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Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_Second_Spanish_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1936_general_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1936_general_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>1936 general election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1936_general_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_Spanish_Civil_War_to_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_Spanish_Civil_War_to_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>From the Spanish Civil War to World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-From_the_Spanish_Civil_War_to_World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle From the Spanish Civil War to World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-From_the_Spanish_Civil_War_to_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First months</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Military command</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Political command</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>End of the Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Treatment of Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain_under_Franco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain_under_Franco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spain under Franco</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spain_under_Franco-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spain under Franco subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spain_under_Franco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_repression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_repression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Political repression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_repression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_colonies_and_decolonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_colonies_and_decolonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Spanish colonies and decolonisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_colonies_and_decolonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Economic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honours and Arms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours_and_Arms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours and Arms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death and funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhumation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhumation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Exhumation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhumation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cinema_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Cinema and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Francisco Franco</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 114 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88" title="فرانثيسكو فرانكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانثيسكو فرانكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%BD%D6%84%D6%85_%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D6%85" title="Ֆրանցիսքօ Ֆրանքօ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ֆրանցիսքօ Ֆրանքօ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransisko_Franko" title="Fransisko Franko – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransisko Franko" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88" title="فرانسیسکو فرانکو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانسیسکو فرانکو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B" title="ফ্রান্সিস্কো ফ্রাঙ্কো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রান্সিস্কো ফ্রাঙ্কো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франсіска Франка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Франсіска Франка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Франсіска Франка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Франсіска Франка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Франсиско Франко – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франсиско Франко" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Франсиско Франко – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Франсиско Франко" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco_Bahamonde" title="Francisco Franco Bahamonde – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francisco Franco Bahamonde" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88" title="فرانسيسكو فرانكو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فرانسيسكو فرانكو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Φρανθίσκο Φράνκο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρανθίσκο Φράνκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88" title="فرانسیسکو فرانکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسیسکو فرانکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%80%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%BD%94" title="프란시스코 프랑코 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프란시스코 프랑코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8_%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%B8" title="Ֆրանցիսկո Ֆրանկո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանցիսկո Ֆրանկո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="फ्रांसिस्को फ्रेंको – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रांसिस्को फ्रेंको" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95" title="פרנסיסקו פרנקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנסיסקו פרנקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="ფრანსისკო ფრანკო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრანსისკო ფრანკო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Франсиско Франко – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Франсиско Франко" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Франко Баамонде Франсиско – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Франко Баамонде Франсиско" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%81_%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%89" title="ຟານສີດໂກ ຟັງໂກ້ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຟານສີດໂກ ຟັງໂກ້" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Franco" title="Franciscus Franco – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Franciscus Franco" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransisko_Franko" title="Fransisko Franko – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fransisko Franko" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Франциско Франко – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Франциско Франко" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B" title="ഫ്രാൻസിസ്കോ ഫ്രാങ്കോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രാൻസിസ്കോ ഫ്രാങ്കോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="फ्रांसिस्को फ्रांको – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रांसिस्को फ्रांको" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="ფრანსისკო ფრანკო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფრანსისკო ფრანკო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88" title="فرانسيسكو فرانكو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانسيسكو فرانكو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88" title="فرانسیسکو فرانکو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فرانسیسکو فرانکو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Франсиско Франко – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Франсиско Франко" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ဖရန်စစ္စကို ဖရန်ကို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖရန်စစ္စကို ဖရန်ကို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3" title="フランシスコ・フランコ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランシスコ・フランコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88" title="فرانسیسکو فرانکو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فرانسیسکو فرانکو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BC_%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BC" title="ហ្វ្រាន់ស៊ីស្កូ ហ្វ្រង់កូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហ្វ្រាន់ស៊ីស្កូ ហ្វ្រង់កូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Франко, Франсиско – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франко, Франсиско" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisko_Franko" title="Francisko Franko – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Francisko Franko" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86" title="فرانسیسکۆ فرانکۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فرانسیسکۆ فرانکۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Франсиско Франко – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Франсиско Франко" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B" title="பிரான்சிஸ்கோ பிராங்கோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரான்சிஸ்கோ பிராங்கோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="ฟรันซิสโก ฟรังโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟรันซิสโก ฟรังโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Франсиско Франко – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Франсиско Франко" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Francisco Franco" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Франсіско Франко – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франсіско Франко" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Generalissimo_Franco&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalissimo Franco">Generalissimo Franco</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1975</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Francisco Franco (disambiguation)">Francisco Franco (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/General%C3%ADsimo" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalísimo">Generalísimo</a></i></span></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Francisco Franco</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_(adjusted_levels).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/220px-RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/330px-RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/440px-RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Franco in 1936</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Caudillo_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudillo of Spain">Head of the Spanish State</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 October 1936<sup id="cite_ref-war_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-war-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 20 November 1975</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Himself<br />(1938–June 1973)</div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Luis Carrero Blanco</a><br />(June–December 1973)</div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arias_Navarro" title="Carlos Arias Navarro">Carlos Arias Navarro</a><br />(December 1973–1975)</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cabanellas" title="Miguel Cabanellas">Miguel Cabanellas</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a> <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">(as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister of Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 January 1938<sup id="cite_ref-war_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-war-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 9 June 1973</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><i><a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">Caudillo</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_G%C3%B3mez-Jordana" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Gómez-Jordana">Francisco Gómez-Jordana</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Negr%C3%ADn" title="Juan Negrín">Juan Negrín</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Luis Carrero Blanco</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">National Chief of <a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 April 1937 – 20 November 1975</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_G%C3%B3mez-Jordana_Sousa" title="Francisco Gómez-Jordana Sousa">Francisco Gómez-Jordana</a> (1938–1939)<br /><i>None</i> (1939–1962)<br /><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Mu%C3%B1oz_Grandes" title="Agustín Muñoz Grandes">Agustín Muñoz Grandes</a> (1962–1967)<br /><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Luis Carrero Blanco</a> (1967–1973)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arias_Navarro" title="Carlos Arias Navarro">Carlos Arias Navarro</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1892-12-04</span>)</span>4 December 1892<br /><a href="/wiki/Ferrol,_Spain" title="Ferrol, Spain">Ferrol, Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">20 November 1975<span style="display:none">(1975-11-20)</span> (aged 82)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Fallen" title="Valley of the Fallen">Valley of the Fallen</a>, Madrid<br />(1975–2019)</div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mingorrubio_Cemetery" title="Mingorrubio Cemetery">Mingorrubio Cemetery</a>, Madrid<br />(since 2019)</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Polo" title="Carmen Polo">Carmen Polo</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1923)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco,_1st_Duchess_of_Franco" title="Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco">María del Carmen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Franco_(politician)" title="Nicolás Franco (politician)">Nicolás Franco</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Franco" title="Ramón Franco">Ramón Franco</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Franco_Salgado-Ara%C3%BAjo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Franco Salgado-Araújo (page does not exist)">Francisco Franco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco_Salgado-Ara%C3%BAjo" class="extiw" title="es:Francisco Franco Salgado-Araújo">es</a>]</span> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricardo_de_la_Puente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ricardo de la Puente (page does not exist)">Ricardo de la Puente</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_de_la_Puente_Bahamonde" class="extiw" title="es:Ricardo de la Puente Bahamonde">es</a>]</span> (cousin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_El_Pardo" title="Royal Palace of El Pardo">El Pardo</a>, Madrid</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Toledo_Infantry_Academy" title="Toledo Infantry Academy">Infantry Academy of Toledo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Franco_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francisco Franco's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Francisco_Franco_Signature.svg/128px-Francisco_Franco_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Francisco_Franco_Signature.svg/192px-Francisco_Franco_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Francisco_Franco_Signature.svg/256px-Francisco_Franco_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="74" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Kingdom of Spain</a><br />(1907–1931)</div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Republic">Spanish Republic</a><br />(1931–1936)</div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish State">Spanish State</a><br />(1936–1975)</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Spanish Armed Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1907–1975</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist nowraplinks"> <ul><li>Captain general <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_general_of_the_Army" title="Captain general of the Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_general_of_the_Air_Force" title="Captain general of the Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_general_of_the_Navy" title="Captain general of the Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">All (<i><a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">generalissimo</a></i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">2nd Melillan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1934" title="Revolution of 1934">Revolution of 1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border: 4px double #000000; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.8em 0 1.3em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle_with_fasces.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eagle with fasces"><img alt="Eagle with fasces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/140px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/210px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/280px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Fascist_corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_Corporation" title="Proprietary Corporation">Proprietary Corporation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spazio_vitale" title="Spazio vitale">Spazio vitale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_martyrs" title="Fascist martyrs">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani#Iran,_Italy,_Germany_and_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_B%C3%B6sz%C3%B6rm%C3%A9ny" title="Zoltán Böszörmény">Böszörmény</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Bourgin" title="Hubert Bourgin">Bourgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Darnand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Engdahl" title="Per Engdahl">Engdahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Federzoni" title="Luigi Federzoni">Federzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_A._Flores" title="Luis A. Flores">Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hoornaert" title="Paul Hoornaert">Hoornaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Man#Collaboration" title="Henri de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Gonz%C3%A1lez_von_Mar%C3%A9es" title="Jorge González von Marées">von Marées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seig%C5%8D_Nakano" title="Seigō Nakano">Nakano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Starace" title="Achille Starace">Starace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Türkeş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Van Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wilson" title="Arnold Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arthuys#Fascist_leader" title="Jacques Arthuys">Arthuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Br%C4%83ileanu" title="Traian Brăileanu">Brăileanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line#Antisemitism,_fascism_and_collaboration" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Céline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelfo_Civinini" title="Guelfo Civinini">Civinini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce#Relations_with_Italian_fascism" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvator_Cupcea#Moldovan's_aide" title="Salvator Cupcea">Cupcea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">Drieu La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Giani" title="Niccolò Giani">Giani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrado_Gini#Under_fascism" title="Corrado Gini">Gini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni#National_Legionary_doctrinaire" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis#Political_views" title="Wyndham Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Maxence" title="Jean-Pierre Maxence">Maxence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Ojetti#Ojetti_and_fascism" title="Ugo Ojetti">Ojetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Orano" title="Paolo Orano">Orano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Panero" title="Leopoldo Panero">Panero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello#Italy_under_the_Fascists" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pitt-Rivers" title="George Pitt-Rivers">Pitt-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Reghini" title="Arturo Reghini">Reghini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izabela_Sadoveanu-Evan" title="Izabela Sadoveanu-Evan">Sadoveanu-Evan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Saint-Loup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar#Fascism" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Scaligero" title="Massimo Scaligero">Scaligero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici#Later_life" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti#Hermeticism_and_fascism" title="Giuseppe Ungaretti">Ungaretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_trionfo_della_morte" title="Il trionfo della morte">Triumph of Death</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1894)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flame_(novel)" title="The Flame (novel)">The Flame</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1900)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Will_to_Power_(manuscript)" title="The Will to Power (manuscript)">The Will to Power</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_Violence" title="Reflections on Violence">Reflections on Violence</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascio_Rivoluzionario_d%27Azione_Internazionalista#Manifesto" title="Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista">Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione<br /> Internazionalista</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prussianism_and_Socialism" title="Prussianism and Socialism">Prussianism and Socialism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Futurism" title="Manifesto of Futurism">Futurist Manifesto</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Dritte_Reich" title="Das Dritte Reich">Das Dritte Reich</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Second" title="Frederick the Second">Frederick the Second</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Outlaws_(novel)" title="The Outlaws (novel)">The Outlaws</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1932)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Six_Point_Program_of_the_Falange" title="Twenty-Six Point Program of the Falange">Twenty-Six Point Program of<br />the Falange</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_Unknown" title="Man, the Unknown">Man, the Unknown</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Kulchur" title="Guide to Kulchur">Guide to Kulchur</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1938)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilles_(novel)" title="Gilles (novel)">Gilles</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewards_(paramilitary_organisation)" title="Stewards (paramilitary organisation)">Stewards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Austria)" title="Fatherland Front (Austria)">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FE_de_las_JONS" class="mw-redirect" title="FE de las JONS">FE de las JONS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_Political_Party" title="Futurist Political Party">Futurist Political Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">IKL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legionary_Action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legionary Action (page does not exist)">Legionary Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Labor_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Labor Service">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Squadrismo" title="Squadrismo">Squadrismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fascist_Mysticism" title="School of Fascist Mysticism">School of Fascist Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taisei_Yokusankai" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisei Yokusankai">Taisei Yokusankai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UR_Group" title="UR Group">UR Group</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Fascist_Organisation" title="All-Russian Fascist Organisation">VFO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flemish_National_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish National Union">VNV</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)#Controversy_and_decline" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buna_Vestire" title="Buna Vestire">Buna Vestire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critica_fascista" title="Critica fascista">Critica fascista</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gringoire_(newspaper)" title="Gringoire (newspaper)">Gringoire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Idea_Nazionale" title="L'Idea Nazionale">L'Idea Nazionale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lidel_(magazine)" title="Lidel (magazine)">Lidel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Fujin" title="Nippon Fujin">Nippon Fujin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentile_Reform" title="Gentile Reform">Gentile Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Second Italo-Senussi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">German election of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_of_the_Fascist_Revolution" title="Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution">Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Revolution_Day_Z%C3%B3calo_Battle" title="1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle">1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Decree_(Spain,_1937)" title="Unification Decree (Spain, 1937)">Unification Decree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">Battle of Cable Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_March" title="Peasant March">Peasant March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Downfall in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#Turning_point_and_collapse" title="Nazi Germany">Downfall in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for<br />the Far East</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_fascism" title="Confucian fascism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fascism" title="Jewish fascism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism#Ideology" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania_under_Fascism" title="Kingdom of Romania under Fascism">Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Ideology" title="Ustaše">Ustašism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Bulgaria" title="Fascism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Fascism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Peru" title="Fascism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparisons_between_Donald_Trump_and_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparisons between Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism_of_the_centre" title="Extremism of the centre">Extremism of the centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist as an insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism#1920s_and_1930s" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Fascist_Italy" title="Glossary of Fascist Italy">Glossary of Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebensphilosophie#Connection_to_Nazism" title="Lebensphilosophie">Lebensphilosophie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterraneanism" title="Mediterraneanism">Mediterraneanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism_sidebar" title="Template:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Francisco Franco Bahamonde</b><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish military general who led the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist forces</a> in overthrowing the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> and thereafter ruled over Spain from 1939 to 1975 as a dictator, assuming the title <i><a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">Caudillo</a></i>. This period in Spanish history, from the Nationalist victory to Franco's death, is commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> or as the Francoist dictatorship. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Ferrol,_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrol, Galicia">Ferrol, Galicia</a>, into an upper-class military family, Franco served in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">Spanish Army</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Cadet" title="Cadet">cadet</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Toledo_Infantry_Academy" title="Toledo Infantry Academy">Toledo Infantry Academy</a> from 1907 to 1910. While serving in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Morocco</a>, he rose through the ranks to become a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a> in 1926 at age 33. Two years later, Franco became the director of the <a href="/wiki/General_Military_Academy" title="General Military Academy">General Military Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchist</a>, Franco regretted the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">monarchy</a> and the establishment of the Second Republic in 1931, and was devastated by the closing of his academy; nevertheless, he continued his service in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Army" title="Spanish Republican Army">Republican Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston199425_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199425-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His career was boosted after the right-wing <a href="/wiki/CEDA" title="CEDA">CEDA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">PRR</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1933_Spanish_general_election" title="1933 Spanish general election">1933 election</a>, empowering him to lead the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Asturian_miners%27_strike_of_1934" title="Asturian miners' strike of 1934">1934 uprising in Asturias</a>. Franco was briefly elevated to <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Army_(Spain)" title="Chief of Staff of the Army (Spain)">Chief of Army Staff</a> before the <a href="/wiki/1936_Spanish_general_election" title="1936 Spanish general election">1936 election</a> moved the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftist</a> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a> into power, relegating him to the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>. </p><p>Initially reluctant, he joined <a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">the July 1936 military coup</a>, which, after failing to take Spain, sparked the Spanish Civil War. During the war, he commanded Spain's <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">African colonial army</a> and later, following the deaths of much of the rebel leadership, became his faction's only leader, being appointed <i><a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">generalissimo</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Spain#Francoist_Spain_(1936–1975)" title="List of heads of state of Spain">head of state</a> in 1936. He <a href="/wiki/Unification_Decree_(Spain,_1937)" title="Unification Decree (Spain, 1937)">consolidated all nationalist parties</a> into the <a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a> (creating a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>) and developed a <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a> around his rule by founding the <i><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">Movimiento Nacional</a></i>. Three years later the Nationalists declared victory, which extended Franco's dictatorship over Spain through a period of <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)#Postwar" title="White Terror (Spain)">repression of political opponents</a>. His dictatorship's use of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francoist_concentration_camps" title="Francoist concentration camps">concentration camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_by_Francoist_Spain" title="List of people executed by Francoist Spain">executions</a> led to between 30,000 and 50,000 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined with wartime killings, this brings the death toll of the <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror</a> to between 100,000 and 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he maintained <a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spanish neutrality</a>, but supported the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a>—in recompense to <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> for their support during the Civil War—<a href="/wiki/Pariah_state" title="Pariah state">damaging</a> the country's international reputation in various ways. </p><p>During the start of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Franco lifted Spain out of its <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain#The_Franco_Era,_1939–75" title="Economic history of Spain">mid-20th century economic depression</a> through <a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei_and_politics" title="Opus Dei and politics">technocratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">economically liberal</a> policies, presiding over a period of accelerated growth known as the "<a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle" title="Spanish miracle">Spanish miracle</a>". At the same time, his regime transitioned from a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> state to an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> one with limited <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">pluralism</a>. He became a leader in the anti-communist movement, garnering support from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">West</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubottomMurphy198412_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubottomMurphy198412-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2000645_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2000645-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the dictatorship relaxed its hard-line policies, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Luis Carrero Blanco</a> became Franco's <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89minence_grise" title="Éminence grise">éminence grise</a></i>, whose role expanded after Franco began struggling with <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> in the 1960s. In 1973, Franco resigned as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">prime minister</a>—separated from the office of head of state <a href="/wiki/Organic_Law_of_the_State" title="Organic Law of the State">since 1967</a>—due to his advanced age and illness. Nevertheless, he remained in power as the head of state and as commander-in-chief. Franco died in 1975, aged 82, and was entombed in the <a href="/wiki/Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle de los Caídos">Valle de los Caídos</a>. He <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Succession_to_the_Headship_of_the_State" title="Law of Succession to the Headship of the State">restored the monarchy</a> in his final years, being succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos">Juan Carlos</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a>, who led the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a>. </p><p>The <a href="#Legacy">legacy of Franco in Spanish history</a> remains controversial, as the nature of his dictatorship <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Legacy" title="Francoist Spain">changed over time</a>. His reign was marked by both brutal repression, with tens of thousands killed, and economic prosperity, which greatly improved the quality of life in Spain. His dictatorial style proved adaptable enough to allow social and <a href="/wiki/Economic_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic reform">economic reform</a>, but still centred on highly <a href="/wiki/Centralised_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralised government">centralised government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">national Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">anti-freemasonry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Padres-de-Franco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Padres-de-Franco.jpg/140px-Padres-de-Franco.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Padres-de-Franco.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>His parents with Francisco in arms, on the day of his baptism on 17 December 1892</figcaption></figure> <p>Francisco Franco Bahamonde was born on 4 December 1892 in the Calle Frutos Saavedra in <a href="/wiki/Ferrol,_Spain" title="Ferrol, Spain">Ferrol</a>, Galicia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston19951_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston19951-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into a seafaring family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios20144_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios20144-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptised</a> thirteen days later at the military church of San Francisco, with the baptismal name Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston19951_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston19951-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After relocating to <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, the Franco family was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish Navy</a>, and over the span of two centuries produced naval officers for six uninterrupted generations (including several admirals),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios20144_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios20144-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> down to Franco's father <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Franco_Salgado-Ara%C3%BAjo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolás Franco Salgado-Araújo (page does not exist)">Nicolás Franco Salgado-Araújo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Franco_Salgado-Ara%C3%BAjo" class="extiw" title="es:Nicolás Franco Salgado-Araújo">es</a>]</span> (22 November 1855 – 22 February 1942).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoradiellos201722_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoradiellos201722-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His mother, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%ADa_del_Pilar_Bahamonde_y_Pardo_de_Andrade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="María del Pilar Bahamonde y Pardo de Andrade (page does not exist)">María del Pilar Bahamonde y Pardo de Andrade</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_del_Pilar_Bahamonde_y_Pardo_de_Andrade" class="extiw" title="gl:María del Pilar Bahamonde y Pardo de Andrade">gl</a>]</span> (15 October 1865 – 28 February 1934), was from an upper-middle-class <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> family. Her father, Ladislao Bahamonde Ortega, was the <a href="/wiki/War_commissar" class="mw-redirect" title="War commissar">commissar</a> of naval equipment at the <a href="/wiki/Ferrol,_Spain#History" title="Ferrol, Spain">Port of El Ferrol</a>. Franco's parents married in 1890 in the Church of San Francisco in El Ferrol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston19953_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston19953-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young Franco spent much of his childhood with his two brothers, <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Franco_(politician)" title="Nicolás Franco (politician)">Nicolás</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Franco" title="Ramón Franco">Ramón</a>, and his two sisters, María del Pilar and María de la Paz. His brother Nicolás was a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">naval</a> <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer</a> and diplomat who married María Isabel Pascual del Pobil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014157_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014157-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ramón was an internationally known aviator and a <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemason</a>, originally with leftist political leanings. He was also the second sibling to die, killed in an air accident on a military mission in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios20148–9_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios20148–9-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Franco's father was a naval officer who reached the rank of vice admiral (<i>intendente general</i>). When Franco was fourteen, his father moved to Madrid following a reassignment and ultimately abandoned his family, marrying another woman. While Franco did not suffer any great abuse by his father's hand, he would never overcome his antipathy for his father and largely ignored him for the rest of his life. Years after becoming dictator, under the pseudonym Jaime de Andrade, Franco wrote a brief novel called <i>Raza</i>, whose protagonist is believed by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley Payne</a> to represent the idealised man Franco wished his father had been. Conversely, Franco strongly identified with his mother (who always wore widow's black once she realised her husband had abandoned her) and learned from her moderation, austerity, self-control, family solidarity and respect for Catholicism, though he would also inherit his father's harshness, coldness and implacability.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios20145–8_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios20145–8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_career_and_honours_of_Francisco_Franco" title="Military career and honours of Francisco Franco">Military career and honours of Francisco Franco</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rif_War_and_advancement_through_the_ranks">Rif War and advancement through the ranks</h3></div><p> Francisco followed his father into the Navy, but as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> the country lost much of its navy as well as most of its colonies. Not needing any more officers, the Naval Academy admitted no new entrants from 1906 to 1913. To his father's chagrin, Francisco decided to try the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">Spanish Army</a>. In 1907, he entered the Infantry Academy in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>. At the age of fourteen, Franco was one of the youngest members of his class, with most boys being between sixteen and eighteen. He was short and was bullied for his small size. His grades were average; though his good memory meant he seldom struggled academically, his small stature was a hindrance in physical tests. He graduated in July 1910 as a second lieutenant, standing 251st out of 312 cadets in his class, though this might have had less to do with his grades than with his small size and young age. Stanley Payne observes that by the time civil war began, Franco had already become a major general and would soon be a <i><a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">generalissimo</a></i>, while none of his higher-ranking fellow cadets had managed to get beyond the rank of lieutenant-colonel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensen200513–14_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen200513–14-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201412–15_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201412–15-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franco was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant in June 1912 at age 19.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensen200528_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen200528-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodges200234_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodges200234-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, he obtained a commission to Morocco. Spanish efforts to occupy the new African <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> provoked the <a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Second Melillan campaign</a> in 1909 against native Moroccans, the first of several <a href="/wiki/Riffians" class="mw-redirect" title="Riffians">Riffian</a> rebellions. Their tactics resulted in heavy losses among Spanish <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">military officers</a>, and also provided an opportunity to earn promotion through merit on the battlefield. It was said that officers would receive either <i>la caja o la faja</i> (a coffin or a general's sash). Franco quickly gained a reputation as an effective officer. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_y_Ram%C3%B3n_Franco_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Francisco_y_Ram%C3%B3n_Franco_1925.jpg/220px-Francisco_y_Ram%C3%B3n_Franco_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Francisco_y_Ram%C3%B3n_Franco_1925.jpg/330px-Francisco_y_Ram%C3%B3n_Franco_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Francisco_y_Ram%C3%B3n_Franco_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Francisco and his brother Ramón in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">North Africa</a>, 1925</figcaption></figure><p> In 1913, Franco transferred into the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Regulares" title="Regulares">regulares</a>: Moroccan colonial troops with Spanish officers, who acted as elite <a href="/wiki/Shock_troops" title="Shock troops">shock troops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201171_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201171-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1916, aged 23 with the rank of captain, Franco was shot in the abdomen by guerrilla gunfire during an assault on Moroccan positions at <i>El Biutz</i>, in the hills near Ceuta; this was the only time he was wounded in ten years of fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllwood201415_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllwood201415-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wound was serious, and he was not expected to live. His recovery was seen by his Moroccan troops as a spiritual event – they believed Franco to be blessed with <i><a href="/wiki/Barakah" title="Barakah">baraka</a></i> or protected by God. He was recommended for promotion to major and to receive Spain's highest honour for gallantry, the coveted <i><a href="/wiki/Laureate_Cross_of_Saint_Ferdinand" title="Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand">Cruz Laureada de San Fernando</a></i>. Both proposals were denied, with the 23-year-old Franco's young age being given as the reason for denial. Franco appealed the decision to the king, who reversed it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllwood201415_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllwood201415-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franco also received the <i>Cross of Maria Cristina, First Class</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201430_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201430-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With that he was promoted to major at the end of February 1917 at age 24. This made him the youngest major in the Spanish army. From 1917 to 1920, he served in Spain. In 1920, Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mill%C3%A1n_Astray" class="mw-redirect" title="José Millán Astray">José Millán Astray</a>, a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/histrionic" class="extiw" title="wikt:histrionic">histrionic</a> but charismatic officer, founded the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Foreign_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Foreign Legion">Spanish Foreign Legion</a>, along similar lines as the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a>. Franco became the Legion's second-in-command and returned to Africa. In the <a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a>, the poorly commanded and overextended Spanish Army was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_the_Rif" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic of the Rif">Republic of the Rif</a> under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ibn_%27Abd_al-Karim_al-Khattabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi">Abd el-Krim</a> brothers, who <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">crushed a Spanish offensive</a> on 24 July 1921, at <a href="/wiki/Annual_(Morocco)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual (Morocco)">Annual</a>. The Legion and supporting units relieved the Spanish city of <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> after a three-day forced march led by Franco. In 1923, now a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant colonel</a>, he was made commander of the Legion. </p><p>On 22 October 1923, Franco married <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Polo" title="Carmen Polo">María del Carmen Polo y Martínez-Valdès</a> (11 June 1900 – 6 February 1988).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomero_Salvadó2013259_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomero_Salvadó2013259-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his honeymoon Franco was summoned to Madrid to be presented to <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso XIII of Spain">King Alfonso XIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston199542,_62_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199542,_62-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This and other occasions of royal attention would mark him during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republic</a> as a monarchical officer. </p><p>Disappointed with the plans by Spain's Prime Minister, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a>, for a strategic retreat from the interior to the African coastline, Colonel Franco wrote in the April 1924 issue of <i>Revista de Tropas Coloniales</i> (<i>Colonial Troops Magazine</i>) that he would disobey orders of retreat given by a superior. As a result, Franco had a tense meeting with Primo de Rivera in July. </p><p>Lieutenant Colonel Franco visited a fellow <i>africanista</i>, General <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Queipo_de_Llano" title="Gonzalo Queipo de Llano">Gonzalo Queipo de Llano</a>, on 21 September 1924 to propose that Queip de Llano organize a coup d'état against Primo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasals2006212_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasals2006212-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, Franco complied with General Primo's orders, taking part in the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirada_de_Chauen" class="extiw" title="es:Retirada de Chauen">retreat of Spanish soldiers from Xaouen</a> in late 1924, and thus earning a promotion to colonel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasals2006211–212_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasals2006211–212-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Franco led the first wave of troops ashore at <a href="/wiki/Al_Hoceima" title="Al Hoceima">Al Hoceima</a> (Spanish: <i>Alhucemas</i>) in 1925. This landing in the heartland of Abd el-Krim's tribe, combined with the French invasion from the south, spelled the beginning of the end for the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Rif" title="Republic of the Rif">Republic of the Rif</a>. Franco was eventually recognised for his leadership, and he was promoted to brigadier general on 3 February 1926, making him the youngest general in Europe at age 33, according to Payne and Palacios.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201450_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201450-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 September 1926, Franco and Polo had a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco_y_Polo" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmen Franco y Polo">María del Carmen</a>. Franco would have a close relationship with his daughter and was a proud parent, though his traditionalist attitudes and increasing responsibilities meant he left much of the child-rearing to his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201454_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201454-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928 Franco was appointed director of the newly created General Military Academy of Zaragoza, a new college for all Spanish army <a href="/wiki/Cadet" title="Cadet">cadets</a>, replacing the former separate institutions for young men seeking to become officers in infantry, cavalry, artillery, and other branches of the army. Franco was removed as Director of the Zaragoza Military Academy in 1931; when the Civil War began, the colonels, majors, and captains of the Spanish Army who had attended the academy when he was its director displayed unconditional loyalty to him as <i><a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">Caudillo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaAndrés2014238_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaAndrés2014238-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_the_Second_Spanish_Republic">During the Second Spanish Republic</h3></div> <p>The municipal elections of 12 April 1931 were largely seen as a plebiscite on the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2012518_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2012518-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republican-Socialist alliance failed to win the majority of the municipalities in Spain but had a landslide victory in all the large cities and in almost all the provincial capitals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201466_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201466-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monarchists and the army deserted Alfonso XIII and consequently the king decided to leave the country and go into exile, giving way to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>. Although Franco believed that the majority of the Spanish people still supported the crown, and although he regretted the end of the monarchy, he did not object, nor did he challenge the legitimacy of the republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201468_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201468-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closing of the academy in June by the provisional War Minister <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a> however was a major setback for Franco and provoked his first clash with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish Republic</a>. Azaña found Franco's farewell speech to the cadets insulting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201474_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201474-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his speech Franco stressed the Republic's need for discipline and respect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranco_Bahamonde202042_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranco_Bahamonde202042-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Azaña entered an official reprimand into Franco's personnel file and for six months Franco was without a post and under surveillance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201474_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201474-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1931, a new reformist, liberal, and democratic <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1931" title="Spanish Constitution of 1931">constitution</a> was declared. It included strong provisions enforcing a broad <a href="/wiki/Secularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a> of the Catholic country, which included the abolishing of Catholic schools and charities, which many moderate committed Catholics opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200653_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200653-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, once the constituent assembly had fulfilled its mandate of approving a new constitution, it should have arranged for regular parliamentary elections and adjourned, according to historian <a href="/wiki/Carlton_J._H._Hayes" title="Carlton J. H. Hayes">Carlton J. H. Hayes</a>. Fearing the increasing popular opposition, the Radical and Socialist majority postponed the regular elections, thereby prolonging their stay in power for two more years. This way the republican government of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a> initiated numerous reforms to what in their view would "modernize" the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes195191_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes195191-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Franco was a subscriber to the journal of <a href="/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Acción Española">Acción Española</a>, a monarchist organisation, and a firm believer in a supposed Jewish-Masonic-Bolshevik conspiracy, or <i>contubernio</i> (conspiracy). The conspiracy suggested that Jews, Freemasons, Communists, and other leftists alike sought the destruction of Christian Europe, with Spain being the principal target.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston201042,_45_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston201042,_45-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Franco_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Francisco_Franco_1930.jpg/220px-Francisco_Franco_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Francisco_Franco_1930.jpg/330px-Francisco_Franco_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Francisco_Franco_1930.jpg/440px-Francisco_Franco_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="4265" /></a><figcaption>Franco in 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>On 5 February 1932, Franco was given a command in <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a>. Franco avoided involvement in <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo" title="José Sanjurjo">José Sanjurjo</a>'s attempted coup that year, and even wrote a hostile letter to Sanjurjo expressing his anger over the attempt. As a result of <a href="/wiki/Military_reform_of_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Military reform of Manuel Azaña">Azaña's military reform</a>, in January 1933 Franco was relegated from first to 24th in the list of brigadiers. The same year, on 17 February he was given the military command of the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>. The post was above his rank, but Franco was still unhappy that he was stuck in a position he disliked. The prime minister wrote in his diary that it was probably more prudent to have Franco away from Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangster201883_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangster201883-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201480–81_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201480–81-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, the Jesuits, who were in charge of many schools throughout the country, were banned and had all their property confiscated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastillo201992_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastillo201992-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army was further reduced, and landowners were expropriated. Home rule was granted to Catalonia, with a local parliament and a president of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami1981220_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Ami1981220-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1933 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> issued the encyclical <a href="/wiki/Dilectissima_Nobis" title="Dilectissima Nobis">Dilectissima Nobis</a> (Our Dearly Beloved), "On Oppression of the Church of Spain", in which he criticised the anti-clericalism of the Republican government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastillo201992_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastillo201992-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The elections held in October 1933 resulted in a centre-right majority. The political party with the most votes was the Confederación Español de Derechas Autónomas ("CEDA"), but president <a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Alcalá-Zamora</a> declined to invite the leader of the CEDA, Gil Robles, to form a government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaguer200732_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaguer200732-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, he invited the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux</a> to do so. Despite receiving the most votes, CEDA was denied cabinet positions for nearly a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201484–85_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201484–85-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a year of intense pressure, CEDA, the largest party in the congress, was finally successful in forcing the acceptance of three ministries. The entrance of CEDA in the government, despite being normal in a parliamentary democracy, was not well accepted by the left. The Socialists triggered an insurrection that they had been preparing for nine months. The leftist Republican parties did not directly join the insurrection, but their leadership issued statements that they were "breaking all relations" with the Republican government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201488_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201488-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catalan <i>Bloc Obrer i Camperol</i> (BOC) advocated the need to form a broad workers' front and took the lead in forming a new and more encompassing <i>Alianza Obrera</i>, which included the Catalan UGT and the Catalan sector of the PSOE, with the goal of defeating fascism and advancing the socialist revolution. The <i>Alianza Obrera</i> declared a general strike "against fascism" in Catalonia in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2008$2_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2008$2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Catalan_State_(1934)" title="Catalan State (1934)">Catalan state</a> was proclaimed by Catalan nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Companys" title="Lluís Companys">Lluis Companys</a>, but it lasted just ten hours. Despite an attempt at a general stoppage in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, other strikes did not endure. This left the striking <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturian</a> miners to fight alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVincent2007133_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVincent2007133-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In several mining towns in Asturias, local unions gathered small arms and were determined to see the strike through. It began on the evening of 4 October, with the miners occupying several towns, attacking and seizing local <a href="/wiki/Guardia_Civil" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia Civil">Civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assault_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault Guard">Assault Guard</a> barracks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2012154–155_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2012154–155-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirty-four priests, six young seminarists with ages between 18 and 21, and several businessmen and civil guards were summarily executed by the revolutionaries in <a href="/wiki/Mieres,_Asturias" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieres, Asturias">Mieres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sama,_Asturias" title="Sama, Asturias">Sama</a>, 58 religious buildings including churches, convents and part of the university at Oviedo were burned and destroyed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013132_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013132-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and over 100 priests were killed in the diocese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Cueva1998356_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Cueva1998356-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franco, already General of Division and aide to the war minister, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Hidalgo_y_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Hidalgo y Durán">Diego Hidalgo</a>, was put in command of the operations directed to suppress the violent insurgency. Troops of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a> carried this out, with General <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_L%C3%B3pez_Ochoa" title="Eduardo López Ochoa">Eduardo López Ochoa</a> as commander in the field. After two weeks of heavy fighting (and a death toll estimated between 1,200 and 2,000), the rebellion was suppressed. