un processo di liquefazione più complesso e più efficiente allo stesso tempo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composizione_dell'aria"><span id="Composizione_dell.27aria"></span>Composizione dell'aria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Composizione dell'aria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Composizione dell'aria"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_terrestre" title="Atmosfera terrestre">Atmosfera terrestre</a></b> e <b><a href="/wiki/Aria_umida" title="Aria umida">Aria umida</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>La composizione dell'aria è variabile a seconda della quota. Per una quota fissata, il rapporto tra la quantità di azoto e la quantità di ossigeno contenuti nell'aria rimane pressoché costante grazie all'equilibrio tra il consumo e l'apporto continuo di tali elementi associati al <a href="/wiki/Ciclo_dell%27ossigeno" title="Ciclo dell'ossigeno">ciclo dell'ossigeno</a> e al <a href="/wiki/Ciclo_dell%27azoto" title="Ciclo dell'azoto">ciclo dell'azoto</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-sapere_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sapere-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> invece le concentrazioni di <a href="/wiki/Vapore_acqueo" title="Vapore acqueo">vapore acqueo</a> e di <a href="/wiki/Anidride_carbonica" title="Anidride carbonica">anidride carbonica</a> sono variabili.<sup id="cite_ref-sapere_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sapere-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per tale motivo si indicano spesso le proprietà dell'aria privata dal vapore acqueo, che viene detta "aria secca", mentre in caso contrario si parla di "<a href="/wiki/Aria_umida" title="Aria umida">aria umida</a>". </p><p>L'aria secca al suolo è composta all'incirca per il 78,09% di <a href="/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto">azoto</a> (N<sub>2</sub>), per il 20,9% di <a href="/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno">ossigeno</a> (O<sub>2</sub>), per lo 0,93% di <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> (Ar) e per lo 0,04% di <a href="/wiki/Anidride_carbonica" title="Anidride carbonica">anidride carbonica</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> più altri componenti in quantità minori, tra cui anche particelle solide in <a href="/wiki/Sospensione_(chimica)" title="Sospensione (chimica)">sospensione</a>, che costituiscono il cosiddetto "<a href="/wiki/Particolato" title="Particolato">pulviscolo atmosferico</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-trec_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trec-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sapere_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sapere-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'aria umida è una miscela aeriforme che contiene aria secca e <a href="/wiki/Vapore_acqueo" title="Vapore acqueo">vapore acqueo</a>; la massima quantità di vapore d'acqua contenuto, all'equilibrio, è quella quantità che realizza una pressione parziale pari alla tensione di vapore: in questo caso parliamo di saturazione che corrisponde ad un'umidità relativa del 100%. L'umidità assoluta si misura in grammi (di vapor d'acqua) per chilogramma (di aria secca). L'umidità relativa, che spesso è la grandezza che interessa, è il rapporto tra l'umidità assoluta effettiva e l'umidità assoluta in condizioni di saturazione a quella temperatura e pressione. Per esempio l'umidità assoluta in condizioni di saturazione è di 7,6 g:kg a 10 °C, di 10,7 g:kg a 15 °C, di 15,2g:kg a 20 °C, di 20,2 g:kg a 25 °C, di 27,3 g:kg a 30 °C e di 36,4 a 35 °C (valori approssimativi alla pressione di 1013,25hPa). Da notare che all'approssimarsi alla temperatura di ebollizione dell'acqua (100 °C a 1013,25 hPa) il valore dell'umidità assoluta in condizioni di saturazione sale rapidamente tendendo, idealmente, all'infinito perché a quella temperatura la quantità di vapor d'acqua che potrebbe essere presente nell'aria è illimitato. Così se abbiamo un'aria con un'umidità assoluta di 11 g:kg a 25 °C l'umidità relativa sarà 11:20,2 = 54,4% che corrisponde ad una situazione percepita come di benessere; la stessa aria umida portata a 35 °C diventerà "secca" infatti l'umidità relativa sarà 11 : 36,4 = 30,2% mentre se la portiamo a 15 °C diventerà "umida" poiché l'umidità relativa sarà 11:15,2 = 72,4%; raffreddandola ulteriormente fino a 10 °C otterremo una condizione di saturazione (umidità relativa 100%) con un'umidità assoluta di 7,6 g:kg ed una quantità di condensa (acqua tornata allo stato liquido) pari a 11-7,6 = 3,4 g:kg. </p><p>Il tasso di <a href="/wiki/Anidride_carbonica" title="Anidride carbonica">anidride carbonica</a> risulta molto variabile a seconda del periodo temporale considerato. In particolare le attività umane (<a href="/wiki/Industria" title="Industria">industria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inquinamento" title="Inquinamento">inquinamento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combustione" title="Combustione">combustione</a> e <a href="/wiki/Diboscamento" title="Diboscamento">deforestazione</a>) hanno prodotto nell'ultimo secolo un grosso incremento di questa percentuale, passata da circa 280 <a href="/wiki/Parti_per_milione" title="Parti per milione">ppm</a> nel 1900 a 315 ppm nel 1970 e a oltre 400 ppm (0,04%) negli ultimi anni. La concentrazione di tale componente risulta essere (insieme a quella del <a href="/wiki/Metano" title="Metano">metano</a> ed altri gas) uno dei responsabili principali dell'<a href="/wiki/Effetto_serra" title="Effetto serra">effetto serra</a>. </p><p>Infine, mentre la <a href="/wiki/Pressione_atmosferica" title="Pressione atmosferica">pressione</a> dell'aria cambia fortemente con l'altitudine (si riduce al 50% a circa <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003550000000000000♠"></span>~5,5 <a href="/wiki/Chilometro" title="Chilometro">km</a></span>, al 10% a 16 km e all'1% a 32 km), la composizione percentuale dei principali costituenti (azoto, ossigeno e gas rari) non subisce variazioni fino a 80–100 km. Questo perché esistono turbolenze su larga scala che ne provocano un continuo rimescolamento. Al di sopra di tale quota la radiazione solare provoca una dissociazione dei gas, che passano dallo stato molecolare a quello atomico, e varie reazioni chimiche fanno variare considerevolmente la sua composizione.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmosphere_gas_proportions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Atmosphere_gas_proportions.svg/220px-Atmosphere_gas_proportions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="458" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Atmosphere_gas_proportions.svg/330px-Atmosphere_gas_proportions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Atmosphere_gas_proportions.svg/440px-Atmosphere_gas_proportions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Composizione dell'atmosfera terrestre</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4" align="center"><b>Composizione dell'aria secca</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nome </th> <th>Formula </th> <th>Proporzione o frazione molare<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ppm 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>% (m/m) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto">Azoto</a></td> <td>N<sub>2</sub></td> <td>78,084%</td> <td>75,37% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno">Ossigeno</a></td> <td>O<sub>2</sub></td> <td>20,9476%</td> <td>23,1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a></td> <td>Ar</td> <td>0,934%</td> <td>1,41% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anidride_carbonica" title="Anidride