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href="#Tritogeneia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Tritogeneia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tritogeneia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cult_and_patronages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cult_and_patronages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Cult and patronages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cult_and_patronages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panhellenic_and_Athenian_cult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panhellenic_and_Athenian_cult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Panhellenic and Athenian cult </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panhellenic_and_Athenian_cult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_cults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_cults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Regional cults </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_cults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Mythology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mythology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Birth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lady_of_Athens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lady_of_Athens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Lady of Athens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lady_of_Athens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patron_of_heroes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patron_of_heroes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Patron of heroes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patron_of_heroes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punishment_myths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punishment_myths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Punishment myths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punishment_myths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trojan_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trojan_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Trojan War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trojan_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Classical art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-classical_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-classical_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Post-classical culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-classical_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-classical culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-classical_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Art and symbolism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Modern interpretations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Genealogy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Ancient sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Modern sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Athena</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 111 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" > 111 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena" title="Atena – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Atena" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athene" title="Athene – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Athene" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_(%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="أثينا (أسطورة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أثينا (أسطورة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena" title="Atena – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Atena" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="এথেনা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এথেনা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenea" title="Atenea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Atenea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afina_(mifologiya)" title="Afina (mifologiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Afina (mifologiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آفینا-میفولوژی یا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آفینا-میفولوژی یا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="আথিনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আথিনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" title="Athena – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Athena" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Афіна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Афіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Атэна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Атэна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" title="Athena – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Athena" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Атина (богиня) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атина (богиня)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" title="Athena – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Athena" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨ་ཧྥན་ན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨ་ཧྥན་ན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena" title="Atena – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Atena" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" title="Athena – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Athena" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena" title="Atena – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Atena" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Афина – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Афина" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ath%C3%A9na" title="Athéna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Athéna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" title="Athena – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Athena" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athene" title="Athene – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Athene" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_(%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="أثينا (أسطورة) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أثينا (أسطورة)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athene" title="Athene – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Athene" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" title="Athena – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Athena" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%AC" title="Αθηνά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αθηνά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenea" title="Atenea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Atenea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena" title="Atena – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atena" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena" title="Atena – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atena" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7" title="آتنا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آتنا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" title="Athena – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Athena" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ath%C3%A9na" title="Athéna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Athéna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Atene" title="Pallas Atene – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pallas Atene" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ait%C3%A9in%C3%A9" title="Aitéiné – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aitéiné" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenea" title="Atenea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Atenea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B4" title="𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌽𐌴 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌽𐌴" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%85%8C%EB%82%98" title="아테나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아테나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Աթենաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աթենաս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="अथीना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अथीना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena_(mitologija)" title="Atena (mitologija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atena (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena" title="Atena – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Atena" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena_(mitologi)" title="Athena (mitologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Athena (mitologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%BEena_(gy%C3%B0ja)" title="Aþena (gyðja) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aþena (gyðja)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena" title="Atena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Atena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%94" title="אתנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אתנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena_(mitologi)" title="Athena (mitologi) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Athena (mitologi)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8" title="ಅಥೀನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಥೀನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ათენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ათენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Афина Паллада – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Афина Паллада" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" title="Athena – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Athena" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%AAn%C3%AA" title="Atênê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Atênê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Афина (мифологияда) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Афина (мифологияда)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" title="Athena – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Athena" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C4%93na" title="Atēna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atēna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athene" title="Athene – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Athene" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C4%97n%C4%97" title="Atėnė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atėnė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena" title="Atena – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Atena" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallasz_Ath%C3%A9n%C3%A9" title="Pallasz Athéné – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pallasz Athéné" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Атена (митологија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атена (митологија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena_(andriamanibavy)" title="Atena (andriamanibavy) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Atena (andriamanibavy)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8" title="അഥീന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഥീന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" title="Athena – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Athena" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="अथीना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अथीना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="اثينا (ميثولوجيا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اثينا (ميثولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7" title="آتنا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آتنا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" title="Athena – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Athena" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯑꯊꯤꯅꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯊꯤꯅꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC" title="အသီးနာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အသီးနာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_Athena" title="Pallas Athena – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pallas Athena" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="アテーナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アテーナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena" title="Atena – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Atena" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athene" title="Athene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Athene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atene" title="Atene – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Atene" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena" title="Atena – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Atena" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%A5%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE" title="ଅଥୀନା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଥୀନା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afina_(ma%CA%BCbuda)" title="Afina (maʼbuda) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Afina (maʼbuda)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਏਥੇਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਏਥੇਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="اتھینا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اتھینا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7" title="آتنا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آتنا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athene_(Mythologie)" title="Athene (Mythologie) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Athene (Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena" title="Atena – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atena" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena" title="Atena – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Atena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena_(mitologie)" title="Atena (mitologie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Atena (mitologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Афина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Афина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" title="Athena – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Athena" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena" title="Atena – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Atena" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F" title="ඇතීනා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇතීනා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" title="Athena – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Athena" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%A9na_(mytol%C3%B3gia)" title="Aténa (mytológia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aténa (mytológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena" title="Atena – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Atena" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%DA%98%DB%8C)" title="ئەتینا (میتۆلۆژی) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەتینا (میتۆلۆژی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Атина (митологија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атина (митологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena_(mitologija)" title="Atena (mitologija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Atena (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athene" title="Athene – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Athene" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" title="Athena – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Athena" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" title="Athena – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Athena" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="ஏதெனா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏதெனா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D2%BB%D3%99)" title="Афина (алиһә) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Афина (алиһә)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="อะธีนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อะธีนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80)" title="Афина (асотир) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Афина (асотир)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" title="Athena – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Athena" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Афіна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Афіна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ایتھینا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایتھینا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afina" title="Afina – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Afina" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Goddess of wisdom and war in ancient Greek religion and mythology</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the capital city of Greece, see <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Athena_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Athena (disambiguation)">Athena (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athene_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Athene (disambiguation)">Athene (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athina_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Athina (disambiguation)">Athina (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pallas_Athena_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pallas Athena (disambiguation)">Pallas Athena (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #CEF2E0;">Athena</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">Goddess of wisdom, warfare, and handicraft</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mattei_Athena_Louvre_Ma530_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mattei_Athena_Louvre_Ma530_n2.jpg/250px-Mattei_Athena_Louvre_Ma530_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mattei_Athena_Louvre_Ma530_n2.jpg/330px-Mattei_Athena_Louvre_Ma530_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mattei_Athena_Louvre_Ma530_n2.jpg/500px-Mattei_Athena_Louvre_Ma530_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="3600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Mattei Athena at <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>. Roman copy from the 1st century BC/AD after the Greek original <a href="/wiki/Piraeus_Athena" title="Piraeus Athena">Piraeus Athena</a> of the 4th century BC attributed to Cephisodotos or <a href="/wiki/Euphranor" title="Euphranor">Euphranor</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Animals</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Owl_of_Athena" title="Owl of Athena">Owl</a>, serpent, horse</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis">Aegis</a>, helmet, spear, armor, <a href="/wiki/Gorgoneion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgoneion">Gorgoneion</a>, chariot, <a href="/wiki/Distaff" title="Distaff">distaff</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tree</th><td class="infobox-data">Olive</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEF2E0;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951121–122-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Erichthonius_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Erichthonius of Athens">Erichthonius</a> (adopted)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEF2E0;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Roman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Egyptian</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> Athena<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> or Athene,<a href="#cite_note-4">[c]</a> often given the <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> Pallas,<a href="#cite_note-5">[d]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">ancient Greek goddess</a> associated with wisdom, warfare, and <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicraft</a><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-6">[2]</a> who was later <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretized</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman goddess">Roman goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacyVilling2001-7">[3]</a> Athena was regarded as the patron and protectress of various cities across Greece, particularly the city of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, from which she most likely received her name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985139-8">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a> is dedicated to her. Her major symbols include <a href="/wiki/Owl_of_Athena" title="Owl of Athena">owls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive trees">olive trees</a>, snakes, and the <a href="/wiki/Gorgoneion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgoneion">Gorgoneion</a>. In art, she is generally depicted wearing a helmet and holding a spear. From her origin as an Aegean <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">palace goddess</a>, Athena was closely associated with the city. She was known as Polias and Poliouchos (both derived from <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a>, meaning "city-state"), and her temples were usually located atop the fortified <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">acropolis</a> in the central part of the city. The Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis is dedicated to her, along with numerous other temples and monuments. As the patron of craft and weaving, Athena was known as Ergane. She was also a <a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_warfare" title="Women in ancient warfare">warrior goddess</a>, and was believed to lead soldiers into battle as <a href="/wiki/Athena_Promachos" title="Athena Promachos">Athena Promachos</a>. Her main festival in Athens was the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Games" title="Panathenaic Games">Panathenaia</a>, which was celebrated during the month of <a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Hekatombaion</a> in midsummer and was the most important festival on the Athenian calendar. In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, Athena was believed to have been born from the forehead of her father <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>. In some versions of the story, Athena has no mother and is born from Zeus' forehead by <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a>. In others, such as <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a>, Zeus swallows his consort <a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a>, who was pregnant with Athena; in this version, Athena is first born within Zeus and then escapes from his body through his forehead. In the <a href="/wiki/Founding_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding myth">founding myth</a> of Athens, Athena bested <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> in a competition over patronage of the city by creating the first olive tree. She was known as <a href="/wiki/Athena_Parthenos" title="Athena Parthenos">Athena Parthenos</a> "Athena the Virgin". In one archaic <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> myth, <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> tried and failed to rape her, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a> giving birth to <a href="/wiki/Erichthonius_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Erichthonius of Athens">Erichthonius</a>, an important Athenian founding hero Athena raised. She was the patron goddess of heroic endeavor; she was believed to have aided the heroes <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerophon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>, Athena was one of the three goddesses <a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_Paris" title="Judgement of Paris">whose feud</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. She plays an active role in the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, in which she assists the <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Achaeans</a> and, in the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, she is the <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">tutelary deity</a> to <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>. In the later writings of the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, Athena was said to have competed against the mortal <a href="/wiki/Arachne" title="Arachne">Arachne</a> in a weaving competition, afterward transforming Arachne into the first spider, and to have transformed her <a href="/wiki/Hiereiai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiereiai">priestess</a> <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a> and the latter's sisters, <a href="/wiki/Stheno_and_Euryale" title="Stheno and Euryale">Stheno and Euryale</a>, into the <a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgons</a> after witnessing the young woman being raped by Poseidon in the goddess's temple. Ovid also says that Athena saved the mortal maiden <a href="/wiki/Corone_(crow)" title="Corone (crow)">Corone</a> from the same god by transforming her into a crow.