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Asturian_miners%27_strike_of_1934" title="Asturian miners' strike of 1934">insurgency in Asturias</a> in October 1934 sparked a new era of violent anti-Christian persecutions with the massacre of 34 priests, initiating the practice of atrocities against the clergy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Cueva1998365_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Cueva1998365-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sharpened the antagonism between Left and Right. Franco and López Ochoa (who, prior to the campaign in Asturias, had been seen as a left-leaning officer)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1995103_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1995103-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emerged as officers prepared to use "troops against Spanish civilians as if they were a foreign enemy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston201061_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston201061-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franco described the rebellion to a journalist in <a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a> as, "a frontier war and its fronts are socialism, communism and whatever attacks civilisation to replace it with barbarism." Though the colonial units sent to the north by the government at Franco's recommendation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013132_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013132-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Foreign_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Foreign Legion">Spanish Foreign Legion</a> and the Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Regulares" title="Regulares">Regulares</a> Indigenas,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalfour2002252–254_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalfour2002252–254-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the right-wing press portrayed the Asturian rebels as lackeys of a foreign Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangster201887_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangster201887-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With this rebellion against legitimate established political authority, the socialists also repudiated the representative institutional system as the anarchists had done.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova2010111_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova2010111-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish historian <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a>, an Azaña supporter, and an exiled vocal opponent of Francisco Franco is the author of a sharp critical reflection against the participation of the left in the revolt: "The uprising of 1934 is unforgivable. The argument that Mr Gil Robles tried to destroy the Constitution to establish fascism was, at once, hypocritical and false. With the rebellion of 1934, the Spanish left lost even the shadow of moral authority to condemn the rebellion of 1936."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHernández2015125_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández2015125-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of the Civil War, López Ochoa was assassinated; his head was severed and paraded around the streets on a pole, with a card reading, 'This is the butcher of Asturias'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2012266_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2012266-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometime after these events, Franco was briefly commander-in-chief of the Army of Africa (from 15 February onwards), and from 19 May 1935, on, Chief of the General <a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1936_general_election">1936 general election</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1936_Spanish_general_election" title="1936 Spanish general election">1936 Spanish general election</a></div> <p>At the end of 1935, President Alcalá-Zamora manipulated a petty-corruption issue into a <a href="/wiki/Straperlo" title="Straperlo">major scandal in parliament</a>, and eliminated <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux</a>, the head of the Radical Republican Party, from the premiership. Subsequently, Alcalá-Zamora vetoed the logical replacement, a majority centre-right coalition, led by the CEDA, which would reflect the composition of the parliament. He then arbitrarily appointed an interim prime minister and after a short period announced the dissolution of parliament and new elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201497–98_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201497–98-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two wide coalitions formed: the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a> on the left, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Union_(Spain,_1934)" title="Republican Union (Spain, 1934)">Republican Union</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">communists</a>, and the Frente Nacional on the right, ranging from the centre <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radicals</a> to the conservative <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlists</a>. On 16 February 1936 the elections ended in a virtual draw, but in the evening leftist mobs started to interfere in the balloting and in the registration of votes, distorting the results.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014108_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014108-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a> claims that the process was blatant electoral fraud, with widespread violation of the laws and the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1993319_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1993319-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013119_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013119-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In line with Payne's point of view, in 2017 two Spanish scholars, Manuel Álvarez Tardío and Roberto Villa García published the result of a major research work in which they concluded that the 1936 elections were rigged,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcíaTardío2017?_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcíaTardío2017?-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view disputed by Paul Preston,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2020252_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2020252-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other scholars such as Iker Itoiz Ciáurriz, who denounces their conclusions as revisionist "classic Francoist anti-republican tropes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECiáurriz2020103_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECiáurriz2020103-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 February, the cabinet presided over by <a href="/wiki/Portela_Valladares" class="mw-redirect" title="Portela Valladares">Portela Valladares</a> resigned, with a new cabinet being quickly set up, composed chiefly of members of the <a href="/wiki/Izquierda_Republicana" class="mw-redirect" title="Izquierda Republicana">Republican Left</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Union_(Spain,_1934)" title="Republican Union (Spain, 1934)">Republican Union</a> and presided over by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2006397–398_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2006397–398-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo" title="José Calvo Sotelo">José Calvo Sotelo</a>, who made anti-communism the focus of his parliamentary speeches, began spreading violent propaganda—advocating for a military coup d'état, formulating a catastrophist discourse of a dichotomous choice between "communism" or a markedly totalitarian "National" State, and setting the mood of the masses for a military rebellion. The diffusion of the myth about an alleged Communist coup d'état as well a pretended state of "social chaos" became pretexts for a coup. Franco himself along with General <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mola" title="Emilio Mola">Emilio Mola</a> had stirred an anti-Communist campaign in Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Calleja20165_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Calleja20165-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 February, Franco was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> to serve as the islands' military commander, an appointment perceived by him as a <i>destierro</i> (banishment).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1995120_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1995120-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_military_conspiracy_of_1936" title="Spanish military conspiracy of 1936">conspiracy led by General Mola</a> was taking shape. </p><p>Interested in the parliamentary immunity granted by a seat at the Cortes, Franco intended to stand as candidate of the Right Bloc alongside <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">José Antonio Primo de Rivera</a> for the by-election in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Cuenca" title="Province of Cuenca">province of Cuenca</a> programmed for 3 May 1936, after the results of the February 1936 election were annulled in the constituency. But Primo de Rivera refused to run alongside a military officer (Franco in particular) and Franco himself ultimately desisted on 26 April, one day before the decision of the election authority. By that time, PSOE politician <a href="/wiki/Indalecio_Prieto" title="Indalecio Prieto">Indalecio Prieto</a> had already deemed Franco as a "possible caudillo for a military uprising".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillaverde199916_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillaverde199916-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disenchantment with Azaña's rule continued to grow and was dramatically voiced by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Miguel de Unamuno</a>, a republican and one of Spain's most respected intellectuals, who in June 1936 told a reporter who published his statement in El Adelanto that President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a> should "...debiera suicidarse como acto patriótico" ("commit suicide as a patriotic act").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2013125_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2013125-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1936, Franco was contacted, and a secret meeting was held within <a href="/wiki/El_Rosario,_Tenerife" title="El Rosario, Tenerife">La Esperanza forest</a> on <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a> to discuss starting a military coup.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An obelisk (which has subsequently been removed) commemorating this historic meeting was erected at the site in a clearing at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Las_Ra%C3%ADces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Las Raíces (page does not exist)">Las Raíces</a> in Tenerife.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outwardly, Franco maintained an ambiguous attitude until nearly July. On 23 June 1936, he wrote to the head of the government, <a href="/wiki/Casares_Quiroga" class="mw-redirect" title="Casares Quiroga">Casares Quiroga</a>, offering to quell the discontent in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Army" title="Spanish Republican Army">Spanish Republican Army</a>, but received no reply. The other rebels were determined to go ahead <i>con Paquito o sin Paquito</i> (with <i>Paquito</i> or without <i>Paquito</i>; <i>Paquito</i> being a diminutive of <i>Paco</i>, which in turn is short for <i>Francisco</i>), as it was put by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo" title="José Sanjurjo">José Sanjurjo</a>, the honorary leader of the military uprising. After various postponements, 18 July was fixed as the date of the uprising. The situation reached a point of no return and as presented to Franco by Mola, the coup was unavoidable, and he had to choose a side. He decided to join the rebels and was given the task of commanding the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a>. A privately owned DH 89 <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon_Rapide" title="De Havilland Dragon Rapide">De Havilland Dragon Rapide</a>, flown by two British pilots, <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Bebb" title="Cecil Bebb">Cecil Bebb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Pollard_(intelligence_officer)" title="Hugh Pollard (intelligence officer)">Hugh Pollard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was chartered in England on 11 July to take Franco to Africa. </p><p>The coup underway was precipitated by the assassination of the right-wing opposition leader Calvo Sotelo in retaliation for the murder of assault guard <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Castillo_(Spanish_Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="José Castillo (Spanish Civil War)">José Castillo</a>, which had been committed by a group headed by a <a href="/wiki/Guardia_Civil" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia Civil">civil guard</a> and composed of <a href="/wiki/Guardia_de_Asalto" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia de Asalto">assault guards</a> and members of the socialist militias.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 July, one day earlier than planned, the Army of Africa rebelled, detaining their commanders. On 18 July, Franco published a manifesto<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and left for Africa, where he arrived the next day to take command. </p><p>A week later the rebels, who soon called themselves the <i>Nationalists</i>, controlled a third of Spain; most naval units remained under control of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">loyalist</a> forces, which left Franco isolated. The coup had failed in the attempt to bring a swift victory, but the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> had begun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_the_Spanish_Civil_War_to_World_War_II">From the Spanish Civil War to World War II</h2></div> <p>Franco rose to power during the Spanish Civil War, which began in July 1936 and officially ended with the victory of his Nationalist forces in April 1939. Although it is impossible to calculate precise statistics concerning the Spanish Civil War and its aftermath, Payne writes that if civilian fatalities above the norm are added to the total number of deaths for victims of violence, the number of deaths attributable to the civil war would reach approximately 344,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2012244–245_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2012244–245-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> committed by soldiers under Franco's command were used as a means of retaliation and to repress political dissent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson20079_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson20079-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war was marked by <a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War">foreign intervention</a> on behalf of both sides. Franco's Nationalists were supported by <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>, which sent the <i><a href="/wiki/Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie" title="Corpo Truppe Volontarie">Corpo Truppe Volontarie</a></i> and by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, which sent the <a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a>. Italian aircraft stationed on <a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a> <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Barcelona" title="Bombing of Barcelona">bombed Barcelona</a> 13 times, dropping 44 tons of bombs aimed at civilians. These attacks were requested by General Franco as retribution against the Catalan population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014194_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014194-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlpert2019174_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert2019174-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, both Italian and German planes <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">bombed the Basque town of Guernica</a> at Franco's request. The Republican opposition was supported by communists, socialists, and anarchists within Spain as well as the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and volunteers who fought in the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MCCannon1995_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCCannon1995-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_months">First months</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par,_Burgos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par%2C_Burgos.jpg/290px-Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par%2C_Burgos.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par%2C_Burgos.jpg/435px-Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par%2C_Burgos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par%2C_Burgos.jpg/580px-Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par%2C_Burgos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4852" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>Twenty-six Republicans executed by Francoists at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, buried in a mass grave at <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9par" title="Estépar">Estépar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <i><a href="/wiki/Pronunciamiento" title="Pronunciamiento">pronunciamiento</a></i> of 18 July 1936, Franco assumed the leadership of the 30,000 soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Army of Africa">Spanish Army of Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keene2007_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene2007-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first days of the insurgency were marked by an imperative need to secure control over the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Moroccan Protectorate</a>. On one side, Franco had to win the support of the native Moroccan population and their (nominal) authorities, and, on the other, he had to ensure his control over the army. His method was the summary execution of some 200 senior officers loyal to the Republic (one of them his own cousin). His loyal bodyguard was shot by Manuel Blanco. Franco's first problem was how to move his troops to the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, since most units of the Navy had remained in control of the Republic and were blocking the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>. He requested help from <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, who responded with an offer of arms and planes.<sup id="cite_ref-RadoshHabek2001_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RadoshHabek2001-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Canaris" title="Wilhelm Canaris">Wilhelm Canaris</a>, the head of the <i><a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a></i> military intelligence service, persuaded Hitler to support the Nationalists;<sup id="cite_ref-Bassett2012_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassett2012-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler sent 20 <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Ju 52 transport aircraft</a> and six <a href="/wiki/Heinkel" title="Heinkel">Heinkel</a> biplane fighters, on the condition that they were not to be used in hostilities unless the Republicans attacked first.<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller2017_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller2017-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mussolini sent 12 <a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.81_Pipistrello" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 Pipistrello">Savoia-Marchetti SM.81</a> transport/bombers, and a few fighter aircraft. From 20 July onward Franco was able, with this small squadron of aircraft, to initiate an <a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">air bridge</a> that carried 1,500 soldiers of the Army of Africa to <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, where these troops helped to ensure rebel control of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Candil2021_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Candil2021-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He successfully negotiated with Germany, and Italy for more military support, and above all for more aircraft. On 25 July aircraft began to arrive in <a href="/wiki/Tetouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetouan">Tetouan</a> and on 5 August Franco was able to break the blockade, successfully deploying a convoy of fishing boats and merchant ships carrying some 3,000 soldiers; between 29 July and 15 August about 15,000 more men were moved.<sup id="cite_ref-Candil2021_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Candil2021-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 July, just eight days after the revolt had started, foreign allies of the Republican government convened an international communist conference at Prague to arrange plans to help the Popular Front forces in Spain. Communist parties throughout the world quickly launched a full scale propaganda campaign in support of the Popular Front. The <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> (Comintern) immediately reinforced its activity, sending to Spain its Secretary-General, the Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a>, and the Italian <a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a>, chief of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Communist Party of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951117_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951117-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson201412_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson201412-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From August onward, aid from the Soviet Union began; by February 1937 two ships per day arrived at Spain's Mediterranean ports carrying munitions, rifles, machine guns, hand grenades, artillery, and trucks. With the cargo came Soviet agents, technicians, instructors and propagandists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951116_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951116-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> immediately started to organise the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a>, volunteer military units which included the <a href="/wiki/Brigate_Garibaldi" title="Brigate Garibaldi">Garibaldi Brigade</a> from Italy and the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Battalion" title="Lincoln Battalion">Lincoln Battalion</a> from the United States. The International Brigades were usually deployed as <a href="/wiki/Shock_troops" title="Shock troops">shock troops</a>, and as a result they suffered high casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2012154_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2012154-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early August, the situation in western <a href="/wiki/Andalucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalucia">Andalucia</a> was stable enough to allow Franco to organise a column (some 15,000 men at its height), under the command of then Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/Juan_Yag%C3%BCe" title="Juan Yagüe">Juan Yagüe</a>, which would march through <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a> towards Madrid. On 11 August <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Battle of Mérida">Mérida was taken</a>, and on 15 August <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badajoz_(1936)" title="Battle of Badajoz (1936)">Badajoz</a>, thus joining both nationalist-controlled areas. Additionally, Mussolini ordered a voluntary army, the <i><a href="/wiki/Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie" title="Corpo Truppe Volontarie">Corpo Truppe Volontarie</a></i> (CTV) of fully motorised units (some 12,000 Italians), to Seville, and Hitler added to them a professional squadron from the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> (2JG/88) with about 24 planes. All these planes had the Nationalist Spanish insignia painted on them, but were flown by Italian and German nationals. The backbone of Franco's air force in those days was the Italian <a href="/wiki/SM.79" class="mw-redirect" title="SM.79">SM.79</a> and <a href="/wiki/SM.81" class="mw-redirect" title="SM.81">SM.81</a> bombers, the biplane Fiat <a href="/wiki/CR.32" class="mw-redirect" title="CR.32">CR.32</a> fighter and the German <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52</a> cargo-bomber and the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_51" title="Heinkel He 51">Heinkel He 51</a> biplane fighter.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDougall2017_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDougall2017-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 September, with the head of the column at the town of <a href="/wiki/Maqueda" title="Maqueda">Maqueda</a> (some 80 km away from Madrid), Franco ordered a detour to free the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Siege of the Alcázar">besieged garrison at the Alcázar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Toledo_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toledo (Spain)">Toledo</a>, which was achieved on 27 September.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker2021_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker2021-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This controversial decision gave the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a> time to strengthen its defences in Madrid and hold the city that year,<sup id="cite_ref-Seidman2002_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seidman2002-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but with Soviet support.<sup id="cite_ref-Cazorla-Sanchez2013_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cazorla-Sanchez2013-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennan alleges that once Stalin had decided to assist the Spanish Republicans, the operation was put in place with remarkable speed and energy. The first load of arms and tanks arrived as early as 26 September and was secretly unloaded at night. Advisers accompanied the armaments. Soviet officers were in effective charge of military operations on the Madrid front. Kennan believes that this operation was originally conducted in good faith with no other purpose than saving the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler's policy for Spain was shrewd and pragmatic.<sup id="cite_ref-Whealey2021_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whealey2021-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The minutes of a conference with his foreign minister and army chiefs at the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a> in Berlin on 10 November 1937 summarised his views on foreign policy regarding the Spanish Civil War: "On the other hand, a 100 percent victory for Franco was not desirable either, from the German point of view; rather were we interested in a continuance of the war and in the keeping up of the tension in the Mediterranean."<sup id="cite_ref-USGovPrintingOffice1949_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGovPrintingOffice1949-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tucker2016_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker2016-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler distrusted Franco; according to the comments he made at the conference he wanted the war to continue, but he did not want Franco to achieve total victory. He felt that with Franco in undisputed control of Spain, the possibility of Italy intervening further or of its continuing to occupy the Balearic Islands would be prevented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951127–128_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951127–128-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By February 1937 the Soviet Union's military help started to taper off, to be replaced by limited economic aid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J_mmue_202444_1_00001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/J_mmue_202444_1_00001.jpg/220px-J_mmue_202444_1_00001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/J_mmue_202444_1_00001.jpg/330px-J_mmue_202444_1_00001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/J_mmue_202444_1_00001.jpg/440px-J_mmue_202444_1_00001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Franco and other rebel commanders during the Civil War, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1936–1939</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The designated leader of the uprising, General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo" title="José Sanjurjo">José Sanjurjo</a>, died on 20 July 1936 in a plane crash. In the nationalist zone, "political life ceased".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013258_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013258-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, only military command mattered: this was divided into regional commands (<a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mola" title="Emilio Mola">Emilio Mola</a> in the North, <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Queipo_de_Llano" title="Gonzalo Queipo de Llano">Gonzalo Queipo de Llano</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> commanding <a href="/wiki/Andalucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalucia">Andalucia</a>, Franco with an independent command, and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cabanellas" title="Miguel Cabanellas">Miguel Cabanellas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> commanding <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>). The Spanish Army of Morocco was itself split into two columns, one commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Juan_Yag%C3%BCe" title="Juan Yagüe">Juan Yagüe</a> and the other commanded by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Enrique_Varela" title="José Enrique Varela">José Varela</a>. </p><p>From 24 July a coordinating <i><a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">junta</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Junta" title="National Defense Junta">National Defence Junta</a>, was established, based at <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>. Nominally led by Cabanellas, as the most senior general, it initially included Mola, three other generals, and two colonels; Franco was later added in early August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013282_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013282-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 September it was decided that Franco was to be commander-in-chief (this unified command was opposed only by Cabanellas),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013421_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013421-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, after some discussion, with no more than a lukewarm agreement from Queipo de Llano and from Mola, also head of government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013423–424_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013423–424-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was, doubtlessly, helped to this primacy by the fact that, in late July, Hitler had decided that all of Germany's aid to the Nationalists would go to Franco.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013356_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013356-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mola had been somewhat discredited as the main planner of the attempted coup that had now degenerated into a civil war, and was strongly identified with the <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlist</a> monarchists and not at all with the <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange</a>, a party with Fascist leanings and connections ("phalanx", a far-right Spanish political party founded by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">José Antonio Primo de Rivera</a>), nor did he have good relations with Germany. Queipo de Llano and Cabanellas had both previously rebelled against the dictatorship of General <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a> and were therefore discredited in some nationalist circles, and Falangist leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera was in prison in <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a> (he would be executed a few months later). The desire to keep a place open for him prevented any other Falangist leader from emerging as a possible head of state. Franco's previous aloofness from politics meant that he had few active enemies in any of the factions that needed to be placated, and he had also cooperated in recent months with both Germany and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013420–422_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013420–422-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 October 1936, in <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, Franco was publicly proclaimed as <i><a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">Generalísimo</a></i> of the National army and <i>Jefe del Estado</i> (<a href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Head of State</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013424_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013424-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Mola was killed in another air accident a year later on 2 June 1937 (which some believe was an assassination), no military leader was left from those who had organised the conspiracy against the Republic between 1933 and 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013689–690_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013689–690-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_command">Military command</h3></div> <p>Franco personally guided military operations from this time until the end of the war. Franco himself was not a strategic genius, but he was very effective at organisation, administration, logistics and diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014193_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014193-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madrid" title="Siege of Madrid">failed assault on Madrid</a> in November 1936, Franco settled on a piecemeal approach to winning the war, rather than bold manoeuvring. As with his decision to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Siege of the Alcázar">relieve the garrison</a> at Toledo, this approach has been subject of some debate:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014142_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014142-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of his decisions, such as in June 1938 when he preferred to advance towards <a href="/wiki/Valencia_(autonomous_community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia (autonomous community)">Valencia</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2002365_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2002365-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remain particularly controversial from a military strategic viewpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-Meneses200354_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meneses200354-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valencia, Castellon and Alicante saw the last Republican troops defeated by Franco. </p><p>Although both Germany and Italy provided military support to Franco, the degree of influence of both powers on his direction of the war seems to have been very limited. Nevertheless, the Italian troops, despite <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalajara" title="Battle of Guadalajara">not always being effective</a>, were present in most of the large operations in large numbers. Germany sent insignificant numbers of combat personnel to Spain, but aided the Nationalists with technical instructors and modern matériel;<sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull2013_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull2013-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including some 200 tanks and 600 aircraft<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangster201852_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangster201852-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which helped the Nationalist air force dominate the skies for most of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Cortada2014_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortada2014-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Franco's direction of the German and Italian forces was limited, particularly in the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a>, but he was by default their supreme commander, and they declined to interfere in the politics of the Nationalist zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Coverdale2015_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coverdale2015-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For reasons of prestige it was decided to continue assisting Franco until the end of the war, and Italian and German troops paraded on the day of the final victory in Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2012539_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2012539-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nationalist victory could be accounted for by various factors:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014193–195_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014193–195-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Popular Front government had reckless policies in the weeks prior to the war, where it ignored potential dangers and alienated the opposition, encouraging more people to join the rebellion, while the rebels had superior military cohesion, with Franco providing the necessary leadership to consolidate power and unify the various rightist factions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014147–148_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014147–148-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His foreign diplomacy secured military aid from Italy and Germany and, by some accounts, helped keep Britain and France out of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014193_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014193-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rebels made effective use of a smaller navy, acquiring the most powerful ships in the Spanish fleet and maintaining a functional officer corps, while Republican sailors had assassinated a large number of their naval officers who sided with the rebels in 1936, as at Cartagena,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlpert2013296_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert2013296-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and El Ferrol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013242_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013242-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nationalists used their ships aggressively to pursue the opposition, in contrast to the largely passive naval strategy of the Republicans. </p><p>Not only did the Nationalists receive more foreign aid to sustain their war effort, but there is evidence that they made more efficient use of such aid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadcliff2017203_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadcliff2017203-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They augmented their forces with arms captured from the Republicans,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne200833–35,_40_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne200833–35,_40-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and successfully integrated over half of Republican prisoners of war into the Nationalist army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews2010354_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews2010354-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebels were able to build a larger air force and make more effective use of their air force, particularly in supporting ground operations and bombing; and generally enjoyed air superiority from mid-1937 onwards; this <a href="/wiki/Air_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Air power">air power</a> contributed greatly to the Nationalist victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooton2019136_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2019136-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republicans were subject to disunity and infighting,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1988106–107_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1988106–107-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were hampered by the destructive consequences of the revolution in the Republican zone: mobilisation was impeded, the Republican image was harmed abroad in democracies, and the campaign against religion aroused overwhelming and unwavering Catholic support for the Nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2012115–116_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2012115–116-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_command">Political command</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francoist_demonstration_in_Salamanca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Francoist_demonstration_in_Salamanca.jpg/220px-Francoist_demonstration_in_Salamanca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Francoist_demonstration_in_Salamanca.jpg/330px-Francoist_demonstration_in_Salamanca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Francoist_demonstration_in_Salamanca.jpg/440px-Francoist_demonstration_in_Salamanca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2683" data-file-height="2019" /></a><figcaption>Francoist demonstration in Salamanca (1937) with the paraders carrying banners with the portrait of Franco and the populace giving the <a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 19 April 1937, Franco and Serrano Súñer, with the acquiescence of Generals Mola and Quiepo de Llano, <a href="/wiki/Unification_Decree_(Spain,_1937)" title="Unification Decree (Spain, 1937)">forcibly merged</a> the ideologically distinct national-syndicalist <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlist</a> monarchist parties into <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one party</a> under his rule, dubbed <i><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Tradicionalista_y_de_las_Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional-Sindicalista" class="mw-redirect" title="Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista">Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista</a></i> (FET y de las JONS),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaguer2007206_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaguer2007206-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became the only legal party in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClifford202053_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford202053-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike some other fascist movements, the Falangists had developed an official program in 1934, the "Twenty-Seven Points".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne196168–69_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne196168–69-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, Franco assumed as the tentative doctrine of his regime 26 out of the original 27 points.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1999269_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1999269-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franco made himself <i>jefe nacional</i> (National Chief) of the new FET (<i>Falange Española Tradicionalista</i>; Traditionalist Spanish Phalanx) with a secretary, Political Junta and National Council to be named subsequently by himself. Five days later on 24 April the <a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">raised-arm salute</a> of the Falange was made the official salute of the Nationalist regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1987172_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1987172-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1937 the <i>Marcha Real</i> ("Royal March") was restored by decree as the national anthem in the Nationalist zone. It was opposed by the Falangists, who associated it with the monarchy and boycotted it when it was played, often singing their own anthem, <i><a href="/wiki/Cara_al_Sol" title="Cara al Sol">Cara al Sol</a></i> (Facing the Sun) instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreno-LuzónSeixas201747–48_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno-LuzónSeixas201747–48-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1939 the fascist style prevailed, with ritual rallying calls of "Franco, Franco, Franco."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1987234_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1987234-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Franco's advisor on Falangist party matters, <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_S%C3%BA%C3%B1er" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón Serrano Súñer">Ramón Serrano Súñer</a>, who was the brother-in-law of his wife Carmen Polo, and a group of Serrano Súñer's followers dominated the FET JONS, and strove to increase the party's power. Serrano Súñer tried to move the party in a more fascist direction by appointing his acolytes to important positions, and the party became the leading political organisation in Francoist Spain. The FET JONS failed to establish a fascist party regime, however, and was relegated to subordinate status. Franco placed the Carlist <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fal_Cond%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Fal Condé">Manuel Fal Condé</a> under house arrest and imprisoned hundreds of old Falangists, the so-called "old shirts" (<i>camisas viejas</i>), including the party leader <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Hedilla" title="Manuel Hedilla">Manuel Hedilla</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley2019114_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2019114-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to help secure his political future. Franco also appeased the Carlists by exploiting the Republicans' <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a> in his propaganda, in particular concerning the "<a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the war</a>". While the Republican forces presented the war as a struggle to defend the Republic against fascism, Franco depicted himself as the defender of "Catholic Spain" against "atheist communism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasla2021138_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasla2021138-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorcillo201039_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorcillo201039-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_Civil_War">End of the Civil War</h3></div> <p>By early 1939 only Madrid (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Madrid" title="History of Madrid">History of Madrid</a>) and a few other areas remained under control of the government forces. On 27 February <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain's Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier's France</a> officially recognised the Franco regime. On 28 March 1939, with the help of pro-Franco forces inside the city (the "<a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a>" General Mola had mentioned in propaganda broadcasts in 1936), Madrid fell to the Nationalists. The next day, <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, which had held out under the guns of the Nationalists for close to two years, also surrendered. Victory was proclaimed on 1 April 1939, when the last of the Republican forces surrendered. On the same day, Franco placed his sword upon the altar of a church and vowed to never take it up again unless Spain itself was threatened with invasion. </p><p>Although Germany had recognised the Franco Government, Franco's policy towards Germany was extremely cautious until spectacular German victories at the beginning of the Second World War. An early indication that Franco was going to keep his distance from Germany soon proved true. A rumoured state visit by Franco to Germany did not take place and a further rumour of a visit by Goering to Spain, after he had enjoyed a cruise in the Western Mediterranean, again did not materialise. Instead Goering had to return to Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Civil War and in the aftermath, a period known as the <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror</a> took place. This saw mass executions of Republican and other Nationalist enemies, standing in contrast to the wartime <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Red Terror</a>. Historical analysis and investigations estimate the number of executions by the Franco regime during this time to be between 100,000 and 200,000 dead. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a> says the total number of all kinds of <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">executions</a> in the Republican zone added up to about 56,000, and that those in the Nationalist zone probably amounted to at least 70,000, with an additional 28,000 executions after the war ended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2012110_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2012110-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETremlett2003_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETremlett2003-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent searches conducted with parallel excavations of mass graves in Spain by the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Recovery_of_Historical_Memory" title="Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory">Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory</a> (Asociación para la Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica), (ARMH) estimate that more than 35,000 people killed by the nationalist side are still missing in mass graves.<sup id="cite_ref-ARMH_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARMH-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Casanova_Ruiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Julián Casanova Ruiz">Julián Casanova Ruiz</a>, who was nominated in 2008 to join the panel of experts in the first judicial investigation, conducted by judge <a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Garz%C3%B3n" title="Baltasar Garzón">Baltasar Garzón</a>, of Francoist crimes,<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as historians <a href="/wiki/Josep_Fontana" title="Josep Fontana">Josep Fontana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Swynnerton" title="Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton">Hugh Thomas</a>, estimate deaths in the White Terror to be around 150,000 in total.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaEspinosaMirGómez20048_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaEspinosaMirGómez20048-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliáCasanova1999411–412_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliáCasanova1999411–412-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFontana200022_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontana200022-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Paul Preston</a>, 150,000 wartime civilian executions took place in the Francoist area, as well as 50,000 in the Republican area, in addition to approximately 20,000 civilians executed by the Franco regime after the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston20129_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston20129-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Helen_Graham_(historian)" title="Helen Graham (historian)">Helen Graham</a>, the Spanish working classes became to the Francoist project what the Jews were to the German <a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2002123_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2002123-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Jackson_(hispanist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Jackson (hispanist)">Gabriel Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a>, the number of victims of the "White Terror" (executions and hunger or illness in prisons) between 1939 and 1943 was 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2012539_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2012539-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beevor "reckons Franco's ensuing 'white terror' claimed 200,000 lives. The '<a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">red terror</a>' had already killed 38,000."<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Ruiz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Ruiz (page does not exist)">Julius Ruiz</a> concludes that "although the figures remain disputed, a minimum of 37,843 executions were carried out in the Republican zone with a maximum of 150,000 executions (including 50,000 after the war) in <a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain under Franco">Nationalist Spain</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuiz200797_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuiz200797-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Franco_escoltado_por_la_Guardia_Mora_visita_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_una_vez_finalizada_la_guerra_(8_de_8)_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Francisco_Franco_escoltado_por_la_Guardia_Mora_visita_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_una_vez_finalizada_la_guerra_%288_de_8%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/220px-Francisco_Franco_escoltado_por_la_Guardia_Mora_visita_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_una_vez_finalizada_la_guerra_%288_de_8%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Francisco_Franco_escoltado_por_la_Guardia_Mora_visita_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_una_vez_finalizada_la_guerra_%288_de_8%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/330px-Francisco_Franco_escoltado_por_la_Guardia_Mora_visita_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_una_vez_finalizada_la_guerra_%288_de_8%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Francisco_Franco_escoltado_por_la_Guardia_Mora_visita_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_una_vez_finalizada_la_guerra_%288_de_8%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/440px-Francisco_Franco_escoltado_por_la_Guardia_Mora_visita_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_una_vez_finalizada_la_guerra_%288_de_8%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Franco arriving in San Sebastián in 1939, escorted by the <a href="/wiki/Guardia_Mora" title="Guardia Mora">Moorish Guard</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the end of the war, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrillas</a> exiled in France, and known as the "<i><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Maquis</a></i>", continued to resist Franco in the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, carrying out sabotage and robberies against the Francoist regime. Several exiled Republicans also fought in the <a href="/wiki/French_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="French resistance">French resistance</a> against the <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">German occupation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In 1944, a group of republican veterans from the French resistance <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Val_d%27Aran" title="Invasion of Val d'Aran">invaded the Val d'Aran</a> in northwest <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> but were quickly defeated. The activities of the Maquis continued well into the 1950s. </p><p>The end of the war led to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_exiles" title="Spanish Republican exiles">hundreds of thousands of exiles</a>, mostly to France, but also to Mexico, Chile, Cuba, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> were confined in <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps in France">internment camps</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Camp_Gurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Gurs">Camp Gurs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Camp_Vernet" title="Camp Vernet">Camp Vernet</a>, where 12,000 Republicans were housed in squalid conditions (mostly soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Durruti_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Durruti Division">Durruti Division</a><sup id="cite_ref-ariege.fr_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ariege.fr-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The 17,000 refugees housed in Gurs were divided into four categories: <a href="/wiki/Brigadist" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadist">Brigadists</a>, pilots, <i><a href="/wiki/Euzko_Gudarostea" title="Euzko Gudarostea">Gudaris</a></i> and ordinary "Spaniards". The <i>Gudaris</i> (Basques) and the pilots easily found local backers and jobs, and were allowed to quit the camp, but the farmers and ordinary people, who could not find relations in France, were encouraged by the French government, in agreement with the Francoist government, to return to Spain. The great majority did so and were turned over to the Francoist authorities in <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%BAn" class="mw-redirect" title="Irún">Irún</a>. From there they were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Miranda_de_Ebro" title="Miranda de Ebro">Miranda de Ebro</a> camp for "purification" according to the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Political_Responsibilities" title="Law of Political Responsibilities">Law of Political Responsibilities</a>. </p><p>After the proclamation by <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> regime, the refugees became political prisoners, and the <a href="/wiki/French_police" class="mw-redirect" title="French police">French police</a> attempted to round up those who had been liberated from the camp. Along with other "undesirables", they were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy internment camp</a> before being deported to Nazi Germany. 