carbonica">Anidride carbonica</a></td> <td>CO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>413.93 ppm (Ottobre 2021)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a></td> <td>Ne</td> <td>18,18 ppm </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elio" title="Elio">Elio</a></td> <td>He</td> <td>5,24 ppm </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monossido_di_azoto" title="Monossido di azoto">Monossido di azoto</a></td> <td>NO</td> <td>5 ppm </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kripton</a></td> <td>Kr</td> <td>1,14 ppm </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metano" title="Metano">Metano</a></td> <td>CH<sub>4</sub></td> <td>1 - 2 ppm </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Idrogeno" title="Idrogeno">Idrogeno</a></td> <td>H<sub>2</sub></td> <td>0,5 ppm </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ossido_di_diazoto" title="Ossido di diazoto">Ossido di diazoto</a></td> <td>N<sub>2</sub>O</td> <td>0,5 ppm </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xeno" title="Xeno">Xeno</a></td> <td>Xe</td> <td>0,087 ppm </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diossido_di_azoto" title="Diossido di azoto">Diossido di azoto</a></td> <td>NO<sub>2</sub></td> <td>0,02 ppm </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ozono" title="Ozono">Ozono</a></td> <td>O<sub>3</sub></td> <td>da 0 a 0,01 ppm </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a></td> <td>Rn</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6986600000000000000♠"></span>6<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−14</sup></span>ppm </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Correlazione tra frazioni molari e frazione in massa </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Molecola </th> <th colspan="2">Frazione molare <p>[mol:mol] </p> </th> <th colspan="2">Massa molare <p>[g:mol] </p> </th> <th colspan="2">Massa della frazione <p>[g:mol] </p> </th> <th colspan="3">Frazione in massa <p>[g:g] </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Azoto </td> <td>N<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>0,7808 </td> <td>78,08% </td> <td>2 x 14,0067 = </td> <td>28,01 </td> <td>0,7808 x 28,01 = </td> <td>21,8702 </td> <td>21,8702 : 28,9633 = </td> <td>0,7551 </td> <td>75,51% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ossigeno </td> <td>O<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>0,2095 </td> <td>20,95% </td> <td>2 x 15,9994 = </td> <td>32,00 </td> <td>0,2095 x 32,00 = </td> <td>6,7040 </td> <td>6.7040 : 28,9633 = </td> <td>0,2315 </td> <td>23,15% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Argon </td> <td>Ar </td> <td>0,0093 </td> <td>0,93% </td> <td>1 x 39,948 = </td> <td>39,95 </td> <td>0,0093 x 39,95 = </td> <td>0,3715 </td> <td>0,3715 : 28,9633 = </td> <td>0,0128 </td> <td>1,28% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anidride carbonica </td> <td>CO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>0,0004 </td> <td>0,04% </td> <td>12,0107 + 2 x 15,9994 = </td> <td>44,01 </td> <td>0,0004 x 44,01 = </td> <td>0,0176 </td> <td>0,0176 : 28,9633 = </td> <td>0,0006 </td> <td>0,06% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>TOTALE</b> </td> <td><b>1,0000</b> </td> <td><b>100%</b> </td> <td>--- </td> <td>--- </td> <td>--- </td> <td><b>28,9633</b> </td> <td>--- </td> <td><b>1,0000</b> </td> <td><b>100%</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">1 ppm (<a href="/wiki/Parti_per_milione" title="Parti per milione">parte per milione</a>) = 0,0001%</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sostanze_inquinanti">Sostanze inquinanti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Sostanze inquinanti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Sostanze inquinanti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Inquinamento_atmosferico" title="Inquinamento atmosferico">Inquinamento atmosferico</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>La qualità dell'aria ha un impatto notevole sull'<a href="/wiki/Ecosistema" title="Ecosistema">ecosistema</a> e sulla <a href="/wiki/Salute" title="Salute">salute umana</a>. Il fattore più importante per determinare la qualità dell'aria è la sua composizione. In particolare la percentuale di azoto e ossigeno presenti nell'aria sono praticamente costanti e corrispondono insieme al 99% della composizione dell'aria secca, per cui gli inquinanti presenti nell'aria sono presenti in piccole quantità, misurabili in termini di <a href="/wiki/Parti_per_milione" title="Parti per milione">parti per milione</a> (ppm) o <a href="/wiki/Parti_per_miliardo" title="Parti per miliardo">parti per miliardo</a> (ppb).<sup id="cite_ref-Ull1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tra questi inquinanti si annoverano: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_serra" title="Gas serra">gas serra</a>: tra cui <a href="/wiki/Anidride_carbonica" title="Anidride carbonica">anidride carbonica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metano" title="Metano">metano</a> e <a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">clorofluorocarburi</a> (CFC);<sup id="cite_ref-Ull1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NO<sub>x</sub></a>: responsabili delle <a href="/wiki/Pioggia_acida" title="Pioggia acida">piogge acide</a>, che provocano notevoli danni alle foreste;<sup id="cite_ref-Ull1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composti_organici_volatili" title="Composti organici volatili">composti organici volatili</a>: associati al traffico veicolare e all'uso di <a href="/wiki/Solvente" title="Solvente">solventi</a> (in particolare alle operazioni di <a href="/wiki/Verniciatura_a_polvere" title="Verniciatura a polvere">verniciatura</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ull1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caratteristiche_e_proprietà_fisiche_dell'aria_secca"><span id="Caratteristiche_e_propriet.C3.A0_fisiche_dell.27aria_secca"></span>Caratteristiche e proprietà fisiche dell'aria secca</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Caratteristiche e proprietà fisiche dell'aria secca" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Caratteristiche e proprietà fisiche dell'aria secca"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birds_in_Indian_Sky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Birds_in_Indian_Sky.jpg/220px-Birds_in_Indian_Sky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Birds_in_Indian_Sky.jpg/330px-Birds_in_Indian_Sky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Birds_in_Indian_Sky.jpg/440px-Birds_in_Indian_Sky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>Uccelli in volo nell'aria.