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESax2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjYDxAQAAQBAJpgPA45_45–46]-10">[6]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, Athena has become an international symbol of wisdom, <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classical learning</a>. Western artists and <a href="/wiki/Allegorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegorists">allegorists</a> have often used Athena as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> and democracy. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akropolis_by_Leo_von_Klenze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Akropolis_by_Leo_von_Klenze.jpg/250px-Akropolis_by_Leo_von_Klenze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Akropolis_by_Leo_von_Klenze.jpg/330px-Akropolis_by_Leo_von_Klenze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Akropolis_by_Leo_von_Klenze.jpg/500px-Akropolis_by_Leo_von_Klenze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="1018" /></a><figcaption>The Acropolis at Athens (1846) by <a href="/wiki/Leo_von_Klenze" title="Leo von Klenze">Leo von Klenze</a>. Athena's name probably comes from the name of the city of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985139-8">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuckStaples199424-11">[7]</a></figcaption></figure> Athena is associated with the city of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985139-8">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012230-12">[8]</a> The name of the city in ancient Greek is Ἀθῆναι (Athȇnai), a plural <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a>, designating the place where—according to myth—she presided over the Athenai, a sisterhood devoted to her worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuckStaples199424-11">[7]</a> In ancient times, scholars argued whether Athena was named after Athens or Athens after Athena.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985139-8">[4]</a> Now scholars generally agree that the goddess takes her name from the city;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985139-8">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012230-12">[8]</a> the ending -ene is common in names of locations, but rare for personal names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985139-8">[4]</a> Testimonies from different cities in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> attest that similar <a href="/wiki/City_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="City goddess">city goddesses</a> were worshipped in other cities<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuckStaples199424-11">[7]</a> and, like Athena, took their names from the cities where they were worshipped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuckStaples199424-11">[7]</a> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> there was a goddess called Mykene, whose sisterhood was known as Mykenai,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuckStaples199424-11">[7]</a> whereas at <a href="/wiki/Thebes_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebes (Greece)">Thebes</a> an analogous deity was called Thebe, and the city was known under the plural form Thebai (or Thebes, in English, where the 's' is the plural formation).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuckStaples199424-11">[7]</a> The name Athenai is likely of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Greek">Pre-Greek</a> origin because it contains the presumably Pre-Greek <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> *-ān-.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes200929-13">[9]</a> In his dialogue <a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a>, the ancient Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (428–347 BC) gives some rather imaginative etymologies of Athena's name, based on the theories of the ancient Athenians and his etymological speculations: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">That is a graver matter, and there, my friend, the modern interpreters of Homer may, I think, assist in explaining the view of the ancients. Most of these in their explanations of the poet, assert that he meant by Athena "mind" [νοῦς, <a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">noũs</a>] and "intelligence" [διάνοια, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Di%C3%A1noia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diánoia (page does not exist)">diánoia</a>], and the maker of names appears to have had a singular notion about her; and indeed calls her by a still higher title, "divine intelligence" [θεοῦ νόησις, theoũ nóēsis], as though he would say: This is she who has the mind of God [ἁ θεονόα, a theonóa]. Perhaps, however, the name Theonoe may mean "she who knows divine things" [τὰ θεῖα νοοῦσα, ta theia noousa] better than others. Nor shall we be far wrong in supposing that the author of it wished to identify this Goddess with moral intelligence [εν έθει νόεσιν, en éthei nóesin], and therefore gave her the name Etheonoe; which, however, either he or his successors have altered into what they thought a nicer form, and called her Athena.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Plato, Cratylus 407b</cite></div></blockquote> Thus, Plato believed that Athena's name was derived from Greek Ἀθεονόα, Atheonóa—which the later Greeks rationalised as from the deity's (θεός, theós) mind (νοῦς, noũs). The second-century AD orator <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Aristides" title="Aelius Aristides">Aelius Aristides</a> attempted to derive natural symbols from the etymological roots of Athena's names to be <a href="/wiki/Aether_(classical_element)" title="Aether (classical element)">aether</a>, air, earth, and moon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohrens1981438–452-14">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goddess-boars-tusk-griffin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Goddess-boars-tusk-griffin.jpg" decoding="async" width="289" height="301" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of a fresco from the Cult Center at <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> dating the late thirteenth century BC depicting a warrior goddess, possibly Athena, wearing a <a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_tusk_helmet" title="Boar's tusk helmet">boar's tusk helmet</a> and clutching a <a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">griffin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurwit199914-15">[11]</a></figcaption></figure> Athena was originally the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean</a> goddess of the palace, who presided over household crafts and protected the king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilsson1967347,_433-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985140-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuhvel1987133-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1989141–142-19">[15]</a> A single <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> inscription <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style>𐀀𐀲𐀙𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊 a-ta-na po-ti-ni-ja appears at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> tablets from the Late Minoan II-era "Room of the Chariot Tablets";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick1973126-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick197688–89-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurwit199914-15">[11]</a> these comprise the earliest Linear B archive anywhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick1973126-20">[16]</a> Although Athana potnia is often translated as "Mistress Athena", it could also mean "the <a href="/wiki/Potnia" title="Potnia">Potnia</a> of Athana", or the Lady of Athens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurwit199914-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalaima2004444-22">[18]</a> However, any connection to the city of Athens in the Knossos inscription is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert198544-23">[19]</a> A sign series a-ta-no-dju-wa-ja appears in the still undeciphered corpus of <a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a> tablets, written in the unclassified <a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> This could be connected with the Linear B Mycenaean expressions a-ta-na po-ti-ni-ja and di-u-ja or di-wi-ja (Diwia, "of Zeus" or, possibly, related to a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mycenaean_deities#Goddesses" title="List of Mycenaean deities">homonymous goddess</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick1973126-20">[16]</a> resulting in a translation "Athena of Zeus" or "divine Athena". Similarly, in the Greek mythology and epic tradition, Athena figures as a daughter of Zeus (Διός θυγάτηρ; cfr. <a href="/wiki/Dyeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyeus">Dyeus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest198930-25">[21]</a> However, the inscription quoted seems to be very similar to "a-ta-nū-tī wa-ya", quoted as <a href="/wiki/Kato_Syme" class="mw-redirect" title="Kato Syme">SY</a> Za 1 by Jan Best.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest198930-25">[21]</a> Best translates the initial a-ta-nū-tī, which is recurrent in line beginnings, as "I have given".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest198930-25">[21]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Mycenea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenea">Mycenean</a> fresco depicts two women extending their hands towards a central figure, who is covered by an enormous figure-eight shield; this may depict the warrior-goddess with her <a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">palladium</a>, or her palladium in an aniconic representation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMylonas1966159-26">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurwit199913–14-27">[23]</a> In the "<a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_frescos" title="List of Aegean frescos">Procession Fresco</a>" at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, which was reconstructed by the Mycenaeans, two rows of figures carrying vessels seem to meet in front of a central figure, which is probably the Minoan precursor to Athena.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFururmark1978672-28">[24]</a> The early twentieth-century scholar <a href="/wiki/Martin_P._Nilsson" title="Martin P. Nilsson">Martin Persson Nilsson</a> argued that the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_snake_goddess_figurines" title="Minoan snake goddess figurines">Minoan snake goddess figurines</a> are early representations of Athena.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilsson1967347,_433-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985140-17">[13]</a> Nilsson and others have claimed that, in early times, Athena was either an owl herself or a <a href="/wiki/Bird_goddess" title="Bird goddess">bird goddess</a> in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilsson1950496-29">[25]</a> In the third book of the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, she takes the form of a <a href="/wiki/Sea_eagle_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea eagle (bird)">sea-eagle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilsson1950496-29">[25]</a> Proponents of this view argue that she dropped her prophylactic owl mask before she lost her wings. "Athena, by the time she appears in art," <a href="/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison" title="Jane Ellen Harrison">Jane Ellen Harrison</a> remarks, "has completely shed her animal form, has reduced the shapes she once wore of snake and bird to attributes, but occasionally in <a href="/wiki/Black_figure_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Black figure pottery">black-figure vase-paintings</a> she still appears with wings."<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Inanna,_2350-2150_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg/330px-Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg/500px-Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg/960px-Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> (dating <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2334–2154 BC) depicting <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>, the goddess of war, armored and carrying weapons, resting her foot on the back of a lion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198392,_193-31">[27]</a></figcaption></figure> It is generally agreed that the cult of Athena preserves some aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion#Societal_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European transfunctional goddess</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuhvel1987133–134-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006433-33">[29]</a> The cult of Athena may have also been influenced by those of Near Eastern warrior goddesses such as the <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic">East Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugaritic</a> <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurwit199914-15">[11]</a> both of whom were often portrayed bearing arms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985140-17">[13]</a> Classical scholar Charles Penglase notes that Athena resembles <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> in her role as a "terrifying warrior goddess"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994235-34">[30]</a> and that both goddesses were closely linked with creation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994235-34">[30]</a> Athena's birth from the head of Zeus may be derived from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> myth of Inanna's descent into and return from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_Underworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Mesopotamian Underworld">Underworld</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200820–21,_41-35">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994233–325-36">[32]</a> Plato notes that the citizens of <a href="/wiki/Sais" class="mw-redirect" title="Sais">Sais</a> in Egypt worshipped a goddess known as <a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[e]</a> whom he identifies with Athena.<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> Neith was the ancient Egyptian goddess of war and hunting, who was also associated with weaving; her worship began during the Egyptian Pre-Dynastic period. In Greek mythology, Athena was reported to have visited mythological sites in North Africa, including Libya's <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Phlegra_(mythology)" title="Phlegra (mythology)">Phlegraean plain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[f]</a> Based on these similarities, the <a href="/wiki/Sinologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinologist">Sinologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bernal" title="Martin Bernal">Martin Bernal</a> created the "<a href="/wiki/Black_Athena" title="Black Athena">Black Athena</a>" hypothesis, which claimed that Neith was brought to Greece from Egypt, along with "an enormous number of features of civilization and culture in the third and second millennia".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernal198721,_51_ff-40">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritze2009221–229-41">[35]</a> The "Black Athena" hypothesis stirred up widespread controversy near the end of the twentieth century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau199993ff-42">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritze2009221–255-43">[37]</a> but it has now been widely rejected by modern scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasanoffNussbaum1996194-44">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritze2009250–255-45">[39]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epithets_and_attributes">Epithets and attributes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Epithets_of_Athena" title="Category:Epithets of Athena">Category:Epithets of Athena</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:486px;max-width:486px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:180px;max-width:180px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Athena_Carpegna_Massimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Athena_Carpegna_Massimo.jpg/250px-Athena_Carpegna_Massimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Athena_Carpegna_Massimo.jpg/330px-Athena_Carpegna_Massimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Athena_Carpegna_Massimo.jpg/500px-Athena_Carpegna_Massimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="2875" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cult statue of Athena with the face of the Carpegna type (late 1st century BC to early 1st century AD), from the Piazza dell'Emporio, Rome</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_Athena_Velletri_Glyptothek_Munich_213.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bust_Athena_Velletri_Glyptothek_Munich_213.jpg/330px-Bust_Athena_Velletri_Glyptothek_Munich_213.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bust_Athena_Velletri_Glyptothek_Munich_213.jpg/500px-Bust_Athena_Velletri_Glyptothek_Munich_213.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bust_Athena_Velletri_Glyptothek_Munich_213.jpg/960px-Bust_Athena_Velletri_Glyptothek_Munich_213.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="1971" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bust of the Velletri Pallas type, copy after a votive statue of Kresilas in Athens (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 425 BC)</div></div></div></div></div> Athena was also the goddess of peace.<a href="#cite_note-:0-46">[40]</a> In a similar manner to her patronage of various activities and Greek cities, Athena was thought to be a "protector of heroes" and a "patron of art" and various local traditions related to the arts and handicrafts.<a href="#cite_note-:0-46">[40]</a> Athena was known as Atrytone (Άτρυτώνη "the Unwearying"), Parthenos (Παρθένος "Virgin"), and Promachos (Πρόμαχος "she who fights in front"). The epithet Polias (Πολιάς "of the city"), refers to Athena's role as protectress of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt20001059–1073-47">[41]</a> The epithet Ergane (Εργάνη "the Industrious") pointed her out as the patron of craftsmen and artisans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt20001059–1073-47">[41]</a> Burkert notes that the Athenians sometimes simply called Athena "the Goddess", hē theós (ἡ θεός), certainly an ancient title.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985139-8">[4]</a> After serving as the judge at the trial of <a href="/wiki/Orestes" title="Orestes">Orestes</a> in which he was acquitted of having murdered his mother <a href="/wiki/Clytemnestra" title="Clytemnestra">Clytemnestra</a> since he was following <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>'s orders, Athena won the epithet <a href="/wiki/Athena_Areia" title="Athena Areia">Areia</a> (Αρεία).