5,000 Spaniards thus died in <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen concentration camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cite_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chilean poet <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a>, who had been named by the Chilean President <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Aguirre_Cerda" title="Pedro Aguirre Cerda">Pedro Aguirre Cerda</a> special consul for immigration in Paris, was given responsibility for what he called "the noblest mission I have ever undertaken": shipping more than 2,000 Spanish refugees, who had been housed by the French in squalid camps, to Chile on an old cargo ship, the <i><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnipeg (boat)">Winnipeg</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327,_Spanien,_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327%2C_Spanien%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327%2C_Spanien%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327%2C_Spanien%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327%2C_Spanien%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327%2C_Spanien%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327%2C_Spanien%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Front row in order from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wolff" title="Karl Wolff">Karl Wolff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, Franco and Spain's Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_S%C3%BA%C3%B1er" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón Serrano Súñer">Serrano Súñer</a> in Madrid, during <a href="/wiki/Visit_of_Heinrich_Himmler_to_Spain_in_1940" title="Visit of Heinrich Himmler to Spain in 1940">Himmler's visit to Spain</a>, October 1940</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_at_Hendaye_(en.wiki).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg/220px-Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg/330px-Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg/440px-Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2426" /></a><figcaption>Franco and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in <a href="/wiki/Meeting_at_Hendaye" title="Meeting at Hendaye">Meeting at Hendaye</a>, 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1939, World War II began. Franco had received important support from <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> during the Spanish Civil War, and he had signed the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>. He made pro-Axis speeches,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen201759–60_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen201759–60-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while offering various kinds of support to Italy and Germany. His spokesman Antonio Tovar commented at a Paris conference entitled 'Bolshevism versus Europe' that "Spain aligned itself definitively on the side of...National Socialist Germany and Fascist Italy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike200874_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike200874-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Franco was reluctant to enter the war due to Spain recovering from its recent civil war and instead pursued a policy of "non-belligerence". </p><p>On 23 October 1940, Hitler and Franco <a href="/wiki/Meeting_at_Hendaye" title="Meeting at Hendaye">met in Hendaye</a>, France to discuss the possibility of Spain's entry on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a>. Franco's demands, including large supplies of food and fuel, as well as Spanish control of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a>, proved too much for Hitler. At the time Hitler did not want to risk damaging his relations with the new <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy French</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoda1993305–308_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoda1993305–308-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (An oft-cited remark attributed to Hitler is that the German leader said that he would rather have some of his own teeth pulled out than to have to personally deal further with Franco).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1999334_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1999334-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians argue that Franco made demands he knew Hitler would not accede to, in order to stay out of the war. Other historians argue that Franco, as the leader of a destroyed and bankrupt country in chaos following a brutal three-year civil war, simply had little to offer the Axis and that the Spanish armed forces were not ready for a major war. It has also been suggested that Franco decided not to join the war after the resources he requested from Hitler in October 1940 were not forthcoming.<sup id="cite_ref-rockoff_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rockoff-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Franco allowed Spanish soldiers to volunteer to fight in the German Army against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a>) but forbade Spaniards to fight in the West against the democracies. Franco's common ground with Hitler was particularly weakened by Hitler's attempts to <a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">manipulate Christianity</a>, which went against Franco's fervent commitment to defending Catholicism. Contributing to the disagreement was an ongoing dispute over German mining rights in Spain. </p><p> According to some scholars, after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">Fall of France</a> in June 1940, Spain did adopt a pro-Axis stance (for example, German and Italian ships and U-boats were allowed to use Spanish naval facilities) before returning to a more neutral position in late 1943 when the tide of the war had turned decisively against the Axis Powers, and Italy had changed sides. Franco was initially keen to join the war before the UK could be defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrancoenReus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/FrancoenReus.jpg/220px-FrancoenReus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/FrancoenReus.jpg/330px-FrancoenReus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/FrancoenReus.jpg/440px-FrancoenReus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Franco in <a href="/wiki/Reus" title="Reus">Reus</a>, 1940</figcaption></figure><p>In the winter of 1940 and 1941, Franco toyed with the idea of a "Latin Bloc" formed by Spain, Portugal, Vichy France, the Vatican and Italy, without much consequence.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franco had cautiously decided to enter the war on the Axis side in June 1940, and to prepare his people for war, an anti-British and anti-French campaign was launched in the Spanish media that demanded <a href="/wiki/French_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Morocco">French Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005133_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005133-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 June 1940, Franco pressed along a message to Hitler saying he wanted to enter the war, but Hitler was annoyed at Franco's demand for the French colony of Cameroon, which had been German before World War I, and which Hitler was planning on taking back for <a href="/wiki/Plan_Z" title="Plan Z">Plan Z</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005177_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005177-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franco seriously considered blocking allied access to the Mediterranean Sea by invading British-held <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, but he abandoned the idea after learning that the plan would have likely failed due to Gibraltar being too heavily defended. In addition, declaring war on the UK and its allies would no doubt give them an opportunity to capture both the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, as well as possibly launch an invasion of mainland Spain itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochner194825325_October_1940_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochner194825325_October_1940-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franco was aware that his air force would be quickly defeated if going into action against the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> would easily be able to destroy Spain's small navy and <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> the entire Spanish coast to prevent imports of crucial materials such as oil. Spain depended on oil imports from the United States, which were almost certain to be cut off if Spain formally joined the Axis. Franco and Serrano Suñer held a meeting with Mussolini and Ciano in <a href="/wiki/Bordighera" title="Bordighera">Bordighera</a>, Italy on 12 February 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike200848_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike200848-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an affected Mussolini did not appear to be interested in Franco's help due to the defeats his forces had suffered in North Africa and the Balkans, and he even told Franco that he wished he could find any way to leave the war. When the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invasion of the Soviet Union</a> began on 22 June 1941, Franco's foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_Su%C3%B1er" title="Ramón Serrano Suñer">Ramón Serrano Suñer</a> immediately suggested the formation of a unit of military volunteers to join the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-Moreno-Juliá2018_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreno-Juliá2018-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volunteer Spanish troops (the <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">División Azul</a></i>, or "Blue Division") fought on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> under German command from 1941 to 1944. Some historians have argued that not all of the Blue Division were true volunteers and that Franco expended relatively small but significant resources to aid the Axis powers' battle against the Soviet Union. </p><p>Franco was initially disliked by Cuban President <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Fulgencio Batista</a>, who, during World War II, suggested a joint U.S.-Latin American declaration of war on Spain to overthrow Franco's regime.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler may not have really wanted Spain to join the war, as he needed neutral harbours to import materials from countries in Latin America and elsewhere. He felt Spain would be a burden as it would be dependent on Germany for help. By 1941, Vichy French forces were proving their effectiveness in North Africa, reducing the need for Spanish help, and Hitler was wary about opening up a new front on the western coast of Europe as he struggled to reinforce the Italians in Greece and Yugoslavia. Franco signed a revised <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a> on 25 November 1941. Spain continued to be able to obtain valuable German goods, including military equipment, as part of payment for Spanish raw materials,<sup id="cite_ref-Golson2011_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golson2011-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and traded <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">wolfram</a> with Germany until August 1944 when the Germans withdrew from the Spanish frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-rockoff_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rockoff-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish neutrality during World War II was publicly acknowledged by leading Allied statesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951151_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951151-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1942, US President Roosevelt wrote to General Franco: "...your nation and mine are friends in the best sense of the word."<sup id="cite_ref-DOS_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOS-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1944, Winston Churchill stated in the House of Commons: "In the dark days of the war the attitude of the Spanish Government in not giving our enemies passage through Spain was extremely helpful to us.... I must say that I shall always consider that a service was rendered...by Spain, not only to the United Kingdom and to the British Empire and Commonwealth, but to the cause of the United Nations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951152–153_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951152–153-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the personal recollection of US Ambassador to Spain Carlton Hayes, similar gratitude was also expressed by the Provisional French Government at Algiers in 1943. Franco placed no obstacles to Britain's construction of a large air base extending from Gibraltar into Spanish territorial waters and welcomed the Anglo-American landings in North Africa. Spain did not intern any of the 1,200 American airmen who were forced to land in the country, but "gave them refuge and permitted them to leave."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951150–151_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951150–151-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, the Spanish government tried to destroy all evidence of its cooperation with the Axis. In 2010, documents were discovered showing that on 13 May 1941, Franco ordered his provincial governors to compile a list of Jews while he negotiated an alliance with the Axis powers.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franco supplied <a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a> Heinrich Himmler, architect of the Nazis' <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>, with a list of 6,000 Jews in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 June 1940, Spanish forces in Morocco occupied <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> (a city under <a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">international control</a>) and did not leave until the war's end in 1945. </p><p>After the war, Franco allowed many former Nazis, such as <a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Otto Skorzeny</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Léon Degrelle</a>, and other fascists, to seek political asylum in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Messenger2020_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Messenger2020-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_of_Jews">Treatment of Jews</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain_and_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoist Spain and the Holocaust">Francoist Spain and the Holocaust</a></div> <p>Franco had a controversial association with Jews before and during World War II. He made <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> remarks in a speech in May 1939, and made similar remarks on at least six occasions during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franco believed in the existence of a "Jewish-Masonic-Bolshevik conspiracy",<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he deliberately framed the Spanish Civil War as a conflict against Jews and Bolsheviks.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, documents were discovered showing that on 13 May 1941, Franco ordered his provincial governors to compile a list of Jews while he negotiated an alliance with the Axis powers.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_188-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franco supplied <a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a> Heinrich Himmler, architect of the Nazis' <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>, with a list of 6,000 Jews in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_188-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrarily, according to <i>Anti-Semitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution</i> (2005): </p> <dl><dd>Throughout the war, Franco rescued many Jews. ... Just how many Jews were saved by Franco's government during World War II is a matter of historical controversy. Franco has been credited with saving anywhere from approximately 30,000 to 60,000 Jews; most reliable estimates suggest 45,000 is a likely figure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2005675_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2005675-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Preston writes that, in the post-war years, "a myth was carefully constructed to claim that Franco's regime had saved many Jews from extermination" as a means to deflect foreign criticism away from allegations of active collaboration with the Nazi regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2020342_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2020342-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1943, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs concluded that the Allies were likely to win the war. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_de_Lequerica_y_Erquiza" title="José Félix de Lequerica y Erquiza">José Félix de Lequerica y Erquiza</a> became Foreign Minister in 1944 and soon developed an "obsession" with the importance of the "Jewish card" in relations with the former Allied powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2008232_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2008232-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spain provided visas for thousands of French Jews to transit Spain en route to Portugal to escape the Nazis. Spanish diplomats protected about 4,000 Jews living in Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Austria. At least some 20,000 to 30,000 Jews were allowed to pass through Spain in the first half of the War. Jews who were not allowed to enter Spain, however, were sent to the Miranda de Ebro concentration camp or deported to <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">France</a>. In January 1943, after the German embassy in Spain told the Spanish government that it had two months to remove its Jewish citizens from Western Europe, Spain severely limited visas, and only 800 Jews were allowed to enter the country. After the war, Franco exaggerated his contributions to saving Jews in order to improve Spain's image in the world and end its international isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2005675_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2005675-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvni1982_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvni1982-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlpert2009_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert2009-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, Franco did not recognise Israeli statehood and maintained strong relations with the Arab world. Israel expressed disinterest in establishing relations, although there were some informal economic ties between the two countries in the later years of Franco's governance.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in 1967, Franco's Spain was able to utilise its positive relationship with Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> and the Arab world (due to not having recognised the Israeli state) to allow 800 <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Jews">Egyptian Jews</a>, many of Sephardic ancestry, safe passage out of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> on Spanish passports.<sup id="cite_ref-forward_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was undertaken through Francoist Spain's Ambassador to Egypt, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Sagaz_Zubelzu" title="Ángel Sagaz Zubelzu">Ángel Sagaz Zubelzu</a>, on the understanding that emigrant Jews would not immediately emigrate to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and that they would not publicly use the case as political propaganda against Nasser's Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-forward_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 December 1968, the Spanish government formally revoked the 1492 <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Edict of Expulsion</a> against Spain's Jewish population.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Franco personally and many in the government openly stated that they believed there was an international conspiracy of Freemasons and Communists against Spain, sometimes including Jews or "<a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Masonry">Judeo-Masonry</a>" as part of this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBautista_Delgado2009303,_321–322_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBautista_Delgado2009303,_321–322-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While under the leadership of Francisco Franco, the Spanish government explicitly endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> as the religion of the nation state and did not endorse liberal ideas such as <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious pluralism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Church_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of Church and State">separation of Church and State</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1931" title="Spanish Constitution of 1931">Republican Constitution of 1931</a>. Following the Second World War, the government enacted the "Spanish Bill of Rights" (<i>Fuero de los Españoles</i>), which extended the right to private worship of non-Catholic religions, including Judaism, though it did not permit the erection of religious buildings for this practice and did not allow non-Catholic public ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERein201317–18_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERein201317–18-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the pivot of Spain's foreign policy towards the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the situation changed with the 1967 Law on Religious Freedom, which granted full public religious rights to non-Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers2002337_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodgers2002337-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overthrow of Catholicism as the explicit state religion of Spain and the establishment of state-sponsored religious pluralism would be realised in Spain in 1978, with the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Constitution of Spain</a>, three years after Franco's death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spain_under_Franco">Spain under Franco</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coa_Illustration_Cross_Carlist.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Coa_Illustration_Cross_Carlist.svg/20px-Coa_Illustration_Cross_Carlist.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Coa_Illustration_Cross_Carlist.svg/30px-Coa_Illustration_Cross_Carlist.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Coa_Illustration_Cross_Carlist.svg/40px-Coa_Illustration_Cross_Carlist.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Francoism" title="Category:Francoism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.8em 0 1.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COA_Spain_under_Franco_1938_1945_bureaucratic_version.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/COA_Spain_under_Franco_1938_1945_bureaucratic_version.svg/130px-COA_Spain_under_Franco_1938_1945_bureaucratic_version.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/COA_Spain_under_Franco_1938_1945_bureaucratic_version.svg/195px-COA_Spain_under_Franco_1938_1945_bureaucratic_version.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/COA_Spain_under_Franco_1938_1945_bureaucratic_version.svg/260px-COA_Spain_under_Franco_1938_1945_bureaucratic_version.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="616" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">Movimiento Nacional</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Realm" title="Council of the Realm">Council of the Realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_the_Movement" title="National Council of the Movement">National Council of the Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Syndical_Organization" title="Spanish Syndical Organization">Spanish Syndical Organization</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Juventudes" title="Frente de Juventudes">Frente de Juventudes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Secci%C3%B3n_Femenina" title="Sección Femenina">Sección Femenina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Police_Corps" title="Armed Police Corps">Armed Police Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Police_Corps" title="General Police Corps">General Police Corps</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tribunal_de_Orden_P%C3%BAblico" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunal de Orden Público">Tribunal de Orden Público</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Colonizaci%C3%B3n" title="Instituto Nacional de Colonización">Instituto Nacional de Colonización</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Industria" title="Instituto Nacional de Industria">Instituto Nacional de Industria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces_during_the_period_of_Francoism" title="Spanish Armed Forces during the period of Francoism">Fuerzas Armadas de España</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Espa%C3%B1olas" title="Cortes Españolas">Cortes Españolas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sindicato_Espa%C3%B1ol_Universitario" title="Sindicato Español Universitario">Sindicato Español Universitario</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Servicio_Exterior_de_Falange" title="Servicio Exterior de Falange">Servicio Exterior de Falange</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">Spanish coup of July 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_concentration_camps" title="Francoist concentration camps">Francoist concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_Holocaust" title="Spain and the Holocaust">Spain and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Francoism" title="First Francoism">First Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_government_of_Francisco_Franco" title="First government of Francisco Franco">First Francoist government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1953" title="Concordat of 1953">Concordat of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilization_Plan" title="Stabilization Plan">Stabilization Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle" title="Spanish miracle">Spanish miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgos_trials" title="Burgos trials">Burgos trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco">Assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-liberalism">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_eugenics" title="Hispanic eugenics">Hispanic eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Mexico" title="Eugenics in Mexico">Eugenics in Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Hispanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Hispanism">Pan-Hispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_irredentism" title="Spanish irredentism">Spanish irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_unionism" title="Spanish unionism">Spanish unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Traditionalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cuesta" title="Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta">Fernández-Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torcuato_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Miranda" title="Torcuato Fernández-Miranda">Fernández-Miranda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fraga" title="Manuel Fraga">Fraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinio_de_la_Fuente" title="Licinio de la Fuente">de la Fuente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Minguij%C3%B3n_Adri%C3%A1n" title="Salvador Minguijón Adrián">Minguijón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arias_Navarro" title="Carlos Arias Navarro">Navarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Oreja_El%C3%B3segui" title="Marcelino Oreja Elósegui">Oreja Elósegui (Marcelino)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Oreja_El%C3%B3segui" title="Ricardo Oreja Elósegui">Oreja Elósegui (Ricardo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_Pi%C3%B1ar" title="Blas Piñar">Piñar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Rosales" title="Luis Rosales">Rosales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Vig%C3%B3n" title="Jorge Vigón">Vigón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Yag%C3%BCe" title="Juan Yagüe">Yagüe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Economy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain_(1939-1959)" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Spain (1939-1959)">Economy of Spain (1939-1959)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Development_Plan_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Development Plan (Spain) (page does not exist)">First Development Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Development_Plan_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Development Plan (Spain) (page does not exist)">Second Development Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Development_Plan_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Development Plan (Spain) (page does not exist)">Third Development Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilization_Plan" title="Stabilization Plan">Stabilization Plan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_and_culture_in_Francoist_Spain" title="Art and culture in Francoist Spain">Art and culture in Francoist Spain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantos_nacionales" title="Cantos nacionales">Cantos nacionales</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cara_al_Sol" title="Cara al Sol">Cara al Sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Francoist_Spain" title="Censorship in Francoist Spain">Censorship in Francoist Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Cinematography_and_Theatre" title="Directorate General of Cinematography and Theatre">DGCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_of_Saint_John" title="Eagle of Saint John">Eagle of Saint John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">El Caudillo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General%C3%ADsimo" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalísimo">El Generalísimo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles_in_Francoist_Spain" title="Gender roles in Francoist Spain">Gender roles in Francoist Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherhood_in_Francoist_Spain" title="Motherhood in Francoist Spain">Motherhood in Francoist Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottos_of_Francoist_Spain" title="Mottos of Francoist Spain">Francoist mottos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-Do" title="No-Do">No-Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Spain)" title="Revisionism (Spain)">Revisionist historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_Francoism" title="Sociological Francoism">Sociological Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Francoism" title="Symbols of Francoism">Symbols of Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_and_arrows" title="Yoke and arrows">Yoke and arrows</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Laws and referendums</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_electoral_regime_during_Francoism" title="Municipal electoral regime during Francoism">Francoist electoral regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Political_Responsibilities" title="Law of Political Responsibilities">Law of Political Responsibilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Service_(Spain)" title="Military Service (Spain)">Army Conscription and Replacement Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Laws_of_the_Realm" title="Fundamental Laws of the Realm">Fundamental Laws of the Realm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Succession_to_the_Headship_of_the_State" title="Law of Succession to the Headship of the State">Ley de Sucesión en la Jefatura del Estado</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Law_of_the_State" title="Organic Law of the State">Organic Law of the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Reform_Act" title="Political Reform Act">Political Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Spanish_law_of_succession_referendum" title="1947 Spanish law of succession referendum">1947 Spanish law of succession referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Spanish_organic_law_referendum" title="1966 Spanish organic law referendum">1966 Spanish organic law referendum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Neo-Francoism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAnker" title="Búnker">Búnker</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_National_Foundation" title="Francisco Franco National Foundation">Francisco Franco National Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">New Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_July_18" title="National Alliance July 18">National Alliance July 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Spain)" title="National Union (Spain)">National Union (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23-F" class="mw-redirect" title="23-F">23-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Solidarity" title="Spanish Solidarity">Spanish Solidarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Argentina" title="Economic history of Argentina">Economic history of Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_children_of_Francoism" title="Lost children of Francoism">Lost children of Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_Francoist_Spain" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with Francoist Spain">Diplomatic relations</a></li> <li><span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu"><a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">Euskadi Ta Askatasuna</a></i></span> (ETA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_policies_of_Francoist_Spain" title="Language policies of Francoist Spain">Francoist language policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Bloc_(proposed_alliance)" title="Latin Bloc (proposed alliance)">Latin Bloc (proposed alliance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_Chile" title="Miracle of Chile">Miracle of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Forgetting" title="Pact of Forgetting">Pact of Forgetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Islero" title="Project Islero">Project Islero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle de los Caídos">Valley of the Fallen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/16px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Francoism_sidebar" title="Template:Francoism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Francoism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Francoism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Francoism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Francoism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visita_de_Francisco_Franco_a_la_localidad_de_Tolosa_(15_de_21)_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Visita_de_Francisco_Franco_a_la_localidad_de_Tolosa_%2815_de_21%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/220px-Visita_de_Francisco_Franco_a_la_localidad_de_Tolosa_%2815_de_21%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Visita_de_Francisco_Franco_a_la_localidad_de_Tolosa_%2815_de_21%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/330px-Visita_de_Francisco_Franco_a_la_localidad_de_Tolosa_%2815_de_21%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Visita_de_Francisco_Franco_a_la_localidad_de_Tolosa_%2815_de_21%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/440px-Visita_de_Francisco_Franco_a_la_localidad_de_Tolosa_%2815_de_21%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Franco visits <a href="/wiki/Tolosa,_Gipuzkoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolosa, Gipuzkoa">Tolosa</a>, 1948.</figcaption></figure> <p>Franco was recognised as the Spanish head of state by the United Kingdom, France, and Argentina in February 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already proclaimed <i><a href="/wiki/General%C3%ADsimo" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalísimo">Generalísimo</a></i> of the Nationalists and <i>Jefe del Estado</i> (<a href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Head of State</a>) in October 1936,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013424_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013424-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he thereafter assumed the official title of "<i>Su Excelencia el Jefe de Estado</i>" ("His Excellency the Head of State"). He was also referred to in state and official documents as "<i><a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">Caudillo</a> de España</i>" ("the Leader of Spain"), and sometimes called "<i>el Caudillo de la Última Cruzada y de la Hispanidad</i>" ("the Leader of the Last <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">Crusade</a> and of the Hispanic heritage") and "<i>el Caudillo de la Guerra de Liberación contra el Comunismo y sus Cómplices</i>" ("the Leader of the War of Liberation Against Communism and Its Accomplices"). </p><p>On paper, Franco had more power than any Spanish leader before or since. For the first four years after taking Madrid, he ruled almost exclusively by decree. The "Law of the Head of State," passed in August 1939, "permanently confided" all governing power to Franco; he was not required to even consult the cabinet for most legislation or decrees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1987231–234_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1987231–234-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Payne, Franco possessed far more day-to-day power than Hitler or Stalin possessed at the respective heights of their power. He noted that while Hitler and Stalin maintained rubber-stamp parliaments, this was not the case in Spain in the early years after the war – a situation that nominally made Franco's regime "the most purely arbitrary in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1987323_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1987323-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This changed in 1942, when Franco convened a parliament known as the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Espa%C3%B1olas" title="Cortes Españolas">Cortes Españolas</a>. It was elected in accordance with corporatist principles, and had little real power. Notably, it had no control over government spending, and the government was not responsible to it; ministers were appointed and dismissed by Franco alone. </p><p>On 26 July 1947, Franco proclaimed Spain a monarchy, but did not designate a monarch. This gesture was largely done to appease the monarchists in the <i><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">Movimiento Nacional</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legitimism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimism">Alfonsoists</a>). Franco left the throne vacant, proclaiming himself as a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> for life. At the same time, Franco appropriated many of the privileges of a king. He wore the uniform of a <a href="/wiki/Captain_general" title="Captain general">captain general</a> (a rank traditionally reserved for the king) and resided in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_El_Pardo" title="Royal Palace of El Pardo">El Pardo Palace</a>. In addition he began walking under a <a href="/wiki/Baldachin" title="Baldachin">canopy</a>, and his portrait appeared on most <a href="/wiki/Spanish_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish coins">Spanish coins</a> and postage stamps. He also added "<a href="/wiki/By_the_grace_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="By the grace of God">by the grace of God</a>", a phrase usually part of the styles of monarchs, to his style. </p><p>Franco initially sought support from various groups. His administration marginalised fascist ideologues in favour of <a href="/wiki/Technocracy_(bureaucratic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Technocracy (bureaucratic)">technocrats</a>, many of whom were linked with <a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a>, who promoted economic modernisation.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Franco adopted Fascist trappings,<sup id="cite_ref-b1_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-meneses_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meneses-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gilmour_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmour-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1999347,_476_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1999347,_476-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Payne" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Payne">Stanley Payne</a> argued that very few scholars consider him to be a "core fascist".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1999[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfascisminspain1900paynpage476_476]_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1999[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfascisminspain1900paynpage476_476]-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the regime, the <i>Oxford Living Dictionary</i> uses Franco's regime as an example of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has also been variously presented as a "fascistized dictatorship",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaz_Campos200490_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaz_Campos200490-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a "semi-fascist regime".<sup id="cite_ref-Kornetis2019_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kornetis2019-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francisco Cobo Romero writes that, besides neutering left-wing advances by using an essentially antiliberal brand of ultranationalism, "in its attempt to emulate Fascism, Francoism resorted to the sacralization and mystification of the motherland, raising it into an object of cult, and coating it with a liturgic divinization of its leader".<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All in all, some authors have pointed at a purported artificialness and failure of FET JONS in order to de-emphasise the Fascist weight within the regime whereas others have embedded those perceived features of "weak party" within the frame of a particular model of "Spanish Fascism".<sup id="cite_ref-sanzhoya_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanzhoya-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, new research material has been argued to underpin the "Fascist subject", both on the basis of the existence of a pervasive and fully differentiated Fascist falangist political culture, and on the importance of the Civil War for <a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">falangism</a>, which served as an area of experience, of violence, of memory, as well as for the generation of a culture of victory.<sup id="cite_ref-sanzhoya_220-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanzhoya-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the perspective of a comparative of European fascisms, Javier Rodrigo considers the Francoist regime to be paradigmatic for three reasons: for being the only authoritarian European regime with totalitarian aspirations, for being the regime that deployed the most political violence in times of rhetorical peace, and for being the regime deploying the most effective "memoricidal" apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the end of World War II, Spain suffered from the consequences of its isolation from the international economy. Spain was excluded from the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unlike other neutral countries in Europe. This situation ended in part when, in the light of <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> tensions and of Spain's strategic location, the United States of America entered into a trade and military alliance with Franco. This historic alliance commenced with the visit of US President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> to Spain in 1953, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a>. Spain was then admitted to the United Nations in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American military facilities in Spain built since then include <a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Rota" title="Naval Station Rota">Naval Station Rota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mor%C3%B3n_Air_Base" title="Morón Air Base">Morón Air Base</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torrej%C3%B3n_Air_Base" title="Torrejón Air Base">Torrejón Air Base</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubottomMurphy198487_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubottomMurphy198487-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_repression">Political repression</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Francisco_Franco" title="Special:EditPage/Francisco Franco">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Francisco+Franco%22">"Francisco Franco"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Francisco+Franco%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Francisco+Franco%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Francisco+Franco%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Francisco+Franco%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Francisco+Franco%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> According to Preston's estimates, Franco's forces killed about 420,000 Spaniards in the theatre of war, through extrajudicial killings during the Civil War, and in state executions immediately following its end in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenneis2018_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenneis2018-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first decade of Franco's rule following its end saw continued repression and the killing of an undetermined number of political opponents. In 1941 the prison population of Spain was 233,000, mostly political prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiilsford1995_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiilsford1995-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Antony Beevor, recent research in more than half of Spain's provinces indicates at least 35,000 official executions in the country after the war, suggesting that the generally accepted figure of 35,000 official executions is low. Accounting for unofficial and random killings, and those who died during the war from execution, suicide, starvation and disease in prison, the total number is probably closer to 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006405_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006405-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_Companys,_gobernador_civil_de_Barcelona,_en_Mundo_Gr%C3%A1fico_1931-04-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Luis_Companys%2C_gobernador_civil_de_Barcelona%2C_en_Mundo_Gr%C3%A1fico_1931-04-29.jpg/220px-Luis_Companys%2C_gobernador_civil_de_Barcelona%2C_en_Mundo_Gr%C3%A1fico_1931-04-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Luis_Companys%2C_gobernador_civil_de_Barcelona%2C_en_Mundo_Gr%C3%A1fico_1931-04-29.jpg/330px-Luis_Companys%2C_gobernador_civil_de_Barcelona%2C_en_Mundo_Gr%C3%A1fico_1931-04-29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Luis_Companys%2C_gobernador_civil_de_Barcelona%2C_en_Mundo_Gr%C3%A1fico_1931-04-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Companys" title="Lluís Companys">Lluís Companys</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> under the Republic, who was executed by Franco in 1940</figcaption></figure><p>By the start of the 1950s Franco's state had become less violent, but during his entire rule, non-government trade unions and all political opponents across the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> organisations to <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a> separatists, were either suppressed or tightly controlled with all means, up to and including violent police repression.<sup id="cite_ref-GüellAmpuero2006_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GüellAmpuero2006-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">Confederación Nacional del Trabajo</a></i> (CNT) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores" title="Unión General de Trabajadores">Unión General de Trabajadores</a></i> (UGT) trade unions were outlawed, and replaced in 1940 by the corporatist <i><a href="/wiki/Sindicato_Vertical" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindicato Vertical">Sindicato Vertical</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Spanish Socialist Workers' Party</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Esquerra_Republicana_de_Catalunya" class="mw-redirect" title="Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya">Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya</a></i> (ERC) were banned in 1939, while the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">Communist Party of Spain</a> (PCE) went underground. The <a href="/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Party" title="Basque Nationalist Party">Basque Nationalist Party</a> (PNV) went into exile, and in 1959 the <a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">ETA</a> armed group was created to wage a <a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-intensity warfare">low-intensity war</a> against Franco. </p><p>Franco's Spanish nationalism promoted a unitary national identity by repressing Spain's cultural diversity. <a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">Bullfighting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">flamenco</a><sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were promoted as national traditions while those traditions not considered "Spanish" were suppressed. Franco's view of Spanish tradition was somewhat artificial and arbitrary: while some regional traditions were suppressed, flamenco, an Andalucian tradition, was considered part of a larger, national identity. All cultural activities were subject to censorship, and many, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana">Sardana</a>, the national dance of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, were plainly forbidden (often in an erratic manner). This cultural policy was relaxed over time, most notably during the late 1960s and early 1970s. </p><p>Franco also used <a href="/wiki/Language_policies_of_Francoist_Spain" title="Language policies of Francoist Spain">language politics</a> in an attempt to establish national homogeneity. He promoted the use of <a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian Spanish</a> and suppressed other languages such as <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>. The legal usage of languages other than Castilian was forbidden. All government, notarial, legal and commercial documents were to be drawn up exclusively in Castilian and any documents written in other languages were deemed null and void. The usage of any other language was forbidden in schools, in advertising, and on road and shop signs. For unofficial use, citizens continued to speak these languages. This was the situation throughout the 1940s and to a lesser extent during the 1950s, but after 1960 the non-Castilian Spanish languages were freely spoken and written, and they reached bookshops and stages, although they never received official status. </p><p>Most country towns and rural areas were patrolled by pairs of <i><a href="/wiki/Guardia_Civil_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia Civil (Spain)">Guardia Civil</a></i>, a military police force for civilians, which functioned as Franco's chief means of social control. Larger cities and capitals were mostly under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Policia_Armada" class="mw-redirect" title="Policia Armada">Policia Armada</a>, or the <i><a href="/wiki/Grises" class="mw-redirect" title="Grises">grises</a></i> ("greys", due to the colour of their uniforms) as they were called. </p><p>Student revolts at universities in the late 1960s and early 1970s were violently repressed by the heavily armed <i>Policía Armada</i> (Armed Police), and plain-clothes police were present at lectures in Spanish universities.<sup id="cite_ref-Diéguez1973_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diéguez1973-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enforcement by public authorities of traditional <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic values</a> was a stated intent of the regime, mainly by using a law (the <i>Ley de Vagos y Maleantes</i>, Vagrancy Act) enacted by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining nomads of Spain (<a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Gitanos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merchero" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchero">Mercheros</a> like <a href="/wiki/Eleuterio_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Eleuterio Sánchez">El Lute</a>) were especially affected. Through this law, homosexuality and prostitution were made criminal offences in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_colonies_and_decolonisation">Spanish colonies and decolonisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div> <p>Spain attempted to retain control of its colonies throughout Franco's rule. During the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (1954–62), Madrid became the base of the <i><a href="/wiki/Organisation_arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Organisation armée secrète">Organisation armée secrète</a></i> (OAS), a right-wing French Army group which sought to preserve <a href="/wiki/French_rule_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="French rule in Algeria">French Algeria</a>. Despite this, Franco was forced to make some concessions. When Morocco became independent from France in 1956, he surrendered the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish protectorate</a> to the new-born state, retaining only a few cities (the <i><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></i>). The year after, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed V of Morocco">Mohammed V</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a> (known as the "Forgotten War" in Spain). Only in 1975, with the <a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March</a>, did Morocco take control of all of the former Spanish territories in the Sahara. </p><p>In 1968, under pressure from the United Nations,<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain granted <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> its independence, and the following year it ceded <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> to Morocco. Under Franco, Spain also pursued a campaign to force a negotiation on the <a href="/wiki/British_overseas_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British overseas territory">British overseas territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disputed_status_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed status of Gibraltar">closed its border with that territory</a> in 1969. The border would not be fully reopened until 1985. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain#Franco_era_(1939–75)" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic history of Spain under Franco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle" title="Spanish miracle">Spanish miracle</a></div> <p>The Civil War ravaged the Spanish economy.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infrastructure had been damaged, workers killed, and daily business severely hampered. For more than a decade after Franco's victory, the devastated economy recovered very slowly. Franco initially pursued a policy of <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a>, cutting off almost all international trade. The policy had devastating effects, and the economy stagnated. Only black marketeers could enjoy an evident affluence. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_peseta_coin_with_Franco_1963.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/16/Spanish_peseta_coin_with_Franco_1963.gif/220px-Spanish_peseta_coin_with_Franco_1963.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/16/Spanish_peseta_coin_with_Franco_1963.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>1963 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_peseta" title="Spanish peseta">Spanish peseta</a> coin with an image of Franco and lettering reading: "Francisco Franco, Leader of Spain, by the grace of God"</figcaption></figure> <p>On the brink of bankruptcy, a combination of pressure from the United States and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> managed to convince the regime to adopt a free market economy. Many of the old guard in charge of the economy were replaced by technocrats (<i>technocrata</i>), despite some initial opposition from Franco. The regime took its first faltering steps toward abandoning its pretensions of self-sufficiency and towards a transformation of Spain's economic system. Pre-Civil War industrial production levels were regained in the early 1950s, though agricultural output remained below prewar levels until 1958. The years from 1951 to 1956 were marked by substantial economic progress, but the reforms of the period were only sporadically implemented, and they were not well coordinated. From the mid-1950s there was a slow but steady acceleration in economic activity, but the relative lack of growth (compared to the rest of Western Europe) eventually forced the Franco regime to allow the introduction of liberal economic policies in the late 1950s. During the pre-stabilization years of 1957–1959, Spanish economic planners implemented partial measures such as moderate anti-inflationary adjustments and incremental moves to integrate Spain into the global economy, but external developments and a worsening domestic economic crisis forced them to adopt more sweeping changes. A reorganisation of the Council of Ministers in early 1957 had brought a group of younger men, most of whom were educated in economics and had experience, to the key ministries. The process of integrating the country into the world economy was further facilitated by the reforms of the 1959 Stabilization and Liberalization Plan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrados_de_la_Escosura20176,_7,_20_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrados_de_la_Escosura20176,_7,_20-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1990140–141_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1990140–141-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Franco replaced his ideological ministers with the apolitical technocrats, the regime implemented several development policies that included deep economic reforms. After a recession, growth took off from 1959, creating an economic boom that lasted until 1974, and became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle" title="Spanish miracle">Spanish miracle</a>". </p><p>Concurrent with the absence of social reforms, and the economic power shift, a tide of mass emigration commenced to other European countries, and to a lesser extent, to South America. Emigration helped the regime in two ways. The country got rid of populations it would not have been able to keep in employment, and the emigrants supplied the country with much needed monetary remittances. </p><p>During the 1960s, the wealthy classes of Francoist Spain experienced further increases in wealth, particularly those who remained politically faithful, while a burgeoning middle class became visible as the "economic miracle" progressed. International firms established factories in Spain where salaries were low, company taxes very low, strikes forbidden and workers' health or state protections almost unheard of. State-owned firms like the car manufacturer <a href="/wiki/SEAT" title="SEAT">SEAT</a>, truck builder <a href="/wiki/Pegaso" title="Pegaso">Pegaso</a>, and oil refiner INH, massively expanded production. Furthermore, Spain was virtually a new mass market. Spain became the second-fastest growing economy in the world between 1959 and 1973, just behind <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. By the time of Franco's death in 1975, Spain still lagged behind most of Western Europe but the gap between its per capita GDP and that of the leading Western European countries had narrowed greatly, and the country had developed a large industrialised economy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession">Succession</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In_Madrid_is_herdacht_dat_Franco_30_jaar_geleden_de_burgeroorlog_(_1936_1939_)_w,_Bestanddeelnr_922-4913_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/In_Madrid_is_herdacht_dat_Franco_30_jaar_geleden_de_burgeroorlog_%28_1936_1939_%29_w%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-4913_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-In_Madrid_is_herdacht_dat_Franco_30_jaar_geleden_de_burgeroorlog_%28_1936_1939_%29_w%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-4913_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/In_Madrid_is_herdacht_dat_Franco_30_jaar_geleden_de_burgeroorlog_%28_1936_1939_%29_w%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-4913_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-In_Madrid_is_herdacht_dat_Franco_30_jaar_geleden_de_burgeroorlog_%28_1936_1939_%29_w%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-4913_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/In_Madrid_is_herdacht_dat_Franco_30_jaar_geleden_de_burgeroorlog_%28_1936_1939_%29_w%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-4913_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-In_Madrid_is_herdacht_dat_Franco_30_jaar_geleden_de_burgeroorlog_%28_1936_1939_%29_w%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-4913_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="2106" /></a><figcaption>Franco with Prince <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">Juan Carlos</a> in 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1960s, the ageing Franco decided to name a monarch to succeed his regency, but the simmering tensions between the <a href="/wiki/Carlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlists">Carlists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Alfonsoists</a> continued. In 1969, Franco formally nominated as his heir-apparent Prince <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">Juan Carlos de Borbón</a>, who had been educated by him in Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-Prseton2014_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prseton2014-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the new title of <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Spain" title="Prince of Spain">Prince of Spain</a>, suggested by <a href="/wiki/Laureano_L%C3%B3pez_Rod%C3%B3" title="Laureano López Rodó">Laureano López Rodó</a> to avoid a confrontation with Juan Carlos's father, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Borb%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan de Borbón">Juan de Borbón, the Count of Barcelona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tusell_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tusell-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This designation came as a surprise to the Carlist pretender to the throne, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Xavier_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma">Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma</a>, as well as to Don Juan.