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alcune delle proprietà dell'aria secca sono:<sup id="cite_ref-Ceng_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceng-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coefficiente_di_dilatazione_adiabatica" title="Coefficiente di dilatazione adiabatica">Coefficiente di dilatazione adiabatica</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=c_{p}/c_{v}=1,40}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>40</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=c_{p}/c_{v}=1,40}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/72617523afeba9bf72c06ae2fb36ff5a0dc9f462" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.194ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=c_{p}/c_{v}=1,40}"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calore_specifico" title="Calore specifico">Calore specifico</a> a <a href="/wiki/Pressione" title="Pressione">pressione</a> costante (per temperature tra i <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{20 - 40 °C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>20 - 40 °C</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{20 - 40 °C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e442d0780914d0a87ca69409d1e554f44628447f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.007ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{20 - 40 °C}}}"></span>): <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{p}=1,005{\frac {\mbox{kJ}}{\mbox{kg K}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>005</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>kJ</mtext> </mstyle> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>kg K</mtext> </mstyle> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{p}=1,005{\frac {\mbox{kJ}}{\mbox{kg K}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/929772b4689b1bc742fceebc65fa20bc26ec78c6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:16.463ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{p}=1,005{\frac {\mbox{kJ}}{\mbox{kg K}}}}"></span>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massa_molecolare" title="Massa molecolare">Massa molecolare</a> media: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle mm=28,965{\frac {\mbox{g}}{\mbox{mol}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>28</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>965</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>g</mtext> </mstyle> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>mol</mtext> </mstyle> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle mm=28,965{\frac {\mbox{g}}{\mbox{mol}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d84f65b1080d79b8758df91542a29b14333b208a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:18.607ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle mm=28,965{\frac {\mbox{g}}{\mbox{mol}}}}"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costante_dei_gas" title="Costante dei gas">Costante specifica</a> dell'aria secca: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R=287,05{\frac {\mbox{J}}{\mbox{kg K}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>287</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>05</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>J</mtext> </mstyle> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>kg K</mtext> </mstyle> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R=287,05{\frac {\mbox{J}}{\mbox{kg K}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ecbba5fedd41722e2d0e92c997c237539475a0a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:17.324ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R=287,05{\frac {\mbox{J}}{\mbox{kg K}}}}"></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperatura_critica" title="Temperatura critica">Temperatura critica</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{c}=-140,6{\mbox{°C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>140</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>°C</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{c}=-140,6{\mbox{°C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a0c2611f60a9e9031461e928e5a1e8a93d3176bd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.733ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{c}=-140,6{\mbox{°C}}}"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressione_critica" title="Pressione critica">Pressione critica</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{c}=3769,290{\mbox{ kPa}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3769</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>290</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> kPa</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{c}=3769,290{\mbox{ kPa}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/509da6a47404fdef722de044a1f30e57d83580ce" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:19.026ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{c}=3769,290{\mbox{ kPa}}}"></span></li></ul> <p>Il peso molecolare medio dell'aria secca si può valutare come media pesata dei gas componenti. Per una dimostrazione, ci si può limitare ai suoi componenti principali (Azoto [<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{N}}_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>N</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{N}}_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1b7d346c41c7295d2621d6fca3ddaa44b79669f9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{N}}_{2}}"></span>], Ossigeno [<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{O}}_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{O}}_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8911381fa0c037f5fd0e28877adb0cf55e274185" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.862ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{O}}_{2}}"></span>], Argon [<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{Ar}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Ar</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{Ar}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/042c582db285114a7bd69123c3f31b2da41d06cf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.655ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{Ar}}}"></span>]). Indicando con <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{\mbox{X}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>X</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{\mbox{X}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/23368094af0e0076d2992a91e8103a2b7df9f688" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.421ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{\mbox{X}}}"></span> e con <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{\mbox{X}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>X</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{\mbox{X}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fd8d4891088f307642ab56dca1bedb089e68a472" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.377ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{\mbox{X}}}"></span> rispettivamente la frazione molare e la massa molecolare della sostanza <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{X}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>X</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{X}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/695d927184ffa9a5d998ace24f95911854ef6ca0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{X}}}"></span>, le proprietà di questi gas sono: </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{{\mbox{N}}_{2}}=0,78}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>N</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>78</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{{\mbox{N}}_{2}}=0,78}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ca14615c1409bcf326f6bc73f5a793e55fa28db" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:11.873ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{{\mbox{N}}_{2}}=0,78}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{{\mbox{N}}_{2}}=2\cdot 14,007{\mbox{ g }}{\mbox{mol}}^{-1}=28,014{\mbox{ g }}{\mbox{mol}}^{-1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>N</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>14</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>007</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>mol</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>28</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>014</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>mol</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{{\mbox{N}}_{2}}=2\cdot 