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt20001059–1073-47">[41]</a> Some have described Athena, along with the goddesses <a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> as being asexual, this is mainly supported by the fact that in the Homeric Hymns, 5, To Aphrodite, where <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> is described as having "no power" over the three goddesses.<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a> Athena was sometimes given the epithet Hippia (Ἵππια "of the horses", "equestrian"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurwit199915-49">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard198628-50">[44]</a> referring to her invention of the <a href="/wiki/Bit_(horse)" title="Bit (horse)">bit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">bridle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">wagon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurwit199915-49">[43]</a> The Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> mentions in his Guide to Greece that the temple of Athena Chalinitis ("the bridler")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard198628-50">[44]</a> in Corinth was located near the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a>'s children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard198628-50">[44]</a> Other epithets include <a href="/wiki/Ageleia" title="Ageleia">Ageleia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itonia" title="Itonia">Itonia</a> and Aethyia, under which she was worshiped in <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199313-51">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a> She was worshipped as <a href="/wiki/Assesia" title="Assesia">Assesia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Assesos" title="Assesos">Assesos</a>. The word aíthyia (αἴθυια) signifies a "diver", also some diving bird species (possibly the <a href="/wiki/Shearwater" title="Shearwater">shearwater</a>) and figuratively, a "ship", so the name must reference Athena teaching the art of shipbuilding or navigation.<a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> In a temple at Phrixa in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Elis" title="Ancient Elis">Elis</a>, reportedly built by <a href="/wiki/Clymenus" title="Clymenus">Clymenus</a>, she was known as Cydonia (Κυδωνία).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchausWenn200730-54">[48]</a> Pausanias wrote that at <a href="/wiki/Buporthmus" title="Buporthmus">Buporthmus</a> there was a sanctuary of Athena Promachorma (Προμαχόρμα), meaning protector of the anchorage.<a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> The Greek biographer <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> describes Pericles's dedication of a statue to her as Athena <a href="/wiki/Hygieia" title="Hygieia">Hygieia</a> (Ὑγίεια, "Health") after she inspired, in a dream, his successful treatment of a man injured during the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Propylaia_(Acropolis_of_Athens)" title="Propylaia (Acropolis of Athens)">gateway to the Acropolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> Mechanitis (Μηχανῖτις), meaning skilled in inventing, was one of the epithets of her.<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> At Athens there is the temple of Athena Phratria, as patron of a <a href="/wiki/Phratry" title="Phratry">phratry</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Agora_of_Athens" title="Ancient Agora of Athens">Ancient Agora of Athens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pallas_Athena">Pallas Athena</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pallas_Athena_or,_Armoured_Figure_by_Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pallas_Athena_or%2C_Armoured_Figure_by_Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn.jpg/250px-Pallas_Athena_or%2C_Armoured_Figure_by_Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pallas_Athena_or%2C_Armoured_Figure_by_Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn.jpg/330px-Pallas_Athena_or%2C_Armoured_Figure_by_Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pallas_Athena_or%2C_Armoured_Figure_by_Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn.jpg/500px-Pallas_Athena_or%2C_Armoured_Figure_by_Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pallas_Athena_(Rembrandt)" title="Pallas Athena (Rembrandt)">Pallas Athenas</a> (1657) by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, which recalls her attributes as the goddess of warfare.</figcaption></figure> Athena's epithet Pallas – her most renowned one – is derived either from πάλλω, meaning "to brandish [as a weapon]", or, more likely, from παλλακίς and related words, meaning "youth, young woman".<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> On this topic, Walter Burkert says "she is the Pallas of Athens, Pallas Athenaie, just as Hera of Argos is Here Argeie".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985139-8">[4]</a> In later times, after the original meaning of the name had been forgotten, the Greeks invented myths to explain its origins, such as those reported by the Epicurean philosopher <a href="/wiki/Philodemus" title="Philodemus">Philodemus</a> and the Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus, which claim that Pallas was originally a separate entity, whom Athena had slain in combat.<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> In one version of the myth, <a href="/wiki/Pallas_(daughter_of_Triton)" title="Pallas (daughter of Triton)">Pallas</a> was the daughter of the sea-god <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves196050–55-62">[56]</a> and she and Athena were childhood friends. Zeus one day watched Athena and Pallas have a friendly <a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">sparring</a> match. Not wanting his daughter to lose, Zeus flapped his <a href="/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis">aegis</a> to distract Pallas, whom Athena accidentally impaled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves196050-63">[57]</a> Distraught over what she had done, Athena took the name Pallas for herself as a sign of her grief and tribute to her friend and Zeus gave her the aegis as an apology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves196050-63">[57]</a> In another version of the story, <a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Giant)" title="Pallas (Giant)">Pallas</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)" title="Giants (Greek mythology)">Giant</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951120-64">[58]</a> Athena slew him during the <a href="/wiki/Gigantomachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantomachy">Gigantomachy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">flayed off</a> his skin to make her cloak, which she wore as a victory trophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951120-64">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985140-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200851-65">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012231-66">[60]</a> In an alternative variation of the same myth, Pallas was instead Athena's father,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951120-64">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985140-17">[13]</a> who attempted to assault his own daughter,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951120-121-67">[61]</a> causing Athena to kill him and take his skin as a trophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951121-68">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">palladium</a> was a statue of Athena that was said to have stood in her temple on the Trojan Acropolis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200868-69">[63]</a> Athena was said to have carved the statue herself in the likeness of her dead friend Pallas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200868-69">[63]</a> The statue had special talisman-like properties<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200868-69">[63]</a> and it was thought that, as long as it was in the city, Troy could never fall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200868-69">[63]</a> When the Greeks captured Troy, <a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Hecuba</a>, clung to the palladium for protection,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200868-69">[63]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Lesser" title="Ajax the Lesser">Ajax the Lesser</a> violently tore her away from it, dragged her over to the other captives and raped her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200868-69">[63]</a> Athena was infuriated by this violation of her protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200868–69-70">[64]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a> attempted to placate her anger with sacrifices, Athena sent a storm at Cape Kaphereos to destroy almost the entire Greek fleet and scatter all of the surviving ships across the Aegean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200871-71">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glaukopis">Glaukopis</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_tetradrachm_Athens_new_style_reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Silver_tetradrachm_Athens_new_style_reverse.jpg/220px-Silver_tetradrachm_Athens_new_style_reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Silver_tetradrachm_Athens_new_style_reverse.jpg/330px-Silver_tetradrachm_Athens_new_style_reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Silver_tetradrachm_Athens_new_style_reverse.jpg/440px-Silver_tetradrachm_Athens_new_style_reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Owl_of_Athena" title="Owl of Athena">owl of Athena</a>, surrounded by an olive wreath. Reverse of an Athenian silver tetradrachm, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 175 BC</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic works</a>, Athena's most common <a href="/wiki/Epithets_in_Homer" title="Epithets in Homer">epithet</a> is Glaukopis (γλαυκῶπις), which usually is translated as, "bright-eyed" or "with gleaming eyes".<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> The word is a combination of glaukós (γλαυκός, meaning "gleaming, silvery", and later, "bluish-green" or "gray")<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> and ṓps (ὤψ, "eye, face").<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> The word glaúx (γλαύξ,<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> "little owl")<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> is from the same root, presumably according to some, because of the bird's own distinctive eyes. Athena was associated with the owl from very early on;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilsson1950491–496-77">[71]</a> in archaic images, she is frequently depicted with an <a href="/wiki/Owl_of_Athena" title="Owl of Athena">owl</a> perched on her hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilsson1950491–496-77">[71]</a> Through its association with Athena, the owl evolved into the national mascot of the Athenians and eventually became a symbol of wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacyVilling2001-7">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tritogeneia">Tritogeneia</h3></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> (4.514), the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> (3.378), the <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymns</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a>, Athena is also given the curious epithet Tritogeneia (Τριτογένεια), whose significance remains unclear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves196055-78">[72]</a> It could mean various things, including "Triton-born", perhaps indicating that the <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">homonymous sea-deity</a> was her parent according to some early myths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves196055-78">[72]</a> One myth relates the foster father relationship of this Triton towards the half-orphan Athena, whom he raised alongside his own daughter Pallas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves196050–55-62">[56]</a> Kerényi suggests that "Tritogeneia did not mean that she came into the world on any particular river or lake, but that she was born of the water itself; for the name Triton seems to be associated with water generally."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951128-79">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>, Athena is occasionally referred to as "Tritonia". Another possible meaning may be "triple-born" or "third-born", which may refer to a triad or to her status as the third daughter of Zeus or the fact she was born from Metis, Zeus, and herself; various legends list her as being the first child after Artemis and Apollo, though other legends identify her as Zeus' first child.<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> Several scholars have suggested a connection to the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigvedic</a> god <a href="/wiki/Trita" title="Trita">Trita</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanda2005289-298-82">[76]</a> who was sometimes grouped in a body of three mythological poets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanda2005289-298-82">[76]</a> Michael Janda has connected the myth of Trita to the scene in the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> in which the "three brothers" Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades divide the world between them, receiving the "broad sky", the sea, and the underworld respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanda2005293-83">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> Janda further connects the myth of Athena being born of the head (i. e. the uppermost part) of Zeus, understanding Trito- (which perhaps originally meant "the third") as another word for "the sky".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanda2005293-83">[77]</a> In Janda's analysis of Indo-European mythology, this heavenly sphere is also associated with the mythological body of water surrounding the inhabited world (cfr. Triton's mother, <a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanda2005293-83">[77]</a> Yet another possible meaning is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_Laertius" title="Diogenes Laertius">Diogenes Laertius</a>' biography of <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a>, that Athena was called "Tritogeneia" because three things, on which all mortal life depends, come from her.<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cult_and_patronages">Cult and patronages</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panhellenic_and_Athenian_cult">Panhellenic and Athenian cult</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%A9tradrachme_ath%C3%A9nien_repr%C3%A9sentant_Ath%C3%A9na.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/T%C3%A9tradrachme_ath%C3%A9nien_repr%C3%A9sentant_Ath%C3%A9na.jpg/250px-T%C3%A9tradrachme_ath%C3%A9nien_repr%C3%A9sentant_Ath%C3%A9na.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/T%C3%A9tradrachme_ath%C3%A9nien_repr%C3%A9sentant_Ath%C3%A9na.jpg/330px-T%C3%A9tradrachme_ath%C3%A9nien_repr%C3%A9sentant_Ath%C3%A9na.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/T%C3%A9tradrachme_ath%C3%A9nien_repr%C3%A9sentant_Ath%C3%A9na.jpg/500px-T%C3%A9tradrachme_ath%C3%A9nien_repr%C3%A9sentant_Ath%C3%A9na.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption>Athenian <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a> representing the goddess Athena</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Category:Ancient Greek religion">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laurel wreath"><img alt="Laurel wreath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg/120px-Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg/250px-Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="447" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Mycenaean religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean deities">Mycenaean deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan Civilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Sacred places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Sacred islands</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithaca_(island)" title="Ithaca (island)">Ithaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kythira" title="Kythira">Kythira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Sacred mountains</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lykaion" title="Mount Lykaion">Mount Lykaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Turkey)" title="Mount Ida (Turkey)">Mount Ida (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Crete)" title="Mount Ida (Crete)">Mount Ida (Crete)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kyllini" title="Mount Kyllini">Mount Kyllini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Othrys" title="Mount Othrys">Mount Othrys</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">Sanctuaries</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aornum" title="Aornum">Aornum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Other</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Zeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Zeus">Cave of Zeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Greek_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"><table class="sidebar-subgroup" style="background:transparent"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6ffff;color:black;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 1.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6ffff;color:black;"> <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">Chthonic deities</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 1.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacchus" title="Iacchus">Iacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melino%C3%AB" title="Melinoë">Melinoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptolemus" title="Triptolemus">Triptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophonius" title="Trophonius">Trophonius</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6ffff;color:black;"> Lesser deities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 1.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boreas" title="Boreas">Boreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(deity)" title="Deimos (deity)">Deimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyo" title="Enyo">Enyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maia" title="Maia">Maia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis" title="Nemesis">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphic_Egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphic Egg">Orphic Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld and afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miasma_(ancient_Greek_religion)" title="Miasma (ancient Greek religion)">Miasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">Daimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Heroic_Age" title="Greek Heroic Age">Heroic Age</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Divine and reality</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apeiron" title="Apeiron">Apeiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anamnesis_(philosophy)" title="Anamnesis (philosophy)">Anamnesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheia" title="Apatheia">Apatheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episteme" title="Episteme">Episteme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoche">Epoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalepsis" title="Katalepsis">Katalepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">Nous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Soul</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">Metempsychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henosis" title="Henosis">Henosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_theory_of_soul" title="Plato's theory of soul">Plato's theory of soul</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asebeia" title="Asebeia">Asebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule#Ancient_Greece" title="Golden Rule">Ethic of Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_maxims" title="Delphic maxims">Delphic maxims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathekon" title="Kathekon">Kathekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikeiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oikeiosis">Oikeiosis</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism" title="Orphism">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Worship</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">Agalma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dithyramb" title="Dithyramb">Dithyramb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean" title="Paean">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgion" class="mw-redirect" title="Orgion">Orgion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiera_Orgas" title="Hiera Orgas">Hiera Orgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Sacrifices and offerings</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_(sacrifice)" title="Holocaust (sacrifice)">Holokaustos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libation#Ancient_Greece" title="Libation">Libation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">Votive offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice#Ancient_Greece" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal Sacrifice</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Temples and holy sites</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">Temenos</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Meditation and charity</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Rites of passage</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromia" title="Amphidromia">Amphidromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral Rites</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed">Festivals</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thesmophoria" title="Thesmophoria">Thesmophoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnephoria" title="Daphnephoria">Daphnephoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthesteria" title="Anthesteria">Anthesteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrephoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrephoria">Arrephoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronia" title="Kronia">Kronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis#Local_cult" title="Nemesis">Genesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaphebolia" title="Elaphebolia">Elaphebolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyanopsia" title="Pyanopsia">Pyanopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalceia" title="Chalceia">Khalkeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloa" title="Haloa">Haloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halieia" title="Halieia">Halieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thargelia" title="Thargelia">Thargelia</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Monthly festivals</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noumenia" title="Noumenia">Noumenia</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Religious games</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panathenaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Panathenaia">Panathenaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleia_(festival)" title="Heracleia (festival)">Herakleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Games" title="Panhellenic Games">Panhellenic Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemean_Games" title="Nemean Games">Nemean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Games" title="Isthmian Games">Isthmian Games</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"> 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_sanctuaries_in_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greek sanctuaries in Greece">Pilgrimage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism">Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_tolerance_of_Paganism_from_Julian_until_Valens" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration and tolerance of Paganism from Julian until Valens">Julian restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)#21st_century_and_official_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Modern Restoration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/20px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/40px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/20px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/40px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Template:Ancient Greek religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In her aspect of Athena Polias, Athena was venerated as the goddess of the city and the protectress of the citadel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985140-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrington195511–15-86">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurwit199915-49">[43]</a> In Athens, the <a href="/wiki/Plynteria" title="Plynteria">Plynteria</a>, or "Feast of the Bath", was observed every year at the end of the month of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thargelion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thargelion (page does not exist)">Thargelion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon198346-87">[81]</a> The festival lasted for five days. During this period, the priestesses of Athena, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plyntr%C3%ADdes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plyntrídes (page does not exist)">plyntrídes</a>, performed a cleansing ritual within the <a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a>, a sanctuary devoted to Athena and Poseidon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon198346–49-88">[82]</a> Here Athena's statue was undressed, her clothes washed, and body purified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon198346–49-88">[82]</a> Athena was worshipped at festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Chalceia" title="Chalceia">Chalceia</a> as Athena Ergane,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrington19551–11-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurwit199915-49">[43]</a> the patroness of various crafts, especially <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrington19551–11-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurwit199915-49">[43]</a> She was also the patron of metalworkers and was believed to aid in the forging of armor and weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrington19551–11-89">[83]</a> During the late fifth century BC, the role of goddess of philosophy became a major aspect of Athena's <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cult</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985305–337-90">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peplos_scene_BM_EV.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Peplos_scene_BM_EV.JPG/250px-Peplos_scene_BM_EV.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Peplos_scene_BM_EV.JPG/330px-Peplos_scene_BM_EV.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Peplos_scene_BM_EV.JPG/500px-Peplos_scene_BM_EV.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A new <a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">peplos</a> was woven for Athena and ceremonially brought to dress her <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult image</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>).</figcaption></figure> As <a href="/wiki/Athena_Promachos" title="Athena Promachos">Athena Promachos</a>, she was believed to lead soldiers into battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrington195511–14-91">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt20001059–1073-47">[41]</a> Athena represented the disciplined, strategic side of war, in contrast to her brother <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>, the patron of violence, bloodlust, and slaughter—"the raw force of war".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarmon1992114–115-92">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004123–124-93">[87]</a> Athena was believed to only support those fighting for a just cause<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarmon1992114–115-92">[86]</a> and was thought to view war primarily as a means to resolve conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarmon1992114–115-92">[86]</a> The Greeks regarded Athena with much higher esteem than Ares.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarmon1992114–115-92">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004123–124-93">[87]</a> Athena was especially worshipped in this role during the festivals of the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaea" title="Panathenaea">Panathenaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pamboeotia" title="Pamboeotia">Pamboeotia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson199290–109-94">[88]</a> both of which prominently featured displays of athletic and military prowess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson199290–109-94">[88]</a> As the patroness of heroes and warriors, Athena was believed to favor those who used cunning and intelligence rather than brute strength.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurwit199918-95">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/330px-The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/500px-The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/960px-The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_Acropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian Acropolis">Athenian Acropolis</a>, which is dedicated to Athena Parthenos<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985143-96">[90]</a></figcaption></figure> In her aspect as a warrior maiden, Athena was known as <a href="/wiki/Athena_Parthenos" title="Athena Parthenos">Parthenos</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:παρθένος">Παρθένος</a> "virgin"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrington195511–14-91">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldhill1986121-97">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2008217-98">[92]</a> because, like her fellow goddesses <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a>, she was believed to remain perpetually a virgin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004123-99">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldhill198631-100">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrington195511–14-91">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2008217-98">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1952-101">[95]</a> Athena's most famous temple, the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_Acropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian Acropolis">Athenian Acropolis</a>, takes its name from this title.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1952-101">[95]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Ker%C3%A9nyi" title="Károly Kerényi">Karl Kerényi</a>, a scholar of Greek mythology, the name Parthenos is not merely an observation of Athena's virginity, but also a recognition of her role as enforcer of rules of sexual modesty and ritual mystery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1952-101">[95]</a> Even beyond recognition, the Athenians allotted the goddess value based on this pureness of virginity, which they upheld as a rudiment of female behavior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1952-101">[95]</a> Kerényi's study and theory of Athena explains her virginal epithet as a result of her relationship to her father Zeus and a vital, cohesive piece of her character throughout the ages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1952-101">[95]</a> This role is expressed in several stories about Athena. <a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Neapolis" title="Marinus of Neapolis">Marinus of Neapolis</a> reports that when Christians removed the statue of the goddess from the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>, a beautiful woman appeared in a dream to <a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a>, a devotee of Athena, and announced that the "Athenian Lady" wished to dwell with him.<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> Athena was also credited with creating the pebble-based form of divination. Those pebbles were called <a href="/wiki/Thriae" title="Thriae">thriai</a>, which was also the collective name of a group of nymphs with prophetic powers. Her half-brother Apollo, however, angered and spiteful at the practitioners of an art rival to his own, complained to their father Zeus about it, with the pretext that many people took to casting pebbles, but few actually were true prophets. Zeus, sympathizing with Apollo's grievances, discredited the pebble divination by rendering the pebbles useless. Apollo's words became the basis of an ancient Greek idiom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApollodorus_of_Athens2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideFmQCwAAQBAJpgPT224_224]-103">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_cults">Regional cults</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetradrachm_Eumenes_I_of_Pergamon_reverse_CdM_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tetradrachm_Eumenes_I_of_Pergamon_reverse_CdM_Paris.jpg/220px-Tetradrachm_Eumenes_I_of_Pergamon_reverse_CdM_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tetradrachm_Eumenes_I_of_Pergamon_reverse_CdM_Paris.jpg/330px-Tetradrachm_Eumenes_I_of_Pergamon_reverse_CdM_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tetradrachm_Eumenes_I_of_Pergamon_reverse_CdM_Paris.jpg/440px-Tetradrachm_Eumenes_I_of_Pergamon_reverse_CdM_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption>Reverse side of a <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamene</a> silver <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a> minted by <a href="/wiki/Eumenes_I" title="Eumenes I">Eumenes I</a> (r. 263–241 BC), showing Athena seated on a throne</figcaption></figure> Athena was not only the patron goddess of Athens, but also other cities, including <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-46">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gortyn" title="Gortyn">Gortyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lindos" title="Lindos">Lindos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larisa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt20001059–1073-47">[41]</a> The various cults of Athena were all branches of her panhellenic cult<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt20001059–1073-47">[41]</a> and often proctored various initiation rites of Grecian youth, such as the passage into citizenship by young men or the passage of young women into marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt20001059–1073-47">[41]</a> These cults were portals of a uniform socialization, even beyond mainland Greece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt20001059–1073-47">[41]</a> Athena was frequently equated with <a href="/wiki/Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphaea">Aphaea</a>, a local goddess of the island of <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a>, originally from <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and also associated with <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> and the nymph <a href="/wiki/Britomartis" title="Britomartis">Britomartis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilafidis-Williams1998-104">[98]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia (ancient region)">Arcadia</a>, she was assimilated with the ancient goddess Alea and worshiped as <a href="/wiki/Athena_Alea" title="Athena Alea">Athena Alea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJost1996134–135-105">[99]</a> Sanctuaries dedicated to Athena Alea were located in the <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconian</a> towns of <a href="/wiki/Mantineia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantineia">Mantineia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tegea" title="Tegea">Tegea</a>. The temple of Athena Alea in Tegea was an important religious center of ancient Greece.<a href="#cite_note-106">[g]</a> The geographer <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> was informed that the temenos had been founded by <a href="/wiki/Aleus" title="Aleus">Aleus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a> Athena had a major temple on the <a href="/wiki/Sparta#Archaeology_of_the_classical_period" title="Sparta">Spartan Acropolis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008127-108">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurwit199915-49">[43]</a> where she was venerated as Poliouchos and Khalkíoikos ("of the Brazen House", often <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinized</a> as Chalcioecus).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008127-108">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurwit199915-49">[43]</a> This epithet may refer to the fact that cult statue held there may have been made of bronze,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008127-108">[101]</a> that the walls of the temple itself may have been made of bronze,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008127-108">[101]</a> or that Athena was the patron of metal-workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008127-108">[101]</a> Bells made of terracotta and bronze were used in Sparta as part of Athena's cult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008127-108">[101]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic-style</a> temple to Athena Polias was built at <a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Priene</a> in the fourth century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurn200410-109">[102]</a> It was designed by <a href="/wiki/Pythius_of_Priene" title="Pythius of Priene">Pytheos of Priene</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurn200411-110">[103]</a> the same architect who designed the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_at_Halicarnassus" title="Mausoleum at Halicarnassus">Mausoleum at Halicarnassus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurn200411-110">[103]</a> The temple was dedicated by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurn200410–11-111">[104]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priene_inscription_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Priene inscription of Alexander the Great">an inscription from the temple</a> declaring his dedication is now held in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurn200410-109">[102]</a> She was worshipped as Athena Asia in <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> – supposedly on an account of a nearby mountain with that name – from which her worship was believed to have been brought by <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a> to <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>, where a temple was built to her at <a href="/wiki/Las_(Greece)" title="Las (Greece)">Las</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[107]</a> In Pergamon, Athena was thought to have been a god of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a> and the aspects of it that aided Pergamon and its fate.<a href="#cite_note-:0-46">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth">Birth</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphora_birth_Athena_Louvre_F32.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Amphora_birth_Athena_Louvre_F32.jpg/330px-Amphora_birth_Athena_Louvre_F32.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Amphora_birth_Athena_Louvre_F32.jpg/500px-Amphora_birth_Athena_Louvre_F32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Amphora_birth_Athena_Louvre_F32.jpg/960px-Amphora_birth_Athena_Louvre_F32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="1675" /></a><figcaption>Athena is "born" from Zeus's forehead as a result of him having swallowed her mother <a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a>, as he grasps the clothing of <a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a> on the right; <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">black-figured</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphora</a>, 550–525 BC, Louvre.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varvakeion_Athena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Varvakeion_Athena.jpg/250px-Varvakeion_Athena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Varvakeion_Athena.jpg/330px-Varvakeion_Athena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Varvakeion_Athena.jpg/500px-Varvakeion_Athena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="3933" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Varvakeion_Athena" title="Varvakeion Athena">Varvakeion Athena</a>, the most faithful copy of the Athena Parthenos, as displayed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum, Athens</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the classical Olympian pantheon, Athena was regarded as the favorite child of Zeus, the king of the gods, born fully armed from his forehead. Since her birth, she possesed great power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951118–120-115">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200817–32-116">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994230–231-117">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[h]</a> The story of her birth comes in several versions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951118–122-119">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200817–19-120">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004121–123-121">[113]</a> The earliest mention is in Book V of the Iliad, when <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a> accused Zeus of being biased in favor of Athena because "autos egeinao" (literally "you fathered her", but probably intended as "you gave birth to her").<a href="#cite_note-122">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200818-123">[115]</a> She sometimes is the daughter of Zeus, produced without a mother, and emerged full-grown from his forehead, but there is an alternate story in which Zeus swallowed <a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a>, the goddess of counsel, while she was pregnant with Athena and when she was fully grown she emerged from his forehead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951118–120-115">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200817–32-116">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994230–231-117">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[i]</a> In the version recounted by <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a>, Zeus married Metis, who is described as the "wisest among gods and mortal men", and engaged in sexual intercourse with her.<a href="#cite_note-HesiodTheogony929e929t-125">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951118–119-126">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200818-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004121–122-127">[118]</a> After learning that Metis was pregnant, however, he became afraid that the unborn offspring would try to overthrow him, because Gaia and <a href="/wiki/Ouranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouranos">Ouranos</a> had prophesied that Metis would bear a son wiser and more powerful than his father who would overthow him.<a href="#cite_note-HesiodTheogony929e929t-125">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951118–119-126">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200818-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004121–122-127">[118]</a> In order to prevent this, Zeus tricked Metis into letting him swallow her, but it was too late because she had already conceived and soon gave birth to their daughter Athena, whom Metis raised inside of his mind, where she continues to give him advice as a ruler. When Athena grew up, Metis forged robes, armor, a shield and a spear for her daughter.