<sup id="cite_ref-Powell201636_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell201636-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As his final years progressed, tensions within the various factions of the <i>Movimiento</i> would consume Spanish political life, as varying groups jockeyed for position in an effort to win control of the country's future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_Arms">Honours and Arms</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_career_and_honours_of_Francisco_Franco#Awards" title="Military career and honours of Francisco Franco">Military career and honours of Francisco Franco § Awards</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms">Arms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Francoism#Guidon,_head_of_State's_standard_and_coat_of_arms_of_Franco" title="Symbols of Francoism">Symbols of Francoism § Guidon, head of State's standard and coat of arms of Franco</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <caption>Arms and Guidon </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Francisco_Franco_as_Head_of_the_Spanish_State.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Francisco_Franco_as_Head_of_the_Spanish_State.svg/185px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Francisco_Franco_as_Head_of_the_Spanish_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Francisco_Franco_as_Head_of_the_Spanish_State.svg/278px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Francisco_Franco_as_Head_of_the_Spanish_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Francisco_Franco_as_Head_of_the_Spanish_State.svg/370px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Francisco_Franco_as_Head_of_the_Spanish_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1697" data-file-height="1697" /></a></span><br /> Personal Arms (1940–1975)<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guidon_of_Francisco_Franco_as_Head_of_the_Spanish_State.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Guidon_of_Francisco_Franco_as_Head_of_the_Spanish_State.svg/150px-Guidon_of_Francisco_Franco_as_Head_of_the_Spanish_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Guidon_of_Francisco_Franco_as_Head_of_the_Spanish_State.svg/225px-Guidon_of_Francisco_Franco_as_Head_of_the_Spanish_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Guidon_of_Francisco_Franco_as_Head_of_the_Spanish_State.svg/300px-Guidon_of_Francisco_Franco_as_Head_of_the_Spanish_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1583" /></a></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_flag#Guidon" title="Heraldic flag">Guidon</a> as Head of State<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoralesAlegría2001_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoralesAlegría2001-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_Arias_Navarro_and_Franco_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Carlos_Arias_Navarro_and_Franco_1975.jpg/220px-Carlos_Arias_Navarro_and_Franco_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Carlos_Arias_Navarro_and_Franco_1975.jpg/330px-Carlos_Arias_Navarro_and_Franco_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Carlos_Arias_Navarro_and_Franco_1975.jpg/440px-Carlos_Arias_Navarro_and_Franco_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="2264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arias_Navarro" title="Carlos Arias Navarro">Carlos Arias Navarro</a> and Franco at his residence in October 1975, around one week before he fell into an irreversible coma</figcaption></figure> <p>On 19 July 1974, the aged Franco fell ill from various health problems, and Juan Carlos took over as acting head of state. Franco recovered and on 2 September he resumed his duties as head of state. A year later he fell ill again, afflicted with further health problems, including a long battle with <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>. Franco's last public appearance was on 1 October 1975 when, despite his gaunt and frail appearance, he gave a speech to crowds from the balcony at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid" title="Royal Palace of Madrid">Royal Palace of Madrid</a>, warning the people that there was a "Masonic, Leftist and Communist conspiracy against Spain." On 30 October 1975 he fell into a coma and was put on <a href="/wiki/Life_support" title="Life support">life support</a>. Franco's family agreed to disconnect the life-support machines. Officially, he died a few minutes after midnight on 20 November 1975 from heart failure, at the age of 82 – on the same date as the death of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">José Antonio Primo de Rivera</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Falange Española">Falange</a>, in 1936. Historian <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_de_la_Cierva" title="Ricardo de la Cierva">Ricardo de la Cierva</a> claimed, however, that he had been told around 6 pm on 19 November that Franco had already died.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As soon as news of Franco's death was made public, the government declared thirty days of official national mourning. On 22 November, Juan Carlos was officially proclaimed <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a>. There was a public viewing of Franco's body at the chapel in the Royal Palace; a requiem mass and a military parade were held on the day of his burial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllwood2014181–183,_217–219_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllwood2014181–183,_217–219-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Franco's body was interred at the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Fallen" title="Valley of the Fallen">Valley of the Fallen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i>Valle de los Caídos</i>), a colossal memorial built by the forced labour of <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a> ostensibly to honour the casualties of both sides of the Spanish Civil War. It was located only 10 kilometres from the palace, monastery, and royal pantheon of <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a> built for <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">King Felipe II</a>. On 1 April 1959, Franco had inaugurated its huge underground <a href="/wiki/Basilicas_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Basilicas in the Catholic Church">basilica</a> as his monument and <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a>, saying in his own words that it was built "in memory of my victory over communism, which was trying to dominate Spain." The project's architect, Diego Méndez, had constructed a lead-lined tomb for Franco underneath the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a>, behind the high altar of the church, in 1956, a fact unknown to the Spanish people until almost thirty years later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllwood2014181–183,_217–219_243-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllwood2014181–183,_217–219-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franco was the only person interred in the Valley who did not die during the civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-Seixas2021_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seixas2021-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried a few metres from the grave of the Falange's founder, Jose Antonio.<sup id="cite_ref-Cazorla-Sanchez2013b_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cazorla-Sanchez2013b-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A requiem mass and a military parade took place on the day of his burial, 23 November 1975. As the <a href="/wiki/Cort%C3%A8ge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortège">cortège</a> with Franco's body arrived at the Valley of the Fallen, some 75,000 rightists wearing the <a href="/wiki/Blueshirts_(Falange)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blueshirts (Falange)">blue shirts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">Falangists</a> greeted it with rebel songs from the civil war and <a href="/wiki/Roman_salute#Elsewhere" title="Roman salute">fascist salutes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keefe1976_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keefe1976-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major European governments, who condemned Franco's regime, declined to send high-level representatives to his funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitehead_2001_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitehead_2001-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the few foreign dignitaries and government representatives who attended were: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of the United States">Vice-President of the United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Munoz2008_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munoz2008-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Shepherd,_2nd_Baron_Shepherd" title="Malcolm Shepherd, 2nd Baron Shepherd">Lord Shepherd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a> of the United Kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-SalmonHamilton2006_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SalmonHamilton2006-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> caused controversy within the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> by sending him to represent the UK Government),<sup id="cite_ref-TheTimes1975_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheTimes1975-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rainier_III_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Rainier III of Monaco">Prince Rainier III of Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">King Hussein of Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Ladies_and_Gentlemen_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="First Ladies and Gentlemen of the Philippines">First Lady</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philippines">the Philippines</a> and the wife of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>, dictator of the Philippines,<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler2020_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler2020-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Banzer" title="Hugo Banzer">Hugo Banzer</a>, military dictator of Bolivia,<sup id="cite_ref-Cazorla-Sanchez2013b_245-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cazorla-Sanchez2013b-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>, the dictator of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Munoz2008_248-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munoz2008-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for whom the Spanish <i>Caudillo</i> was a role-model. It was made clear to General Pinochet that he was not welcome at Juan Carlos's coronation.<sup id="cite_ref-Powell2016_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell2016-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Franco's funeral, his widow, Carmen Polo, supervised the moving of crates of jewellery, antiques, artworks, and Franco's papers to the family's various estates in Spain or to safe havens in foreign countries. The family remained extremely rich after his death. Polo had a room in her apartment in which the walls were lined from floor to ceiling with forty columns of twenty drawers, some containing tiaras, necklaces, earrings, garlands, brooches and cameos. Others contained gold, silver, diamonds, emeralds, rubies, topazes, and pearls, but the most valuable jewels were kept in bank vaults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2020406_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2020406-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhumation">Exhumation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPA-2014-San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial-Valley_of_the_Fallen_(Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SPA-2014-San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial-Valley_of_the_Fallen_%28Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos%29.jpg/220px-SPA-2014-San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial-Valley_of_the_Fallen_%28Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SPA-2014-San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial-Valley_of_the_Fallen_%28Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos%29.jpg/330px-SPA-2014-San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial-Valley_of_the_Fallen_%28Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SPA-2014-San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial-Valley_of_the_Fallen_%28Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos%29.jpg/440px-SPA-2014-San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial-Valley_of_the_Fallen_%28Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6500" data-file-height="5558" /></a><figcaption>In 2019 Franco's body was removed from the monument of Santa Cruz del <a href="/wiki/Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle de los Caídos">Valle de los Caídos</a>, where it had lain since his funeral in 1975.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 11 May 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a> approved, by 198–1 with 140 abstentions, a motion driven by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Socialist Workers' Party</a> ordering the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government</a> to <a href="/wiki/Exhume" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhume">exhume</a> Franco's remains.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 August 2018, the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1nchez_I_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Sánchez I Government">Government</a> of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Sánchez (politician)">Pedro Sánchez</a> approved legal amendments to the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Memory_Law" title="Historical Memory Law">Historical Memory Law</a> stating that only those who died during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Civil War</a> would be buried at the Valle de los Caídos, resulting in plans to exhume Franco's remains for reburial elsewhere. Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Calvo_Poyato" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmen Calvo Poyato">Carmen Calvo Poyato</a> stated that having Franco buried at the monument "shows a lack of respect ... for the victims buried there". The government gave Franco's family a 15-day deadline to decide Franco's final resting place, or else a "dignified place" would be chosen by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 September 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a> voted 176–2, with 165 abstentions, to approve the government's plan to remove Franco's body from the monument.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Franco's family opposed the exhumation and attempted to prevent it by making appeals to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Ombudsman" title="Spanish Ombudsman">Ombudsman's Office</a>. The family expressed its wish that Franco's remains be reinterred with full military honours at the <a href="/wiki/Almudena_Cathedral" title="Almudena Cathedral">Almudena Cathedral</a> in the centre of <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, the burial place he had requested before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demand was rejected by the Spanish Government, which issued another 15-day deadline to choose another site.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the family refused to choose another location, the Spanish Government ultimately chose to rebury Franco at the <a href="/wiki/Mingorrubio_Cemetery" title="Mingorrubio Cemetery">Mingorrubio Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/El_Pardo" title="El Pardo">El Pardo</a>, where his wife Carmen Polo and a number of Francoist officials, most notably prime ministers <a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Luis Carrero Blanco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arias_Navarro" title="Carlos Arias Navarro">Carlos Arias Navarro</a>, are buried.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His body was to be exhumed from the Valle de los Caídos on 10 June 2019, but the Supreme Court of Spain ruled that the exhumation would be delayed until the family had exhausted all possible appeals.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 September 2019, the Supreme Court ruled that the exhumation could proceed, and the Sánchez government announced that it would move Franco's remains to the Mingorrubio cemetery as soon as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 October 2019 his remains were moved to his wife's mausoleum which is located in the Mingorrubio Cemetery, and buried in a private ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though barred by the Spanish government from being draped in the Spanish flag, Francisco Franco's grandson, also named Francisco Franco, draped his coffin in the nationalist flag.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a poll by the Spanish newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)" title="El Mundo (Spain)">El Mundo</a></i>, 43% of Spanish people approved of the exhumation while 32.5% opposed it. Opinions on the exhumation were divided by party line, with the Socialist party strongly in favour of the exhumation as well as the removal of his statue there. There seems to be no consensus on whether the statue should simply be moved or completely destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Francoism#Statues_of_Franco" title="Symbols of Francoism">Symbols of Francoism § Statues of Franco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_career_and_honours_of_Francisco_Franco#Honorific_eponyms" title="Military career and honours of Francisco Franco">Military career and honours of Francisco Franco § Honorific eponyms</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NasserFranco.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="NasserFranco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/NasserFranco.png/220px-NasserFranco.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/NasserFranco.png/330px-NasserFranco.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/NasserFranco.png/440px-NasserFranco.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Franco greeting <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> at Madrid airport, September 24, 1960</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Spain" title="Category:Conservatism in Spain">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Spain</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/80px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/120px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/160px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="741" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics#Spain" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Traditionalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Spain" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Francoist_Spain" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hispanidad" title="Hispanidad">Hispanidad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_unionism" title="Spanish unionism">Spanish unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1923 Spanish coup d'état">1923 Spanish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_culture_in_Francoist_Spain" title="Art and culture in Francoist Spain">Art and culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAnker" title="Búnker">Búnker</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20-N" title="20-N">20-N</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Albi%C3%B1ana" title="José María Albiñana">Albiñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Bleiberg" title="Germán Bleiberg">Bleiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Cela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Donoso Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_La%C3%ADn_Entralgo" title="Pedro Laín Entralgo">Entralgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_la_Mora" title="Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora">Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Gambra_Ciudad" title="Rafael Gambra Ciudad">Gambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Gambra_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="José Miguel Gambra Gutiérrez">Gambra Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaos" title="José Gaos">Gaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Gil_Robles" title="Enrique Gil Robles">Gil Robles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Herv%C3%A1s" title="Lorenzo Hervás">Hervás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_de_Maeztu" title="Ramiro de Maeztu">de Maeztu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Maravall" title="José Antonio Maravall">Maravall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Mar%C3%ADas" title="Julián Marías">Marías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_d%27Ors_P%C3%A9rez-Peix" title="Álvaro d'Ors Pérez-Peix">d'Ors (Álvaro)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Panero" title="Leopoldo Panero">Panero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Pradera_Larumbe" title="Víctor Pradera Larumbe">Pradera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvira_Roca_Barea" title="Elvira Roca Barea">Roca Barea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_El%C3%ADas_de_Tejada_y_Sp%C3%ADnola" title="Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spínola">de Tejada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">de Unamuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Vig%C3%B3n" title="Jorge Vigón">Vigón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Vázquez de Mella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Zubiri" title="Xavier Zubiri">Zubiri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_is_a_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism is a Sin">Liberalism is a Sin</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1884)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dehumanization_of_Art_and_Other_Essays_on_Art,_Culture,_and_Literature" title="The Dehumanization of Art and Other Essays on Art, Culture, and Literature">The Dehumanization of Art</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_State" title="The New State">The New State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Abascal" title="Santiago Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_D%C3%ADaz_Ayuso" title="Isabel Díaz Ayuso">Ayuso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">Aznar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casado" title="Pablo Casado">Casado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Carrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Donoso Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Cosid%C3%B3" title="Ignacio Cosidó">Cosidó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fal_Conde" title="Manuel Fal Conde">Fal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torcuato_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Miranda" title="Torcuato Fernández-Miranda">Fernández-Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fraga" title="Manuel Fraga">Fraga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Gambra_Ciudad" title="Rafael Gambra Ciudad">Gambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones">Gil-Robles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Gir%C3%B3n" title="José Antonio Girón">Girón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Goicoechea" title="Antonio Goicoechea">Goicoechea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Zamanillo_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Camino" title="José Luis Zamanillo González-Camino">González-Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Marhuenda" title="Francisco Marhuenda">Marhuenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maura" title="Antonio Maura">Maura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arias_Navarro" title="Carlos Arias Navarro">Navarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P%C3%A9rez_(Spanish_politician)" title="David Pérez (Spanish politician)">Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_Pi%C3%B1ar" title="Blas Piñar">Piñar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Pradera_Larumbe" title="Víctor Pradera Larumbe">Pradera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rajoy" title="Mariano Rajoy">Rajoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Dom%C3%ADnguez_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Tomás Domínguez Arévalo">Rodezno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ruiz-Jarabo" title="Francisco Ruiz-Jarabo">Ruiz-Jarabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_Su%C3%B1er" title="Ramón Serrano Suñer">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcial_Solana_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Camino" title="Marcial Solana González-Camino">Solana González-Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_El%C3%ADas_de_Tejada_y_Sp%C3%ADnola" title="Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spínola">de Tejada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tejero" title="Antonio Tejero">Tejero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Utrera_Molina" title="José Utrera Molina">Utrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Valiente_Soriano" title="José María Valiente Soriano">Valiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Vázquez de Mella</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aznar_Zubigaray" title="Manuel Aznar Zubigaray">Aznar Zubigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco,_1st_Duchess_of_Franco" title="Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco">Franco (Carmen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Jim%C3%A9nez_Losantos" title="Federico Jiménez Losantos">Losantos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Marhuenda" title="Francisco Marhuenda">Marhuenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_d%27Ors" title="Eugenio d'Ors">d'Ors (Eugenio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pem%C3%A1n" title="José María Pemán">Pemán</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_People%27s_Union" title="Navarrese People's Union">Navarrese People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Catholic_Movement" title="Spanish Catholic Movement">Spanish Catholic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox_(political_party)" title="Vox (political party)">Vox</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CEDA" title="CEDA">CEDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Spain)" title="Conservative Party (Spain)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Catalonia" title="Democratic Union of Catalonia">Democratic Union of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a> (factions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Right" title="Liberal Republican Right">Liberal Republican Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">New Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_(Spain)" title="Patriotic Union (Spain)">Patriotic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_(Spain)" title="People's Alliance (Spain)">People's Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Action_(Spain)" title="Popular Action (Spain)">Popular Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalist_League_of_Catalonia" title="Regionalist League of Catalonia">Regionalist League of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renovation" title="Spanish Renovation">Spanish Renovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Communion" title="Traditionalist Communion">Traditionalist Communion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Acción Española">Acción Española</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CitizenGo" class="mw-redirect" title="CitizenGo">CitizenGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAES" title="FAES">FAES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_National_Foundation" title="Francisco Franco National Foundation">Francisco Franco National Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Forum" title="Madrid Forum">Madrid Forum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">Movimiento Nacional</a></i> (factions)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Requet%C3%A9" title="Requeté">Requeté</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)" title="ABC (newspaper)">ABC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89poca_(Spanish_magazine)" title="Época (Spanish magazine)">Época</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="El Alcázar">El Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldo_de_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Heraldo de Aragón">Heraldo de Aragón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Raz%C3%B3n_(Madrid)" title="La Razón (Madrid)">La Razón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revista_Contempor%C3%A1nea" title="Revista Contemporánea">Revista Contemporánea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revista_de_Occidente" title="Revista de Occidente">Revista de Occidente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telva" title="Telva">Telva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trece_(Spanish_TV_channel)" title="Trece (Spanish TV channel)">Trece</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_crime#Spain" title="Immigration and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_Francoism" title="Sociological Francoism">Sociological Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_irredentism" title="Spanish irredentism">Spanish irredentism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/16px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Spain" title="Template:Conservatism in Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Spain" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Spain and abroad, the legacy of Franco remains controversial. The longevity of Franco's rule (39 years in the Nationalist Zone and 36 years in all of Spain), his suppression of political opposition, and his government's effective propaganda sustained through the years have made a detached evaluation difficult. For almost 40 years, Spaniards, and particularly children at school, were told that <a href="/wiki/Divine_Providence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Providence">Divine Providence</a> had sent Franco to save Spain from chaos, atheism, and poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Stanley Payne described Franco as being the most significant figure to dominate Spain since <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">King Felipe II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014501_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014501-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Michael Seidman argued that Franco was the most successful counter-revolutionary leader of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeidman2011254_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman2011254-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A highly controversial figure within Spain, Franco is seen as a divisive leader. Supporters credit him for keeping Spain neutral and uninvaded during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. They emphasise his strong anti-communist and nationalist views, economic policies, and opposition to socialism as major factors in Spain's post-war economic success and later international integration.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Spain's neutrality during the war he was praised by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951151_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951151-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOS_185-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOS-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also supported by <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> and many American Catholics, but was later strongly opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> administration.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American conservative commentator <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley,_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Buckley, Jr">William F. Buckley, Jr</a> was an admirer of Franco, and praised him effusively in his magazine, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i>, where the staff were also ardent admirers of the dictator. In 1957, Buckley called him "an authentic national hero",<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley1963_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley1963-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who "above others", had the qualities needed to wrest Spain from "the hands of the visionaries, ideologues, Marxists and nihilists", i.e., from the democratically elected government of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Krugman2009_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krugman2009-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, critics on the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a> have denounced him as a tyrant responsible for thousands of deaths in years-long political repression and have called him complicit in atrocities committed by Axis forces during the Second World War due to his support of the Axis governments. </p><p>When he died in November 1975, the major parties of the left and the right in Spain agreed to follow the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Forgetting" title="Pact of Forgetting">Pact of Forgetting</a>. To secure the transition to democracy, they agreed not to have investigations or prosecutions dealing with the civil war or Franco. The agreement effectively lapsed after 2000, the year the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Recovery_of_Historical_Memory" title="Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory">Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory</a> (<i>Asociación para la Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica</i> (ARMH)) was founded and the public debate started.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, a poll indicated that almost two-thirds of Spaniards favoured a "fresh investigation into the war".<sup id="cite_ref-fresh_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fresh-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francoayto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Francoayto.jpg/200px-Francoayto.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Francoayto.jpg/300px-Francoayto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Francoayto.jpg/400px-Francoayto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Franco in Santander which was removed in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Franco served as a role model for several <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> dictators in South America. <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> is known to have admired Franco.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, as recently as 2006, Franco supporters in Spain have honoured Pinochet.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in 2024, the American book <i><a href="/wiki/Unhumans" title="Unhumans">Unhumans</a></i> – which was praised by American vice-presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a><sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – lauded Franco as a hero.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/Maciej_Giertych" title="Maciej Giertych">Maciej Giertych</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">MEP</a> of the clerical-nationalist <a href="/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families" title="League of Polish Families">League of Polish Families</a>, had expressed admiration for Franco, stating that the Spanish leader "guaranteed the maintenance of traditional values in Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spaniards who suffered under Franco's rule have sought to remove memorials of his regime. Most government buildings and streets that were named after Franco during his rule have been reverted to their original names. Owing to Franco's human-rights record, the Spanish government in 2007 banned all official public references to the Franco regime and began the removal of all statues, street names and memorials associated with the regime, with the last statue reportedly being removed in 2008 in the city of Santander.<sup id="cite_ref-Statue_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statue-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churches that retain plaques commemorating Franco and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">victims</a> of his Republican opponents may lose state aid.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1978, the national anthem of Spain, the <i><a href="/wiki/Marcha_Real" title="Marcha Real">Marcha Real</a></i>, does not include lyrics introduced by Franco. Attempts to give the national anthem new lyrics have failed due to lack of consensus. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_a_Franco_a_Madrid012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Monument_a_Franco_a_Madrid012.JPG/220px-Monument_a_Franco_a_Madrid012.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Monument_a_Franco_a_Madrid012.JPG/330px-Monument_a_Franco_a_Madrid012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Monument_a_Franco_a_Madrid012.JPG/440px-Monument_a_Franco_a_Madrid012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Group of far-right sympathizers giving the <a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">fascist salute</a> before the empty <a href="/wiki/Pedestal" title="Pedestal">plinth</a> from which the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Francisco_Franco_(Madrid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian statue of Francisco Franco (Madrid)">equestrian statue of Franco in Madrid</a> had been recently removed in March 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>On 11 February 2004, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Y%C3%A1%C3%B1ez-Barnuevo" title="Luis Yáñez-Barnuevo">Luis Yáñez-Barnuevo</a> and others presented a motion for the "Need for international condemnation of the Franco regime" to the Parliamentary Assembly of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Councilof_Europe2005_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Councilof_Europe2005-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2006, the Permanent Commission of the Parliamentary Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution "firmly" condemning the "multiple and serious violations" of human rights committed in Spain under the Francoist regime from 1939 to 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-EP_282-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EP-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution was at the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Brincat" title="Leo Brincat">Leo Brincat</a> and of the historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Puig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis María de Puig (page does not exist)">Luis María de Puig</a> and was the first international official condemnation of the repression enacted by Franco's regime. The resolution also urged that historians (professional and amateur) be given access to the various archives of the Francoist regime, including those of the private <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_National_Foundation" title="Francisco Franco National Foundation">Francisco Franco National Foundation</a> (FNFF) which, along with other Francoist archives, remain inaccessible to the public as of 2006. The FNFF received various archives from <a href="/wiki/El_Pardo_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="El Pardo Palace">El Pardo Palace</a> and is alleged to have sold some of them to private individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalazGómez2007_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalazGómez2007-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the resolution urged the Spanish authorities to set up an underground <a href="/wiki/Art_exhibition" title="Art exhibition">exhibit</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Valle_de_los_Caidos" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle de los Caidos">Valle de los Caidos</a> monument to explain the "terrible" conditions in which it was built. Finally, it proposed the construction of monuments to commemorate Franco's victims in Madrid and other important cities.<sup id="cite_ref-EP_282-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EP-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Spain, a commission to "repair the dignity" and "restore the memory" of the "victims of Francoism" (<i>Comisión para reparar la dignidad y restituir la memoria de las víctimas del franquismo</i>) was approved in 2004 and is directed by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">social-democratic</a> deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Teresa_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_la_Vega" title="María Teresa Fernández de la Vega">María Teresa Fernández de la Vega</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EP_282-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EP-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently, the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Recovery_of_Historical_Memory" title="Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory">Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory</a> (ARHM) initiated a systematic search for mass graves of people executed during Franco's regime, which has been supported since the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Spanish Socialist Workers' Party</a>'s (PSOE) victory during the <a href="/wiki/2004_Spanish_general_election" title="2004 Spanish general election">2004 elections</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero</a>'s government. A <i>Ley de la memoria histórica de España</i> (<a href="/wiki/Historical_Memory_Law" title="Historical Memory Law">Law on the Historical Memory of Spain</a>) was approved on 28 July 2006, by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Spain_(8th_Legislature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of Spain (8th Legislature)">Council of Ministers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it took until 31 October 2007 for the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Deputies (Spain)">Congress of Deputies</a> to approve an amended version as: "The Bill to recognise and extend rights and to establish measures in favour of those who suffered persecution or violence during the Civil War and the Dictatorship" (in common parlance still known as Law of Historical Memory).<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Senate">Senate</a> approved the bill on 10 December 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_franco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Plaque_franco.jpg/220px-Plaque_franco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Plaque_franco.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="146" /></a><figcaption>Sign in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a> for a street bearing Franco's name which was renamed in 2008 Rambla de Santa Cruz.</figcaption></figure> <p>Official endeavours to preserve the historical memory of Spanish life under the Franco regime include exhibitions like the one held at the Museu d'Història de Catalunya (Museum of Catalan History) in 2003–2004, titled "Les presons de Franco". This exposition depicted the experiences of prisoners in Franco's prison system and described other aspects of the penal system such as women's prisons, trials, the jailers, and prisoners' families.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Museum no longer maintains its online version of the exhibition. </p><p>The accumulated wealth of Franco's family (including much real estate inherited from Franco, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Pazo_de_Meir%C3%A1s" title="Pazo de Meirás">Pazo de Meirás</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Canto_del_Pico_(Torrelodones)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Canto del Pico (Torrelodones)">Canto del Pico</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Torrelodones" title="Torrelodones">Torrelodones</a> and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casa_Cornide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casa Cornide (page does not exist)">Casa Cornide</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Cornide" class="extiw" title="es:Casa Cornide">es</a>]</span></i> in <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a>) and its provenance have also become matters of public discussion. Estimates of the family's wealth have ranged from 350 million to 600 million euros.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalazGómez2007_283-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalazGómez2007-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Franco was dying, the <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Cortes" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoist Cortes">Francoist Cortes</a> voted a large <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">public pension</a> for his wife <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Polo" title="Carmen Polo">Carmen Polo</a>, which the later democratic governments kept paying. At the time of her death in 1988, Carmen Polo was receiving a pension of over 12.5 million <a href="/wiki/Spanish_peseta" title="Spanish peseta">pesetas</a> (four million more than the salary of <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a>, then head of the government).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalazGómez2007_283-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalazGómez2007-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_media">In popular media</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema_and_television">Cinema and television</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Raza_(film)" title="Raza (film)">Raza</a></i> or <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esp%C3%ADritu_de_una_Raza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espíritu de una Raza (page does not exist)">Espíritu de una Raza</a></i> (<i>Spirit of a Race</i>) (1941), based on a script by "Jaime de Andrade" (Franco himself), is the semi-autobiographical story of a military officer played by <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Mayo" title="Alfredo Mayo">Alfredo Mayo</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Franco,_ese_hombre" title="Franco, ese hombre">Franco, ese hombre</a></i> (<i>That man, Franco</i>) (1964) is a pro-Franco documentary film directed by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_S%C3%A1enz_de_Heredia" title="José Luis Sáenz de Heredia">José Luis Sáenz de Heredia</a></li> <li>The movie <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Rapide_(film)" title="Dragon Rapide (film)">Dragon Rapide</a></i> (1986) deals with the events previous to the Spanish Civil War, with the actor <a href="/wiki/Juan_Diego_(actor)" title="Juan Diego (actor)">Juan Diego</a> playing Franco</li> <li>Argentine actor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_%22Pepe%22_Soriano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José "Pepe" Soriano (page does not exist)">José "Pepe" Soriano</a> played both Franco and his double in <i><a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A9rame_en_el_cielo" class="mw-redirect" title="Espérame en el cielo">Espérame en el cielo</a></i> (<i>Wait for Me in Heaven</i>) (1988).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramon_Fontser%C3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramon Fontserè (page does not exist)">Ramon Fontserè</a> played him in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C2%A1Buen_Viaje,_Excelencia!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="¡Buen Viaje, Excelencia! (page does not exist)">¡Buen Viaje, Excelencia!</a></i> (<i>Bon Voyage, Your Excellency!</i>) (2003).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Alexandre" title="Manuel Alexandre">Manuel Alexandre</a> played Franco in the TV movie <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=20-N:_Los_ultimos_dias_de_Franco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="20-N: Los ultimos dias de Franco (page does not exist)">20-N: Los ultimos dias de Franco</a></i> (<i>20-N: The Last Days of Franco</i>) (2008)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Viadas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Viadas (page does not exist)">Juan Viadas</a> played Franco in <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lex_de_la_Iglesia" title="Álex de la Iglesia">Álex de la Iglesia</a>'s movie <i><a href="/wiki/Balada_triste_de_trompeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Balada triste de trompeta">Balada triste de trompeta</a></i> (<i>The Last Circus</i>) (2010)</li> <li>The first-season episode "Cómo se reescribe el tiempo" of the Spanish television series <i><a href="/wiki/El_Ministerio_del_Tiempo" class="mw-redirect" title="El Ministerio del Tiempo">El Ministerio del Tiempo</a></i> (2015) sets events around Franco's October 1940 meeting with Adolf Hitler at Hendaye. Franco is portrayed by actor Pep Mirás.</li> <li>At the end of the movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Spain" title="The Queen of Spain">La reina de España</a></i> (<i>The Queen of Spain</i>), Franco, played by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Areces" title="Carlos Areces">Carlos Areces</a>, is spat on in the face by the fictional Macarena Granada (<a href="/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz" title="Penélope Cruz">Penélope Cruz</a>), a Spanish Hollywood star who has returned to Spain to film a movie during Franco's reign.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <ul><li>French singer-songwriter and anarchist <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Léo Ferré">Léo Ferré</a> wrote "Franco la muerte", a song he recorded for his 1964 album <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferr%C3%A9_64&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferré 64 (page does not exist)">Ferré 64</a></i>. In this highly confrontational song, he directly shouts at the dictator and lavishes him with contempt. Ferré refused to sing in Spain until Franco was dead.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <ul><li>Franco is a character in CJ Sansom's book <i>Winter in Madrid</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=...Y_al_tercer_a%C3%B1o_resucit%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="...Y al tercer año resucitó (page does not exist)">...Y al tercer año resucitó</a></i> (<i>...And On the Third Year He Rose Again</i>) (1980) describes what would happen if Franco rose from the dead.</li> <li>Franco is featured in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Triage_(novel)" title="Triage (novel)">Triage</a></i> (1998) by <a href="/wiki/Scott_Anderson_(novelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Anderson (novelist)">Scott Anderson</a>.</li> <li>Franco is the centrepiece of the satirical work <i>El general Franquisimo o La muerte civil de un militar moribundo</i> by Andalucian political cartoonist and journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Sola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrés Vázquez de Sola (page does not exist)">Andrés Vázquez de Sola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Franco features in several novels by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caroline_Angus_Baker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caroline Angus Baker (page does not exist)">Caroline Angus Baker</a>, including <i>Vengeance in the Valencian Water,</i> visiting the aftermath of the 1957 Valencia floods, and <i>Death in the Valencian Dust,</i> about the final executions handed down before his death in 1975.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/48px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/64px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_and_honours_of_Francisco_Franco" title="Military career and honours of Francisco Franco">Military career and honours of Francisco Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_politics_in_Francoist_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Language politics in Francoist Spain">Language politics in Francoist Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Francoism" title="Symbols of Francoism">Symbols of Francoism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Generalissimo_Francisco_Franco_is_still_dead" title="Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead">Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead</a>"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The more than 150,000 executions for political reasons was ten times the number of those in Nazi Germany and 1,000 times the number in Fascist Italy. Reig Tapia points out that Franco signed more decrees of execution than any other previous head of state in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomero_Salvadó2005277_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomero_Salvadó2005277-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-war-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-war_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-war_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">civil war</a> until 1 April 1939.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The rebels appointed him <i>Generalissimo</i> of the Armies and Head of the Government of the Spanish State at the end of September 1936. Head of State was one of the titles most frequently used by the regime after Franco's official appointment on 1 October 1936, and was the title used in the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Organic_Law_of_the_State" title="Organic Law of the State">Organic Law of the State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">President of the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Junta" title="National Defense Junta">National Defence Junta</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist side</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The post of Prime Minister was attached to that of Head of State until the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Organic_Law_of_the_State" title="Organic Law of the State">Organic Law of the State</a>, with the separation coming into force with Franco's resignation as Prime Minister on 9 June 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">President of the <a href="/wiki/Junta_T%C3%A9cnica_del_Estado" title="Junta Técnica del Estado">Technical State Junta</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist side</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Franco</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Bahamonde</i>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[fɾanˈθisko<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈfɾaŋko<span class="wrap"> </span>βa.aˈmonde]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1936/032/J00125-00126.pdf">"Decreto núm. 138. Nombrando Jefe del Gobierno del Estado Español al Excelentísimo Sr. General de División don Francisco Franco Bahamonde, quien asumirá todos los poderes del nuevo Estado"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Boletín Oficial de la Junta de Defensa Nacional de España</i> (in Spanish) (32). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 125–126. 30 September 1936. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0212-033X">0212-033X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+de+la+Junta+de+Defensa+Nacional+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.atitle=Decreto+n%C3%BAm.+138.+Nombrando+Jefe+del+Gobierno+del+Estado+Espa%C3%B1ol+al+Excelent%C3%ADsimo+Sr.+General+de+Divisi%C3%B3n+don+Francisco+Franco+Bahamonde%2C+quien+asumir%C3%A1+todos+los+poderes+del+nuevo+Estado&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=125-126&rft.date=1936-09-30&rft.issn=0212-033X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fdatos%2Fpdfs%2FBOE%2F%2F1936%2F032%2FJ00125-00126.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1938/467/A05514-05515.pdf">"Ley organizando la Administración Central del Estado"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Boletín Oficial del Estado</i> (in Spanish) (467). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 5514–5515. 31 January 1938. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0212-033X">0212-033X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado&rft.atitle=Ley+organizando+la+Administraci%C3%B3n+Central+del+Estado&rft.issue=467&rft.pages=5514-5515&rft.date=1938-01-31&rft.issn=0212-033X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fdatos%2Fpdfs%2FBOE%2F%2F1938%2F467%2FA05514-05515.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1967/01/11/pdfs/A00466-00477.pdf">"Ley Orgánica del Estado, número 1/1967, de 10 de enero"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Boletín Oficial del Estado</i> (in Spanish) (9). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 466–477. 11 January 1967. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0212-033X">0212-033X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado&rft.atitle=Ley+Org%C3%A1nica+del+Estado%2C+n%C3%BAmero+1%2F1967%2C+de+10+de+enero&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=466-477&rft.date=1967-01-11&rft.issn=0212-033X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fboe%2Fdias%2F1967%2F01%2F11%2Fpdfs%2FA00466-00477.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Manuel-Azana">"Manuel Azaña"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica online</i>. 31 October 2023. <q>As President of the Spanish Republic (1936-1939)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica+online&rft.atitle=Manuel+Aza%C3%B1a&rft.date=2023-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FManuel-Azana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1973/06/09/pdfs/A11686-11686.pdf">"Ley 14/1973, de 8 de junio, por la que se suspende la vinculación de la Presidencia del Gobierno a la Jefatura del Estado"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Boletín Oficial del Estado</i> (in Spanish) (138). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 11686. 9 June 1973. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0212-033X">0212-033X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado&rft.atitle=Ley+14%2F1973%2C+de+8+de+junio%2C+por+la+que+se+suspende+la+vinculaci%C3%B3n+de+la+Presidencia+del+Gobierno+a+la+Jefatura+del+Estado&rft.issue=138&rft.pages=11686&rft.date=1973-06-09&rft.issn=0212-033X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fboe%2Fdias%2F1973%2F06%2F09%2Fpdfs%2FA11686-11686.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGobierno_de_España_-_Presidencia_del_Gobierno" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gobierno de España - Presidencia del Gobierno (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/presidente/presidentes-desde-1823/Paginas/index.aspx">"Relación cronológica de los presidentes del Consejo de Ministros y del Gobierno"</a>. <i>La Moncloa</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> between 17 May 1937-31 March 1939</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Moncloa&rft.atitle=Relaci%C3%B3n+cronol%C3%B3gica+de+los+presidentes+del+Consejo+de+Ministros+y+del+Gobierno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lamoncloa.gob.es%2Fpresidente%2Fpresidentes-desde-1823%2FPaginas%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199425-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston199425_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston1994">Preston 1994</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2012110-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2012110_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2012110_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2012110_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2012">Payne 2012</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaEspinosaMirGómez20048-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaEspinosaMirGómez20048_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaEspinosaMirGómez20048_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaEspinosaMirGómez20048_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasanovaEspinosaMirGómez2004">Casanova et al. 2004</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontana200022-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFontana200022_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFontana200022_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFontana200022_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFontana2000">Fontana 2000</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006202-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006202_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006202_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200694-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200694_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200694_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards199811-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards199811_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1998">Richards 1998</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2012110_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2012110-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanovaEspinosaMirGómez20048_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanovaEspinosaMirGómez20048-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFontana200022_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontana200022-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006202_18-0" class="reference"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Las+ra%C3%ADces+insulares+de+Franco+%28The+island+roots+of+Franco%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elpais.com%2Fespeciales%2F2006%2Fmirada%2Ffotogaleria_4_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laopinion.es/tenerife/2008/11/29/monumento-franco-raices-sera-retirado/184903.html">"El monumento a Franco en Las Raíces será retirado (Monument to Franco's meeting to be removed)"</a> (in Spanish). 