14,007{\mbox{ g }}{\mbox{mol}}^{-1}=28,014{\mbox{ g }}{\mbox{mol}}^{-1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebf7f7289be2095aa0fb709d6c402dce3d36f0bf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:43.743ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{{\mbox{N}}_{2}}=2\cdot 14,007{\mbox{ g }}{\mbox{mol}}^{-1}=28,014{\mbox{ g }}{\mbox{mol}}^{-1}}"></span>;</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{{\mbox{O}}_{2}}=0,21}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>21</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{{\mbox{O}}_{2}}=0,21}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e2d129ead01ed42e60bd48c1adde35d0253cc21a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:11.938ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{{\mbox{O}}_{2}}=0,21}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{{\mbox{O}}_{2}}=2\cdot 15,999{\mbox{ g }}{\mbox{mol}}^{-1}=31,998{\mbox{ g }}{\mbox{mol}}^{-1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>15</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>999</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>mol</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>31</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>998</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>mol</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{{\mbox{O}}_{2}}=2\cdot 15,999{\mbox{ g }}{\mbox{mol}}^{-1}=31,998{\mbox{ g }}{\mbox{mol}}^{-1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1b1faa2374190fcf84fb1e2cb7f4d2d2ca867f89" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:43.808ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{{\mbox{O}}_{2}}=2\cdot 15,999{\mbox{ g }}{\mbox{mol}}^{-1}=31,998{\mbox{ g }}{\mbox{mol}}^{-1}}"></span>;</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{\mbox{Ar}}=0,01}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Ar</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>01</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{\mbox{Ar}}=0,01}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dd49cbc1d739e19e0add3efde9390e56b2dc2e2b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:11.953ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{\mbox{Ar}}=0,01}"></span>), <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{\mbox{Ar}}=39,948{\mbox{ g }}{\mbox{mol}}^{-1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Ar</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>39</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>948</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>mol</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{\mbox{Ar}}=39,948{\mbox{ g }}{\mbox{mol}}^{-1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebbfd530e794663292d36997a7c3f4494b85b6d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:22.635ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{\mbox{Ar}}=39,948{\mbox{ g }}{\mbox{mol}}^{-1}}"></span>;</li></ul> <p>Si calcola la massa molecolare: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{{\mbox{N}}_{2}}\mu _{{\mbox{N}}_{2}}+\omega _{{\mbox{O}}_{2}}\mu _{{\mbox{O}}_{2}}+\omega _{\mbox{Ar}}\mu _{\mbox{Ar}}=28.970{\mbox{ g }}{\mbox{mol}}^{-1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>N</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>N</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Ar</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Ar</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>28.970</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> g </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>mol</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{{\mbox{N}}_{2}}\mu _{{\mbox{N}}_{2}}+\omega _{{\mbox{O}}_{2}}\mu _{{\mbox{O}}_{2}}+\omega _{\mbox{Ar}}\mu _{\mbox{Ar}}=28.970{\mbox{ g }}{\mbox{mol}}^{-1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/13427a3f5c1b96b5cdb1677a3fc1fabb44836792" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:49.314ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{{\mbox{N}}_{2}}\mu _{{\mbox{N}}_{2}}+\omega _{{\mbox{O}}_{2}}\mu _{{\mbox{O}}_{2}}+\omega _{\mbox{Ar}}\mu _{\mbox{Ar}}=28.970{\mbox{ g }}{\mbox{mol}}^{-1}}"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Per il calcolo della costante del gas aria basta rapportare la <a href="/wiki/Costante_dei_gas" title="Costante dei gas">costante universale dei gas</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b8916196f182fcbaaca54f931176a4a4f5769cc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.818ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{0}}"></span> con il peso molecolare medio, appena ricavato, ottenendo </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R={\frac {R_{0}}{mm}}=0{,}28705{{\rm {J}} \over {\rm {\;g\;K\;}}}=287{,}05{{\rm {J}} \over {\rm {\;kg\;K\;}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0,287</mn> <mn>05</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>287</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>05</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R={\frac {R_{0}}{mm}}=0{,}28705{{\rm {J}} \over {\rm {\;g\;K\;}}}=287{,}05{{\rm {J}} \over {\rm {\;kg\;K\;}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1204394afea7cb3e6af2c62104fbd9bf857cd03a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:42.769ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R={\frac {R_{0}}{mm}}=0{,}28705{{\rm {J}} \over {\rm {\;g\;K\;}}}=287{,}05{{\rm {J}} \over {\rm {\;kg\;K\;}}}}"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Nelle <a href="/wiki/Condizioni_standard" title="Condizioni standard">condizioni ambientali</a> di temperatura e pressione, l'aria segue la legge dei gas perfetti, cui si può fare ricorso per valutare la densità <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }"></span> dell'aria: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {p}{RT}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>p</mi> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {p}{RT}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f9e5780941aab63ec34aa6a076c23de1906d9f4c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:8.537ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {p}{RT}}}"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Si noti che la densità è una funzione di pressione e temperatura. A titolo di esempio si voglia calcolare la densità dell'aria alla temperatura di <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002288150000000000♠"></span>15 <a href="/wiki/Grado_Celsius" title="Grado Celsius">°C</a></span> (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002288150000000000♠"></span>288,15 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a></span>) e alla pressione di 1 atmosfera (101 325 Pa). Applicando la formula, si ha: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {101325{\mbox{ Pa}}}{287,05{\frac {\mbox{J}}{\mbox{kg K}}}\cdot 288,15{\mbox{ K}}}}=1,225{\frac {\mbox{kg}}{{\mbox{m}}^{3}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>101325</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> Pa</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>287</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>05</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>J</mtext> </mstyle> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>kg K</mtext> </mstyle> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>288</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>15</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> K</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>225</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>kg</mtext> </mstyle> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {101325{\mbox{ Pa}}}{287,05{\frac {\mbox{J}}{\mbox{kg K}}}\cdot 288,15{\mbox{ K}}}}=1,225{\frac {\mbox{kg}}{{\mbox{m}}^{3}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d7d6ae1efb2a0cd818021fc79fa39010584331cd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.005ex; width:41.12ex; height:8.