<a href="#cite_note-HesiodTheogony929e929t-125">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951119-128">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200818-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004121–122-127">[118]</a> A later account of the story from the <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a> of Pseudo-Apollodorus, written in the second century AD, makes Metis Zeus's unwilling sexual partner, rather than his wife.<a href="#cite_note-Pseudo-Apollodorus136-129">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004122–123-130">[121]</a> According to this version of the story, Metis transformed into many different shapes in effort to escape Zeus,<a href="#cite_note-Pseudo-Apollodorus136-129">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004122–123-130">[121]</a> but Zeus successfully raped her and swallowed her.<a href="#cite_note-Pseudo-Apollodorus136-129">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004122–123-130">[121]</a> After swallowing Metis, Zeus took six more wives in succession until he married his seventh and present wife, <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004121–122-127">[118]</a> Then Zeus experienced an enormous headache.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951119–120-131">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200818-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004121–122-127">[118]</a> He was in such pain that he ordered someone (either <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>, or Palaemon, depending on the sources examined) to cleave his head open with the <a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">labrys</a>, the double-headed <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951120-64">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200818-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994231-132">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004122–123-130">[121]</a> Athena leaped from Zeus's head, fully grown and armed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951120-64">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200818-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994230–231-117">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004122–124-133">[124]</a> The "First Homeric Hymn to Athena" states in lines 9–16 that the gods were awestruck by Athena's appearance<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994233-134">[125]</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>, the god of the sun, stopped his chariot in the sky.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994233-134">[125]</a> Pindar, in his "Seventh Olympian Ode", states that she "cried aloud with a mighty shout" and that "the Sky and mother Earth shuddered before her".<a href="#cite_note-135">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994233-134">[125]</a> Hesiod states that Hera was so annoyed at Zeus for having given birth to a child on his own that she conceived and bore <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">herself</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004121–122-127">[118]</a> but in Imagines <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/imagines00philuoft#page/246/mode/2up">2. 27</a> (trans. Fairbanks), the third-century AD Greek rhetorician <a href="/wiki/Philostratus_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Philostratus the Elder">Philostratus the Elder</a> writes that Hera "rejoices" at Athena's birth "as though Athena were her daughter also". The second-century AD Christian apologist <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> takes issue with those pagans who erect at springs images of <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Kore</a>, whom he interprets as Athena: "They said that Athena was the daughter of Zeus not from intercourse, but when the god had in mind the making of a world through a word (<a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a>) his first thought was Athena."<a href="#cite_note-136">[127]</a> According to a version of the story in a scholium on the Iliad (found nowhere else), when Zeus swallowed Metis, she was pregnant with Athena by the <a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclops</a> Brontes.<a href="#cite_note-137">[128]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Etymologicum_Magnum" title="Etymologicum Magnum">Etymologicum Magnum</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951281-138">[129]</a> instead deems Athena the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactyl (mythology)">Daktyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Itonus" title="Itonus">Itonos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951122-139">[130]</a> Fragments attributed by the Christian <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> to the semi-legendary <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Sanchuniathon" title="Sanchuniathon">Sanchuniathon</a>, which Eusebius thought had been written before the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>, make Athena instead the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>, a king of <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> who visited "the inhabitable world" and bequeathed <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> to Athena.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldenburg196986-140">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[132]</a> Athena, born a daughter instead of the son of the prophecy, never successfully overthrew her father Zeus as the ruler of the cosmos, but <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>' <a href="/wiki/Illiad" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiad">Illiad</a> tells of an attempted overthrow, in which she, Hera and <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> conspired to overpower Zeus and tie him in bonds. It is only because of the <a href="/wiki/Nereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereid">Nereid</a> <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a>, who summoned Briareus, one of the <a href="/wiki/Hecatoncheires" title="Hecatoncheires">Hecatoncheires</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a>, that the other gods abandon their plans (out of fear for Briareus).<a href="#cite_note-142">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lady_of_Athens">Lady of Athens</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Houasse_-_The_Dispute_of_Minerva_and_Neptune,_1689.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Houasse_-_The_Dispute_of_Minerva_and_Neptune%2C_1689.jpg/330px-Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Houasse_-_The_Dispute_of_Minerva_and_Neptune%2C_1689.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Houasse_-_The_Dispute_of_Minerva_and_Neptune%2C_1689.jpg/500px-Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Houasse_-_The_Dispute_of_Minerva_and_Neptune%2C_1689.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Houasse_-_The_Dispute_of_Minerva_and_Neptune%2C_1689.jpg/960px-Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Houasse_-_The_Dispute_of_Minerva_and_Neptune%2C_1689.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption>The Dispute of <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Houasse" title="René-Antoine Houasse">René-Antoine Houasse</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1689 or 1706)</figcaption></figure> As the goddess of war, good counsel, prudent restraint and practical insight, Athena became the guardian of the welfare of kings. In a <a href="/wiki/Founding_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding myth">founding myth</a> reported by Pseudo-Apollodorus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951281-138">[129]</a> she competed with <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> for the patronage of Athens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951124-143">[134]</a> They agreed that each would give the Athenians one gift<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951124-143">[134]</a> and that <a href="/wiki/Cecrops_I" title="Cecrops I">Cecrops</a>, the king of Athens, would determine which gift was better.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951124-143">[134]</a> Poseidon struck the ground with his <a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">trident</a> and a salt water spring sprang up;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951124-143">[134]</a> this gave the Athenians access to trade and water.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves196062-144">[135]</a> Athens at its height was a significant sea power, defeating the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> fleet at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves196062-144">[135]</a>—but the water was salty and undrinkable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves196062-144">[135]</a> In an alternative version of the myth from <a href="/wiki/Vergil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergil">Vergil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951281-138">[129]</a> Poseidon instead gave the Athenians the first horse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951124-143">[134]</a> Athena offered the first domesticated <a href="/wiki/Olive_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive tree">olive tree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951124-143">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2008217-98">[92]</a> Cecrops accepted this gift<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951124-143">[134]</a> and declared Athena the patron goddess of Athens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951124-143">[134]</a> The olive tree brought wood, oil, and food,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves196062-144">[135]</a> and became a symbol of Athenian economic prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2008217-98">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1989143-145">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a> was of the opinion that "Poseidon's attempts to take possession of certain cities are political myths",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves196062-144">[135]</a> which reflect the conflict between matriarchal and patriarchal religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves196062-144">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atena-Giustiniani---Vatican.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Atena-Giustiniani---Vatican.jpg/330px-Atena-Giustiniani---Vatican.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="447" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Atena-Giustiniani---Vatican.jpg/500px-Atena-Giustiniani---Vatican.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Atena-Giustiniani---Vatican.jpg/520px-Atena-Giustiniani---Vatican.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Athena_Giustiniani" title="Athena Giustiniani">Athena Giustiniani</a>, a Roman copy of a Greek statue of Pallas Athena. The guardian serpent of the Athenian Acropolis sits coiled at her feet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200888-146">[137]</a></figcaption></figure> Afterwards, Poseidon was so angry over his defeat that he sent one of his sons, <a href="/wiki/Halirrhothius" title="Halirrhothius">Halirrhothius</a>, to cut down the tree. But as he swung his axe, he missed his aim and it fell in himself, killing him. This was supposedly the origin of calling Athena's sacred olive tree <a href="/wiki/Moria_(tree)" title="Moria (tree)">moria</a>, for Halirrhotius's attempt at revenge proved fatal (moros in Greek). Poseidon in fury accused Ares of murder, and the matter was eventually settled on the <a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a> ("hill of Ares") in favour of Ares, which was thereafter named after the event.<a href="#cite_note-147">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWunder1855[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4grgAAAAMAAJpgRA2-PA100_note_on_verse_703]-148">[139]</a> Pseudo-Apollodorus<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951281-138">[129]</a> records an archaic legend, which claims that <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> once attempted to rape Athena, but she pushed him away, causing him to <a href="/wiki/Ejaculate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejaculate">ejaculate</a> on her thigh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123-149">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985143-96">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125-150">[141]</a> Athena wiped the <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a> off using a tuft of <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, which she tossed into the dust, impregnating <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a> and causing her to give birth to <a href="/wiki/Erichthonius_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Erichthonius of Athens">Erichthonius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123-149">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985143-96">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125-150">[141]</a> Athena adopted Erichthonius as her son and raised him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123-149">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125-150">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a>, a work of Roman mythography attributed to <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Gaius Julius Hyginus</a>, records a similar story in which Hephaestus demanded Zeus to let him marry Athena since he was the one who had smashed open Zeus's skull, allowing Athena to be born.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123-149">[140]</a> Zeus agreed to this and Hephaestus and Athena were married,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123-149">[140]</a> but, when Hephaestus was about to consummate the union, Athena vanished from the bridal bed, causing him to ejaculate on the floor, thus impregnating Gaia with Erichthonius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123-149">[140]</a> The geographer <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951281-138">[129]</a> records that Athena placed the infant Erichthonius into a small chest<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951125-151">[142]</a> (cista), which she entrusted to the care of the three daughters of <a href="/wiki/Cecrops_I" title="Cecrops I">Cecrops</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herse" title="Herse">Herse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandrosos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandrosos">Pandrosos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aglaulus,_daughter_of_Cecrops" class="mw-redirect" title="Aglaulus, daughter of Cecrops">Aglauros</a> of Athens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951125-151">[142]</a> She warned the three sisters not to open the chest,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951125-151">[142]</a> but did not explain to them why or what was in it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951125-151">[142]</a> Aglauros, and possibly one of the other sisters,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951125-151">[142]</a> opened the chest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951125-151">[142]</a> Differing reports say that they either found that the child itself was a serpent, that it was guarded by a serpent, that it was guarded by two serpents, or that it had the legs of a serpent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951125–126-152">[143]</a> In Pausanias's story, the two sisters were driven mad by the sight of the chest's contents and hurled themselves off the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a>, dying instantly,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951126-153">[144]</a> but an Attic vase painting shows them being chased by the serpent off the edge of the cliff instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951126-153">[144]</a> Another version of the myth of the Athenian maidens is told in <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a> by the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> (43 BC – 17 AD); in this late variant <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> falls in love with Herse. Herse, Aglaulus, and Pandrosus go to the temple to offer sacrifices to Athena. Hermes demands help from Aglaulus to seduce Herse. Aglaulus demands money in exchange. Hermes gives her the money the sisters have already offered to Athena. As punishment for Aglaulus's greed, Athena asks the goddess <a href="/wiki/Invidia" title="Invidia">Envy</a> to make Aglaulus jealous of Herse. When Hermes arrives to seduce Herse, Aglaulus stands in his way instead of helping him as she had agreed. He turns her to stone.<a href="#cite_note-154">[145]</a> Erichthonius was one of the most important founding heroes of Athens<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985143-96">[90]</a> and the legend of the daughters of Cecrops was a cult myth linked to the rituals of the <a href="/wiki/Arrhephoria" title="Arrhephoria">Arrhephoria</a> festival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985143-96">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200888–89-155">[146]</a> Pausanias records that, during the Arrhephoria, two young girls known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arrhephoroi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arrhephoroi (page does not exist)">Arrhephoroi</a>, who lived near the temple of Athena Polias, would be given hidden objects by the <a href="/wiki/High_Priestess_of_Athena_Polias" title="High Priestess of Athena Polias">priestess of Athena</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200889-156">[147]</a> which they would carry on their heads down a natural underground passage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200889-156">[147]</a> They would leave the objects they had been given at the bottom of the passage and take another set of hidden objects,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200889-156">[147]</a> which they would carry on their heads back up to the temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200889-156">[147]</a> The ritual was performed in the dead of night<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200889-156">[147]</a> and no one, not even the priestess, knew what the objects were.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200889-156">[147]</a> The serpent in the story may be the same one depicted coiled at Athena's feet in Pheidias's famous statue of the Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200888-146">[137]</a> Many of the surviving sculptures of Athena show this serpent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200888-146">[137]</a> Herodotus records that a serpent lived in a crevice on the north side of the summit of the Athenian Acropolis<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200888-146">[137]</a> and that the Athenians left a honey cake for it each month as an offering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200888-146">[137]</a> On the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">Second Persian invasion of Greece</a> in 480 BC, the serpent did not eat the honey cake<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200888-146">[137]</a> and the Athenians interpreted it as a sign that Athena herself had abandoned them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200888-146">[137]</a> Athena gave her favour to an Attic girl named <a href="/wiki/Myrsine_(mythology)" title="Myrsine (mythology)">Myrsine</a>, a chaste girl who outdid all her fellow athletes in both the <a href="/wiki/Palaestra" title="Palaestra">palaestra</a> and the race. Out of envy, the other athletes murdered her, but Athena took pity in her and transformed her dead body into a <a href="/wiki/Myrtus" title="Myrtus">myrtle</a>, a plant thereafter as favoured by her as the olive was.<a href="#cite_note-157">[148]</a> An almost exact story was said about another girl, <a href="/wiki/Elaea_(mythology)" title="Elaea (mythology)">Elaea</a>, who transformed into an olive, Athena's sacred tree.<a href="#cite_note-158">[149]</a> According to Ovid, one day as the mortal maiden <a href="/wiki/Corone_(crow)" title="Corone (crow)">Corone</a> was walking by the seashore, Poseidon saw her and attempted to seduce her. When his efforts failed, he attempted to rape her instead. However, Corone fled from his rapacious advances, crying out to men and gods. While no man heard her, "the virgin goddess feels pity for a virgin"; Athena saved her by transforming her into a <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESax2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjYDxAQAAQBAJpgPA45_45–46]-10">[6]</a> After the deaths of their parents, the orphaned <a href="/wiki/Cleothera" title="Cleothera">Cleothera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merope_(mythology)" title="Merope (mythology)">Merope</a> were raised by <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ody-159">[150]</a> The other Olympian goddesses also blessed the girls with gifts and blessings; <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> gave them beauty, <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> high stature, and Athena taught them women's crafts.<a href="#cite_note-ody-159">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-paus1-160">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patron_of_heroes">Patron of heroes</h3></div> In Homer's <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, Athena, as a war goddess, inspired and fought alongside the Greek heroes; her aid was synonymous with military prowess. Zeus, the chief god, specifically assigned the sphere of war to Ares, the god of war, and Athena. Athena's moral and military superiority to Ares derived in part from the fact that she represented the intellectual and civilized side of war and the virtues of justice and skill, whereas Ares represented mere blood lust. Her superiority also derived in part from the vastly greater variety and importance of her functions and the patriotism of Homer's predecessors, Ares being of foreign origin. In the Iliad, Athena was the divine form of the heroic, martial ideal: she personified excellence in close combat and glory, and was personally attended by <a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a>, the goddess of victory. The qualities that led to victory were found on the aegis, or breastplate, that Athena wore when she went to war: fear, strife, defense, and assault. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jason_being_saved_by_Athena_from_the_dragon,_Attic_red-figured_kylix,_attributed_to_Douris,_480-470_BC,_inv._16545_-_Museo_Gregoriano_Etrusco_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC01046_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jason_being_saved_by_Athena_from_the_dragon%2C_Attic_red-figured_kylix%2C_attributed_to_Douris%2C_480-470_BC%2C_inv._16545_-_Museo_Gregoriano_Etrusco_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC01046_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jason_being_saved_by_Athena_from_the_dragon%2C_Attic_red-figured_kylix%2C_attributed_to_Douris%2C_480-470_BC%2C_inv._16545_-_Museo_Gregoriano_Etrusco_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC01046_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jason_being_saved_by_Athena_from_the_dragon%2C_Attic_red-figured_kylix%2C_attributed_to_Douris%2C_480-470_BC%2C_inv._16545_-_Museo_Gregoriano_Etrusco_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC01046_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="2171" /></a><figcaption>Attic red-figure kylix painting from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 480-470 BC showing Athena observing as the <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchian</a> dragon disgorges the hero <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200862-161">[152]</a></figcaption></figure> According to Pseudo-Apollodorus's Bibliotheca, Athena advised <a href="/wiki/Argus_(son_of_Arestor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argus (son of Arestor)">Argos</a>, the builder of the <a href="/wiki/Argo" title="Argo">Argo</a>, the ship on which the hero <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a> and his band of <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a> sailed, and aided in the ship's construction.<a href="#cite_note-162">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004124-163">[154]</a> According to Pindar's Thirteenth Olympian Ode, Athena helped the hero <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerophon</a> tame the winged horse <a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a> by giving him a <a href="/wiki/Bit_(horse)" title="Bit (horse)">bit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200848-164">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[156]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>'s tragedy <a href="/wiki/Orestes_(play)" title="Orestes (play)">Orestes</a>, Athena intervenes to save <a href="/wiki/Orestes" title="Orestes">Orestes</a> from the wrath of the <a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a> and presides over his trial for the murder of his mother <a href="/wiki/Clytemnestra" title="Clytemnestra">Clytemnestra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomanRoman2010161-166">[157]</a> When half the jury votes to acquit and the other half votes to <a href="/wiki/Convict" title="Convict">convict</a>, Athena casts the deciding vote to acquit Orestes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomanRoman2010161-166">[157]</a> and declares that, from then on, whenever a jury is tied, the defendant shall always be acquitted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomanRoman2010161–162-167">[158]</a> Pseudo-Apollodorus also records that Athena guided the hero <a href="/wiki/Perseus_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus (mythology)">Perseus</a> in his quest to behead <a href="/wiki/Medusa_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medusa (mythology)">Medusa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985141-168">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1989151-169">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200861-170">[161]</a> She and <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, the god of travelers, appeared to Perseus after he set off on his quest and gifted him with tools he would need to kill the Gorgon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200861-170">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[162]</a> Athena lent Perseus her polished bronze shield to view Medusa's reflection without becoming petrified himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200861-170">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bibliotheca2.41-172">[163]</a> Hermes lent Perseus his <a href="/wiki/Harpe" title="Harpe">harpe</a> to behead Medusa with.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200861-170">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[164]</a> When Perseus swung the blade to behead Medusa, Athena guided it, allowing the blade to cut the Gorgon's head clean off.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200861-170">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bibliotheca2.41-172">[163]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">ancient Greek art</a>, Athena is frequently shown aiding the hero <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200864–65-174">[165]</a> She appears in four of the twelve <a href="/wiki/Metope" title="Metope">metopes</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus_at_Olympia" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Zeus at Olympia">Temple of Zeus at Olympia</a> depicting Heracles's <a href="/wiki/Labors_of_Heracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Labors of Heracles">Twelve Labors</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollitt199948–50-175">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200864–65-174">[165]</a> including the first, in which she simply watches him slay the <a href="/wiki/Nemean_lion" title="Nemean lion">Nemean lion</a> after having told him how to use the lion's own claws to skin the pelt,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200864–65-174">[165]</a> and in the tenth, in which she is shown actively helping him hold up the sky itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200865-176">[167]</a> According to Apollodorus, on Athena's advice, Heracles dragged <a href="/wiki/Alcyoneus" title="Alcyoneus">Alcyoneus</a>, one of the two strongest Gians alongside <a href="/wiki/Porphyrion" title="Porphyrion">Porphyrion</a>, beyond the borders of his native land, where he was mortal, and then fatally shot him (compare with <a href="/wiki/Antaeus" title="Antaeus">Antaeus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-177">[168]</a> She is presented as Heracles' "stern ally",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollitt199950-178">[169]</a> but also the "gentle ... acknowledger of his achievements".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollitt199950-178">[169]</a> Artistic depictions of Heracles's <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">apotheosis</a> show Athena driving him to Mount Olympus in her chariot and presenting him to Zeus for his deification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200865-176">[167]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="The Odyssey">The Odyssey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>' cunning and shrewd nature quickly wins Athena's favour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns201619-179">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004124-163">[154]</a> For the first part of the poem, however, she largely is confined to aiding him only from afar, mainly by implanting thoughts in his head during his journey home from Troy. Her guiding actions reinforce her role as the "protectress of heroes", or, as mythologian <a href="/wiki/Walter_Friedrich_Otto" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Friedrich Otto">Walter Friedrich Otto</a> dubbed her, the "goddess of nearness", due to her mentoring and motherly probing.<a href="#cite_note-180">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985141-168">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200859-181">[172]</a> It is not until he washes up on the shore of the island of the <a href="/wiki/Phaeacians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeacians">Phaeacians</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Nausicaa" title="Nausicaa">Nausicaa</a> is washing her clothes that Athena arrives personally to provide more tangible assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Jong2001152-182">[173]</a> She appears in Nausicaa's dreams to ensure that the princess rescues Odysseus and plays a role in his eventual escort to Ithaca.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Jong2001152–153-183">[174]</a> Athena appears to Odysseus upon his arrival, disguised as a herdsman;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrahman195231–35-184">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985142-185">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns201619-179">[170]</a> she initially lies and tells him that Penelope, his wife, has remarried and that he is believed to be dead,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrahman195231–35-184">[175]</a> but Odysseus lies back to her, employing skillful prevarications to protect himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrahman195235-186">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985142-185">[176]</a> Impressed by his resolve and shrewdness, she reveals herself and tells him what he needs to know to win back his kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrahman195235–43-187">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985142-185">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns201619-179">[170]</a> She disguises him as an elderly beggar so that he will not be recognized by the suitors or Penelope,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrahman195235–42-188">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985142-185">[176]</a> and helps him to defeat the suitors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrahman195235–42-188">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns201619–20-189">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985142-185">[176]</a> Athena also appears to Odysseus's son Telemachus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrin2007499-190">[181]</a> Her actions lead him to travel around to Odysseus's comrades and ask about his father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrin2007499–500-191">[182]</a> He hears stories about some of Odysseus's journey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrin2007499–500-191">[182]</a> Athena's push for Telemachus's journey helps him grow into the man role, that his father once held.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrin2007499–514-192">[183]</a> She also plays a role in ending the resultant feud against the suitors' relatives. She instructs <a href="/wiki/Laertes_(father_of_Odysseus)" title="Laertes (father of Odysseus)">Laertes</a> to throw his spear and to kill <a href="/wiki/Eupeithes" title="Eupeithes">Eupeithes</a>, the father of <a href="/wiki/Antinous_son_of_Eupeithes" class="mw-redirect" title="Antinous son of Eupeithes">Antinous</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2648.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Athena and Heracles on an Attic red-figure kylix, 480–470 BC"><img alt="Athena and Heracles on an Attic red-figure kylix, 480–470 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2648.jpg/330px-Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2648.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2648.jpg/500px-Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2648.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2648.jpg/960px-Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2648.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="1845" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Athena and Heracles on an <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> red-figure <a href="/wiki/Kylix_(drinking_cup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kylix (drinking cup)">kylix</a>, 480–470 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kantharos_58.9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Athena, detail from a silver kantharos with Theseus in Crete (c. 440-435 BC), part of the Vassil Bojkov collection, Sofia, Bulgaria"><img alt="Athena, detail from a silver kantharos with Theseus in Crete (c. 440-435 BC), part of the Vassil Bojkov collection, Sofia, Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kantharos_58.9.jpg/250px-Kantharos_58.9.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kantharos_58.9.jpg/330px-Kantharos_58.9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kantharos_58.9.jpg/500px-Kantharos_58.9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1754" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Athena, detail from a silver <a href="/wiki/Kantharos" title="Kantharos">kantharos</a> with <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 440-435 BC), part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassil_Bojkov_Collection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vassil Bojkov Collection (page does not exist)">Vassil Bojkov collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 401.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 399.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Herakleia_AR_SNGANS_064.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver coin showing Athena with Scylla decorated helmet and Heracles fighting the Nemean lion (Heraclea Lucania, 390-340 BC)"><img alt="Silver coin showing Athena with Scylla decorated helmet and Heracles fighting the Nemean lion (Heraclea Lucania, 390-340 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Herakleia_AR_SNGANS_064.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="218" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silver coin showing Athena with <a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a> decorated helmet and Heracles fighting the Nemean lion (<a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a>, 390-340 BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orestes_Delphi_BM_GR1917.12-10.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paestan red-figure bell-krater (c. 330 BC), showing Orestes at Delphi flanked by Athena and Pylades among the Erinyes and priestesses of Apollo, with the Pythia sitting behind them on her tripod"><img alt="Paestan red-figure bell-krater (c. 330 BC), showing Orestes at Delphi flanked by Athena and Pylades among the Erinyes and priestesses of Apollo, with the Pythia sitting behind them on her tripod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Orestes_Delphi_BM_GR1917.12-10.1.jpg/330px-Orestes_Delphi_BM_GR1917.12-10.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Orestes_Delphi_BM_GR1917.12-10.1.jpg/500px-Orestes_Delphi_BM_GR1917.12-10.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Orestes_Delphi_BM_GR1917.12-10.1.jpg/960px-Orestes_Delphi_BM_GR1917.12-10.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Paestan red-figure bell-krater (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 330 BC), showing Orestes at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> flanked by Athena and <a href="/wiki/Pylades" title="Pylades">Pylades</a> among the Erinyes and priestesses of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a> sitting behind them on her <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod#Ancient_Greece" title="Sacrificial tripod">tripod</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punishment_myths">Punishment myths</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorgona_pushkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gorgona_pushkin.jpg/330px-Gorgona_pushkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gorgona_pushkin.jpg/500px-Gorgona_pushkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gorgona_pushkin.jpg/960px-Gorgona_pushkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>Classical Greek depiction of <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a> from the fourth century BC</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gorgoneion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgoneion">Gorgoneion</a> appears to have originated as an <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">apotropaic</a> symbol intended to ward off evil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhinney1971445–447-193">[184]</a> In a late myth invented to explain the origins of the Gorgon,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhinney1971445–463-194">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a> is described as having been a young priestess who served in the temple of Athena in Athens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeelig2002895-195">[186]</a> Poseidon lusted after Medusa, and raped her in the temple of Athena,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeelig2002895-195">[186]</a> refusing to allow her vow of chastity to stand in his way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeelig2002895-195">[186]</a> Upon discovering the desecration of her temple, Athena transformed Medusa into a hideous monster with serpents for hair whose gaze <a href="/wiki/Petrifaction_in_mythology_and_fiction" title="Petrifaction in mythology and fiction">would turn any mortal to stone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeelig2002895-911-196">[187]</a> In his Twelfth Pythian Ode, <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> recounts the story of how Athena invented the <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a>, a kind of flute, in imitation of the lamentations of Medusa's sisters, the Gorgons, after she was beheaded by the hero <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoehlmann2017330-197">[188]</a> According to Pindar, Athena gave the aulos to mortals as a gift.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoehlmann2017330-197">[188]</a> Later, the comic playwright <a href="/wiki/Melanippides" title="Melanippides">Melanippides of Melos</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 480–430 BC) embellished the story in his comedy Marsyas,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoehlmann2017330-197">[188]</a> claiming that Athena looked in the mirror while she was playing the aulos and saw how blowing into it puffed up her cheeks and made her look silly, so she threw the aulos away and cursed it so that whoever picked it up would meet an awful death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoehlmann2017330-197">[188]</a> The aulos was picked up by the satyr <a href="/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas">Marsyas</a>, who was later killed by Apollo for his <a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoehlmann2017330-197">[188]</a> Later, this version of the story became accepted as canonical<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoehlmann2017330-197">[188]</a> and the Athenian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Myron" title="Myron">Myron</a> created a group of bronze sculptures based on it, which was installed before the western front of the Parthenon in around 440 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoehlmann2017330-197">[188]</a> A myth told by the early third-century BC Hellenistic poet <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a> in his Hymn 5 begins with Athena bathing in a spring on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Helicon" title="Mount Helicon">Mount Helicon</a> at midday with one of her favorite companions, the nymph <a href="/wiki/Chariclo" title="Chariclo">Chariclo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125-150">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorfordLenardon1999315-198">[189]</a> Chariclo's son <a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a> happened to be hunting on the same mountain and came to the spring searching for water.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125-150">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorfordLenardon1999315-198">[189]</a> He inadvertently saw Athena naked, so she struck him blind to ensure he would never again see what man was not intended to see.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125-150">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorfordLenardon1999315–316-199">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKugelmann198373-200">[191]</a> Chariclo intervened on her son's behalf and begged Athena to have mercy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125-150">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKugelmann198373-200">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorfordLenardon1999316-201">[192]</a> Athena replied that she could not restore Tiresias's eyesight,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125-150">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKugelmann198373-200">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorfordLenardon1999316-201">[192]</a> so, instead, she gave him the ability to understand the language of the birds and thus foretell the future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmunds1990373-202">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorfordLenardon1999316-201">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125-150">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Myrmex_(Attic_woman)" title="Myrmex (Attic woman)">Myrmex</a> was a clever and chaste Attic girl who became quickly a favourite of Athena. However, when Athena invented the plough, Myrmex went to the Atticans and told them that it was in fact her own invention. Hurt by the girl's betrayal, Athena transformed her into the small insect bearing her name, the <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[194]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Houasse_-_Minerve_et_Arachne_(Versailles).