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UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=article+in+the+Guardian+about+Cecil+Bebb&rft.date=2006-07-18&rft.aulast=Mathieson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2006%2Fjul%2F18%2Fpost233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortada2011" class="citation book cs1">Cortada, James W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3_06uUe91o4C&pg=PT43"><i>Modern Warfare in Spain</i></a>. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612341019" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612341019"><bdi>978-1612341019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Warfare+in+Spain&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1612341019&rft.aulast=Cortada&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3_06uUe91o4C%26pg%3DPT43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generalisimofranco.com/discurso11.htm">"Manifesto de las palmas"</a> (in Spanish). 18 July 1936<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manifesto+de+las+palmas&rft.date=1936-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.generalisimofranco.com%2Fdiscurso11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2012244–245-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2012244–245_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2012">Payne 2012</a>, pp. 244–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson20079-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson20079_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatterson2007">Patterson 2007</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014194-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014194_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaynePalacios2014">Payne & Palacios 2014</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert2019174-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlpert2019174_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlpert2019">Alpert 2019</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCCannon1995-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MCCannon1995_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMCCannon1995" class="citation journal cs1">MCCannon, John (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24657802">"Soviet Intervention in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–39: A Reexamination"</a>. <i>Russian History</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187633195X00070">10.1163/187633195X00070</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-288X">0094-288X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24657802">24657802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+History&rft.atitle=Soviet+Intervention+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+1936%E2%80%9339%3A+A+Reexamination&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0094-288X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24657802%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187633195X00070&rft.aulast=MCCannon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24657802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keene2007-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keene2007_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeene2007" class="citation book cs1">Keene, Judith (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e4qtAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27"><i>Fighting For Franco: International Volunteers in Nationalist Spain During the Spanish Civil War</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-593-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-593-2"><bdi>978-1-85285-593-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+For+Franco%3A+International+Volunteers+in+Nationalist+Spain+During+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-593-2&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De4qtAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RadoshHabek2001-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RadoshHabek2001_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadoshHabeckSevostʹi͡anov2001" class="citation book cs1">Radosh, Ronald; Habeck, Mary R.; Sevostʹi͡anov, G. N., eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IayGhrEQX_QC&pg=PA29">"Historical Background"</a>. <i>Spain Betrayed: The Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War</i>. Yale University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08981-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08981-3"><bdi>978-0-300-08981-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Background&rft.btitle=Spain+Betrayed%3A+The+Soviet+Union+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08981-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIayGhrEQX_QC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bassett2012-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bassett2012_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassett2012" class="citation book cs1">Bassett, Richard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IwXzYNoZ9FUC&pg=PT92"><i>Hitler's Spy Chief: The Wilhelm Canaris Mystery</i></a>. Open Road Media. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4532-4929-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4532-4929-1"><bdi>978-1-4532-4929-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Spy+Chief%3A+The+Wilhelm+Canaris+Mystery&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4532-4929-1&rft.aulast=Bassett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIwXzYNoZ9FUC%26pg%3DPT92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mueller2017-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mueller2017_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller2017" class="citation book cs1">Mueller, Michael (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BpHRDgAAQBAJ&pg=PR3-IA17"><i>Nazi Spymaster: The Life and Death of Admiral Wilhelm Canaris</i></a>. Skyhorse. p. iii17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5107-1777-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5107-1777-0"><bdi>978-1-5107-1777-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Spymaster%3A+The+Life+and+Death+of+Admiral+Wilhelm+Canaris&rft.pages=iii17&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5107-1777-0&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBpHRDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR3-IA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Candil2021-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Candil2021_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Candil2021_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCandil2021" class="citation book cs1">Candil, Anthony J. 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Casemate. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-971-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-971-1"><bdi>978-1-61200-971-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tank+Combat+in+Spain%3A+Armored+Warfare+During+the+Spanish+Civil+War+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-61200-971-1&rft.aulast=Candil&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D170pEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951117-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951117_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayes1951">Hayes 1951</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson201412-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson201412_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson2014">Richardson 2014</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951116-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951116_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayes1951">Hayes 1951</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2012154-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2012154_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2012">Payne 2012</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacDougall2017-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacDougall2017_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDougall2017" class="citation book cs1">MacDougall, Philip (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sYDzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT133"><i>Air Wars 1920–1939: The Development and Evolution of Fighter Tactics</i></a>. Fonthill Media. pp. 133–135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Wars+1920%E2%80%931939%3A+The+Development+and+Evolution+of+Fighter+Tactics&rft.pages=133-135&rft.pub=Fonthill+Media&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=MacDougall&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsYDzDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker2021-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker2021_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2021" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H94aEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA218"><i>Great Sieges in World History: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6803-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6803-0"><bdi>978-1-4408-6803-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Sieges+in+World+History%3A+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-6803-0&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH94aEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seidman2002-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seidman2002_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidman2002" class="citation book cs1">Seidman, Michael (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VE4YVw9iBksC&pg=PA50"><i>Republic of Egos: A Social History of the Spanish Civil War</i></a>. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-17863-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-17863-5"><bdi>978-0-299-17863-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republic+of+Egos%3A+A+Social+History+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-299-17863-5&rft.aulast=Seidman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVE4YVw9iBksC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cazorla-Sanchez2013-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cazorla-Sanchez2013_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCazorla-Sanchez2013" class="citation book cs1">Cazorla-Sanchez, Antonio (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EdcdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61"><i>Franco: The Biography of the Myth</i></a>. Routledge. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-44949-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-44949-1"><bdi>978-1-134-44949-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco%3A+The+Biography+of+the+Myth&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-44949-1&rft.aulast=Cazorla-Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEdcdAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennan" class="citation book cs1">Kennan, George. <i>Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin</i>. p. 309.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+West+under+Lenin+and+Stalin&rft.pages=309&rft.aulast=Kennan&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whealey2021-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whealey2021_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhealey2021" class="citation book cs1">Whealey, Robert H. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B0wgEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT135"><i>Hitler And Spain: The Nazi Role in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-8275-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-8275-9"><bdi>978-0-8131-8275-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+And+Spain%3A+The+Nazi+Role+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-8275-9&rft.aulast=Whealey&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB0wgEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGovPrintingOffice1949-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USGovPrintingOffice1949_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=09gWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA37"><i>Documents on German Foreign Policy: 1918–1945 | From the Archives of the German Foreign Ministry</i></a>. Vol. 12. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1949.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+on+German+Foreign+Policy%3A+1918%E2%80%931945+%7C+From+the+Archives+of+the+German+Foreign+Ministry&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D09gWAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker2016-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker2016_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2016" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wm_YDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1982"><i>World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 1982. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-969-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-969-6"><bdi>978-1-85109-969-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+The+Definitive+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection+%5B5+volumes%5D%3A+The+Definitive+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection&rft.pages=1982&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-969-6&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwm_YDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951127–128-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951127–128_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayes1951">Hayes 1951</a>, pp. 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013258-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013258_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2013">Thomas 2013</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013282-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013282_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2013">Thomas 2013</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013421-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013421_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2013">Thomas 2013</a>, p. 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013423–424-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013423–424_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2013">Thomas 2013</a>, pp. 423–424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013356-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013356_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2013">Thomas 2013</a>, p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013420–422-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013420–422_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2013">Thomas 2013</a>, pp. 420–422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013424-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013424_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013424_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2013">Thomas 2013</a>, p. 424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013689–690-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2013689–690_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2013">Thomas 2013</a>, pp. 689–690.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014193-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014193_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014193_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaynePalacios2014">Payne & Palacios 2014</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014142-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2014142_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaynePalacios2014">Payne & Palacios 2014</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2002365-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2002365_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2002">Graham 2002</a>, p. 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meneses200354-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meneses200354_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeneses2003" class="citation book cs1">Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro De (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ-CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54"><i>Franco and the Spanish Civil War</i></a>. Routledge. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-55408-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-55408-9"><bdi>978-1-134-55408-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco+and+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-55408-9&rft.aulast=Meneses&rft.aufirst=Filipe+Ribeiro+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQZ-CAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turnbull2013-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull2013_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2013" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Patrick (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uYWHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT80"><i>The Spanish Civil War 1936–39</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0446-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0446-4"><bdi>978-1-4728-0446-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War+1936%E2%80%9339&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-0446-4&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuYWHCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangster201852-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangster201852_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangster2018">Sangster 2018</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cortada2014-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cortada2014_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortada2014" class="citation book cs1">Cortada, James W. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3_06uUe91o4C&pg=PA144"><i>Modern Warfare in Spain: American Military Observations on the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939</i></a>. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-101-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-101-9"><bdi>978-1-61234-101-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Warfare+in+Spain%3A+American+Military+Observations+on+the+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61234-101-9&rft.aulast=Cortada&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3_06uUe91o4C%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coverdale2015-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coverdale2015_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoverdale2015" class="citation book cs1">Coverdale, John F. 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Yale University Press, p. 364. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300089155" title="Special:BookSources/0300089155">0300089155</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005133-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005133_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeinberg2005">Weinberg 2005</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005177-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005177_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeinberg2005">Weinberg 2005</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochner194825325_October_1940-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochner194825325_October_1940_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLochner1948">Lochner 1948</a>, p. 253, 25 October 1940.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSager2009" class="citation web cs1">Sager, Murray (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708124911/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6972/is_6_16/ai_n32334981/">"Franco, Hitler & the play for Gibraltar: how the Spanish held firm on the Rock"</a>. Esprit de Corps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6972/is_6_16/ai_n32334981/">the original</a> on 8 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franco%2C+Hitler+%26+the+play+for+Gibraltar%3A+how+the+Spanish+held+firm+on+the+Rock&rft.pub=Esprit+de+Corps&rft.date=2009-07&rft.aulast=Sager&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_6972%2Fis_6_16%2Fai_n32334981%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike200848-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike200848_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPike2008">Pike 2008</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moreno-Juliá2018-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moreno-Juliá2018_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno_Juliá2018" class="citation book cs1">Moreno Juliá, Xavier (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMk-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197">"Part II - The Volunteers"</a>. In Stahel, David (ed.). <i>Joining Hitler's Crusade</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 197–198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-51034-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-51034-6"><bdi>978-1-316-51034-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II+-+The+Volunteers&rft.btitle=Joining+Hitler%27s+Crusade&rft.pages=197-198&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-316-51034-6&rft.aulast=Moreno+Juli%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVMk-DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080825011807/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,802544,00.html">"Batista's Boost"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 18 January 1943. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,802544,00.html">the original</a> on 25 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Batista%27s+Boost&rft.date=1943-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C802544%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golson2011-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Golson2011_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolson2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Golson, Eric (15 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/178/"><i>The Economics of Neutrality: Spain, Sweden and Switzerland in the Second World War</i></a> (phd). London School of Economics and Political Science. p. 145. <q>This chapter demonstrates that, although nominal trade increased consistently from 1939 to 1943, Germany suffered from increasingly poor terms of trade after 1939, as Spain paid less for its German imports and charged more for its exports. As part of Germany's payment for Spanish resources, Spain was able to exact particularly valuable goods from Germany, including military equipment needed for the German war effort.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Economics+of+Neutrality%3A+Spain%2C+Sweden+and+Switzerland+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.inst=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.date=2011-06-15&rft.aulast=Golson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.lse.ac.uk%2F178%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951151-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951151_184-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951151_184-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayes1951">Hayes 1951</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOS-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOS_185-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOS_185-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers · Volume 3</i>. United States. Department of State · 1961. p. 306.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States+Diplomatic+Papers+%C2%B7+Volume+3&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=United+States.+Department+of+State+%C2%B7+1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951152–153-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951152–153_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayes1951">Hayes 1951</a>, pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951150–151-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951150–151_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayes1951">Hayes 1951</a>, pp. 150–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_188-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_188-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_188-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_188-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/wwii-document-reveals-general-franco-handed-nazis-list-of-spanish-jews-1.297546">"WWII document reveals: General Franco handed Nazis list of Spanish Jews"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. 22 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=WWII+document+reveals%3A+General+Franco+handed+Nazis+list+of+Spanish+Jews&rft.date=2010-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fnews%2Fwwii-document-reveals-general-franco-handed-nazis-list-of-spanish-jews-1.297546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Messenger2020-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Messenger2020_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessenger2020" class="citation book cs1">Messenger, David A. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tQPcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA494">"Nazis, Real and Imagined, in Post-Second-World-War Spain"</a>. In Brenneis, Sara J.; Herrmann, Gina (eds.). <i>Spain, the Second World War, and the Holocaust: History and Representation</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 494. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-3251-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-3251-2"><bdi>978-1-4875-3251-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nazis%2C+Real+and+Imagined%2C+in+Post-Second-World-War+Spain&rft.btitle=Spain%2C+the+Second+World+War%2C+and+the+Holocaust%3A+History+and+Representation&rft.pages=494&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-3251-2&rft.aulast=Messenger&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtQPcDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Philpot2015" class="citation web cs1">Robert Philpot (23 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/comment/comment/was-franco-the-good-fascist-1.62863">"Was Franco the 'good' fascist?"</a>. <i>The Jewish Chronicle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Was+Franco+the+%27good%27+fascist%3F&rft.date=2015-11-23&rft.au=Robert+Philpot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fcomment%2Fcomment%2Fwas-franco-the-good-fascist-1.62863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Philpot" class="citation web cs1">Robert Philpot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/lets-talk/all/far-from-helping-jews-franco%27s-regime-was-implacably-hostile-3Cbfl1pUc6mV7OzYeYMMVg">"Far from helping Jews, Franco's regime was implacably hostile"</a>. <i>The Jewish Chronicle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Far+from+helping+Jews%2C+Franco%27s+regime+was+implacably+hostile&rft.au=Robert+Philpot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Flets-talk%2Fall%2Ffar-from-helping-jews-franco%2527s-regime-was-implacably-hostile-3Cbfl1pUc6mV7OzYeYMMVg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-dictator-franco-built-his-regime-vilifying-the-jews-then-tried-to-hide-it/">How dictator Franco built his regime vilifying the Jews, then tried to hide it</a> Times of Israel. JP O'Malley. 5 September 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2005675-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2005675_193-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2005675_193-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2005">Levy 2005</a>, p. 675.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2020342-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2020342_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2020">Preston 2020</a>, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2008232-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2008232_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2008">Payne 2008</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvni1982-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvni1982_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvni1982">Avni 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert2009-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlpert2009_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlpert2009">Alpert 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206034.pdf">"Spain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>yadvashem.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308174931/https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206034.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yadvashem.org&rft.atitle=Spain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fodot_pdf%2FMicrosoft%2520Word%2520-%25206034.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton" class="citation journal cs1">Setton, Guy. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=The+Angel+Of+Cairo%3A+How+A+Spaniard+Saved+Egypt%27s+Jews&rft.date=2017-06-19&rft.aulast=Boxer&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F374948%2Fhow-spain-saved-egypts-jewish-population-after-the-six-day-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEderspecial1968" class="citation web cs1">Ederspecial, Richard (17 December 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1968/12/17/archives/1492-ban-on-jews-is-voided-by-spain-1492-ban-on-jews-is-voided-in.html">"1492 Ban on Jews Is Voided by Spain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=1492+Ban+on+Jews+Is+Voided+by+Spain&rft.date=1968-12-17&rft.aulast=Ederspecial&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1968%2F12%2F17%2Farchives%2F1492-ban-on-jews-is-voided-by-spain-1492-ban-on-jews-is-voided-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2015" class="citation web cs1">Green, David (6 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-this-day-spain-lifts-the-expulsion-1.5377424">"This Day in Jewish History 1968: Spain Revokes the Expulsion of the Jews"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. <q>Although technically the Inquisition had been dismantled with the passage into law of Spain's constitution of 1869, which abolished religious discrimination, it was not until this 1968 legislation that the regime under Francisco Franco explicitly invited Jews to come and openly practice their faith in Spain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=This+Day+in+Jewish+History+1968%3A+Spain+Revokes+the+Expulsion+of+the+Jews&rft.date=2015-12-06&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2F.premium-this-day-spain-lifts-the-expulsion-1.5377424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBautista_Delgado2009303,_321–322-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBautista_Delgado2009303,_321–322_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBautista_Delgado2009">Bautista Delgado 2009</a>, pp. 303, 321–322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERein201317–18-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERein201317–18_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRein2013">Rein 2013</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodgers2002337-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers2002337_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodgers2002">Rodgers 2002</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuliá2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Juliá, Santos (3 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/elpais/2015/11/02/opinion/1446471037_651866.html">"El último Azaña"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Prisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisa">Prisa</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=El+%C3%BAltimo+Aza%C3%B1a&rft.date=2015-11-03&rft.aulast=Juli%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Santos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Felpais%2F2015%2F11%2F02%2Fopinion%2F1446471037_651866.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez_Puche2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pérez Puche, Francisco (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.valencia.es/ayuntamiento/publicaciones.nsf/0/F44ECD297CC3E998C125806600414E5C/$FILE/0001%20cronolog%C3%ADa%20general%20de%20la%20guerra%20civil.pdf?OpenElement&lang=2">"Cronología general de la Guerra Civil Española (1936–1939)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oficina de Publicacinoes</i> (in Spanish). Ajuntament de València: 53<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oficina+de+Publicacinoes&rft.atitle=Cronolog%C3%ADa+general+de+la+Guerra+Civil+Espa%C3%B1ola+%281936%E2%80%931939%29&rft.pages=53&rft.date=2016-10&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez+Puche&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.valencia.es%2Fayuntamiento%2Fpublicaciones.nsf%2F0%2FF44ECD297CC3E998C125806600414E5C%2F%24FILE%2F0001%2520cronolog%25C3%25ADa%2520general%2520de%2520la%2520guerra%2520civil.pdf%3FOpenElement%26lang%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1987231–234-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1987231–234_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne1987">Payne 1987</a>, pp. 231–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1987323-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1987323_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne1987">Payne 1987</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html#es0034">"The Franco Years: Policies, Programs, and Growing Popular Unrest"</a>. <i>A Country Study: Spain</i>. Library of Congress Country Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Country+Study%3A+Spain&rft.atitle=The+Franco+Years%3A+Policies%2C+Programs%2C+and+Growing+Popular+Unrest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Festoc.html%23es0034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b1-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b1_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laqueur, Walter (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fascismpastprese00laqu"><i>Fascism: Past, Present, Future</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195092457" title="Special:BookSources/0195092457">0195092457</a>. p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meneses-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meneses_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Filipe_Ribeiro_de_Meneses" title="Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses">De Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro</a> (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=InPG_1wKfCIC&dq"><i>Franco and the Spanish Civil War</i></a>. Routledge. p. 87. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415239257" title="Special:BookSources/0415239257">0415239257</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gilmour-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gilmour_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmour, David (1985) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transformationof00gilm"><i>The Transformation of Spain: From Franco to the Constitutional Monarchy</i></a>. Quartet Books. p. 7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/070432461X" title="Special:BookSources/070432461X">070432461X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1999347,_476-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1999347,_476_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne1999">Payne 1999</a>, pp. 347, 476.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1999[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfascisminspain1900paynpage476_476]-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1999[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfascisminspain1900paynpage476_476]_215-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne1999">Payne 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fascisminspain1900payn/page/476">476</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927025331/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/fascism">"fascism, Oxford dictionaries"</a>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/fascism">the original</a> on 27 September 2012. <q>Franco in Spain were also Fascist</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=fascism%2C+Oxford+dictionaries&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Ffascism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaz_Campos200490-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaz_Campos200490_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaz_Campos2004">Saz Campos 2004</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kornetis2019-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kornetis2019_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornetis2019" class="citation book cs1">Kornetis, Kostis (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p3eUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">"Comparing the Transitions"</a>. In Cavallaro, Maria Elena; Kornetis, Kostis (eds.). <i>Rethinking Democratisation in Spain, Greece and Portugal</i>. Springer. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-11108-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-11108-3"><bdi>978-3-030-11108-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comparing+the+Transitions&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Democratisation+in+Spain%2C+Greece+and+Portugal&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-11108-3&rft.aulast=Kornetis&rft.aufirst=Kostis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp3eUDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobo_Romero2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cobo Romero, Francisco (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.revistaayer.com/sites/default/files/articulos/71-4-ayer71_ExtremaDerechaEspanaContemporanea_Cobo_Ortega.pdf">"El franquismo y los imaginarios míticos del fascismo europeo de entreguerras"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ayer</i>. <b>71</b> (3): 123. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1134-2277">1134-2277</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021100630/http://revistaayer.com/sites/default/files/articulos/71-4-ayer71_ExtremaDerechaEspanaContemporanea_Cobo_Ortega.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ayer&rft.atitle=El+franquismo+y+los+imaginarios+m%C3%ADticos+del+fascismo+europeo+de+entreguerras&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=123&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1134-2277&rft.aulast=Cobo+Romero&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistaayer.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farticulos%2F71-4-ayer71_ExtremaDerechaEspanaContemporanea_Cobo_Ortega.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanzhoya-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sanzhoya_220-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanzhoya_220-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanz_Hoya2013" class="citation book cs1">Sanz Hoya, Julián (2013). "Falangismo y dictadura. Una revisión de la historiografía sobre el fascismo español". In Ruiz Carnicer, Miguel Ángel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/32/79/_ebook.pdf"><i>Falange. Las culturas políticas del fascismo en la España de Franco (1936–1975)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institución Fernando el Católico. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9911-216-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9911-216-9"><bdi>978-84-9911-216-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042205/https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/32/79/_ebook.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Falangismo+y+dictadura.+Una+revisi%C3%B3n+de+la+historiograf%C3%ADa+sobre+el+fascismo+espa%C3%B1ol&rft.btitle=Falange.+Las+culturas+pol%C3%ADticas+del+fascismo+en+la+Espa%C3%B1a+de+Franco+%281936%E2%80%931975%29&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Instituci%C3%B3n+Fernando+el+Cat%C3%B3lico&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-84-9911-216-9&rft.aulast=Sanz+Hoya&rft.aufirst=Juli%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fifc.dpz.es%2Frecursos%2Fpublicaciones%2F32%2F79%2F_ebook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrigo2009" class="citation book cs1">Rodrigo, Javier (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/28/93/04rodrigo.pdf">"La naturaleza del franquismo: un acercamiento desde la perspectiva comparada de los fascismos europeos"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Universo de micromundos. 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Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9911-005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9911-005-9"><bdi>978-84-9911-005-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091219162541/http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/28/93/04rodrigo.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+naturaleza+del+franquismo%3A+un+acercamiento+desde+la+perspectiva+comparada+de+los+fascismos+europeos&rft.btitle=Universo+de+micromundos.+VI+Congreso+de+Historia+Local+de+Arag%C3%B3n&rft.place=Zaragoza&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Instituci%C3%B3n+Fernando+el+Cat%C3%B3lico&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-84-9911-005-9&rft.aulast=Rodrigo&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fifc.dpz.es%2Frecursos%2Fpublicaciones%2F28%2F93%2F04rodrigo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrasco-Gallego2012" class="citation journal cs1">Carrasco-Gallego, José A (2012). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Extraordinary+and+Plenipotentiary+Diplomatist&rft.atitle=Four+Decades+of+Triumph+and+Trials&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2014-07&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2FInternational-History%2FImages%2FPeople%2FEmeritus-Distinguished-Staff%2Fpreston%2FPrestonFourDecadesofTriumphandTrial.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tusell-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tusell_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTusell2011" class="citation book cs1">Tusell, Javier (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LRbcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA218"><i>Spain: From Dictatorship to Democracy</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3974-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3974-1"><bdi>978-1-4443-3974-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%3A+From+Dictatorship+to+Democracy&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3974-1&rft.aulast=Tusell&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLRbcEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell201636-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Powell201636_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2016" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Charles (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1hK_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA215"><i>Juan Carlos of Spain: Self-Made Monarch</i></a>. Springer. pp. 36–37, 215–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-24423-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-24423-2"><bdi>978-1-349-24423-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juan+Carlos+of+Spain%3A+Self-Made+Monarch&rft.pages=36-37%2C+215-216&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-24423-2&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1hK_DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Library_(Madrid)" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Royal Library (Madrid) (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encuadernacion.realbiblioteca.es/index.php?p=searchexlibris&t=identificacion&i=80">"Super-libris of Franco, Francisco (1892-1975)"</a>. <i>Ex-libris Database</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ex-libris+Database&rft.atitle=Super-libris+of+Franco%2C+Francisco+%281892-1975%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencuadernacion.realbiblioteca.es%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dsearchexlibris%26t%3Didentificacion%26i%3D80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoralesAlegría2001-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoralesAlegría2001_241-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoralesAlegría2001">Morales & Alegría 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Cierva1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_de_la_Cierva" title="Ricardo de la Cierva">de la Cierva, Ricardo</a> (1996). <i>Agonia y Muerte de Franco</i> [<i>Agony and Death of Franco</i>] (in Spanish). Eudema Universidad. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8477542179" title="Special:BookSources/978-8477542179"><bdi>978-8477542179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agonia+y+Muerte+de+Franco&rft.pub=Eudema+Universidad&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-8477542179&rft.aulast=de+la+Cierva&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllwood2014181–183,_217–219-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllwood2014181–183,_217–219_243-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllwood2014181–183,_217–219_243-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllwood2014">Ellwood (2014)</a>, pp. 181–183, 217–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seixas2021-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seixas2021_244-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeixas2021" class="citation book cs1">Seixas, Xosé M. Núñez (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UxMtEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT107"><i>Sites of the Dictators: Memories of Authoritarian Europe, 1945–2020</i></a>. Routledge. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-39702-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-39702-4"><bdi>978-1-000-39702-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sites+of+the+Dictators%3A+Memories+of+Authoritarian+Europe%2C+1945%E2%80%932020&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-000-39702-4&rft.aulast=Seixas&rft.aufirst=Xos%C3%A9+M.+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUxMtEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cazorla-Sanchez2013b-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cazorla-Sanchez2013b_245-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cazorla-Sanchez2013b_245-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCazorla-Sanchez2013" class="citation book cs1">Cazorla-Sanchez, Antonio (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EdcdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223"><i>Franco: The Biography of the Myth</i></a>. Routledge. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-44949-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-44949-1"><bdi>978-1-134-44949-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco%3A+The+Biography+of+the+Myth&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-44949-1&rft.aulast=Cazorla-Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEdcdAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keefe1976-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keefe1976_246-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeefe1976" class="citation book cs1">Keefe, Eugene K. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6uSWE3EYvBkC&pg=PR6"><i>Area Handbook for Spain</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. vi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-001567-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-001567-0"><bdi>978-0-16-001567-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+Spain&rft.pages=vi&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-16-001567-0&rft.aulast=Keefe&rft.aufirst=Eugene+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6uSWE3EYvBkC%26pg%3DPR6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitehead_2001-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitehead_2001_247-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2001" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Charles (2001). "International Aspects of Democratization: The Case of Spain". In Whitehead, Laurence (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlespowell.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1996-International-aspects-of-democratization.-The-case-of-Spain.pdf"><i>The International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 295. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518212302/http://charlespowell.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1996-International-aspects-of-democratization.-The-case-of-Spain.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=International+Aspects+of+Democratization%3A+The+Case+of+Spain&rft.btitle=The+International+Dimensions+of+Democratization%3A+Europe+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=295&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcharlespowell.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F02%2F1996-International-aspects-of-democratization.-The-case-of-Spain.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munoz2008-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Munoz2008_248-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munoz2008_248-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunoz2008" class="citation book cs1">Munoz, Heraldo (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e_qN1cY-MEwC&pg=PA98"><i>The Dictator's Shadow: Life Under Augusto Pinochet</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-2604-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-2604-2"><bdi>978-0-7867-2604-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictator%27s+Shadow%3A+Life+Under+Augusto+Pinochet&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-2604-2&rft.aulast=Munoz&rft.aufirst=Heraldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De_qN1cY-MEwC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SalmonHamilton2006-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SalmonHamilton2006_249-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmonHamilton2006" class="citation book cs1">Salmon, Patrick; Hamilton, Keith, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SB6OrCp0qZ4C&pg=PA518">"Political Change in Portugal and Spain, 1975-1976: The Southern Flank in Crisis"</a>. <i>Documents on British Policy Overseas</i>. III. Vol. V. Psychology Press. p. 518. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5114-9"><bdi>978-0-7146-5114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+Change+in+Portugal+and+Spain%2C+1975-1976%3A+The+Southern+Flank+in+Crisis&rft.btitle=Documents+on+British+Policy+Overseas&rft.series=III&rft.pages=518&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5114-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSB6OrCp0qZ4C%26pg%3DPA518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheTimes1975-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheTimes1975_250-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolitical_Staff1975" class="citation news cs1">Political Staff (5 December 1975). "MPs censure 'courtesy' to Franco". <i>The Times</i>. No. 59570. London. <q>The Parliamentary Labour Party last night condemned almost unanimously the Government's decision to send a Cabinet minister to represent Britain at the funeral of General Franco. Only one of about 100 Labour MPs voted against the critical resolution... After the meeting, 20 back bench MPs signed a letter to the Prime Minister in which they said that Mr Callaghan had criticized members of the party for condemning the attendance of Lord Shepherd, the Lord Privy Seal, at the funeral, without having put forward their views beforehand.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=MPs+censure+%27courtesy%27+to+Franco&rft.issue=59570&rft.date=1975-12-05&rft.au=Political+Staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheeler2020-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler2020_251-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2020" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Duncan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mmgCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT68"><i>Following Franco: Spanish culture and politics in transition</i></a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-0520-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-0520-2"><bdi>978-1-5261-0520-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Following+Franco%3A+Spanish+culture+and+politics+in+transition&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-0520-2&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmmgCEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell2016-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Powell2016_252-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2016" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Charles (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1hK_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84"><i>Juan Carlos of Spain: Self-Made Monarch</i></a>. Springer. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-24423-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-24423-2"><bdi>978-1-349-24423-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juan+Carlos+of+Spain%3A+Self-Made+Monarch&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-24423-2&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1hK_DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2020406-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2020406_253-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2020">Preston 2020</a>, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/05/11/5914457c22601dbc1d8b45df.html">"El Congreso aprueba pedir al Gobierno la exhumación de los restos de Franco del Valle de los Caídos"</a>. <i>ELMUNDO</i> (in Spanish). 11 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ELMUNDO&rft.atitle=El+Congreso+aprueba+pedir+al+Gobierno+la+exhumaci%C3%B3n+de+los+restos+de+Franco+del+Valle+de+los+Ca%C3%ADdos&rft.date=2017-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fespana%2F2017%2F05%2F11%2F5914457c22601dbc1d8b45df.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/general-franco-valley-fallen-spain-body-exhumed-fascist-dictator-a8506541.html">"Spain to dig up Franco's body after government passes decree"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. 24 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Norton & Company. pp. 103, 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06711-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06711-8"><bdi>978-0-393-06711-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conscience+of+a+Liberal&rft.pages=103%2C+108&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06711-8&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAHgZib2fngIC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Palmer, Alex W. (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820105638/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-08-03/news/0608030227_1_spanish-civil-war-generalissimo-francisco-franco-international-brigades">"The Battle Over the Memory of the Spanish Civil War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Magazine">Smithsonian Magazine</a></i>. Vol. 49, no. 4. p. 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-08-03/news/0608030227_1_spanish-civil-war-generalissimo-francisco-franco-international-brigades">the original</a> on 20 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Battle+Over+the+Memory+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2006-07&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Alex+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.chicagotribune.com%2F2006-08-03%2Fnews%2F0608030227_1_spanish-civil-war-generalissimo-francisco-franco-international-brigades&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fresh-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fresh_273-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHundley2006" class="citation news cs1">Hundley, Tom (3 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2006/08/03/spain-handles-with-care-memories-of-its-civil-war/">"Spain handles with care memories of its civil war"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Spain+handles+with+care+memories+of+its+civil+war&rft.date=2006-08-03&rft.aulast=Hundley&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2006%2F08%2F03%2Fspain-handles-with-care-memories-of-its-civil-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCedéo_Alvarado2008" class="citation news cs1">Cedéo Alvarado, Ernesto (4 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/content/rey-juan-carlos-abochorn%C3%B3-pinochet">"Rey Juan Carlos abochornó a Pinochet"</a>. <i>Panamá América</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Panam%C3%A1+Am%C3%A9rica&rft.atitle=Rey+Juan+Carlos+abochorn%C3%B3+a+Pinochet&rft.date=2008-02-04&rft.aulast=Ced%C3%A9o+Alvarado&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panamaamerica.com.pa%2Fcontent%2Frey-juan-carlos-abochorn%25C3%25B3-pinochet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150205083046/http://www.lacuarta.com/diario/2007/01/12/12.14.4a.VUE.VIUDOS.html">"Viudos de Franco homenajearon a Pinochet en España"</a> [Widows of Franco Honour Pinochet in Spain]. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Cuarta" title="La Cuarta">La Cuarta</a></i> (in Spanish). Chile. 18 October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lacuarta.com/diario/2007/01/12/12.14.4a.VUE.VIUDOS.html">the original</a> on 5 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Cuarta&rft.atitle=Viudos+de+Franco+homenajearon+a+Pinochet+en+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.date=2013-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lacuarta.com%2Fdiario%2F2007%2F01%2F12%2F12.14.4a.VUE.VIUDOS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelle_Goldberg2024" class="citation web cs1">Michelle Goldberg (5 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/05/opinion/jd-vance-fascism-unhumans.html?unlocked_article_code=1.A04.RbXU.uPyLpNWbZPKi&smid=url-share">"JD Vance Just Blurbed a Book Arguing That Progressives Are Subhuman"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2024</span>. <q>In the past, communists marched in the streets waving red flags. Today, they march through <a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">HR</a>, college campuses, and courtrooms to wage <a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">lawfare</a> against good, honest people. In <i>Unhumans</i>, Jack Posobiec and Joshua Lisec reveal their plans and show us what to do to fight back.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=JD+Vance+Just+Blurbed+a+Book+Arguing+That+Progressives+Are+Subhuman&rft.date=2024-08-05&rft.au=Michelle+Goldberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F08%2F05%2Fopinion%2Fjd-vance-fascism-unhumans.html%3Funlocked_article_code%3D1.A04.RbXU.uPyLpNWbZPKi%26smid%3Durl-share&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelle_Goldberg2024" class="citation web cs1">Michelle Goldberg (5 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/05/opinion/jd-vance-fascism-unhumans.html?unlocked_article_code=1.A04.RbXU.uPyLpNWbZPKi&smid=url-share">"JD Vance Just Blurbed a Book Arguing That Progressives Are Subhuman"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=JD+Vance+Just+Blurbed+a+Book+Arguing+That+Progressives+Are+Subhuman&rft.date=2024-08-05&rft.au=Michelle+Goldberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F08%2F05%2Fopinion%2Fjd-vance-fascism-unhumans.html%3Funlocked_article_code%3D1.A04.RbXU.uPyLpNWbZPKi%26smid%3Durl-share&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Gardner2024" class="citation web cs1">David Gardner (6 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/jd-vance-praised-book-calling-the-left-unhumans-and-praising-dictators">"Vance Praised Book Calling the Left 'Unhumans' and Praising Dictators"</a>. <i>Daily Beast</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Vance+Praised+Book+Calling+the+Left+%E2%80%98Unhumans%E2%80%99+and+Praising+Dictators&rft.date=2024-08-06&rft.au=David+Gardner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fjd-vance-praised-book-calling-the-left-unhumans-and-praising-dictators&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarin_Scotten2024" class="citation web cs1">Marin Scotten (7 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2024/08/07/jd-vance-blurbed-a-book-by-a-conspiracy-theorist-that-argues-people-on-the-left-arent-even-human/">"JD Vance blurbed a book by a conspiracy theorist that argues people on the left aren't even human"</a>. <i>Salon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=JD+Vance+blurbed+a+book+by+a+conspiracy+theorist+that+argues+people+on+the+left+aren%27t+even+human&rft.date=2024-08-07&rft.au=Marin+Scotten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2024%2F08%2F07%2Fjd-vance-blurbed-a-book-by-a-conspiracy-theorist-that-argues-people-on-the-left-arent-even-human%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan_J._Robinson2024" class="citation web cs1">Nathan J. Robinson (31 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.currentaffairs.org/news/the-horrifying-fascist-manifesto-endorsed-by-j.d.