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {101325{\mbox{ Pa}}}{287,05{\frac {\mbox{J}}{\mbox{kg K}}}\cdot 288,15{\mbox{ K}}}}=1,225{\frac {\mbox{kg}}{{\mbox{m}}^{3}}}}"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Sperimentalmente si osserva che i calori specifici dell'aria secca, sono funzioni della temperatura. </p><p>La seguente tabella mostra alcune proprietà fisiche dell'aria, in funzione della temperatura alla pressione di 1 atm. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Proprietà fisiche dell'aria (1 atm)<sup id="cite_ref-Ceng_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceng-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">Temperatura</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Grado_Celsius" title="Grado Celsius">°C</a>)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Densit%C3%A0" title="Densità">Densità</a><br />(kg/m³)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Viscosit%C3%A0" title="Viscosità">Viscosità dinamica</a><br />(Pa·s)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Viscosit%C3%A0#Viscosità_cinematica_o_diffusività_cinematica" title="Viscosità">Viscosità cinematica</a><br />(m<sup>2</sup>/s)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Calore_specifico" title="Calore specifico">c<sub>p</sub></a><br />(kJ/kg·K)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Calore_specifico" title="Calore specifico">c<sub>v</sub></a><br />(kJ/kg K)</th> <th><sup>c<sub>p</sub></sup>⁄<sub>c<sub>v</sub></sub> </th></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>1,293</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995171000000000000♠"></span>1,71<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995132000000000000♠"></span>1,32<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td>1,0037</td> <td>0,7166</td> <td>1,401 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>1,247</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995176000000000000♠"></span>1,76<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995141000000000000♠"></span>1,41<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td>1,0041</td> <td>0,7170</td> <td>1,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>1,225</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995178000000000000♠"></span>1,78<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995145000000000000♠"></span>1,45<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td>1,0043</td> <td>0,7172</td> <td>1,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>1,205</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995181000000000000♠"></span>1,81<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995150000000000000♠"></span>1,50<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td>1,0045</td> <td>0,7174</td> <td>1,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>1,165</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995186000000000000♠"></span>1,86<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995160000000000000♠"></span>1,60<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td>1,0050</td> <td>0,7179</td> <td>1,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>1,127</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995190000000000000♠"></span>1,90<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995169000000000000♠"></span>1,69<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td>1,0055</td> <td>0,7184</td> <td>1,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>1,060</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995200000000000000♠"></span>2,00<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995188000000000000♠"></span>1,88<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td>1,0068</td> <td>0,7197</td> <td>1,399 </td></tr> <tr> <td>80</td> <td>1,000</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995209000000000000♠"></span>2,09<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995209000000000000♠"></span>2,09<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td>1,0084</td> <td>0,7213</td> <td>1,398 </td></tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td>0,946</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995218000000000000♠"></span>2,18<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995230000000000000♠"></span>2,30<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td>1,0104</td> <td>0,7233</td> <td>1,397 </td></tr> <tr> <td>126.85</td> <td>0,8824</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995228600000000000♠"></span>2,286<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995259100000000000♠"></span>2,591<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td>1,0135</td> <td>0,7264</td> <td>1,395 </td></tr> <tr> <td>226.85</td> <td>0,7060</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995267000000000000♠"></span>2,670<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995378200000000000♠"></span>3,782<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td>1,0295</td> <td>0,7424</td> <td>1,387 </td></tr> <tr> <td>326.85</td> <td>0,5883</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995301700000000000♠"></span>3,017<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995512800000000000♠"></span>5,128<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td>1,0511</td> <td>0,7640</td> <td>1,376 </td></tr> <tr> <td>526.85</td> <td>0,4412</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995362400000000000♠"></span>3,624<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995821400000000000♠"></span>8,214<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td>1,0987</td> <td>0,8116</td> <td>1,354 </td></tr> <tr> <td>726.85</td> <td>0,3530</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995415300000000000♠"></span>4,153<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996117600000000000♠"></span>1,176<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span></td> <td>1,1411</td> <td>0,8540</td> <td>1,336 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1226.85</td> <td>0,2353</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995526400000000000♠"></span>5,264<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996223600000000000♠"></span>2,236<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span></td> <td>1,2112</td> <td>0,9241</td> <td>1,311 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1726.85</td> <td>0,1765</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995623000000000000♠"></span>6,23<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996353000000000000♠"></span>3,53<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span></td> <td>1,2505</td> <td>0,9634</td> <td>1,298 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indice_di_rifrazione_dell'aria"><span id="Indice_di_rifrazione_dell.27aria"></span>Indice di rifrazione dell'aria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Indice di rifrazione dell'aria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Indice di rifrazione dell'aria"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'espressione per l'indice di <a href="/wiki/Rifrazione" title="Rifrazione">rifrazione</a> dell'aria alle <i>condizioni standard</i> è: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{s}=1+643{,}28\times 