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Houasse_-_Minerve_et_Arachne_%28Versailles%29.jpg/330px-Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Houasse_-_Minerve_et_Arachne_%28Versailles%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Houasse_-_Minerve_et_Arachne_%28Versailles%29.jpg/500px-Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Houasse_-_Minerve_et_Arachne_%28Versailles%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Houasse_-_Minerve_et_Arachne_%28Versailles%29.jpg/960px-Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Houasse_-_Minerve_et_Arachne_%28Versailles%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arachne" title="Arachne">Arachne</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Houasse" title="René-Antoine Houasse">René-Antoine Houasse</a> (1706)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arachne" title="Arachne">Arachne</a> appears in <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a> (8 AD) (vi.5–54 and 129–145),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012233–234-204">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomanRoman201078-205">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton2013166-206">[197]</a> which is nearly the only extant source for the legend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomanRoman201078-205">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton2013166-206">[197]</a> The story does not appear to have been well known prior to Ovid's rendition of it<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomanRoman201078-205">[196]</a> and the only earlier reference to it is a brief allusion in <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a>, (29 BC) (iv, 246) that does not mention Arachne by name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton2013166-206">[197]</a> According to Ovid, Arachne (whose name means spider in ancient Greek<a href="#cite_note-207">[198]</a>) was the daughter of a famous dyer in <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a> in Hypaipa of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, and a weaving student of Athena.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012233-208">[199]</a> She became so conceited of her skill as a weaver that she began claiming that her skill was greater than that of Athena herself and that she didn't feel grateful to the goddess for anything, despite Athena invented weaving.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012233-208">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82-209">[200]</a> Athena gave Arachne a chance to redeem herself by assuming the form of an old woman and warning Arachne not to offend the deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012233–234-204">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82-209">[200]</a> Arachne scoffed and wished for a weaving contest, so she could prove her skill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012234-210">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82-209">[200]</a> Athena revelead her true form, accepted and wove the scene of her victory over <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> in the contest for the patronage of Athens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012234-210">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1974102–142-211">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82-209">[200]</a> Her tapestry also depicted the 12 Olympian gods and defeat of mythological figures who challenged their authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomanRoman201092-212">[203]</a> Arachne's tapestry featured twenty-one episodes of the deities' sexual affairs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012234-210">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1974102–142-211">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82-209">[200]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> being unfaithful with <a href="/wiki/Leda_(mythology)" title="Leda (mythology)">Leda</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Europa_(mythical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (mythical)">Europa</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Dana%C3%AB" title="Danaë">Danaë</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1974102–142-211">[202]</a> It represented the unjust and discrediting behavior of the gods towards mortals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomanRoman201092-212">[203]</a> Athena admitted that Arachne's work was flawless,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012234-210">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82-209">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1974102–142-211">[202]</a> but was outraged at Arachne's choice of subject.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012234-210">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82-209">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1974102–142-211">[202]</a> Finally, losing her temper, Athena destroyed Arachne's tapestry and loom, striking it with her shuttle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012234-210">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82-209">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1974102–142-211">[202]</a> Athena then struck Arachne across the face with her staff four times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012234-210">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82-209">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1974102–142-211">[202]</a> Arachne hanged herself in despair,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012234-210">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82-209">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1974102–142-211">[202]</a> but Athena took pity on her and brought her back from the dead in the form of a spider.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012234-210">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82-209">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1974102–142-211">[202]</a> In a rarer version, surviving in the <a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">scholia</a> of an unnamed scholiast on <a href="/wiki/Nicander" title="Nicander">Nicander</a>, whose works heavily influenced Ovid, Arachne is placed in Attica instead and has a brother named <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_(mythology)" title="Phalanx (mythology)">Phalanx</a>. Athena taught Arachne the art of weaving and Phalanx the art of war, but when brother and sister laid together in bed, Athena was so disgusted with them that she turned them both into spiders, animals forever doomed to be eaten by their own young.<a href="#cite_note-213">[204]</a> Acccording to Book VIII (236-59) of Ovid's <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>, the inventor <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a> was so proud of his achievements that he could not bear the idea of a rival. His sister had placed her son <a href="/wiki/Perdix_(mythology)" title="Perdix (mythology)">Perdix</a> under his charge to be taught the mechanical arts. He was an apt scholar and showed striking evidence of ingenuity. While walking on the seashore, he picked up the spine of a fish or a serpent's jaw. Imitating it, he took a piece of iron and notched it on the edge, thus inventing the saw. He made a pair of compasses by putting two pieces of iron together, connecting them at one end with a rivet, and sharpening the other ends. Daedalus was so envious of his nephew's accomplishments that he took an opportunity, when they were together one day on the top of a high tower, to push him off, but Athena, who favors ingenuity, saw him falling and arrested his fate by changing him into a bird called after his name, the <a href="/wiki/Perdix" title="Perdix">perdix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Partridge" title="Partridge">partridge</a>). This bird does not build its nest in the trees, nor take lofty flights, but nestles in the <a href="/wiki/Hedge" title="Hedge">hedges</a>, and mindful of his fall, avoids high places. For this crime, Daedalus was tried and banished. In some accounts, Athena leaves Daedalus with a scar in the shape of a partridge, to remind him of what he did. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trojan_War">Trojan War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_Paris" title="Judgement of Paris">Judgement of Paris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judgement_Paris_Antioch_Louvre_Ma3443.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Judgement_Paris_Antioch_Louvre_Ma3443.jpg/290px-Judgement_Paris_Antioch_Louvre_Ma3443.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Judgement_Paris_Antioch_Louvre_Ma3443.jpg/435px-Judgement_Paris_Antioch_Louvre_Ma3443.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Judgement_Paris_Antioch_Louvre_Ma3443.jpg/580px-Judgement_Paris_Antioch_Louvre_Ma3443.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="2530" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Greek mosaic from <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> dating to the second century AD, depicting the <a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_Paris" title="Judgement of Paris">Judgement of Paris</a></figcaption></figure> The myth of the Judgement of Paris is mentioned briefly in the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalcot197731-214">[205]</a> but is described in depth in an <a href="/wiki/Epitome" title="Epitome">epitome</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cypria" title="Cypria">Cypria</a>, a lost poem of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalcot197731–32-215">[206]</a> which records that all the gods and goddesses as well as various mortals were invited to the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a> (the eventual parents of <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalcot197731-214">[205]</a> Only <a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a>, goddess of discord, was not invited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalcot197731–32-215">[206]</a> She was annoyed at this, so she arrived with a golden apple inscribed with the word καλλίστῃ (kallistēi, "for the fairest"), which she threw among the goddesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalcot197732-216">[207]</a> Aphrodite, Hera, and Athena all claimed to be the fairest, and thus the rightful owner of the apple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalcot197732-216">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125-150">[141]</a> The goddesses chose to place the matter before Zeus, who, not wanting to favor one of the goddesses, put the choice into the hands of Paris, a <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojan</a> prince.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalcot197732-216">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125-150">[141]</a> After bathing in the spring of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida" title="Mount Ida">Mount Ida</a> where Troy was situated, the goddesses appeared before Paris for his decision.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalcot197732-216">[207]</a> In the extant ancient depictions of the Judgement of Paris, Aphrodite is only occasionally represented nude, and Athena and Hera are always fully clothed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBull2005346–347-217">[208]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, however, Western paintings have typically portrayed all three goddesses as completely naked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBull2005346–347-217">[208]</a> All three goddesses were ideally beautiful and Paris could not decide between them, so they resorted to bribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalcot197732-216">[207]</a> Hera tried to bribe Paris with power over all Asia and Europe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalcot197732-216">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125-150">[141]</a> and Athena offered fame and glory in battle,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalcot197732-216">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125-150">[141]</a> but Aphrodite promised Paris that, if he were to choose her as the fairest, she would let him marry the most beautiful woman on earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalcot197732–33-218">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125-150">[141]</a> This woman was <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a>, who was already married to King <a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sparta#Prehistory,_"dark_age"_and_archaic_period" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalcot197732–33-218">[209]</a> Paris selected Aphrodite and awarded her the apple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalcot197732–33-218">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125-150">[141]</a> The other two goddesses were enraged and, as a direct result, sided with the Greeks in the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalcot197732–33-218">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125-150">[141]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antalya_Museum_06022022_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Antalya_Museum_06022022_003.jpg/250px-Antalya_Museum_06022022_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Antalya_Museum_06022022_003.jpg/330px-Antalya_Museum_06022022_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Antalya_Museum_06022022_003.jpg/500px-Antalya_Museum_06022022_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Athena statue in the Antalya Museum.</figcaption></figure> In Books V–VI of the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, Athena aids the hero <a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a>, who, in the absence of Achilles, proves himself to be the most effective Greek warrior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess200184-219">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004124-163">[154]</a> Several artistic representations from the early sixth century BC may show Athena and Diomedes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess200184-219">[210]</a> including an early sixth-century BC shield band depicting Athena and an unidentified warrior riding on a chariot, a vase painting of a warrior with his charioteer facing Athena, and an inscribed clay plaque showing Diomedes and Athena riding in a chariot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess200184-219">[210]</a> Numerous passages in the Iliad also mention Athena having previously served as the patron of Diomedes's father <a href="/wiki/Tydeus" title="Tydeus">Tydeus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess200184–85-221">[212]</a> When the Trojans go to the temple of Athena on the Acropolis to plead her for protection from Diomedes, Athena ignores them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200868–69-70">[64]</a> In Book XXII of the Iliad, while Achilles is chasing <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a> around the walls of Troy, Athena appears to Hector disguised as his brother <a href="/wiki/Deiphobus" title="Deiphobus">Deiphobus</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200869-222">[213]</a> and persuades him to hold his ground so that they can fight Achilles together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200869-222">[213]</a> Then, Hector throws his spear at Achilles and misses, expecting Deiphobus to hand him another,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200869–70-223">[214]</a> but Athena disappears instead, leaving Hector to face Achilles alone without his spear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200869–70-223">[214]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>'s tragedy <a href="/wiki/Ajax_(play)" title="Ajax (play)">Ajax</a>, she punishes Odysseus's rival <a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax the Great</a>, driving him insane and causing him to massacre the Achaeans' cattle, thinking that he is slaughtering the Achaeans themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200859–60-224">[215]</a> Even after Odysseus himself expresses pity for Ajax,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200860-225">[216]</a> Athena declares, "To laugh at your enemies – what sweeter laughter can there be than that?" (lines 78–9).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200860-225">[216]</a> Ajax later commits suicide as a result of his humiliation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200860-225">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_art">Classical art</h2></div> Athena appears frequently in classical Greek art, including on coins and in paintings on ceramics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghionBarbillonLissarrague1996193-226">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004126-227">[218]</a> She is especially prominent in works produced in Athens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghionBarbillonLissarrague1996193-226">[217]</a> In classical depictions, Athena is usually portrayed standing upright, wearing a full-length <a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">chiton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalagiaPollitt199628-32-228">[219]</a> She is most often represented dressed in armor like a male soldier<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004126-227">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalagiaPollitt199628-32-228">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012230-12">[8]</a> and wearing a <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_helmet" title="Corinthian helmet">Corinthian helmet</a> raised high atop her forehead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalagiaPollitt199632-229">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012230-12">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004126-227">[218]</a> Her shield bears at its centre the aegis with the head of the gorgon (gorgoneion) in the center and snakes around the edge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhinney1971445–463-194">[185]</a> Sometimes she is shown wearing the aegis as a cloak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004126-227">[218]</a> As Athena Promachos, she is shown brandishing a spear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghionBarbillonLissarrague1996193-226">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012230-12">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004126-227">[218]</a> Scenes in which Athena was represented include her birth from the head of Zeus, her battle with the <a href="/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)" title="Giants (Greek mythology)">Gigantes</a>, the birth of Erichthonius, and the Judgement of Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghionBarbillonLissarrague1996193-226">[217]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mourning_Athena" title="Mourning Athena">Mourning Athena</a> or Athena Meditating is a famous relief sculpture dating to around 470–460 BC<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalagiaPollitt199632-229">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghionBarbillonLissarrague1996193-226">[217]</a> that has been interpreted to represent Athena Polias.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalagiaPollitt199632-229">[220]</a> The most famous classical depiction of Athena was the <a href="/wiki/Athena_Parthenos" title="Athena Parthenos">Athena Parthenos</a>, a now-lost 11.5 m (38 ft)<a href="#cite_note-230">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chryselephantine">gold and ivory</a> statue of her in the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> created by the Athenian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalagiaPollitt199628-32-228">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghionBarbillonLissarrague1996193-226">[217]</a> Copies reveal that this statue depicted Athena holding her shield in her left hand with <a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a>, the winged goddess of victory, standing in her right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghionBarbillonLissarrague1996193-226">[217]</a> Athena Polias is also represented in a Neo-Attic relief now held in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Museum_of_Fine_Arts" title="Virginia Museum of Fine Arts">Virginia Museum of Fine Arts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalagiaPollitt199632-229">[220]</a> which depicts her holding an owl in her hand<a href="#cite_note-231">[j]</a> and wearing her characteristic Corinthian helmet while resting her shield against a nearby <a href="/wiki/Herma" class="mw-redirect" title="Herma">herma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalagiaPollitt199632-229">[220]</a> The Roman goddess Minerva adopted most of Athena's Greek iconographical associations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghionBarbillonLissarrague1996194-232">[222]</a> but was also integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Triad" title="Capitoline Triad">Capitoline Triad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghionBarbillonLissarrague1996194-232">[222]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 224.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 222.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Exaleiptron_birth_Athena_Louvre_CA616_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Attic black-figure exaleiptron of the birth of Athena from the head of Zeus (c. 570–560 BC) by the C Painter[217]"><img alt="Attic black-figure exaleiptron of the birth of Athena from the head of Zeus (c. 570–560 BC) by the C Painter[217]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Exaleiptron_birth_Athena_Louvre_CA616_n2.jpg/334px-Exaleiptron_birth_Athena_Louvre_CA616_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Exaleiptron_birth_Athena_Louvre_CA616_n2.jpg/501px-Exaleiptron_birth_Athena_Louvre_CA616_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Exaleiptron_birth_Athena_Louvre_CA616_n2.jpg/668px-Exaleiptron_birth_Athena_Louvre_CA616_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Attic <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">black-figure</a> exaleiptron of the birth of Athena from the head of Zeus (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 570–560 BC) by the <a href="/wiki/C_Painter" title="C Painter">C Painter</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghionBarbillonLissarrague1996193-226">[217]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Athena_Promachos_MGEt_Inv39565.