-vance">"The Horrifying Fascist Manifesto Endorsed By J.D. Vance"</a>. <i>Current Affairs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Current+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Horrifying+Fascist+Manifesto+Endorsed+By+J.D.+Vance&rft.date=2024-07-31&rft.au=Nathan+J.+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.currentaffairs.org%2Fnews%2Fthe-horrifying-fascist-manifesto-endorsed-by-j.d.-vance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5151504.stm">Europe diary: Franco and Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 6 July 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statue-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Statue_279-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/Santander/retira/estatua/Franco/elpepuesp/20081218elpepunac_2/Tes"><i>Santander retira la estatua de Franco</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a>, 18 December 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_280-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilos2007" class="citation news cs1">Hamilos, Paul (19 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/oct/18/spain.paulhamilos">"Rallies banned at Franco's mausoleum"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rallies+banned+at+Franco%27s+mausoleum&rft.date=2007-10-19&rft.aulast=Hamilos&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Foct%2F18%2Fspain.paulhamilos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Councilof_Europe2005-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Councilof_Europe2005_281-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_of_Europe:_Parliamentary_Assembly2005" class="citation book cs1">Council of Europe: Parliamentary Assembly (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IWbEgwGpP2EC&pg=PA135"><i>Documents: Working Papers, 2004 Ordinary Session (Second Part), 26–30 April 2004, Vol. 3</i></a>. Council of Europe. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-871-5508-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-871-5508-5"><bdi>978-92-871-5508-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents%3A+Working+Papers%2C+2004+Ordinary+Session+%28Second+Part%29%2C+26%E2%80%9330+April+2004%2C+Vol.+3&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-92-871-5508-5&rft.au=Council+of+Europe%3A+Parliamentary+Assembly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIWbEgwGpP2EC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EP-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EP_282-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EP_282-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EP_282-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/03/17/espana/1142617936.html"><i>Primera condena al régimen de Franco en un recinto internacional</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/EFE" title="EFE">EFE</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)" title="El Mundo (Spain)">El Mundo</a></i>, 17 March 2006 <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalazGómez2007-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalazGómez2007_283-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalazGómez2007_283-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalazGómez2007_283-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalazGómez2007">Galaz & Gómez 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Spain OKs Reparations to Civil War Victims", Associated Press, 28 July 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eumed.net/entelequia/pdf/2008/e07a19.pdf">Politics As Usual? The Trials and Tribulations of The Law of Historical Memory in Spain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205040436/http://www.eumed.net/entelequia/pdf/2008/e07a19.pdf">Archived</a> 5 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Georgina Blakeley (The Open University), 7 September 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senado.es/legis8/expedientes/621/index_621000133.html"><i>Proyecto de Ley por la que se reconocen y amplían derechos y se establecen medidas en favor de quienes padecieron persecución o violencia durante la Guerra Civil y la Dictadura</i></a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429001245/http://www.senado.es/legis8/expedientes/621/index_621000133.html">Archived</a> 29 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.en.mhcat.cat/content/view/full/1768">Franco's Prisons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150411193743/http://www.en.mhcat.cat/exposicions/exposicions_en_linia/les_presons_de_franco_2003_2004">Archived</a> 2015-04-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duntempsdunpais.cat/vida-y-muertes-del-general-franquissimo/">El general franquisimo de Vazquez de Sola</a>. Duntempsdunpais.cat. Retrieved 17 December 2017.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpert2009" class="citation journal cs1">Alpert, Michael (2009). "Spain and the Jews in the Second World War". <i>Jewish Historical Studies</i>. <b>42</b>: 201–210. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-9696">0962-9696</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29780130">29780130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Spain+and+the+Jews+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=201-210&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29780130%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0962-9696&rft.aulast=Alpert&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpert2013" class="citation book cs1">Alpert, Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ACvghWhzB0MC"><i>The Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02873-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02873-9"><bdi>978-1-107-02873-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republican+Army+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02873-9&rft.aulast=Alpert&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DACvghWhzB0MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpert2019" class="citation book cs1">Alpert, Michael (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VvuiDwAAQBAJ"><i>Franco and the Condor Legion: The Spanish Civil War in the Air</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-563-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-563-8"><bdi>978-1-78673-563-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco+and+the+Condor+Legion%3A+The+Spanish+Civil+War+in+the+Air&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78673-563-8&rft.aulast=Alpert&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVvuiDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAterranoVarley2020" class="citation book cs1">Aterrano, Marco Maria; Varley, Karine (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gCjhDwAAQBAJ">"A Fascist Decade of War? The impact of the Italian wars on the international stage, 1935–1945"</a>. In Aterrano, Marco Maria; Varley, Karine (eds.). <i>A Fascist Decade of War: 1935–1945 in International Perspective</i>. Routledge. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-32998-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-32998-9"><bdi>978-1-351-32998-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Fascist+Decade+of+War%3F+The+impact+of+the+Italian+wars+on+the+international+stage%2C+1935%E2%80%931945&rft.btitle=A+Fascist+Decade+of+War%3A+1935%E2%80%931945+in+International+Perspective&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-351-32998-9&rft.aulast=Aterrano&rft.aufirst=Marco+Maria&rft.au=Varley%2C+Karine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgCjhDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006" class="citation book cs1">Avilés Farré, Juan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madrid.org/bvirtual/BVCM001646.pdf"><i>La izquierda burguesa y la tragedia de la II República</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Madrid: Consejería de Educación, Comunidad de Madrid. pp. 397–398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-451-2881-7" title="Special:BookSources/84-451-2881-7"><bdi>84-451-2881-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204083714/http://www.madrid.org/bvirtual/BVCM001646.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+izquierda+burguesa+y+la+tragedia+de+la+II+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=397-398&rft.pub=Consejer%C3%ADa+de+Educaci%C3%B3n%2C+Comunidad+de+Madrid&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=84-451-2881-7&rft.aulast=Avil%C3%A9s+Farr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madrid.org%2Fbvirtual%2FBVCM001646.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvni1982" class="citation book cs1">Avni, Haim (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzu8AAAAIAAJ"><i>Spain, the Jews, and Franco</i></a>. Jewish Publication Society of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0188-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0188-8"><bdi>978-0-8276-0188-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%2C+the+Jews%2C+and+Franco&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society+of+America&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0188-8&rft.aulast=Avni&rft.aufirst=Haim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duzu8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalfour2002" class="citation book cs1">Balfour, Sebastian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QxZREAAAQBAJ"><i>Deadly Embrace: Morocco and the Road to the Spanish Civil War</i></a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 52–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-155487-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-155487-2"><bdi>978-0-19-155487-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deadly+Embrace%3A+Morocco+and+the+Road+to+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pages=52-54&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-155487-2&rft.aulast=Balfour&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQxZREAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBautista_Delgado2009" class="citation book cs1">Bautista Delgado, Juan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9WlpL98TaAIC">"From Ostracism to a Leading Role – Spain's Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East Since 1939"</a>. In Sanford R. Silverburg (ed.). <i>Palestine and International Law: Essays on Politics and Economics</i>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4248-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4248-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-4248-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Ostracism+to+a+Leading+Role+%E2%80%93+Spain%27s+Foreign+Policy+Towards+the+Middle+East+Since+1939&rft.btitle=Palestine+and+International+Law%3A+Essays+on+Politics+and+Economics&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4248-5&rft.aulast=Bautista+Delgado&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9WlpL98TaAIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2006" class="citation book cs1">Beevor, Antony (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsGtxYCcE2MC"><i>The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303765-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303765-1"><bdi>978-0-14-303765-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Spain%3A+The+Spanish+Civil+War+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303765-1&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsGtxYCcE2MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2014" class="citation book cs1">Bell, P. M. H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5nF_BAAAQBAJ"><i>The Origins of the Second World War in Europe</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86525-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86525-4"><bdi>978-1-317-86525-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War+in+Europe&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86525-4&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=P.+M.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5nF_BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ami1981" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Ami, Shlomo (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OJ4muVESa64C">"Ben-Ami: Catalan and Basque"</a>. In Dinstein, Yoram (ed.). <i>Models of Autonomy</i>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2884-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2884-0"><bdi>978-1-4128-2884-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ben-Ami%3A+Catalan+and+Basque&rft.btitle=Models+of+Autonomy&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2884-0&rft.aulast=Ben-Ami&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOJ4muVESa64C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2017" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Wayne H. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PQWUDgAAQBAJ"><i>Truman, Franco's Spain, and the Cold War</i></a>. University of Missouri Press. pp. 59–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-7384-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-7384-0"><bdi>978-0-8262-7384-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman%2C+Franco%27s+Spain%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-7384-0&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Wayne+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPQWUDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaz_Campos2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ismael_Saz" title="Ismael Saz">Saz Campos, Ismael</a> (2004). <i>Fascismo y franquismo</i> (in Spanish). University of Valencia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-370-5910-0" title="Special:BookSources/84-370-5910-0"><bdi>84-370-5910-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascismo+y+franquismo&rft.pub=University+of+Valencia&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=84-370-5910-0&rft.aulast=Saz+Campos&rft.aufirst=Ismael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasals2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Casals" title="Xavier Casals">Casals, Xavier</a> (2006). "Franco 'El Africano'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 207–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14636200601083990">10.1080/14636200601083990</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216092331">216092331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Spanish+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Franco+%27El+Africano%27&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=207-224&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14636200601083990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216092331%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Casals&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasanovaEspinosaMirGómez2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Casanova, Julián; Espinosa, Francisco; Mir, Conxita; Gómez, Francisco Moreno (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_m9LFVpT4MwC"><i>Morir, matar, sobrevivir: la violencia en la dictadura de Franco</i></a> (in Spanish). Grupo Planeta (GBS). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8432-506-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8432-506-2"><bdi>978-84-8432-506-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morir%2C+matar%2C+sobrevivir%3A+la+violencia+en+la+dictadura+de+Franco&rft.pub=Grupo+Planeta+%28GBS%29&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-84-8432-506-2&rft.aulast=Casanova&rft.aufirst=Juli%C3%A1n&rft.au=Espinosa%2C+Francisco&rft.au=Mir%2C+Conxita&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez%2C+Francisco+Moreno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_m9LFVpT4MwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasanova2010" class="citation book cs1">Casanova, Julián (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KsRNmT9GzY0C"><i>The Spanish Republic and Civil War</i></a>. Cambridge University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73780-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73780-7"><bdi>978-0-521-73780-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Republic+and+Civil+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-73780-7&rft.aulast=Casanova&rft.aufirst=Juli%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKsRNmT9GzY0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasanovaAndrés2014" class="citation book cs1">Casanova, Julián; Andrés, Carlos Gil (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n-HGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA238"><i>Twentieth-Century Spain: A History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-99200-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-99200-8"><bdi>978-1-139-99200-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth-Century+Spain%3A+A+History&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-139-99200-8&rft.aulast=Casanova&rft.aufirst=Juli%C3%A1n&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9s%2C+Carlos+Gil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn-HGAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasla2021" class="citation book cs1">Casla, Koldo (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZFNEAAAQBAJ"><i>Spain and Its Achilles' Heels: The Strong Foundations of a Country's Weaknesses</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-6459-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-6459-4"><bdi>978-1-5381-6459-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+and+Its+Achilles%27+Heels%3A+The+Strong+Foundations+of+a+Country%27s+Weaknesses&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-6459-4&rft.aulast=Casla&rft.aufirst=Koldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ZFNEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastillo2019" class="citation book cs1">Castillo, Dennis (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNm0DwAAQBAJ"><i>Papal Diplomacy from 1914 to 1989: The Seventy-Five Years War</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-4649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-4649-2"><bdi>978-1-4985-4649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papal+Diplomacy+from+1914+to+1989%3A+The+Seventy-Five+Years+War&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-4649-2&rft.aulast=Castillo&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNm0DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiáurriz2020" class="citation book cs1">Ciáurriz, Iker Itoiz (2020). Valencia-García, Louie Dean (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=imXXDwAAQBAJ"><i>Far-Right Revisionism and the End of History: Alt/Histories</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-05407-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-05407-1"><bdi>978-1-000-05407-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Far-Right+Revisionism+and+the+End+of+History%3A+Alt%2FHistories&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-05407-1&rft.aulast=Ci%C3%A1urriz&rft.aufirst=Iker+Itoiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DimXXDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifford2020" class="citation book cs1">Clifford, Alexander (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PwLoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53"><i>The People's Army in the Spanish Civil War: A Military History of the Republic and International Brigades 1936–1939</i></a>. Pen and Sword Military. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-6095-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-6095-1"><bdi>978-1-5267-6095-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Army+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+Republic+and+International+Brigades+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Military&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5267-6095-1&rft.aulast=Clifford&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPwLoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Cueva1998" class="citation journal cs1">de la Cueva, Julio (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/261121">"Religious Persecution, Anticlerical Tradition and Revolution: On Atrocities against the Clergy during the Spanish Civil War"</a>. <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 355–369. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/261121">261121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Religious+Persecution%2C+Anticlerical+Tradition+and+Revolution%3A+On+Atrocities+against+the+Clergy+during+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=355-369&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F261121%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft.aulast=de+la+Cueva&rft.aufirst=Julio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F261121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllwood2014" class="citation book cs1">Ellwood, Sheelagh M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fGjXAwAAQBAJ"><i>Franco</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87467-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87467-6"><bdi>978-1-317-87467-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-87467-6&rft.aulast=Ellwood&rft.aufirst=Sheelagh+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfGjXAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2013" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Jan E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XG9NAwAAQBAJ"><i>Miguel de Unamuno's Quest for Faith: A Kierkegaardian Understanding of Unamuno's Struggle to Believe</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-106-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-106-5"><bdi>978-1-62032-106-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miguel+de+Unamuno%27s+Quest+for+Faith%3A+A+Kierkegaardian+Understanding+of+Unamuno%27s+Struggle+to+Believe&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62032-106-5&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Jan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXG9NAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontana2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fontana, Josep (2000) [1986]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NvktdpY5pVcC&pg=PA22">"Reflexiones sobre la naturaleza y las consecuencias del franquismo"</a>. In Fontana, Josep (ed.). <i>España bajo el franquismo</i> (in Spanish). Grupo Planeta (GBS). p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8432-057-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8432-057-9"><bdi>978-84-8432-057-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reflexiones+sobre+la+naturaleza+y+las+consecuencias+del+franquismo&rft.btitle=Espa%C3%B1a+bajo+el+franquismo&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Grupo+Planeta+%28GBS%29&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-84-8432-057-9&rft.aulast=Fontana&rft.aufirst=Josep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNvktdpY5pVcC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranco_Bahamonde2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Franco Bahamonde, Francisco (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1P_LDwAAQBAJ"><i>Guerra de liberación: Franco inédito</i></a> (in Spanish). Editorial Almuzara. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-18089-51-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-18089-51-0"><bdi>978-84-18089-51-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerra+de+liberaci%C3%B3n%3A+Franco+in%C3%A9dito&rft.pub=Editorial+Almuzara&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-84-18089-51-0&rft.aulast=Franco+Bahamonde&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1P_LDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalazGómez2007" class="citation news cs1">Galaz, Mábel; Gómez, Luis (8 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218203256/http://elpais.com/diario/2007/09/09/domingo/1189309953_850215.html">"La cosecha del dictador"</a>. <i>El País</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elpais.com/diario/2007/09/09/domingo/1189309953_850215.html">the original</a> on 18 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=La+cosecha+del+dictador&rft.date=2007-09-08&rft.aulast=Galaz&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1bel&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez%2C+Luis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F2007%2F09%2F09%2Fdomingo%2F1189309953_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcíaTardío2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">García, Roberto Villa; Tardío, Manuel Álvarez (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXD7DQAAQBAJ"><i>1936. Fraude y violencia en las elecciones del Frente Popular</i></a> (in Spanish). Espasa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-670-4967-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-670-4967-1"><bdi>978-84-670-4967-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1936.+Fraude+y+violencia+en+las+elecciones+del+Frente+Popular&rft.pub=Espasa&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-84-670-4967-1&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Roberto+Villa&rft.au=Tard%C3%ADo%2C+Manuel+%C3%81lvarez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXD7DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoda1993" class="citation journal cs1">Goda, Norman J. W. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260712">"The Riddle of the Rock: A Reassessment of German Motives for the Capture of Gibraltar in the Second World War"</a>. <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 305–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200949302800205">10.1177/002200949302800205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260712">260712</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159914810">159914810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+Riddle+of+the+Rock%3A+A+Reassessment+of+German+Motives+for+the+Capture+of+Gibraltar+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=305-308&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159914810%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260712%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200949302800205&rft.aulast=Goda&rft.aufirst=Norman+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_Calleja2016" class="citation journal cs1">González Calleja, Eduardo (30 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fargonauta.2412">"Los discursos catastrofistas de los líderes de la derecha y la difusión del mito del " golpe de Estado comunista "<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>El Argonauta español</i> (13). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fargonauta.2412">10.4000/argonauta.2412</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Argonauta+espa%C3%B1ol&rft.atitle=Los+discursos+catastrofistas+de+los+l%C3%ADderes+de+la+derecha+y+la+difusi%C3%B3n+del+mito+del+%22+golpe+de+Estado+comunista+%22&rft.issue=13&rft.date=2016-01-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fargonauta.2412&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Calleja&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fargonauta.2412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1988" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Helen (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZqvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106">"The Spanish Popular Front and the Civil War"</a>. In Graham, Helen; Preston, Paul (eds.). <i>The Popular Front in Europe</i>. Springer. pp. 106–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-10618-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-10618-9"><bdi>978-1-349-10618-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Popular+Front+and+the+Civil+War&rft.btitle=The+Popular+Front+in+Europe&rft.pages=106-107&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-349-10618-9&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZqvCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2002" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Helen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fie9l5rhJ7IC&pg=PA365"><i>The Spanish Republic at War 1936–1939</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45932-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45932-7"><bdi>978-0-521-45932-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Republic+at+War+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45932-7&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfie9l5rhJ7IC%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabeck2002" class="citation book cs1">Habeck, Mary (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3GGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA204">"The Spanish Civil War and the origins of the Second World War"</a>. In Martel, Gordon (ed.). <i>Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered</i>. Routledge. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-71417-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-71417-9"><bdi>978-1-134-71417-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War+and+the+origins+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Second+World+War+Reconsidered&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-71417-9&rft.aulast=Habeck&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3GGAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlton_J._H._Hayes" title="Carlton J. H. Hayes">Hayes, Carlton J.H.</a> (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cj12AAAAMAAJ"><i>The United States and Spain. An Interpretation</i></a> (1st ed.). Sheed & Ward. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0837128054" title="Special:BookSources/978-0837128054"><bdi>978-0837128054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Spain.+An+Interpretation&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Sheed+%26+Ward&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-0837128054&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Carlton+J.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCj12AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández2015" class="citation book cs1">Hernández, Carlos Gregorio Hernández (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IxXSCgAAQBAJ">"Spain in the Interwar Period"</a>. In Martínez, José Luis Orella; Mizerska-Wrotkowska, Małgorzata (eds.). <i>Poland and Spain in the Interwar and Postwar Period</i>. Schedas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-944180-7-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-944180-7-5"><bdi>978-84-944180-7-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spain+in+the+Interwar+Period&rft.btitle=Poland+and+Spain+in+the+Interwar+and+Postwar+Period&rft.pub=Schedas&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-84-944180-7-5&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Gregorio+Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIxXSCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodges2002" class="citation book cs1">Hodges, Gabrielle Ashford (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVpEAQAAQBAJ"><i>Franco: A Concise Biography</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-28285-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-28285-1"><bdi>978-0-312-28285-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco%3A+A+Concise+Biography&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-312-28285-1&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Gabrielle+Ashford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYVpEAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooton2019" class="citation book cs1">Hooton, E. R. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kr3ZDwAAQBAJ"><i>Spain in Arms: A Military History of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939</i></a>. Casemate Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-638-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-638-3"><bdi>978-1-61200-638-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+in+Arms%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-61200-638-3&rft.aulast=Hooton&rft.aufirst=E.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKr3ZDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2012" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Gabriel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vpOwwZWGtBcC"><i>Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2018-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2018-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-2018-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+Republic+and+the+Civil+War%2C+1931%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2018-4&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvpOwwZWGtBcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2005" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Geoffrey (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N0qMG3mDi4QC"><i>Franco. Soldier, Commander, Dictator</i></a>. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-644-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-644-3"><bdi>978-1-57488-644-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco.+Soldier%2C+Commander%2C+Dictator&rft.place=Dulles%2C+VA&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-644-3&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN0qMG3mDi4QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuliáCasanova1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Juliá, Santos; Casanova, Julián (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4ZpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Víctimas de la Guerra Civil</i></a> (in Spanish). Temas de Hoy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7880-983-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7880-983-7"><bdi>978-84-7880-983-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V%C3%ADctimas+de+la+Guerra+Civil&rft.pub=Temas+de+Hoy&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-84-7880-983-7&rft.aulast=Juli%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Santos&rft.au=Casanova%2C+Juli%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw4ZpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2005" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Richard S., ed. 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London: Hamish Hamilton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goebbels+Diaries&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdgAzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2010" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, James (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20753590">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Our Red Soldiers': The Nationalist Army's Management of its Left-Wing Conscripts in the Spanish Civil War 1936–9"</a>. <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009409356912">10.1177/0022009409356912</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20753590">20753590</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153816165">153816165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=%27Our+Red+Soldiers%27%3A+The+Nationalist+Army%27s+Management+of+its+Left-Wing+Conscripts+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War+1936%E2%80%939&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=354&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153816165%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20753590%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009409356912&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20753590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1990" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Benjamin (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/sp/spaincountrystud00sols_0/spaincountrystud00sols_0.pdf">"3. 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Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-028550-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-028550-9"><bdi>978-0-16-028550-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119212904/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/sp/spaincountrystud00sols_0/spaincountrystud00sols_0.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+The+Economy&rft.btitle=Spain%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-16-028550-9&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftile.loc.gov%2Fstorage-services%2Fmaster%2Ffrd%2Ffrdcstdy%2Fsp%2Fspaincountrystud00sols_0%2Fspaincountrystud00sols_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoradiellos2017" class="citation book cs1">Moradiellos, Enrique (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhOMDwAAQBAJ"><i>Franco: Anatomy of a Dictator</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-300-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-300-9"><bdi>978-1-78673-300-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Dictator&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78673-300-9&rft.aulast=Moradiellos&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnhOMDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoralesAlegría2001" class="citation web cs1">Morales, Juan; Alegría, José Carlos (31 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/es%5Ecs940.html">"Standard of the Head of State 1940-1975 (Spain)"</a>. <i>Flags of the World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bucknell University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8387-5753-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8387-5753-6"><bdi>978-0-8387-5753-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seduction+of+Modern+Spain%3A+The+Female+Body+and+the+Francoist+Body+Politic&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Bucknell+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8387-5753-6&rft.aulast=Morcillo&rft.aufirst=Aurora+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOllkigpBDsIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno-LuzónSeixas2017" class="citation book cs1">Moreno-Luzón, Javier; Seixas, Xosé M. Núñez (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cl0EDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">"The Flag and the Anthem"</a>. In Moreno-Luzón, Javier; Seixas, Xosé M. Núñez (eds.). <i>Metaphors of Spain: Representations of Spanish National Identity in the Twentieth Century</i>. Berghahn Books. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-467-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-467-2"><bdi>978-1-78533-467-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Flag+and+the+Anthem&rft.btitle=Metaphors+of+Spain%3A+Representations+of+Spanish+National+Identity+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78533-467-2&rft.aulast=Moreno-Luz%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft.au=Seixas%2C+Xos%C3%A9+M.+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcl0EDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2007" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Ian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1XA7fwLoMkIC"><i>Guernica and Total War</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02484-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02484-7"><bdi>978-0-674-02484-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guernica+and+Total+War&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02484-7&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1XA7fwLoMkIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1961" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/falangehistoryof00payn"><i>Falange: A History of Spanish Fascism</i></a></span>. Stanford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/falangehistoryof00payn/page/68">68–69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804700580" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804700580"><bdi>978-0804700580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Falange%3A+A+History+of+Spanish+Fascism&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0804700580&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffalangehistoryof00payn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. 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Univ of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-13674-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-13674-1"><bdi>978-0-299-13674-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%27s+First+Democracy%3A+The+Second+Republic%2C+1931%E2%80%931936&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-299-13674-1&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D46N-pNbNG2kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1999" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fascisminspain1900payn"><i>Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977</i></a>. Madison: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-16560-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-16560-4"><bdi>978-0-299-16560-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+in+Spain%2C+1923%E2%80%931977&rft.pub=Madison%3A+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-299-16560-4&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffascisminspain1900payn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2000" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/francoregime193600payn"><i>The Franco regime, 1936–1975</i></a>. Phoenix Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-046-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-046-0"><bdi>978-1-84212-046-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Franco+regime%2C+1936%E2%80%931975&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-046-0&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrancoregime193600payn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2008" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. 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New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 33–35, 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300122824" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300122824"><bdi>978-0300122824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco+and+Hitler+%3A+Spain%2C+Germany%2C+and+World+War+II&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=33-35%2C+40&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0300122824&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqNF0BQO7qKAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2011" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. 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University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11073-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11073-4"><bdi>978-0-299-11073-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Franco+Regime%2C+1936%E2%80%931975&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Pres&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-299-11073-4&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS6Ie_HYgjUwC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2012" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4oIre16mWNsC&pg=PA110"><i>The Spanish Civil War</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521174701" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521174701"><bdi>978-0521174701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0521174701&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4oIre16mWNsC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaynePalacios2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Palacios_Tapias" title="Jesús Palacios Tapias">Palacios, Jesús</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rn6aBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4"><i>Franco: A Personal and Political Biography</i></a> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299302146" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299302146"><bdi>978-0299302146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco%3A+A+Personal+and+Political+Biography&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0299302146&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft.au=Palacios%2C+Jes%C3%BAs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drn6aBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPike2008" class="citation book cs1">Pike, David Wingeate (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6heJDAAAQBAJ"><i>Franco and the Axis Stigma</i></a>. Springer. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-20544-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-20544-4"><bdi>978-0-230-20544-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco+and+the+Axis+Stigma&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-20544-4&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=David+Wingeate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6heJDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrados_de_la_Escosura2017" class="citation book cs1">Prados de la Escosura, Leandro (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jho0DwAAQBAJ"><i>Spanish Economic Growth, 1850–2015</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-58042-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-58042-5"><bdi>978-3-319-58042-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+Economic+Growth%2C+1850%E2%80%932015&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-58042-5&rft.aulast=Prados+de+la+Escosura&rft.aufirst=Leandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJho0DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3679213">"General Franco as Military Leader"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>. <b>4</b>. Cambridge University Press: 21–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3679213">10.2307/3679213</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-0648">1474-0648</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679213">3679213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153836234">153836234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=General+Franco+as+Military+Leader&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=21-41&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=1474-0648&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153836234%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679213%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3679213&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F3679213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vyQ-PgAACAAJ"><i>Franco: A Biography</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02515-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02515-2"><bdi>978-0-465-02515-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02515-2&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvyQ-PgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vioVIdend4C"><i>The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution and Revenge</i></a> (3rd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-723207-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-723207-9"><bdi>978-0-00-723207-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War%3A+Reaction%2C+Revolution+and+Revenge&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-00-723207-9&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2vioVIdend4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2010" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Paul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4kpkQgAACAAJ">"The Theorists of Extermination"</a>. In Farrán, Carlos Jerez; Amago, Samuel (eds.). <i>Unearthing Franco's Legacy: Mass Graves and the Recovery of Historical Memory in Spain</i>. University of Notre Dame Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-268-03268-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-268-03268-5"><bdi>978-0-268-03268-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Theorists+of+Extermination&rft.btitle=Unearthing+Franco%27s+Legacy%3A+Mass+Graves+and+the+Recovery+of+Historical+Memory+in+Spain&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-268-03268-5&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4kpkQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2012" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Paul (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PKHUTjX0UAC&pg=PT266"><i>The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-23966-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-23966-9"><bdi>978-0-393-23966-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Holocaust%3A+Inquisition+and+Extermination+in+Twentieth-Century+Spain&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-393-23966-9&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PKHUTjX0UAC%26pg%3DPT266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2020" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Paul (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uN_VDwAAQBAJ"><i>A People Betrayed: A History of Corruption, Political Incompetence and Social Division in Modern Spain</i></a>. Liveright Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-870-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-870-9"><bdi>978-0-87140-870-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People+Betrayed%3A+A+History+of+Corruption%2C+Political+Incompetence+and+Social+Division+in+Modern+Spain&rft.pub=Liveright+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-870-9&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuN_VDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadcliff2017" class="citation book cs1">Radcliff, Pamela Beth (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tLnLDgAAQBAJ"><i>Modern Spain: 1808 to the Present</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8680-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8680-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-8680-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Spain%3A+1808+to+the+Present&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8680-3&rft.aulast=Radcliff&rft.aufirst=Pamela+Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtLnLDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaguer2007" class="citation book cs1">Raguer, Hilari (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hBvxAl22YjUC&pg=PA32"><i>Gunpowder and Incense: The Catholic Church and the Spanish Civil War</i></a>. Routledge. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-36593-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-36593-7"><bdi>978-1-134-36593-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunpowder+and+Incense%3A+The+Catholic+Church+and+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-36593-7&rft.aulast=Raguer&rft.aufirst=Hilari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhBvxAl22YjUC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRein2013" class="citation book cs1">Rein, Raanan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jc-2AQAAQBAJ"><i>In the Shadow of the Holocaust and the Inquisition: Israel's Relations with Francoist Spain</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-22190-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-22190-4"><bdi>978-1-135-22190-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Holocaust+and+the+Inquisition%3A+Israel%27s+Relations+with+Francoist+Spain&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-22190-4&rft.aulast=Rein&rft.aufirst=Raanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djc-2AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1998" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Michael (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FCw07ZeLAM0C"><i>A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco's Spain, 1936–1945</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59401-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59401-1"><bdi>978-0-521-59401-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Time+of+Silence%3A+Civil+War+and+the+Culture+of+Repression+in+Franco%27s+Spain%2C+1936%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59401-1&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFCw07ZeLAM0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2014" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, R. Dan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H-ceBgAAQBAJ"><i>Comintern Army: The International Brigades and the Spanish Civil War</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-6437-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-6437-3"><bdi>978-0-8131-6437-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comintern+Army%3A+The+International+Brigades+and+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-6437-3&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=R.+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH-ceBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley2019" class="citation book cs1">Riley, Dylan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=um_nDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Civic Foundations of Fascism in Europe</i></a>. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78663-524-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78663-524-2"><bdi>978-1-78663-524-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civic+Foundations+of+Fascism+in+Europe&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78663-524-2&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dum_nDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodgers2002" class="citation book cs1">Rodgers, Eamonn (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUuEAgAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Contemporary Spanish Culture</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-78859-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-78859-0"><bdi>978-1-134-78859-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Spanish+Culture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-78859-0&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Eamonn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUuEAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero_Salvadó2005" class="citation book cs1">Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fAUoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT277"><i>The Spanish Civil War: Origins, Course and Outcomes</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137258922" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137258922"><bdi>978-1137258922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War%3A+Origins%2C+Course+and+Outcomes&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1137258922&rft.aulast=Romero+Salvad%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Francisco+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfAUoBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero_Salvadó2013" class="citation book cs1">Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5e7wRi-HGcC"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8009-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8009-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-8009-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8009-2&rft.aulast=Romero+Salvad%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Francisco+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di5e7wRi-HGcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubottomMurphy1984" class="citation book cs1">Rubottom, R. Richard; Murphy, J. Carter (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HBCJPwAACAAJ"><i>Spain and the United States: Since World War II</i></a>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-91259-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-91259-8"><bdi>978-0-275-91259-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+and+the+United+States%3A+Since+World+War+II&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-275-91259-8&rft.aulast=Rubottom&rft.aufirst=R.+Richard&rft.au=Murphy%2C+J.+Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHBCJPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuiz2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ruiz, Julius (January 2007). "Defending the Republic: The García Atadell Brigade in Madrid, 1936". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009407071625">10.1177/0022009407071625</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159559553">159559553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Defending+the+Republic%3A+The+Garc%C3%ADa+Atadell+Brigade+in+Madrid%2C+1936&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009407071625&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159559553%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangster2018" class="citation book cs1">Sangster, Andrew (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DPR0DwAAQBAJ"><i>Probing the Enigma of Franco</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-2014-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-2014-1"><bdi>978-1-5275-2014-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Probing+the+Enigma+of+Franco&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-2014-1&rft.aulast=Sangster&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDPR0DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidman2011" class="citation book cs1">Seidman, Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jSO-dC5ac_EC"><i>The Victorious Counterrevolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War</i></a>. Univ of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-24963-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-24963-2"><bdi>978-0-299-24963-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victorious+Counterrevolution%3A+The+Nationalist+Effort+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-299-24963-2&rft.aulast=Seidman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjSO-dC5ac_EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiaroff2013" class="citation book cs1">Siaroff, Alan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VeRICgAAQBAJ"><i>Comparing Political Regimes: A Thematic Introduction to Comparative Politics, Third Edition</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0702-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0702-6"><bdi>978-1-4426-0702-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparing+Political+Regimes%3A+A+Thematic+Introduction+to+Comparative+Politics%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0702-6&rft.aulast=Siaroff&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVeRICgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1996" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, A. J. P. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nxCw5map13AC"><i>Origin Of The Second World War</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82947-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82947-0"><bdi>978-0-684-82947-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+Of+The+Second+World+War&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-684-82947-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnxCw5map13AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Swynnerton" title="Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton">Thomas, Hugh</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4a5RAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Spanish Civil War</i></a> (Revised ed.). Random House Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060142780" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060142780"><bdi>978-0060142780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0060142780&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4a5RAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTremlett2003" class="citation news cs1">Tremlett, Giles (1 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/spain/article/0,2763,1096841,00.html">"Spain torn on tribute to victims of Franco"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Spain+torn+on+tribute+to+victims+of+Franco&rft.date=2003-12-01&rft.aulast=Tremlett&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fspain%2Farticle%2F0%2C2763%2C1096841%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillaverde1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villaverde, Angel Luis López (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220501183416/https://ruidera.uclm.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10578/23819/A%C3%91IL19_LopezIndalecio.pdf%20(2).pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Indalecio Prieto en Cuenca: comentarios al discurso pronunciado el 1º de mayo de 1936"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Añil</i> (in Spanish) (19): 16. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1133-2263">1133-2263</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruidera.uclm.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10578/23819/A%c3%91IL19_LopezIndalecio.pdf%20%282%29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A%C3%B1il&rft.atitle=Indalecio+Prieto+en+Cuenca%3A+comentarios+al+discurso+pronunciado+el+1%C2%BA+de+mayo+de+1936&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=1133-2263&rft.aulast=Villaverde&rft.aufirst=Angel+Luis+L%C3%B3pez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruidera.uclm.es%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10578%2F23819%2FA%25c3%2591IL19_LopezIndalecio.pdf%2520%25282%2529.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2007" class="citation book cs1">Vincent, Mary (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WogSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133"><i>Spain, 1833–2002: People and State</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873159-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873159-7"><bdi>978-0-19-873159-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%2C+1833%E2%80%932002%3A+People+and+State&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873159-7&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWogSDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a-Wb45gW3P4C"><i>A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61826-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61826-7"><bdi>978-0-521-61826-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61826-7&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da-Wb45gW3P4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+Franco" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Blinkhorn, Martin. (1988) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/?id=eNmHAgAAQBAJ">Democracy and Civil war in Spain 1931–1939</a> Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415006996" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415006996">978-0415006996</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Carroll, Warren H.