10^{-7}+{\frac {294981\times 10^{-7}}{(146-\sigma ^{2})}}+{\frac {2554\times 10^{-7}}{(41-\sigma ^{2})}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>643</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>28</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>294981</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>146</mn> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2554</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>41</mn> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{s}=1+643{,}28\times 10^{-7}+{\frac {294981\times 10^{-7}}{(146-\sigma ^{2})}}+{\frac {2554\times 10^{-7}}{(41-\sigma ^{2})}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a428717736f6fdb61d40b98e22dc6b43acb26083" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:57.43ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{s}=1+643{,}28\times 10^{-7}+{\frac {294981\times 10^{-7}}{(146-\sigma ^{2})}}+{\frac {2554\times 10^{-7}}{(41-\sigma ^{2})}}}"></span> </p><p>dove <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>σ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }"></span> è il reciproco della <a href="/wiki/Lunghezza_d%27onda" title="Lunghezza d'onda">lunghezza d'onda</a> in nanometri, ed è valida per aria secca con 0,03% di anidride carbonica ad una pressione di <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005101325000000000♠"></span>101<span style="margin-left:.25em;">325</span> <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit%C3%A0_di_misura)" title="Pascal (unità di misura)">Pa</a></span> e temperatura di <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002288150000000000♠"></span>15 <a href="/wiki/Grado_Celsius" title="Grado Celsius">°C</a></span>. </p><p>Esistono delle formule di correzione per ottenere l'indice di rifrazione a diverse temperature o pressioni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trattamenti_dell'aria"><span id="Trattamenti_dell.27aria"></span>Trattamenti dell'aria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Trattamenti dell'aria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Trattamenti dell'aria"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compressione">Compressione</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Compressione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Compressione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Aria_compressa" title="Aria compressa">Aria compressa</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_compressor_small_2009.6.15.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Air_compressor_small_2009.6.15.JPG/220px-Air_compressor_small_2009.6.15.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Air_compressor_small_2009.6.15.JPG/330px-Air_compressor_small_2009.6.15.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Air_compressor_small_2009.6.15.JPG/440px-Air_compressor_small_2009.6.15.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1899" data-file-height="2405" /></a><figcaption>Compressore d'aria, portatile.</figcaption></figure> <p>L'<a href="/wiki/Aria_compressa" title="Aria compressa">aria compressa</a> (cioè aria portata ad elevata <a href="/wiki/Pressione" title="Pressione">pressione</a>) può essere realizzata attraverso <a href="/wiki/Ventilatore" title="Ventilatore">ventilatori</a> (per pressioni di poco superiori a quella atmosferica), <a href="/wiki/Ventilatore" title="Ventilatore">soffianti</a> (per pressioni moderate) e <a href="/wiki/Compressore" title="Compressore">compressori</a> (per pressioni elevate).<sup id="cite_ref-trec_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trec-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liquefazione">Liquefazione</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Liquefazione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Liquefazione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Liquefazione_dell%27aria" title="Liquefazione dell'aria">Liquefazione dell'aria</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frazionamento">Frazionamento</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Frazionamento" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Frazionamento"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Frazionamento_dell%27aria" title="Frazionamento dell'aria">Frazionamento dell'aria</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purificazione">Purificazione</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Purificazione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Purificazione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HEPA_Filter_diagram_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/HEPA_Filter_diagram_en.svg/220px-HEPA_Filter_diagram_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/HEPA_Filter_diagram_en.svg/330px-HEPA_Filter_diagram_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/HEPA_Filter_diagram_en.svg/440px-HEPA_Filter_diagram_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Schema di un <a href="/wiki/Filtro_HEPA" title="Filtro HEPA">filtro HEPA</a> per la purificazione dell'aria.</figcaption></figure> <p>L'aria, oltre a essere costituita da componenti gassosi, contiene anche particelle solide e vapore acqueo. Quando viene utilizzata in ambito industriale, la percentuale di componenti solidi e liquidi nell'aria può aumentare considerevolmente, dunque è necessario ricorrere a operazioni di purificazione dell'aria per abbattere tali componenti, che possono avere conseguenze indesiderate per il processo industriale in esame (ad esempio nel caso in cui vadano a contaminare il prodotto, riducendone la purezza e il valore commerciale) e per l'ambiente circostante (ad esempio nel caso in cui i solidi o liquidi dispersi nell'aria siano sostanze inquinanti).<sup id="cite_ref-Ull7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per lo svolgimento della purificazione dell'aria, possono essere utilizzate differenti <a href="/wiki/Apparecchiature_chimiche" title="Apparecchiature chimiche">apparecchiature</a>, tra cui: <a href="/wiki/Ciclone_(ingegneria)" title="Ciclone (ingegneria)">cicloni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scrubber" title="Scrubber">torri di lavaggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filtro_a_maniche" title="Filtro a maniche">filtri a maniche</a> e <a href="/wiki/Precipitatore_elettrostatico" title="Precipitatore elettrostatico">precipitatori elettrostatici</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ull7_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel caso in cui invece le sostanze inquinanti presenti nell'aria siano gassose, la purificazione può avvenire tramite <a href="/wiki/Assorbimento_gas-liquido" title="Assorbimento gas-liquido">assorbimento gas-liquido</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ull7_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adsorbimento" title="Adsorbimento">adsorbimento</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ull7_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oppure sottoponendo la corrente gassosa a <a href="/wiki/Reazione_chimica" title="Reazione chimica">reazioni chimiche</a> che possono essere attivate per via termica (cioè riscaldando l'aria ad elevata <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a>) o catalitica (cioè facendo passare l'aria attraverso un <a href="/wiki/Catalizzatore" title="Catalizzatore">catalizzatore</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ull7_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In tali procedimenti possono essere accompagnati da processi <a href="/wiki/Biochimica" title="Biochimica">biochimici</a>, cioè può esserci l'intervento di <a href="/wiki/Microrganismo" title="Microrganismo">microrganismi</a> che sono in grado di <a href="/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo">metabolizzare</a> le sostanze inquinanti convertendole in prodotti non inquinanti.