</a> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/?id=0NkpAQAAMAAJ">The Last Crusade: Spain 1936</a> Christendom Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0931888670" title="Special:BookSources/978-0931888670">978-0931888670</a>.</li> <li>Cerdá, Néstor. (October 2011) "Political Ascent and Military Commander: General Franco in the Early Months of the Spanish Civil War, July–October 1936". <i>Journal of Military History</i>. <b>75</b> (4) pp. 1125–1157.</li> <li>Franco, Pilar. (1980). Nosotros, Los Franco. La Familia Franco y toda la España contemporánea por un testigo de excepción: la hermana del Caudillo. Espejo de España, Editorial Planeta. 268 Páginas.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-320-6431-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-320-6431-9">84-320-6431-9</a></li> <li>Jerez Mir, Miguel; Luque, Javier. (2014) eds. Costa Pinto, António; Kallis, Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/?id=v3CoBAAAQBAJ"><i>Rethinking Fascism and Dictatorship in Europe</i></a>. "State and Regime in Early Francoism, 1936–45: Power Structures, Main Actors and Repression Policy". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137384416" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137384416">978-1137384416</a> <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 176–197.</li> <li>Lines, Lisa. (2017) "Francisco Franco as Warrior: Is It Time for a Reassessment of His Military Leadership?" <i>Journal of Military History</i> <b>81</b> (2) pp. 513–534.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Tusell" title="Javier Tusell">Tussell, Javier</a>(1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7u1mAAAAMAAJ">Franco, España y la II Guerra Mundial: Entre el Eje y la Neutralidad</a>. Spanish. Ediciones Temas de Hoy. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8478805013" title="Special:BookSources/978-8478805013">978-8478805013</a>.</li> <li>Tusell, Javier. (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4a5RAQAAQBAJ">Franco en la guerra civil – Una biografia política</a> Spanish. Editorial Tusquets. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8472236486" title="Special:BookSources/978-8472236486">978-8472236486</a>.</li> <li>Tusell, Javier. (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8mydPwAACAAJ">La Dictadura de Franco</a> Spanish. Altaya. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8448706371" title="Special:BookSources/978-8448706371">978-8448706371</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li>Franco, Francisco. (1922) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1445992/Marruecos_diario_de_una_bandera"><i>Marruecos : diario de una bandera</i></a>. Madrid Pueyo. 434161881.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_J._H._Hayes" title="Carlton J. H. Hayes">Hayes, Carlton J. H.</a> (1945) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wartimemissionin0000haye">Wartime mission in Spain, 1942–1945</a></i>. Macmillan Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1121497245" title="Special:BookSources/978-1121497245">978-1121497245</a>.</li> <li>Hoare, Samuel. (1946) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ambassadoronspec0000temp"><i>Ambassador on Special Mission</i></a>. UK. Collins. pp. 124–125</li> <li>Hoare, Samuel. (1947) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/complacentdictat0000temp."><i>Complacent Dictator</i></a> A.A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007F2ZVU">B0007F2ZVU</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_Letter_to_General_Franco_(6_February_1941)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Adolf Hitler's Letter to General Franco (6 February 1941)">Adolf Hitler's Letter to General Franco (6 February 1941)</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/023777">Newspaper clippings about Francisco Franco</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a></div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_(Spain)" title="President of the Republic (Spain)">President of Spain</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Spain" title="List of heads of state of Spain">Head</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spanish State</a> </b><br />1 October 1936 – 20 November 1975 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Valc%C3%A1rcel" title="Alejandro Rodríguez de Valcárcel">Alejandro Rodríguez de Valcárcel</a></div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regents" title="List of Spanish regents">President of the Regency Council</a> </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Negr%C3%ADn" title="Juan Negrín">Juan Negrín</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Spain">Prime Minister of Spain</a> </b><br />30 January 1938 – 8 June 1973 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Luis Carrero Blanco</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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href="/wiki/Francisco_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_la_Rosa" title="Francisco Martínez de la Rosa">Martínez de la Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Queipo_de_Llano,_7th_Count_of_Toreno" title="José María Queipo de Llano, 7th Count of Toreno">Toreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Ricardo_de_%C3%81lava" title="Miguel Ricardo de Álava">Álava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez_Mendiz%C3%A1bal" title="Juan Álvarez Mendizábal">Álvarez Mendizábal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_de_Ist%C3%BAriz" title="Francisco Javier de Istúriz">Istúriz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Calatrava_y_Peinado" title="José María Calatrava y Peinado">Calatrava</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldomero_Espartero" title="Baldomero Espartero">Espartero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Bardaj%C3%AD_y_Azara" title="Eusebio Bardají y Azara">Bardají</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narciso_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Heredia,_2nd_Count_of_Heredia-Sp%C3%ADnola" class="mw-redirect" title="Narciso Fernández de Heredia, 2nd Count of Heredia-Spínola">Heredia-Spínola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Velasco,_14th_Duke_of_Fr%C3%ADas" title="Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 14th Duke of Frías">Frías</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isidro_de_Alaix_F%C3%A1bregas" title="Isidro de Alaix Fábregas">Alaix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaristo_P%C3%A9rez_de_Castro" title="Evaristo Pérez de Castro">Pérez de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gonz%C3%A1lez,_1st_Marquess_of_Valdeterrazo" title="Antonio González, 1st Marquess of Valdeterrazo">A. González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Ferraz_y_Barrau" title="Valentín Ferraz y Barrau">Ferraz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modesto_Cort%C3%A1zar_y_Leal_de_Ibarra" title="Modesto Cortázar y Leal de Ibarra">Cortázar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Sancho_y_Cobertores" title="Vicente Sancho y Cobertores">Sancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldomero_Espartero" title="Baldomero Espartero">Espartero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mar%C3%ADa_Ferrer_y_Cafranga" title="Joaquín María Ferrer y Cafranga">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gonz%C3%A1lez,_1st_Marquess_of_Valdeterrazo" title="Antonio González, 1st Marquess of Valdeterrazo">A. González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Rodil,_1st_Marquess_of_Rodil" title="José Ramón Rodil, 1st Marquess of Rodil">Rodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mar%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_y_L%C3%B3pez" title="Joaquín María López y López">J. M. López</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_G%C3%B3mez_Becerra" title="Álvaro Gómez Becerra">Gómez Becerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salustiano_de_Ol%C3%B3zaga_y_Almandoz" title="Salustiano de Olózaga y Almandoz">Olózaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Bravo" title="Luis González Bravo">González Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mar%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Ramón María Narváez">Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Pando,_6th_Marquess_of_Miraflores" title="Manuel de Pando, 6th Marquess of Miraflores">Miraflores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mar%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Ramón María Narváez">Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_Irujo,_2nd_Marquess_of_Casa_Irujo" title="Carlos Martínez de Irujo, 2nd Marquess of Casa Irujo">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Francisco_Pacheco_y_Guti%C3%A9rrez-Calder%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquín Francisco Pacheco y Gutiérrez-Calderón">Pacheco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Salamanca,_Marquis_of_Salamanca" title="José de Salamanca, Marquis of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florencio_Garc%C3%ADa_Goyena" title="Florencio García Goyena">García Goyena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mar%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Ramón María Narváez">Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraf%C3%ADn_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Sotto,_3rd_Count_of_Clonard" title="Serafín María de Sotto, 3rd Count of Clonard">Clonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bravo_Murillo" title="Juan Bravo Murillo">Bravo Murillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_de_Roncali,_1st_Count_of_Alcoy" title="Federico de Roncali, 1st Count of Alcoy">Roncali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Lersundi_y_Hormaechea" title="Francisco de Lersundi y Hormaechea">Lersundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Jos%C3%A9_Sartorius,_1st_Count_of_San_Luis" title="Luis José Sartorius, 1st Count of San Luis">Sartorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdova,_2nd_Marquess_of_Mendigorr%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Fernández de Córdova, 2nd Marquess of Mendigorría">Mendigorría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Rivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldomero_Espartero" title="Baldomero Espartero">Espartero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_O%27Donnell" title="Leopoldo O'Donnell">O'Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mar%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Ramón María Narváez">Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Armero,_1st_Marquess_of_Nervi%C3%B3n" title="Francisco Armero, 1st Marquess of Nervión">Armero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_de_Ist%C3%BAriz" title="Francisco Javier de Istúriz">Istúriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_O%27Donnell" title="Leopoldo O'Donnell">O'Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Arrazola_y_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Lorenzo Arrazola y García">Arrazola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Mon_y_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Alejandro Mon y Menéndez">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mar%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Ramón María Narváez">Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_O%27Donnell" title="Leopoldo O'Donnell">O'Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mar%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Ramón María Narváez">Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Bravo" title="Luis González Bravo">González Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Guti%C3%A9rrez_de_la_Concha,_1st_Marquess_of_Havana" title="José Gutiérrez de la Concha, 1st Marquess of Havana">Havana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.25em;padding-top:0.35em;padding-bottom:0.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Sexenio_Democr%C3%A1tico" title="Sexenio Democrático">Democratic Sexennium</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1868–1874)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Madoz" title="Pascual Madoz">Madoz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serrano,_1st_Duke_of_la_Torre" title="Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Prim" title="Juan Prim">Prim</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Topete" title="Juan Bautista Topete">Topete</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serrano,_1st_Duke_of_la_Torre" title="Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ruiz_Zorrilla" title="Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla">Ruiz Zorrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Malcampo,_3rd_Marquess_of_San_Rafael" title="José Malcampo, 3rd Marquess of San Rafael">Malcampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A1xedes_Mateo_Sagasta" title="Práxedes Mateo Sagasta">Sagasta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Topete" title="Juan Bautista Topete">Topete</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serrano,_1st_Duke_of_la_Torre" title="Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre">Serrano</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdova,_2nd_Marquess_of_Mendigorr%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Fernández de Córdova, 2nd Marquess of Mendigorría">Mendigorría</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ruiz_Zorrilla" title="Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla">Ruiz Zorrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estanislao_Figueras" title="Estanislao Figueras">Figueras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Salmer%C3%B3n_y_Alonso" title="Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso">Salmerón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Castelar" title="Emilio Castelar">Castelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serrano,_1st_Duke_of_la_Torre" title="Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Zavala" title="Juan de Zavala">Sierra Bullones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A1xedes_Mateo_Sagasta" title="Práxedes Mateo Sagasta">Sagasta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.25em;padding-top:0.35em;padding-bottom:0.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">The Restoration</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1874–1931)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Cánovas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Jovellar_y_Soler" title="Joaquín Jovellar y Soler">Jovellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez_Campos" title="Arsenio Martínez Campos">Martínez Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A1xedes_Mateo_Sagasta" title="Práxedes Mateo Sagasta">Sagasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Posada_Herrera" title="José Posada Herrera">Posada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Azc%C3%A1rraga_Palmero" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero">Azcárraga</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Silvela" title="Francisco Silvela">Silvela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Villaverde" title="Raimundo Fernández-Villaverde">Fernández-Villaverde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maura" title="Antonio Maura">Maura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montero_R%C3%ADos" title="Eugenio Montero Ríos">Montero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segismundo_Moret" title="Segismundo Moret">Moret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Dom%C3%ADnguez" title="José López Domínguez">López Domínguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Aguilar_y_Correa,_Marquis_of_Vega_de_Armijo" title="Antonio Aguilar y Correa, Marquis of Vega de Armijo">Vega de Armijo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Canalejas_y_M%C3%A9ndez" title="José Canalejas y Méndez">Canalejas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa_Prieto,_Marquis_of_Alhucemas" title="Manuel García Prieto, Marquis of Alhucemas">García Prieto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Figueroa,_1st_Count_of_Romanones" title="Álvaro de Figueroa, 1st Count of Romanones">Romanones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Dato" title="Eduardo Dato">Dato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maura" title="Antonio Maura">Maura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Toca" title="Joaquín Sánchez de Toca">Sánchez de Toca</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gabino_Bugallal_Ara%C3%BAjo" title="Gabino Bugallal Araújo">Bugallal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez-Guerra_y_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="José Sánchez-Guerra y Martínez">Sánchez-Guerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dámaso Berenguer">Berenguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Aznar-Caba%C3%B1as" title="Juan Bautista Aznar-Cabañas">Aznar-Cabañas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.25em;padding-top:0.35em;padding-bottom:0.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1931–1939)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Alcalá-Zamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Lerroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Mart%C3%ADnez_Barrio" title="Diego Martínez Barrio">Martínez Barrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Samper" title="Ricardo Samper">Samper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Chapaprieta" title="Joaquín Chapaprieta">Chapaprieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Portela_Valladares" title="Manuel Portela Valladares">Portela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Barc%C3%ADa_Trelles" title="Augusto Barcía Trelles">Barcía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Casares_Quiroga" title="Santiago Casares Quiroga">Casares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Mart%C3%ADnez_Barrio" title="Diego Martínez Barrio">Martínez Barrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Giral" title="José Giral">Giral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Largo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Negr%C3%ADn" title="Juan Negrín">Negrín</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.25em;padding-top:0.35em;padding-bottom:0.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain under Franco</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1936–1975)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Carrero Blanco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torcuato_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Miranda" title="Torcuato Fernández-Miranda">Fernández-Miranda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arias_Navarro" title="Carlos Arias Navarro">Arias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.25em;padding-top:0.35em;padding-bottom:0.35em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1975%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Spain (1975–present)">Since 1975</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arias_Navarro" title="Carlos Arias Navarro">Arias</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Santiago" title="Fernando de Santiago">Santiago</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Adolfo Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Calvo-Sotelo" title="Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo">Calvo-Sotelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">F. González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">Aznar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">Zapatero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rajoy" title="Mariano Rajoy">Rajoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco_(1844–1934)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco" title="Template:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco" title="Template talk:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco_(1844–1934)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1934)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">French protectorate in Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish protectorate in Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Moroccan_War" title="Franco-Moroccan War">First Franco-Moroccan War (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%931860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)">Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Melillan_campaign" title="First Melillan campaign">First Melilla War (1893–94)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Second Melilla War (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War (1914–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War (1921–26)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Bombardment of Salé">Bombardment of Salé (1851)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Casablanca" title="Bombardment of Casablanca">Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolf_Ravine" title="Battle of Wolf Ravine">Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Fez_riots" title="1912 Fez riots">Bloody Days of Fes (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Bou_Othman" title="Battle of Sidi Bou Othman">Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Ksiba" title="Battle of El Ksiba">Battle of El Ksiba (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Herri" title="Battle of El Herri">Battle of El Herri (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Battle of Annual (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas Landing (1925)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Moroccans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ameziane" title="Mohammed Ameziane">Mohammed Ameziane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulai_Ahmed_er_Raisuni" title="Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni">Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouha_ou_Hammou_Zayani" title="Mouha ou Hammou Zayani">Mouha ou Hammou Zayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moha_ou_Said" title="Moha ou Said">Moha ou Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhand_n%27Ifrutant" title="Mhand n'Ifrutant">Mhand n'Ifrutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Amhaouch" title="Ali Amhaouch">Ali Amhaouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Hiba" title="Ahmed al-Hiba">Sidi Ahmed El Hiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_al-%27Aynayn" title="Ma al-'Aynayn">Ma al-'Aynayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Krim" title="Abd el-Krim">Abd el-Krim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assou_Oubasslam" title="Assou Oubasslam">Assou Oubasslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFt_Atta" title="Aït Atta">Aït Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayanes" title="Zayanes">Zayanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ait_Ouriaghel" title="Ait Ouriaghel">Beni Ouryaghel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mangin" title="Charles Mangin">Charles Mangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyautey" title="Hubert Lyautey">Hubert Lyautey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Prosper_Henrys" title="Paul Prosper Henrys">Paul Prosper Henrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Poeymirau" title="Joseph-François Poeymirau">Joseph-François Poeymirau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_de_Bournazel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry de Bournazel (page does not exist)">Henry de Bournazel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">French allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thami_El_Glaoui" title="Thami El Glaoui">Thami El Glaoui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Spaniards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_y_Margallo" title="Juan García y Margallo">Juan García y Margallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez-Campos_y_Ant%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón">Arsenio Martínez-Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Marina_Vega" title="José Marina Vega">José Marina Vega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Silvestre" title="Manuel Fernández Silvestre">Manuel Fernández Silvestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dámaso Berenguer">Dámaso Berenguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mill%C3%A1n-Astray" title="José Millán-Astray">José Millán-Astray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo" title="José Sanjurjo">José Sanjurjo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francisco Franco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Spanish allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Meziane" title="Mohamed Meziane">Mohamed Meziane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tangier_(1844)" title="Treaty of Tangier (1844)">Treaty of Tangier (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wad_Ras" title="Treaty of Wad Ras">Treaty of Wad Ras (1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fes_(1894)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Fes (1894) (page does not exist)">Treaty of Fes (1894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Cartagena" title="Pact of Cartagena">Pact of Cartagena (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Congo_Treaty" title="Morocco–Congo Treaty">Morocco–Congo Treaty (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Between_France_and_Spain_Regarding_Morocco" title="Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco">Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Crises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis (1905–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis (1911)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="36px_Philippine_Legion_of_Honor_recipients_36px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_Legion_of_Honor_recipients" title="Template:Philippine Legion of Honor recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_Legion_of_Honor_recipients" title="Template talk:Philippine Legion of Honor recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_Legion_of_Honor_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine Legion of Honor recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="36px_Philippine_Legion_of_Honor_recipients_36px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Legionnaire_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Legionnaire_BAR.png/36px-PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Legionnaire_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Legionnaire_BAR.png/54px-PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Legionnaire_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Legionnaire_BAR.png/72px-PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Legionnaire_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span>    <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Legion_of_Honor" title="Philippine Legion of Honor">Philippine Legion of Honor</a> recipients    <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Legionnaire_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Legionnaire_BAR.png/36px-PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Legionnaire_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Legionnaire_BAR.png/54px-PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Legionnaire_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Legionnaire_BAR.png/72px-PHL_Legion_of_Honor_-_Legionnaire_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chief Commander<br />(Punong Komandante)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah" title="Hassanal Bolkiah">Hassanal Bolkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li>Leonardo Espina</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francisco Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="José P. Laurel">José P. Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Robredo" title="Jesse Robredo">Jesse Robredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chino_Roces" title="Chino Roces">Chino Roces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Sin" title="Jaime Sin">Jaime Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Achmad Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ta%C3%B1ada" title="Lorenzo Tañada">Lorenzo Tañada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Maxwell D. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Teehankee" title="Claudio Teehankee">Claudio Teehankee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand Commander<br />(Marangal na Komandante)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Teodoro" title="Gilbert Teodoro">Gilbert Teodoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Yap" title="Emilio Yap">Emilio Yap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Zobel_de_Ayala" title="Fernando Zobel de Ayala">Fernando Zobel de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Zobel_de_Ayala" title="Jaime Zobel de Ayala">Jaime Zobel de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Augusto_Zobel_de_Ayala" title="Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala">Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_G._Rama" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon G. Rama">Napoleon G. Rama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand Officer<br />(Marangal na Pinuno)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Locsin_Jr." title="Teodoro Locsin Jr.">Teodoro Locsin Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commander<br />(Komandante)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino Jr.">Benigno Aquino Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulogio_Balao" title="Eulogio Balao">Eulogio Balao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotero_Cabahug" title="Sotero Cabahug">Sotero Cabahug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Montelibano_Sr." title="Alfredo Montelibano Sr.">Alfredo Montelibano Sr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officer (Pinuno)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino Jr.">Benigno Aquino Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manny_Pacquiao" title="Manny Pacquiao">Manny Pacquiao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legionnaire<br />(Lehiyonaryo)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/201st_Fighter_Squadron_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="201st Fighter Squadron (Mexico)">Escuadrón 201</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Locsin_Sr." title="Teodoro Locsin Sr.">Teodoro Locsin Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geronima_Pecson" title="Geronima Pecson">Geronima Pecson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sakakida" title="Richard Sakakida">Richard Sakakida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post-war_flight_of_Axis_fugitives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-war_flight_of_Axis_fugitives" title="Template:Post-war flight of Axis fugitives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-war_flight_of_Axis_fugitives" title="Template talk:Post-war flight of Axis fugitives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-war_flight_of_Axis_fugitives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-war flight of Axis fugitives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post-war_flight_of_Axis_fugitives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post-war flight of Axis fugitives</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fugitives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">German / Austrian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Abromeit" title="Franz Abromeit">Franz Abromeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludolf_von_Alvensleben" title="Ludolf von Alvensleben">Ludolf von Alvensleben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermine_Braunsteiner" title="Hermine Braunsteiner">Hermine Braunsteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Alois Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eisele_(physician)" title="Hans Eisele (physician)">Hans Eisele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribert_Heim" title="Aribert Heim">Aribert Heim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kutschmann" title="Walter Kutschmann">Walter Kutschmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Leers" title="Johann von Leers">Johann von Leers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Michel" title="Hermann Michel">Hermann Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Priebke" title="Erich Priebke">Erich Priebke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rauff" title="Walter Rauff">Walter Rauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Roschmann" title="Eduard Roschmann">Eduard Roschmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Schreiber" title="Walter Schreiber">Walter Schreiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Schumann" title="Horst Schumann">Horst Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Schwammberger" title="Josef Schwammberger">Josef Schwammberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Stangl" title="Franz Stangl">Franz Stangl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wagner" title="Gustav Wagner">Gustav Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Croatian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milivoj_A%C5%A1ner" title="Milivoj Ašner">Milivoj Ašner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrija_Artukovi%C4%87" title="Andrija Artuković">Andrija Artuković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Geiser" title="Anton Geiser">Anton Geiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Vjekoslav Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Rojnica" title="Ivo Rojnica">Ivo Rojnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinko_%C5%A0aki%C4%87" title="Dinko Šakić">Dinko Šakić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Vran%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Vrančić">Vjekoslav Vrančić</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Belgian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Pierre Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Léon Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lagrou" title="René Lagrou">René Lagrou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Ukrainian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Demjanjuk" title="John Demjanjuk">John Demjanjuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Feodor Fedorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lebed" title="Mykola Lebed">Mykola Lebed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Danish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kam" title="Søren Kam">Søren Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_V%C3%A6rnet" title="Carl Værnet">Carl Værnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Estonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Laak" title="Aleksander Laak">Aleksander Laak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Linnas" title="Karl Linnas">Karl Linnas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Latvian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktors_Ar%C4%81js" title="Viktors Arājs">Viktors Arājs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herberts_Cukurs" title="Herberts Cukurs">Herberts Cukurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other nationalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tscherim_Soobzokov" title="Tscherim Soobzokov">Tscherim Soobzokov</a> (Circassian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aarne_Kauhanen" title="Aarne Kauhanen">Aarne Kauhanen</a> (Finnish)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratlines_(World_War_II)" title="Ratlines (World War II)">Ratlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;;font-weight:normal;">State involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Baviera" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Baviera">Colonia Dignidad (Chile)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franco (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Videla (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip (USA)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_relocated_to_the_US_via_the_Operation_Paperclip" title="List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Operation Osoaviakhim (USSR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_transported_to_the_USSR_via_the_Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="List of Germans transported to the USSR via the Operation Osoaviakhim">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Leiber" title="Robert Leiber">Robert Leiber (Holy See)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Banzer" title="Hugo Banzer">Banzer (Bolivia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Alfredo Stroessner">Stroessner (Paraguay)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Other persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Freude" title="Rodolfo Freude">Rodolfo Freude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Hudal" title="Alois Hudal">Alois Hudal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lescat" title="Charles Lescat">Charles Lescat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Rudel" title="Hans-Ulrich Rudel">Hans-Ulrich Rudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Otto Skorzeny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hunters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Klarsfeld" title="Serge Klarsfeld">Serge Klarsfeld</a> & <a href="/wiki/Beate_Klarsfeld" title="Beate Klarsfeld">Beate Klarsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Rosenbaum" title="Eli Rosenbaum">Eli Rosenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal" title="Simon Wiesenthal">Simon Wiesenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Zuroff" title="Efraim Zuroff">Efraim Zuroff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputed / dubious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krunoslav_Draganovi%C4%87" title="Krunoslav Draganović">Krunoslav Draganović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">ODESSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stille_Hilfe" title="Stille Hilfe">Stille Hilfe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fascism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism" title="Template:Fascism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism" title="Template talk:Fascism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fascism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Themes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Themes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Core_tenets" title="Fascism">Core tenets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Fascism and ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Fascism worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Variants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Variants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union#Ideology" title="National Synarchist Union">Mexican synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_fascism" title="Confucian fascism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a> <ul><li>Neo-Pétainism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation#Ideology" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise#Ideology" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fascism" title="Jewish fascism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#Korean_Peninsula" title="Fascism in Asia">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">Nyulaiteu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">LaRoucheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts#Principles_and_ideology" title="Pērkonkrusts">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mystical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia#Ideology" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">NRx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li>Romanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism#Eurasianism_as_ideology" title="Eurasianism">Neo-Eurasianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Positionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Ideology" title="Ustaše">Ustašism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Movements</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Association_of_the_Lictor" title="Muslim Association of the Lictor">Muslim Association of the Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Egypt_Party_(1933)" title="Young Egypt Party (1933)">Young Egypt Party (1933)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muthanna_Club" title="Al-Muthanna Club">Al-Muthanna Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Party" title="Aria Party">Aria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Democrat_Party" title="Azerbaijan National Democrat Party">Azerbaijan National Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Party" title="Azure Party">Azure Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_HaBirionim" title="Brit HaBirionim">Brit HaBirionim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Association" title="Concordia Association">Concordia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran-e-No_Party" title="Iran-e-No Party">Iran-e-No Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Front" title="Jewish National Front">Jewish National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)">Kach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenkokukai" title="Kenkokukai">Kenkokukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party (South Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasyonal_Aktivite_ve_Zinde_%C4%B0nki%C5%9Faf" title="Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf">Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_Association" title="National Socialism Association">National Socialism Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Japanese_Workers%27_Party" title="National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party">National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Task_Party" title="Nationalist Task Party">Nationalist Task Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Will_Party" title="National Will Party">National Will Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_of_Iran" title="Nation Party of Iran">Nation Party of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranist_Party" title="Pan-Iranist Party">Pan-Iranist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Arab_Party" title="Palestine Arab Party">Palestine Arab Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_36" title="Patrol 36">Patrol 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iran)" title="Progress Party (Iran)">Progress Party (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Falange" title="Philippine Falange">Philippine Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Rastakhiz Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party">Rastriya Prajatantra Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party" title="Religious Zionist Party">Religious Zionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Gau_Raksha_Dal" title="Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal">Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Kisan Sangh">Bharatiya Kisan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Vikas_Parishad" title="Bharat Vikas Parishad">Bharat Vikas Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekal_Vidyalaya" title="Ekal Vidyalaya">Ekal Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Makkal_Katchi" title="Hindu Makkal Katchi">Hindu Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Praja_Parishad" title="Jammu Praja Parishad">Jammu Praja Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rashtriya_Manch" title="Muslim Rashtriya Manch">Muslim Rashtriya Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi_Nyas" title="Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas">Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtra_Sevika_Samiti" title="Rashtra Sevika Samiti">Rashtra Sevika Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Itihas_Sankalan_Yojana" title="Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana">Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Bharati" title="Seva Bharati">Seva Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Bharati" title="Vidya Bharati">Vidya Bharati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasi_Kalyan_Ashram" title="Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram">Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Vahini" title="Durga Vahini">Durga Vahini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Union_Party_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Turkish Union Party (Northern Cyprus)">Turkish Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">Wang Jingwei Kuomintang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Northern / Northwestern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Karelia_Society" title="Academic Karelia Society">Academic Karelia Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Ailtirí na hAiséirghe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autonome_Nationalisten" title="Autonome Nationalisten">Autonome Nationalisten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bases_Aut%C3%B3nomas" title="Bases Autónomas">Bases Autónomas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front_(Netherlands)" title="Black Front (Netherlands)">Black Front (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Social-National_Workers%27_Movement" title="Breton Social-National Workers' Movement">Breton Social-National Workers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Democratic_Party_(2013)" title="British Democratic Party (2013)">British Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fascists" title="British Fascists">British Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_First" title="Britain First">Britain First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_League_of_Ex-Servicemen_and_Women" title="British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women">British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party_(1960)" title="British National Party (1960)">British National Party (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(1939)" title="British People's Party (1939)">British People's Party (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(2005)" title="British People's Party (2005)">British People's Party (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_%2786" title="Centre Party '86">Centre Party '86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_People%27s_Party" title="Clerical People's Party">Clerical People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fascist_Union" title="Dutch Fascist Union">Dutch Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_National_Association" title="English National Association">English National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberation_Front" title="European Liberation Front">European Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27action_nationale_et_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Fédération d'action nationale et européenne">Fédération d'action nationale et européenne</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_National_Socialist_Labor_Organisation" title="Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation">Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_People%27s_Organisation" title="Finnish People's Organisation">Finnish People's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish-Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party">Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlaamsch_Nationaal_Verbond" title="Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond">Flemish National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Nationalist Party">French Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dutch_Fascist_League" title="General Dutch Fascist League">General Dutch Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Britain_Movement" title="Greater Britain Movement">Greater Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Collaboration" title="Groupe Collaboration">Groupe Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_Front" title="Heathen Front">Heathen Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Fascist_League" title="Imperial Fascist League">Imperial Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Third_Position" title="International Third Position">International Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalli_Alliance_of_Finland" title="Lalli Alliance of Finland">Lalli Alliance of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Saint_George" title="League of Saint George">League of Saint George</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_d%27Action_Civique" title="Mouvement d'Action Civique">Mouvement d'Action Civique</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(UK)" title="National Action (UK)">National Action (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Sweden)" title="National Alliance (Sweden)">National Alliance (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corporate_Party" title="National Corporate Party">National Corporate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascisti" title="National Fascisti">National Fascisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Iceland)" title="Nationalist Party (Iceland)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Bloc" title="National Socialist Bloc">National Socialist Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Dutch_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist Dutch Workers Party">National Socialist Dutch Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Front" title="National Socialist Front">National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League" title="National Socialist League">National Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(UK,_1962)" title="National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)">National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)">National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Norway" title="National Socialist Movement of Norway">National Socialist Movement of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Union_of_Finland" title="National Socialist Union of Finland">National Socialist Union of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Sweden)" title="National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)">National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialists_of_Finland" title="National Socialists of Finland">National Socialists of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">National Syndicalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Netherlands)" title="National Union (Netherlands)">National Union (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">National Union (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_League" title="Nordic League">Nordic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nordic_Realm_Party" title="The Nordic Realm Party">The Nordic Realm Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_League_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern League (United Kingdom)">Northern League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Norwegian_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Norwegian Defence League</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_National_Front" title="Official National Front">Official National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Flemish_Militants" title="Order of Flemish Militants">Order of Flemish Militants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_National_Socialists" title="Organisation of National Socialists">Organisation of National Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Communautaire_National-Europ%C3%A9en" title="Parti Communautaire National-Européen">Parti Communautaire National-Européen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Finnish_Labor" title="Party of Finnish Labor">Party of Finnish Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Swedes" title="Party of the Swedes">Party of the Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alternative" title="Patriotic Alternative">Patriotic Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement_(1993)" title="Patriotic People's Movement (1993)">Patriotic People's Movement (1993)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts" title="Pērkonkrusts">Pērkonkrusts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phalange_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Phalange Française">Phalange Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Finland" title="Rising Finland">Rising Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Scottish Democratic Fascist Party">Scottish Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Protestant_League" title="Scottish Protestant League">Scottish Protestant League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormers_(Finland)" title="Stormers (Finland)">Stormers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(France)" title="Third Way (France)">Third Way (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(UK_organisation)" title="Third Way (UK organisation)">Third Way (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Movement" title="Union Movement">Union Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigrid_(Norway)" title="Vigrid (Norway)">Vigrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance_(Sweden)" title="White Aryan Resistance (Sweden)">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Central Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Front_of_National_Socialists/National_Activists" title="Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists">Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artgemeinschaft" title="Artgemeinschaft">Artgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bund_Deutscher_Osten" title="Bund Deutscher Osten">Bund Deutscher Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Socialist_Front" title="Christian National Socialist Front">Christian National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Sammlung" title="Eidgenössische Sammlung">Eidgenössische Sammlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_German_Workers%27_Party" title="Free German Workers' Party">Free German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Faith_Movement" title="German Faith Movement">German Faith Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)">German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Front" title="Hungarian National Front">Hungarian National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Agricultural_Labourers%27_and_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party">Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Party">Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfbund_Deutscher_Sozialisten" title="Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten">Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Homeland_Service" title="Liechtenstein Homeland Service">Liechtenstein Homeland Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Austria)" title="National Democratic Party (Austria)">National Democratic Party (Austria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Hungary)" title="National Front (Hungary)">National Front (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Switzerland)" title="National Front (Switzerland)">National Front (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Movement_of_Switzerland" title="National Movement of Switzerland">National Movement of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp#Modern_incarnation_(1993)" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revival of Poland">National Revival of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Switzerland)" title="National Union (Switzerland)">National Union (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(Germany)" title="Nationalist Front (Germany)">Nationalist Front (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_German_People%27s_Community" title="Greater German People's Community">Greater German People's Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Working_Association" title="National Socialist Working Association">National Socialist Working Association</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Germany)" title="New Order (Germany)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Germany)" title="The Right (Germany)">The Right (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Germany)" title="Third Way (Germany)">The Third Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="United Hungarian National Socialist Party">United Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Bewegung" title="Volksdeutsche Bewegung">Volksdeutsche Bewegung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssozialistische_Bewegung_Deutschlands/Partei_der_Arbeit" title="Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit">Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Southern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD%C3%91%E2%80%93Spanish_Identity" title="ADÑ–Spanish Identity">ADÑ–Spanish Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Party" title="Albanian Fascist Party">Albanian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEDADE" title="CEDADE">CEDADE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Democratic Fascist Party">Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nation_State" title="European Nation State">European Nation State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">Falange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secci%C3%B3n_Femenina" title="Sección Femenina">Sección Femenina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Falange_(1999)" title="La Falange (1999)">La Falange (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Auténtica">Falange Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Falange Española">Falange Española</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Española Auténtica">Falange Española Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange Española de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS_(1976)" title="Falange Española de las JONS (1976)">Falange Española de las JONS (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Independiente" title="Falange Española Independiente">Falange Española Independiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangist_Movement_of_Spain" title="Falangist Movement of Spain">Falangist Movement of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethinkers%27_Party" title="Freethinkers' Party">Freethinkers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium_Europa" title="Imperium Europa">Imperium Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional-Sindicalista" title="Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista">Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_Espa%C3%B1olas" title="Juntas Españolas">Juntas Españolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Spain)" title="National Alliance (Spain)">National Alliance (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_July_18" title="National Alliance July 18">National Alliance July 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Italy)" title="National Democracy (Italy)">National Democracy (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Spain)" title="National Democracy (Spain)">National Democracy (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_1986)" title="National Front (Spain, 1986)">National Front (Spain, 1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_2006)" title="National Front (Spain, 2006)">National Front (Spain, 2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Italy,_1923)" title="National Union (Italy, 1923)">National Union (Italy, 1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Spain)" title="National Union (Spain)">National Union (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Italy)" title="New Force (Italy)">New Force (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">New Force (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Social_Movement" title="Republican Social Movement">Republican Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Italy)" title="The Right (Italy)">The Right (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Fascist_Party" title="Sammarinese Fascist Party">Sammarinese Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Military_Union" title="Spanish Military Union">Spanish Military Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Struggle of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terza_Posizione" title="Terza Posizione">Terza Posizione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flame" title="Tricolour Flame">Tricolour Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidad_Falangista_Monta%C3%B1esa" title="Unidad Falangista Montañesa">Unidad Falangista Montañesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Eastern and Southeastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autochthonous_Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights">Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Movement_of_National_Pride" title="Bosnian Movement of National Pride">Bosnian Movement of National Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Socialist_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party">Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Liberation_Movement" title="Croatian Liberation Movement">Croatian Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Croatian Party of Rights">Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_National_Union" title="Ethnic National Union">Ethnic National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasia Movement">Eurasia Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Party" title="Eurasia Party">Eurasia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falanga_(organisation)" title="Falanga (organisation)">Falanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format18" title="Format18">Format18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Native_Language!" title="For the Native Language!">For the Native Language!