<sup id="cite_ref-Ull7_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applicazioni">Applicazioni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la sezione Applicazioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Applicazioni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'aria può essere utilizzata per il raffreddamento di dispositivi (<a href="/wiki/Raffreddamento_ad_aria" title="Raffreddamento ad aria">raffreddamento ad aria</a>), come <a href="/wiki/Isolamento_termico" title="Isolamento termico">isolante termico</a> (ad esempio nei <a href="/wiki/Vetro_camera" title="Vetro camera">doppi vetri</a>) e nello svolgimento di molti processi chimici (a causa del suo contenuto di <a href="/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno">ossigeno</a>, che funge da <a href="/wiki/Reagente" title="Reagente">reagente</a> ad esempio nelle reazioni di <a href="/wiki/Ossidazione" title="Ossidazione">ossidazione</a>). </p><p>L'aria compressa viene utilizzata in una moltitudine di processi tecnologici, tra cui ad esempio la <a href="/wiki/Verniciatura_a_polvere" title="Verniciatura a polvere">verniciatura</a>, il <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trasporto_pneumatico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trasporto pneumatico (la pagina non esiste)">trasporto pneumatico</a> per la <a href="/wiki/Movimentazione_dei_materiali" title="Movimentazione dei materiali">movimentazione delle merci</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Freno_pneumatico#Freno_continuo_automatico_ferroviario" title="Freno pneumatico">frenatura dei veicoli ferroviari</a> e l'azionamento di comandi a distanza.<sup id="cite_ref-trec_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trec-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zan_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viene inoltre utilizzata per riempire <a href="/wiki/Bombola_(subacquea)" title="Bombola (subacquea)">bombole per applicazioni subacquee</a> e <a href="/wiki/Camera_d%27aria" title="Camera d'aria">camere d'aria</a> di <a href="/wiki/Pneumatico" title="Pneumatico">pneumatici</a> e <a href="/wiki/Gommone" title="Gommone">gommoni</a>. </p><p>L'<a href="/wiki/Liquefazione_dell%27aria" title="Liquefazione dell'aria">aria liquida</a> viene utilizzata come <a href="/wiki/Fluido_refrigerante" title="Fluido refrigerante">refrigerante</a><sup id="cite_ref-trec_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trec-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e per ottenere <a href="/wiki/Azoto_liquido" title="Azoto liquido">azoto liquido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ossigeno_liquido" title="Ossigeno liquido">ossigeno liquido</a> e gas rari attraverso il processo di <a href="/wiki/Frazionamento_dell%27aria" title="Frazionamento dell'aria">frazionamento dell'aria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trec_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trec-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inoltre l'aria calda è alla base del funzionamento della <a href="/wiki/Mongolfiera" title="Mongolfiera">mongolfiera</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Percezione_visiva_della_presenza_dell'aria"><span id="Percezione_visiva_della_presenza_dell.27aria"></span>Percezione visiva della presenza dell'aria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifica la sezione Percezione visiva della presenza dell'aria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Percezione visiva della presenza dell'aria"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mournes_wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mournes_wiki.jpg/220px-Mournes_wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mournes_wiki.jpg/330px-Mournes_wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mournes_wiki.jpg/440px-Mournes_wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2802" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption>Esempio di paesaggio in cui è possibile vedere gli effetti della prospettiva aerea e della prospettiva del colore associate alla presenza dell'aria.</figcaption></figure> <p>Le prime descrizioni dell'aria in ambito <a href="/wiki/Pittura" title="Pittura">pittorico</a> si devono a <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, che sottolineò come a causa della presenza dell'aria gli oggetti più lontani di un <a href="/wiki/Paesaggio" title="Paesaggio">paesaggio</a> appaiono più sfumati e dai colori più tendenti all'<a href="/wiki/Azzurro" title="Azzurro">azzurro</a> rispetto agli oggetti più vicini. Inoltre siccome l'aria è più densa vicino al suolo, tale effetto è meno evidente nel caso di alture, per cui le cui cime delle alture presentano colori più nitidi e più accesi rispetto alla base. Tali effetti prendono il nome di "<a href="/wiki/Prospettiva_aerea" title="Prospettiva aerea">prospettiva aerea</a>" e "prospettiva del colore". </p><p>In particolare il colore azzurro delle grandi masse d'aria non è associata all'azoto o all'ossigeno, che sono i maggiori componenti dell'aria, bensì ai gas rari, presenti in quantità assai minori: per tale motivo il colore azzurro è visibile solo nel caso di grandi masse di aria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">A tali componenti si aggiungono altri componenti gassosi, liquidi e solidi, come riportato in seguito nella voce.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trec-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-trec_2-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-trec_2-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-trec_2-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-trec_2-3">d</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-trec_2-4">e</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-trec_2-5">f</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-trec_2-6">g</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/aria/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Aria</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Enciclopedia Treccani.it</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zan-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-zan_3-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-zan_3-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-zan_3-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-zan_3-3">d</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517122316/http://dizionari.repubblica.it/Enciclopedia/A/aria.php"><span style="font-style:italic;">Aria</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">dizionari.repubblica.it</span>, Enciclopedia Zanichelli. <small>URL consultato il 2 giugno 2015</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://dizionari.repubblica.it/Enciclopedia/A/aria.php">url originale</abbr> il 17 maggio 2014)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=air&searchmode=none"><span style="font-style:italic;">Online Etymology Dictionary</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">etymonline.com</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sapere-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-sapere_5-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-sapere_5-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-sapere_5-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-sapere_5-3">d</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSapere_ària¹" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/ària¹.