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_National_Revolutionary_Action" title="Front of National Revolutionary Action">Front of National Revolutionary Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Romania)" title="German Party (Romania)">German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(Romania)" title="German People's Party (Romania)">German People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Socialist_Party" title="Greek National Socialist Party">Greek National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Hosank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEPEN_(political_party)" title="LEPEN (political party)">LEPEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Nationalist_Union" title="Lithuanian Nationalist Union">Lithuanian Nationalist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party" title="National Agrarian Party">National Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Front" title="National Bolshevik Front">National Bolshevik Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Community" title="National Fascist Community">National Fascist Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">National Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_%E2%80%93_Greeks" title="National Party – Greeks">National Party – Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Patriotic_Organisation" title="National Socialist Patriotic Organisation">National Socialist Patriotic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Society" title="National Socialist Society">National Socialist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">National Romanian Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Russia)" title="National Salvation Front (Russia)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Pedophilia" title="Occupy Pedophilia">Occupy Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alliance_(Greece)" title="Patriotic Alliance (Greece)">Patriotic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(interwar_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Party (interwar Romania)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine">Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Women%27s_Fascist_Movement" title="Russian Women's Fascist Movement">Russian Women's Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Action" title="Serbian Action">Serbian Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party" title="Serbian Radical Party">Serbian Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">Steel Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svoboda_(political_party)" title="Svoboda (political party)">Svoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bulgarian_National_Legions" title="Union of Bulgarian National Legions">Union of Bulgarian National Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_in_Australia" title="Ustaše in Australia">Ustaše in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radical_Union" title="Yugoslav Radical Union">Yugoslav Radical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Movement" title="Yugoslav National Movement">ZBOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Fascism in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Guard" title="Aryan Guard">Aryan Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_for_Free_Expression" title="Canadian Association for Free Expression">Canadian Association for Free Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Foreign_Aid_Reform" title="Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform">Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Front" title="Heritage Front">Heritage Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Unity Party (Canada)">Parti national social chrétien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America#United_States" title="Fascism in North America">Fascism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Front" title="American Front">American Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_League_of_North_America" title="Fascist League of North America">Fascist League of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyim_Defense_League" title="Goyim Defense League">Goyim Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Evropa" title="Identity Evropa">Identity Evropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaRouche_movement" title="LaRouche movement">LaRouche movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South" title="League of the South">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Social_Club-131" title="Nationalist Social Club-131">Nationalist Social Club-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Legion" title="National Socialist Legion">National Socialist Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_(American_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Vanguard (American organization)">National Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(United_States)" title="Nationalist Front (United States)">Nationalist Front (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front" title="Patriot Front">Patriot Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Above_Movement" title="Rise Above Movement">Rise Above Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(United_States,_1930s)" title="Christian Party (United States, 1930s)">Christian Party (United States, 1930s)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_America" title="Vanguard America">Vanguard America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksfront" title="Volksfront">Volksfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotansvolk" title="Wotansvolk">Wotansvolk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Democratic_Party" title="Mexican Democratic Party">Mexican Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Fascist_Party" title="Mexican Fascist Party">Mexican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pro_Patria_Party" title="National Pro Patria Party">National Pro Patria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union" title="National Synarchist Union">National Synarchist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_of_Mexico" title="Nationalist Front of Mexico">Nationalist Front of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Zealandia" title="Action Zealandia">Action Zealandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Movement" title="Australia First Movement">Australia First Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party" title="Australia First Party">Australia First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_League" title="Australian Defence League">Australian Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Australian National Socialist Party">Australian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(New_South_Wales)" title="Centre Party (New South Wales)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lads_Society" title="Lads Society">Lads Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(Australia)" title="National Action (Australia)">National Action (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Network" title="National Socialist Network">National Socialist Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_Australia" title="National Socialist Party of Australia">National Socialist Party of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Nationalist_Party" title="Progressive Nationalist Party">Progressive Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_Australia" title="Reclaim Australia">Reclaim Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Blue_Crew" title="True Blue Crew">True Blue Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Patriots_Front" title="United Patriots Front">United Patriots Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Labor_Party" title="Agrarian Labor Party">Agrarian Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Fascist_Party" title="Argentine Fascist Party">Argentine Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Nationalist_Action" title="Argentine Nationalist Action">Argentine Nationalist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Patriotic_League" title="Argentine Patriotic League">Argentine Patriotic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Socialist_Falange" title="Bolivian Socialist Falange">Bolivian Socialist Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian Integralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism_in_Latin_America" title="Falangism in Latin America">Falangism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Peronist_Party" title="Female Peronist Party">Female Peronist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard_(Argentina)" title="Iron Guard (Argentina)">Iron Guard (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo_(Argentine_political_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party_(Argentina)" title="National Fascist Party (Argentina)">National Fascist Party (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Union" title="National Fascist Union">National Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Liberation_Alliance" title="Nationalist Liberation Alliance">Nationalist Liberation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Guatemala)" title="National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)">National Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Universitary_Concentration" title="National Universitary Concentration">National Universitary Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Triumph_Party" title="New Triumph Party">New Triumph Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front_(Argentina)" title="Patriot Front (Argentina)">Patriot Front (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Dignity" title="Popular Dignity">Popular Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Freedom_Alliance" title="Popular Freedom Alliance">Popular Freedom Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Vanguard" title="Popular Socialist Vanguard">Popular Socialist Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_League" title="Republican League">Republican League</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Resistencia_Dios,_Patria_y_Familia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia (page does not exist)">La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement" title="Tacuara Nationalist Movement">Tacuara Nationalist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Campbell_(political_activist)" title="Eric Campbell (political activist)">Campbell (Eric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Campbell_(politician)" title="Graeme Campbell (politician)">Campbell (Graeme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Cottrell" title="Blair Cottrell">Cottrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Groot" title="Francis de Groot">Groot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rud_Mills" title="Alexander Rud Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Saleam" title="Jim Saleam">Saleam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Miklas" title="Wilhelm Miklas">Miklas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pfrimer" title="Walter Pfrimer">Pfrimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Planetta" title="Otto Planetta">Planetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Schuschnigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staf_Declercq" class="mw-redirect" title="Staf Declercq">Declercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Denis_(politician)" title="Jean Denis (politician)">Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Elias" title="Hendrik Elias">Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Eriksson" title="Bert Eriksson">Eriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hermans" title="Ward Hermans">Hermans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lagrou" title="René Lagrou">Lagrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Poulet" title="Robert Poulet">Poulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jef_van_de_Wiele" title="Jef van de Wiele">van de Wiele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Boban" title="Rafael Boban">Boban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jure_Franceti%C4%87" title="Jure Francetić">Francetić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kraljevi%C4%87" title="Blaž Kraljević">Kraljević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik" title="Slavko Kvaternik">Kvaternik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Pavi%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Viktor Pavičić">Pavičić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Rover" title="Srećko Rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Servatzy" title="Vjekoslav Servatzy">Servatzy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilho_Helanen" title="Vilho Helanen">Helanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antti_Isotalo_(J%C3%A4ger)" title="Antti Isotalo (Jäger)">Isotalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvi_Kalsta" title="Arvi Kalsta">Kalsta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhani_Konkka" title="Juhani Konkka">Konkka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihtori_Kosola" title="Vihtori Kosola">Kosola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risto_Orko" title="Risto Orko">Orko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Simojoki" title="Elias Simojoki">Simojoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Somersalo" title="Arne Somersalo">Somersalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauri_T%C3%B6rni" title="Lauri Törni">Törni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_Varjonen" title="Unto Varjonen">Varjonen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Augier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Alphonse de Châteaubriant">Châteaubriant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Lagardelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Myatt" title="David Myatt">Myatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Vial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Abetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andrae" title="Alexander Andrae">Andrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Berchtold" title="Joseph Berchtold">Berchtold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Berger" title="Gottlob Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Falkenhausen" title="Alexander von Falkenhausen">Falkenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Hocke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn Hocke">Hocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Franz,_Hereditary_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Franz V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gesche" title="Bruno Gesche">Gesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Graf" title="Ulrich Graf">Graf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Hanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Klintzsch" title="Hans Ulrich Klintzsch">Klintzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Julius_Kuhn" title="Fritz Julius Kuhn">Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_K%C3%BChnen" title="Michael Kühnen">Kühnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Maurice" title="Emil Maurice">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rahn" title="Rudolf Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Reitsch" title="Hanna Reitsch">Reitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ernst_Remer" title="Otto Ernst Remer">Remer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cil_von_Renthe-Fink" title="Cécil von Renthe-Fink">Renthe-Fink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rieger" title="Jürgen Rieger">Rieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Schreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Skorzeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Terboven" title="Josef Terboven">Terboven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Thadden" title="Adolf von Thadden">Thadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Zündel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Dragoumis" title="Ion Dragoumis">Dragoumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilias_Kasidiaris" title="Ilias Kasidiaris">Kasidiaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Koryzis" title="Alexandros Koryzis">Koryzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Lagos" title="Ioannis Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Michaloliakos" title="Nikolaos Michaloliakos">Michaloliakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Papadopoulos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Godse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">Golwalkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">Hedgewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Forouhar" title="Dariush Forouhar">Forouhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abol-Ghasem_Kashani" title="Abol-Ghasem Kashani">Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Pezeshkpour" title="Mohsen Pezeshkpour">Pezeshkpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Teymourtash" title="Abdolhossein Teymourtash">Teymourtash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari" title="Michael Ben-Ari">Ben-Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Ben-Gvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Eldad" title="Aryeh Eldad">Eldad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amihai_Eliyahu" title="Amihai Eliyahu">Eliyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Goldstein" title="Baruch Goldstein">Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentzi_Gopstein" title="Bentzi Gopstein">Gopstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Zvi_Greenberg" title="Uri Zvi Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ha%27ivri" title="David Ha'ivri">Ha'ivri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Heruti" title="Yaakov Heruti">Heruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Marzel" title="Baruch Marzel">Marzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Natan-Zada" title="Eden Natan-Zada">Natan-Zada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Stern" title="Avraham Stern">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Yeivin" title="Yehoshua Yeivin">Yeivin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Acerbo" title="Giacomo Acerbo">Acerbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Alfieri" title="Dino Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alceste_De_Ambris" title="Alceste De Ambris">Ambris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Azara" title="Antonio Azara">Azara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Badoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Torrente Ballester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bastianini" title="Giuseppe Bastianini">Bastianini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bianchi" title="Michele Bianchi">Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Boni_(archaeologist)" title="Giacomo Boni (archaeologist)">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Boselli" title="Paolo Boselli">Boselli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Ciano" title="Costanzo Ciano">Ciano (Costanzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano (Galeazzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Freda" title="Franco Freda">Freda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giuriati" title="Giovanni Giuriati">Giuriati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Gozi" title="Giuliano Gozi">Gozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Grandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Graziani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Buffarini_Guidi" title="Guido Buffarini Guidi">Guidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlio_Morgagni" title="Manlio Morgagni">Morgagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Papini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pino_Rauti" title="Pino Rauti">Rauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Ricci" title="Renato Ricci">Ricci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Ridruejo" title="Dionisio Ridruejo">Ridruejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Rocco" title="Alfredo Rocco">Rocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmondo_Rossoni" title="Edmondo Rossoni">Rossoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Sarfatti" title="Margherita Sarfatti">Sarfatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Volpi" title="Giuseppe Volpi">Volpi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Akao" title="Bin Akao">Akao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō">Chō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingoro_Hashimoto" title="Kingoro Hashimoto">Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Honj%C5%8D" title="Shigeru Honjō">Honjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Kodama" title="Yoshio Kodama">Kodama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir%C5%8D_Nonaka" title="Shirō Nonaka">Nonaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dichi_Sasakawa" title="Ryōichi Sasakawa">Sasakawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bacaloglu" title="Elena Bacaloglu">Bacaloglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Gigurtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Manoilescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba" title="Ion Moța">Moța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gavril%C4%83_Ogoranu" title="Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu">Ogoranu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benes_Ayo" title="Benes Ayo">Ayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radas%C5%82a%C5%AD_Astro%C5%ADski" title="Radasłaŭ Astroŭski">Astroŭski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barkashov" title="Alexander Barkashov">Barkashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Borovikov" title="Dmitry Borovikov">Borovikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Dugina" title="Darya Dugina">Dugina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronislav_Kaminski" title="Bronislav Kaminski">Kaminski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kuryokhin" title="Sergey Kuryokhin">Kuryokhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Letov" title="Yegor Letov">Letov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Limonov" title="Eduard Limonov">Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Martsinkevich" title="Maxim Martsinkevich">Martsinkevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Milchakov" title="Alexey Milchakov">Milchakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Oktan" title="Mikhail Oktan">Oktan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhar_Prilepin" title="Zakhar Prilepin">Prilepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhanov" title="Alexander Prokhanov">Prokhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Stojadinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Stojadinović">Stojadinović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_de_Arrese" title="José Luis de Arrese">Arrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Bau_Nolla" title="Joaquín Bau Nolla">Bau Nolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_de_Bilbao_Egu%C3%ADa" title="Esteban de Bilbao Eguía">Bilbao Eguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Carrero Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cuesta" title="Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta">Fernández-Cuesta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco,_1st_Duchess_of_Franco" title="Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco">Franco y Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Gim%C3%A9nez_Caballero" title="Ernesto Giménez Caballero">Giménez Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez_Mazas" title="Rafael Sánchez Mazas">Sánchez Mazas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_Su%C3%B1er" title="Ramón Serrano Suñer">Serrano Suñer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Biletsky" title="Andriy Biletsky">Biletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Dontsov" title="Dmytro Dontsov">Dontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gubarev" title="Pavel Gubarev">Gubarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Klyachkivsky" title="Dmytro Klyachkivsky">Klyachkivsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lebed" title="Mykola Lebed">Lebed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Rebet" title="Lev Rebet">Rebet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulas_Samchuk" title="Ulas Samchuk">Samchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Shukhevych" title="Roman Shukhevych">Shukhevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Stetsko" title="Yaroslav Stetsko">Stetsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleh_Tyahnybok" title="Oleh Tyahnybok">Tyahnybok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliya_Vitrenko" title="Nataliya Vitrenko">Vitrenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Beckett_(politician)" title="John Beckett (politician)">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Griffin" title="Nick Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Jordan" title="Colin Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Leese" title="Arnold Leese">Leese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley (Diana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley (Oswald)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Maule_Ramsay" title="Archibald Maule Ramsay">Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(far-right_activist)" title="John Tyndall (far-right activist)">Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_5th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington">Wellesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Auernheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Auernheimer">Auernheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biggs" title="Joe Biggs">Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler#Attitude_towards_Fascism_and_Nazism" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carto" title="Willis Carto">Carto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enoch" title="Mike Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Frankhouser" title="Roy Frankhouser">Frankhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza" title="Roque González Garza">Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michale_Graves" title="Michale Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Heimbach" title="Matthew Heimbach">Heimbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jeff_Hall" title="Murder of Jeff Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Sol_Invictus" title="Augustus Sol Invictus">Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joyce" title="William Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kessler" title="Jason Kessler">Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">LaRouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(neo-Nazi)" title="James Mason (neo-Nazi)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Metzger" title="Tom Metzger">Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier_Glenn_Miller_Jr." title="Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mills_(Aryan_Brotherhood)" title="Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Minadeo_II" title="Jon Minadeo II">Minadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patsalos" title="John Patsalos">Patsalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irv_Rubin" title="Irv Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Tarrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasy_Vonsiatsky" title="Anastasy Vonsiatsky">Vonsyatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parker_Yockey" title="Francis Parker Yockey">Yockey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_Arana_Osorio" title="Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio">Arana Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_D%27Aubuisson" title="Roberto D'Aubuisson">D'Aubuisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devlet_Bah%C3%A7eli" title="Devlet Bahçeli">Bahçeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliq_Bushati" title="Maliq Bushati">Bushati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Caetano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Carrasco" title="Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco">Carrasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Castillo Armas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavs_Celmi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Gustavs Celmiņš">Celmiņš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Cerro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Clausen" title="Frits Clausen">Clausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Coughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Devi" title="Savitri Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_%C4%8Eur%C4%8Dansk%C3%BD" title="Ferdinand Ďurčanský">Ďurčanský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Genoud" title="François Genoud">Genoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gömbös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gustloff" title="Wilhelm Gustloff">Gustloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Hácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Hamidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun#Racism_and_admiration_for_Hitler" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">al-Husayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Linderman" title="Vladimir Linderman">Linderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugones" title="Leopoldo Lugones">Lugones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Lukov" title="Hristo Lukov">Lukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mach" title="Alexander Mach">Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Emilio_Madero" title="Pablo Emilio Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja" title="Mustafa Merlika-Kruja">Merlika-Kruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Noreika" title="Jonas Noreika">Noreika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Piasecki" title="Bolesław Piasecki">Piasecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Phibunsongkhram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisin-Gioro_Puyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin-Gioro Puyi">Puyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva-Ag%C3%BCero_y_Osma" title="José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma">Riva-Agüero y Osma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Rupnik" title="Leon Rupnik">Rupnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sayigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayez Sayigh">Sayigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Šešelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche" title="Eugène Terre'Blanche">Terre'Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Tsankov" title="Aleksandar Tsankov">Tsankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Vikernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Weinstein" title="Meir Weinstein">Weinstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Works" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Returns" title="1776 Returns">1776 Returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">The Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_(book)" title="Defiance (book)">Defiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F" title="Did Six Million Really Die?">Did Six Million Really Die?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Political_Theory" title="The Fourth Political Theory">The Fourth Political Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Man" title="Impeachment of Man">Impeachment of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium:_The_Philosophy_of_History_and_Politics" title="Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics">Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus">An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutairon_and_Pure_Socialism" title="Kokutairon and Pure Socialism">Kokutairon and Pure Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Will_of_a_Russian_Fascist" title="The Last Will of a Russian Fascist">The Last Will of a Russian Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race" title="Manifesto of Race">Manifesto of Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Mosley_autobiography)" title="My Life (Mosley autobiography)">My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPROP!" title="OPROP!">OPROP!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantische_Rompilger" title="Protestantische Rompilger">Protestantische Rompilger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Racial_Program_for_the_Twentieth_Century" title="A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century">A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Warning_to_the_Hindus" title="A Warning to the Hindus">A Warning to the Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Are_the_Mind_Benders%3F" title="Who Are the Mind Benders?">Who Are the Mind Benders?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajan_Suunta" title="Ajan Suunta">Ajan Suunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Alba" title="L'Alba">L'Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="El Alcázar">El Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung">Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Deutsche_M%C3%A4del" title="Das Deutsche Mädel">Das Deutsche Mädel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Difesa_della_Razza" title="La Difesa della Razza">La Difesa della Razza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheros_Kosmos" title="Eleftheros Kosmos">Eleftheros Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_(1953_magazine)" title="The European (1953 magazine)">The European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashizmi" title="Fashizmi">Fashizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_au_travail" title="La France au travail">La France au travail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritt_Folk" title="Fritt Folk">Fritt Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fronten" title="Fronten">Fronten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Fascista" title="Gioventù Fascista">Gioventù Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(magazine)" title="Golden Dawn (magazine)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaas" title="Hamaas">Hamaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatski_Domobran" title="Hrvatski Domobran">Hrvatski Domobran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangura" title="Kangura">Kangura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansallissosialisti" title="Kansallissosialisti">Kansallissosialisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonka_(newspaper)" title="Limonka (newspaper)">Limonka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada2000" title="Masada2000">Masada2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Beobachter" title="Münchener Beobachter">Münchener Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Anthropologie" title="Neue Anthropologie">Neue Anthropologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Nieuwe_Volk" title="Het Nieuwe Volk">Het Nieuwe Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopress" class="mw-redirect" title="Novopress">Novopress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organiser_(magazine)" title="Organiser (magazine)">Organiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchjanya_(magazine)" title="Panchjanya (magazine)">Panchjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_der_Woche" title="Parole der Woche">Parole der Woche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Pimpf" title="Der Pimpf">Der Pimpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_d%27histoire_du_fascisme" title="Revue d'histoire du fascisme">Revue d'histoire du fascisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfarm%C4%83-Piatr%C4%83" title="Sfarmă-Piatră">Sfarmă-Piatră</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(magazine)" title="Signal (magazine)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniristi" title="Siniristi">Siniristi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearhead_(magazine)" title="Spearhead (magazine)">Spearhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkische_Post" title="Türkische Post">Türkische Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Umbruch" title="Der Umbruch">Der Umbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairas" title="Vairas">Vairas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Wehrmacht" title="Die Wehrmacht">Die Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wochenspruch_der_NSDAP" title="Wochenspruch der NSDAP">Wochenspruch der NSDAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Armata_Azzurra" title="L'Armata Azzurra">L'Armata Azzurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengasi_(film)" title="Bengasi (film)">Bengasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condottieri_(film)" title="Condottieri (film)">Condottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daughter_of_the_Samurai" title="The Daughter of the Samurai">The Daughter of the Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbkrank" title="Erbkrank">Erbkrank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Appeal" title="The Great Appeal">The Great Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Guard_(1934_film)" title="The Old Guard (1934 film)">The Old Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_(film)" title="Raza (film)">Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus:_The_Defeat_of_Hannibal" title="Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal">Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Victory_of_Faith" title="The Victory of Faith">Der Sieg des Glaubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_the_Alcazar" title="The Siege of the Alcazar">The Siege of the Alcazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_squadrone_bianco" title="Lo squadrone bianco">Lo squadrone bianco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_der_Freiheit:_Unsere_Wehrmacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht">Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allach_(porcelain)" title="Allach (porcelain)">Allach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Third Reich">Art of the Third Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Fascist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_pop" title="Hindutva pop">Hindutva pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Nazism and cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Grand Council of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrumvirs" title="Quadrumvirs">Quadrumvirs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Trade_Union_Federation" title="Agrarian Trade Union Federation">Agrarian Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeVlag" title="DeVlag">DeVlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Movement" title="European Social Movement">European Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Realm_Union" title="Finnish Realm Union">Finnish Realm Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_National_Foundation" title="Francisco Franco National Foundation">Francisco Franco National Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_New_Germany" title="Friends of New Germany">Friends of New Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Link_(UK_organization)" title="The Link (UK organization)">The Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladorossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladorossi">Mladorossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Europe" title="National Party of Europe">National Party of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Institute" title="National Policy Institute">National Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Consciousness" title="National Popular Consciousness">National Popular Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" title="People's Party Our Slovakia">People's Party Our Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Force_Party" title="Popular Force Party">Popular Force Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic (Slovakia)">Republic (Slovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Records" title="Resistance Records">Resistance Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Club" title="Right Club">Right Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Organization" title="Russian Fascist Organization">Russian Fascist Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_youth_organizations" title="List of youth organizations">Youth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adler_und_Falke" title="Adler und Falke">Adler und Falke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Lictor_Youth" title="Albanian Lictor Youth">Albanian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Lictor_Youth" title="Arab Lictor Youth">Arab Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Blacks" title="Blue-and-Blacks">Blue-and-Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Lictor_Youth" title="Ethiopian Lictor Youth">Ethiopian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Union_of_Youth" title="Fascist Union of Youth">Fascist Union of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Juventudes" title="Frente de Juventudes">Frente de Juventudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Futuwwa_(Palestine)" title="Al-Futuwwa (Palestine)">Al-Futuwwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Italiana_del_Littorio" title="Gioventù Italiana del Littorio">Gioventù Italiana del Littorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Beauty_Society" title="Faith and Beauty Society">Faith and Beauty Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungm%C3%A4delbund" title="Jungmädelbund">Jungmädelbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juventudes_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Popular" title="Juventudes de Acción Popular">Juventudes de Acción Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocidade_Portuguesa" title="Mocidade Portuguesa">Mocidade Portuguesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Jeugdstorm" title="Nationale Jeugdstorm">Nationale Jeugdstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth" title="National Youth">National Youth</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_(Italy)" title="National Youth (Italy)">National Youth (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Alliance" title="National Youth Alliance">National Youth Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Organisation_(Greece)" title="National Youth Organisation (Greece)">National Youth Organisation (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_Jungvolk" title="Österreichisches Jungvolk">Österreichisches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party#Patriotic/Eureka_Youth_League" title="Australia First Party">Patriotic/Eureka Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Fascist_Little_Ones" title="Union of Fascist Little Ones">Union of Fascist Little Ones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(boys)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(girls)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascist_paramilitary" title="Fascist paramilitary">Paramilitary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">terrorist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Militia" title="Albanian Fascist Militia">Albanian Fascist Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov_Brigade" title="Azov Brigade">Azov Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Base_(hate_group)" title="The Base (hate group)">The Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Organization_of_Russian_Nationalists" title="Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists">Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brigades" title="Black Brigades">Black Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legion_(Usta%C5%A1e_militia)" title="Black Legion (Ustaše militia)">Black Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_of_Canada" title="National Unity Party of Canada">Blueshirts (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_88" title="Column 88">Column 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Terrorist_Organization" title="Combat Terrorist Organization">Combat Terrorist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Nation" title="Confederation of the Nation">Confederation of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpul_Muncitoresc_Legionar" title="Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar">Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugojno_group" title="Bugojno group">Bugojno group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_di_Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Armata" title="Falange Armata">Falange Armata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Militia" title="Falange Militia">Falange Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEAR_(terrorist_group)" title="FEAR (terrorist group)">FEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Guard" title="Flemish Guard">Flemish Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Legion" title="Flemish Legion">Flemish Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbann" title="Frontbann">Frontbann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Gold Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilfspolizei" title="Hilfspolizei">Hilfspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Greenshirts (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirden" title="Hirden">Hirden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlinka_Guard" title="Hlinka Guard">Hlinka Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Defence_Association" title="Hungarian National Defence Association">Hungarian National Defence Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbrigades" title="Interbrigades">Interbrigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Wolf_(organization)" title="Iron Wolf (organization)">Iron Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_Organization" title="Jewish Defense Organization">Jewish Defense Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces" title="Kataeb Regulatory Forces">Kataeb Regulatory Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83ncieri" title="Lăncieri">Lăncieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_Wasa" title="Legion Wasa">Legion Wasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava">Lehava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Blanca" title="Mano Blanca">Mano Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Guard_(Italy)" title="National Republican Guard (Italy)">National Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guard" title="New Guard">New Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostm%C3%A4rkische_Sturmscharen" title="Ostmärkische Sturmscharen">Ostmärkische Sturmscharen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodobrana" title="Rodobrana">Rodobrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity_(2000)" title="Russian National Unity (2000)">Russian National Unity (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S14_(Ukrainian_group)" title="S14 (Ukrainian group)">S14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_(World_War_II)" title="Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)">Serbian Volunteer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicarii_(1989)" title="Sicarii (1989)">Sicarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sich_Battalion" title="Sich Battalion">Sich Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetendeutsches_Freikorps" title="Sudetendeutsches Freikorps">Sudetendeutsches Freikorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_Against_Terror" title="Terror Against Terror">Terror Against Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Militsiya" title="Ukrainian People's Militsiya">Ukrainian People's Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Militia" title="Ustaše Militia">Ustaše Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssport" title="Volkssport">Volkssport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Guard" title="Walloon Guard">Walloon Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Legion" title="Walloon Legion">Walloon Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusich_Group" title="Rusich Group">Rusich Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weerbaarheidsafdeling" title="Weerbaarheidsafdeling">Weerbaarheidsafdeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werwolf" title="Werwolf">Werwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_New_Post" title="Westland New Post">Westland New Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanguardia_Giovanile_Fascista" title="Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista">Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Estudiantes_Sindicalistas" title="Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas">Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Student_Union" title="German Student Union">German Student Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">National Socialist German Students' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindicato_Espa%C3%B1ol_Universitario" title="Sindicato Español Universitario">Sindicato Español Universitario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">ODESSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide#Link_between_the_Herero_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arditi" title="Arditi">Arditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio" title="Fascio">Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acerbo_Law" title="Acerbo Law">Acerbo Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_battles" title="Italian economic battles">Italian economic battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 May 1926 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide" title="Libyan genocide">Libyan genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Iron_Will" title="March of the Iron Will">March of the Iron Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">November 1932 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">March 1933 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">July Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes against the Polish nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">End in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Tokyo Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books about Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_fascist_parties" title="List of British fascist parties">British fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country" title="List of fascist movements by country">Fascist movements by country</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of fascist movements by country A–F">A-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of fascist movements by country G–M">G-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_N%E2%80%93T" title="List of fascist movements by country N–T">N-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_U%E2%80%93Z" title="List of fascist movements by country U–Z">U-Z</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Nazi leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_Italian_fascist_parties" title="List of secretaries of Italian fascist parties">Secretaries of Italian fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches by Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-lite" title="Alt-lite">Alt-lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right_pipeline" title="Alt-right pipeline">Alt-right pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">Alt-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_a_Nation" title="Europe a Nation">Europe a Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist (epithet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Fascist mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale (personality test)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions">of Poles during the Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italianization_of_South_Tyrol" title="Italianization of South Tyrol">of South Tyrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morenazi" title="Morenazi">Morenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosocialism" title="Neosocialism">Neosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para/semi-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green%E2%80%93brown_alliance" title="Red–green–brown alliance">Red–green–brown alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansepolcrismo" title="Sansepolcrismo">Sansepolcrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">Synarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_Idea" title="Szeged Idea">Szeged Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women in Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template talk:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools<br />by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United<br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Radical right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29179#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29179#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29179#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121303535">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44334635">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/34040/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtRHDbqcQwdhF6hQxPG73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11853470X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79043066">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12142874p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12142874p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00819662">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Franco Bahamonde, Francisco"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CUBV068531">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35099242">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Franco Bahamonde, Francisco"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700552&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1635699">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/104364">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069283435">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90058263">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000228812&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000041823">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=101669">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsvwm802zpmgxr">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810579252405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/28166">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261101005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512799806706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/343534">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/826199">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11853470X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11853470X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/088342840">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580382">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6s76btj">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/67625">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampos2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCandil2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrasco-Gallego2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasals2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasanova2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasanovaAndrés2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasanovaEspinosaMirGómez2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasla2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastillo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCazorla-Sanchez2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCedéo_Alvarado2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCiáurriz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClifford2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCobo_Romero2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollier1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCortada2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCortada2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCouncil_of_Europe:_Parliamentary_Assembly2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoverdale2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Gardner2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiéguez1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEderspecial1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllwood2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFontana2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranco_Bahamonde2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalazGómez2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcíaTardío2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGobierno_de_España_-_Presidencia_del_Gobierno\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoda1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzález_Calleja2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGüellAmpuero2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabeck2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilos2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernández2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodges2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHooton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHundley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJone2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuliá2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuliáCasanova1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJunquera2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeefe1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeene2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKornetis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrugman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochner1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMCCannon1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDougall2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahamud2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarin_Scotten2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathieson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeneses2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMessenger2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichelle_Goldberg2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMoradiellos2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoralesAlegría2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorcillo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoreno-LuzónSeixas2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoreno_Juliá2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMueller2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunoz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathan_J._Robinson2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaynePalacios2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPike2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlaza2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolitical_Staff1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPrados_de_la_Escosura2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston,_Paul1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPérez_Puche2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadcliff2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadoshHabeckSevostʹi͡anov2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaguer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedondo2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRein2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRob_Picheta2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Philpot\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Philpot2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRockoffCaruana2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodgers2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodrigo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomero_Salvadó2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomero_Salvadó2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyal_Library_(Madrid)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubottomMurphy1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuiz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSager2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalmonHamilton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSangster2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanz_Hoya2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaz_Campos2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeidman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeidman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeixas2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSetton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiaroff2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley_G._Payne1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTremlett2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnbull2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTusell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillaverde1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayne_H._Bowen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhealey2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsford1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_la_Cierva1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_la_Cueva1998\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"ASIN\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Awrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 118,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 32,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Spain\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Franco, Francisco\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"Family name footnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Fascism\"] = 1,\n [\"Fascism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco\"] = 1,\n [\"Francoism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 10,\n [\"Ill\"] = 5,\n [\"In lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 8,\n 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