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">aria</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Sapere.it</span>, <a href="/wiki/De_Agostini" title="De Agostini">De Agostini</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sapere.it/sapere/strumenti/studiafacile/scienza/Il-clima/Atmosfera/La-composizione-chimica-dell-atmosfera.html">Sapere.it - "La composizione chimica dell'atmosfera"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111228051622/http://www.istruzioneonline.it/archivio/geografia/atmosfera.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">L'atmosfera e i suoi fenomeni</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">istruzioneonline.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 16 settembre 2009</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.istruzioneonline.it/archivio/geografia/atmosfera.htm">url originale</abbr> il 28 dicembre 2011)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://co2now.org/"><span style="font-style:italic;">CO<sub>2</sub> Now</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">co2now.org</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ull1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Ull1_10-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Ull1_10-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Ull1_10-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Ull1_10-3">d</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFUllmann's_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>, cap. 1</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ceng-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Ceng_11-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Ceng_11-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFÇengel">Çengel</a></cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ull7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Ull7_12-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Ull7_12-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Ull7_12-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Ull7_12-3">d</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Ull7_12-4">e</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Ull7_12-5">f</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFUllmann's_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>, cap. 7</cite>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFÇengel" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Yunus A. Çengel, <span style="font-style:italic;">Termodinamica e trasmissione del calore</span>, McGraw-Hill.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFUllmann's_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) AAVV, <span style="font-style:italic;">"Air", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</span>, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2002, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.b07_403">10.1002/14356007.b07_403</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluido" title="Fluido">Fluido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeriforme" title="Aeriforme">Aeriforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerodinamica" title="Aerodinamica">Aerodinamica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_terrestre" title="Atmosfera terrestre">Atmosfera terrestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressione_atmosferica" title="Pressione atmosferica">Pressione atmosferica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperatura_dell%27aria" title="Temperatura dell'aria">Temperatura dell'aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densit%C3%A0_dell%27aria" title="Densità dell'aria">Densità dell'aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_standard_internazionale_ICAO" title="Atmosfera standard internazionale ICAO">Atmosfera standard internazionale ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_compressa" title="Aria compressa">Aria compressa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquinamento_atmosferico" title="Inquinamento atmosferico">Inquinamento atmosferico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffreddamento_ad_aria" title="Raffreddamento ad aria">Raffreddamento ad aria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Aria" class="extiw" title="q:Aria">Wikiquote</a></li> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/aria" class="extiw" title="wikt:aria">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Air"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Air?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikiquote"><img alt="Collabora a Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/18px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/36px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="q:">Wikiquote</a> contiene citazioni sull'<b><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Aria" class="extiw" title="q:Aria">aria</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/aria" class="extiw" title="wikt:aria">aria</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file sull'<b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Air?uselang=it">aria</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTreccani.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/aria"><span style="font-style:italic;">aria</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7391292#P3365" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEnciclopedia_dei_ragazzi" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Lara Albanese, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/l-aria_(Enciclopedia-dei-ragazzi)/"><span style="font-style:italic;">L'aria</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Enciclopedia dei ragazzi</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>, 2004-2006.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7391292#P9983" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/air"><span style="font-style:italic;">air</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7391292#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thermopedia.com/content/553"><span style="font-style:italic;">Properties of air</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">thermopedia.com</span>, Thermopedia.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Nuovo_soggettario" title="Nuovo soggettario">Thesaurus BNCF</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=21354">21354</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85002570">sh85002570</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4130887-6">4130887-6</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Spagna" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Spagna">BNE</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="spagnolo">ES</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524840">XX524840</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datos.bne.es/resource/XX524840">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Francia" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Francia">BNF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975670b">cb11975670b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975670b">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294609905171">987007294609905171</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_della_Dieta_nazionale_del_Giappone" title="Biblioteca della Dieta nazionale del Giappone">NDL</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="giapponese">JA</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566959">00566959</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid 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