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Attic red-figure kylix of Athena Promachos holding a spear and standing beside a Doric column (c. 500-490 BC)"><img alt="Attic red-figure kylix of Athena Promachos holding a spear and standing beside a Doric column (c. 500-490 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Athena_Promachos_MGEt_Inv39565.jpg/300px-Athena_Promachos_MGEt_Inv39565.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Athena_Promachos_MGEt_Inv39565.jpg/450px-Athena_Promachos_MGEt_Inv39565.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Athena_Promachos_MGEt_Inv39565.jpg/600px-Athena_Promachos_MGEt_Inv39565.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="2032" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Attic red-figure kylix of Athena Promachos holding a spear and standing beside a <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric column</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500-490 BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMABG-Aphaia_Athena_statue.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Restoration of the polychrome decoration of the Athena statue from the Aphaea temple at Aegina, c. 490 BC (from the exposition "Bunte Götter" by the Munich Glyptothek)"><img alt="Restoration of the polychrome decoration of the Athena statue from the Aphaea temple at Aegina, c. 490 BC (from the exposition "Bunte Götter" by the Munich Glyptothek)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NAMABG-Aphaia_Athena_statue.JPG/250px-NAMABG-Aphaia_Athena_statue.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NAMABG-Aphaia_Athena_statue.JPG/500px-NAMABG-Aphaia_Athena_statue.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">polychrome</a> decoration of the Athena statue from the <a href="/wiki/Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphaea">Aphaea</a> temple at <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 490 BC (from the exposition "Bunte Götter" by the Munich <a href="/wiki/Glyptothek" title="Glyptothek">Glyptothek</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pensive_Athena_in_Acropolis_Museum_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mourning Athena relief (c. 470-460 BC)[220][217]"><img alt="The Mourning Athena relief (c. 470-460 BC)[220][217]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pensive_Athena_in_Acropolis_Museum_2024.jpg/250px-Pensive_Athena_in_Acropolis_Museum_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pensive_Athena_in_Acropolis_Museum_2024.jpg/330px-Pensive_Athena_in_Acropolis_Museum_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pensive_Athena_in_Acropolis_Museum_2024.jpg/500px-Pensive_Athena_in_Acropolis_Museum_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4808" data-file-height="7692" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Mourning_Athena" title="Mourning Athena">Mourning Athena</a> relief (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 470-460 BC)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalagiaPollitt199632-229">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghionBarbillonLissarrague1996193-226">[217]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Athena_Enkelados_Louvre_CA3662.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Attic red-figure kylix showing Athena slaying the Giant Enceladus (c. 550–500 BC)"><img alt="Attic red-figure kylix showing Athena slaying the Giant Enceladus (c. 550–500 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Athena_Enkelados_Louvre_CA3662.jpg/330px-Athena_Enkelados_Louvre_CA3662.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Athena_Enkelados_Louvre_CA3662.jpg/500px-Athena_Enkelados_Louvre_CA3662.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Athena_Enkelados_Louvre_CA3662.jpg/960px-Athena_Enkelados_Louvre_CA3662.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Attic red-figure kylix showing Athena slaying the <a href="/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)" title="Giants (Greek mythology)">Giant</a> <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(giant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus (giant)">Enceladus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 550–500 BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 306.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 304.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pergamonaltarathena.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Relief of Athena and Nike slaying the Giant Alkyoneus (?) from the Gigantomachy Frieze on the Pergamon Altar (early second century BC)"><img alt="Relief of Athena and Nike slaying the Giant Alkyoneus (?) from the Gigantomachy Frieze on the Pergamon Altar (early second century BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pergamonaltarathena.jpg/500px-Pergamonaltarathena.jpg" decoding="async" width="305" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pergamonaltarathena.jpg/960px-Pergamonaltarathena.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3819" data-file-height="2511" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Relief of Athena and <a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a> slaying the Giant <a href="/wiki/Alcyoneus" title="Alcyoneus">Alkyoneus</a> (?) from the Gigantomachy Frieze on the <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Altar" title="Pergamon Altar">Pergamon Altar</a> (early second century BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Athena_mosaic_Pio-Clementino.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Classical mosaic from a villa at Tusculum, 3rd century AD, now at Museo Pio-Clementino, Vatican"><img alt="Classical mosaic from a villa at Tusculum, 3rd century AD, now at Museo Pio-Clementino, Vatican" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Athena_mosaic_Pio-Clementino.jpg/330px-Athena_mosaic_Pio-Clementino.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Athena_mosaic_Pio-Clementino.jpg/500px-Athena_mosaic_Pio-Clementino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Athena_mosaic_Pio-Clementino.jpg/960px-Athena_mosaic_Pio-Clementino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2073" data-file-height="1897" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Classical mosaic from a villa at <a href="/wiki/Tusculum" title="Tusculum">Tusculum</a>, 3rd century AD, now at <a href="/wiki/Museo_Pio-Clementino" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Pio-Clementino">Museo Pio-Clementino</a>, Vatican</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 392.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 390.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Athena_portrait_by_Eukleidas_on_Syracuse_tetradrachm_c._400_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Athena portrait by Eukleidas on a tetradrachm from Syracuse, Sicily c. 400 BC"><img alt="Athena portrait by Eukleidas on a tetradrachm from Syracuse, Sicily c. 400 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Athena_portrait_by_Eukleidas_on_Syracuse_tetradrachm_c._400_BC.jpg/960px-Athena_portrait_by_Eukleidas_on_Syracuse_tetradrachm_c._400_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="391" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Athena_portrait_by_Eukleidas_on_Syracuse_tetradrachm_c._400_BC.jpg/1171px-Athena_portrait_by_Eukleidas_on_Syracuse_tetradrachm_c._400_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="941" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Athena portrait by Eukleidas on a <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a> from <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse, Sicily</a> c. 400 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 217.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:StonePaletteMythologicalScene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mythological scene with Athena (left) and Heracles (right), on a stone palette of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, India"><img alt="Mythological scene with Athena (left) and Heracles (right), on a stone palette of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/StonePaletteMythologicalScene.jpg/330px-StonePaletteMythologicalScene.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/StonePaletteMythologicalScene.jpg/500px-StonePaletteMythologicalScene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/StonePaletteMythologicalScene.jpg/960px-StonePaletteMythologicalScene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1622" data-file-height="1506" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mythological scene with Athena (left) and <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> (right), on a <a href="/wiki/Stone_palette" title="Stone palette">stone palette</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Atena_farnese,_copia_romana_da_orig._greco_della_cerchia_fidiaca,_forse_Pyrrhos_nel_430_ac_ca.,_6024,_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Atena farnese, Roman copy of a Greek original from Phidias' circle, c. 430 AD, Museo Archeologico, Naples"><img alt="Atena farnese, Roman copy of a Greek original from Phidias' circle, c. 430 AD, Museo Archeologico, Naples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Atena_farnese%2C_copia_romana_da_orig._greco_della_cerchia_fidiaca%2C_forse_Pyrrhos_nel_430_ac_ca.%2C_6024%2C_01.JPG/250px-Atena_farnese%2C_copia_romana_da_orig._greco_della_cerchia_fidiaca%2C_forse_Pyrrhos_nel_430_ac_ca.%2C_6024%2C_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Atena_farnese%2C_copia_romana_da_orig._greco_della_cerchia_fidiaca%2C_forse_Pyrrhos_nel_430_ac_ca.%2C_6024%2C_01.JPG/330px-Atena_farnese%2C_copia_romana_da_orig._greco_della_cerchia_fidiaca%2C_forse_Pyrrhos_nel_430_ac_ca.%2C_6024%2C_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Atena_farnese%2C_copia_romana_da_orig._greco_della_cerchia_fidiaca%2C_forse_Pyrrhos_nel_430_ac_ca.%2C_6024%2C_01.JPG/500px-Atena_farnese%2C_copia_romana_da_orig._greco_della_cerchia_fidiaca%2C_forse_Pyrrhos_nel_430_ac_ca.%2C_6024%2C_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="3228" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Atena farnese, Roman copy of a Greek original from Phidias' circle, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 430 AD, Museo Archeologico, Naples</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandharan_Athena.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Athena (2nd century BC) in the art of Gandhara, displayed at the Lahore Museum, Pakistan"><img alt="Athena (2nd century BC) in the art of Gandhara, displayed at the Lahore Museum, Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gandharan_Athena.jpg/250px-Gandharan_Athena.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gandharan_Athena.jpg/330px-Gandharan_Athena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="1103" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Athena (2nd century BC) in the art of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Museum" title="Lahore Museum">Lahore Museum</a>, Pakistan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Monete_ellenistiche,_regno_d%27egitto,_tolomeo_I_soter,_tetradracma_in_argento_con_atena_promachos_e_aquila_su_folgore,_306_ac_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Athena Alkidemos, i.e. "Athena, defender of the people", on a coin of Ptolemy I Soter, under the name of Alexander the Great; minted c. 310–305 BC"><img alt="Athena Alkidemos, i.e. "Athena, defender of the people", on a coin of Ptolemy I Soter, under the name of Alexander the Great; minted c. 310–305 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Monete_ellenistiche%2C_regno_d%27egitto%2C_tolomeo_I_soter%2C_tetradracma_in_argento_con_atena_promachos_e_aquila_su_folgore%2C_306_ac_ca.jpg/330px-Monete_ellenistiche%2C_regno_d%27egitto%2C_tolomeo_I_soter%2C_tetradracma_in_argento_con_atena_promachos_e_aquila_su_folgore%2C_306_ac_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Monete_ellenistiche%2C_regno_d%27egitto%2C_tolomeo_I_soter%2C_tetradracma_in_argento_con_atena_promachos_e_aquila_su_folgore%2C_306_ac_ca.jpg/500px-Monete_ellenistiche%2C_regno_d%27egitto%2C_tolomeo_I_soter%2C_tetradracma_in_argento_con_atena_promachos_e_aquila_su_folgore%2C_306_ac_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Monete_ellenistiche%2C_regno_d%27egitto%2C_tolomeo_I_soter%2C_tetradracma_in_argento_con_atena_promachos_e_aquila_su_folgore%2C_306_ac_ca.jpg/960px-Monete_ellenistiche%2C_regno_d%27egitto%2C_tolomeo_I_soter%2C_tetradracma_in_argento_con_atena_promachos_e_aquila_su_folgore%2C_306_ac_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2392" data-file-height="2404" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Athena Alkidemos, i.e. "Athena, defender of the people", on a coin of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a>, under the name of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>; minted c. 310–305 BC</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-classical_culture">Post-classical culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_symbolism">Art and symbolism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_Parlament_Athena_bw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Austria_Parlament_Athena_bw.jpg/330px-Austria_Parlament_Athena_bw.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="425" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Austria_Parlament_Athena_bw.jpg/500px-Austria_Parlament_Athena_bw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Austria_Parlament_Athena_bw.jpg/960px-Austria_Parlament_Athena_bw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Pallas Athena in front of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Parliament_Building" title="Austrian Parliament Building">Austrian Parliament Building</a>. Athena has been used throughout Western history as a symbol of freedom and democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008145–149-233">[223]</a></figcaption></figure> Early Christian writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Firmicus_Maternus" title="Julius Firmicus Maternus">Firmicus</a>, denigrated Athena as representative of all the things that were detestable about paganism;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008141–144-234">[224]</a> they condemned her as "immodest and immoral".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008144-235">[225]</a> During the Middle Ages, however, many attributes of Athena were given to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008144-235">[225]</a> who, in fourth-century portrayals, was often depicted wearing the <a href="/wiki/Gorgoneion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgoneion">Gorgoneion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008144-235">[225]</a> Some even viewed the Virgin Mary as a warrior maiden, much like Athena Parthenos;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008144-235">[225]</a> one anecdote tells that the Virgin Mary once appeared upon the walls of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> when it was under siege by the Avars, clutching a spear and urging the people to fight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008144–145-236">[226]</a> During the Middle Ages, Athena became widely used as a Christian symbol and allegory, and she appeared on the family crests of certain noble houses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008146–148-237">[227]</a> During the Renaissance, Athena donned the mantle of patron of the arts and human endeavor;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008145–146-238">[228]</a> allegorical paintings involving Athena were a favorite of the Italian Renaissance painters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008145–146-238">[228]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a>'s painting <a href="/wiki/Pallas_and_the_Centaur" title="Pallas and the Centaur">Pallas and the Centaur</a>, probably painted sometime in the 1480s, Athena is the personification of chastity, who is shown grasping the forelock of a centaur, who represents lust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandolph2002221-239">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008145-240">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna" title="Andrea Mantegna">Andrea Mantegna</a>'s 1502 painting <a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Virtues_(Mantegna)" title="Triumph of the Virtues (Mantegna)">Minerva Expelling the Vices from the Garden of Virtue</a> uses Athena as the personification of Graeco-Roman learning chasing the vices of medievalism from the garden of modern scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20071-241">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008145-240">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghionBarbillonLissarrague1996193–194-242">[232]</a> Athena is also used as the personification of wisdom in <a href="/wiki/Bartholomeus_Spranger" title="Bartholomeus Spranger">Bartholomeus Spranger</a>'s 1591 painting The Triumph of Wisdom or Minerva Victorious over Ignorance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghionBarbillonLissarrague1996194-232">[222]</a> During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Athena was used as a symbol for female rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008147-148-243">[233]</a> In his book A Revelation of the True Minerva (1582), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blennerhassett" title="Thomas Blennerhassett">Thomas Blennerhassett</a> portrays <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth I of England</a> as a "new Minerva" and "the greatest goddesse nowe on earth".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008147-244">[234]</a> A series of paintings by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> depict Athena as <a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a>'s patron and mentor;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008148-245">[235]</a> the final painting in the series goes even further and shows Marie de' Medici with Athena's iconography, as the mortal incarnation of the goddess herself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008148-245">[235]</a> The Flemish sculptor <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre-Antoine_Tassaert" title="Jean-Pierre-Antoine Tassaert">Jean-Pierre-Antoine Tassaert</a> (Jan Peter Anton Tassaert) later portrayed <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II of Russia</a> as Athena in a marble bust in 1774.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghionBarbillonLissarrague1996194-232">[222]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, statues of pagan gods were torn down all throughout France, but statues of Athena were not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008148-245">[235]</a> Instead, Athena was transformed into the personification of freedom and the republic<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008148-245">[235]</a> and a statue of the goddess stood in the center of the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Place de la Revolution">Place de la Revolution</a> in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008148-245">[235]</a> In the years following the Revolution, artistic representations of Athena proliferated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008148–149-246">[236]</a> A statue of Athena stands directly in front of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Parliament_Building" title="Austrian Parliament Building">Austrian Parliament Building</a> in Vienna,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008149-247">[237]</a> and depictions of Athena have influenced other symbols of Western freedom, including the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008149-247">[237]</a> For over a century, <a href="/wiki/Parthenon_(Nashville)" title="Parthenon (Nashville)">a full-scale replica of the Parthenon</a> has stood in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2008330-248">[238]</a> In 1990, the curators added a gilded forty-two-foot (12.5 m) tall <a href="/wiki/Athena_Parthenos#Replica_at_Nashville" title="Athena Parthenos">replica of Phidias's Athena Parthenos</a>, built from concrete and fiberglass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2008330-248">[238]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_California" title="Great Seal of California">Great Seal of California</a> bears the image of Athena kneeling next to a brown grizzly bear.<a href="#cite_note-249">[239]</a> Athena has occasionally appeared on modern coins, as she did on the ancient Athenian <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">drachma</a>. Her head appears on the $50 1915-S <a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Pacific_commemorative_coins" title="Panama–Pacific commemorative coins">Panama-Pacific commemorative coin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiatekBreen1981201–202-250">[240]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Palas_y_el_Centauro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pallas and the Centaur (c. 1482) by Sandro Botticelli"><img alt="Pallas and the Centaur (c. 1482) by Sandro Botticelli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Palas_y_el_Centauro.jpg/250px-Palas_y_el_Centauro.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Palas_y_el_Centauro.jpg/330px-Palas_y_el_Centauro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Palas_y_el_Centauro.jpg/500px-Palas_y_el_Centauro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="1117" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pallas_and_the_Centaur" title="Pallas and the Centaur">Pallas and the Centaur</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1482) by <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Minerve_chassant_les_Vices_du_jardin_des_Vertus,_Mantegna_(Louvre_INV_371)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minerva Expelling the Vices from the Garden of Virtue (1502) by Andrea Mantegna[231][230][232]"><img alt="Minerva Expelling the Vices from the Garden of Virtue (1502) by Andrea Mantegna[231][230][232]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Minerve_chassant_les_Vices_du_jardin_des_Vertus%2C_Mantegna_%28Louvre_INV_371%29_02.jpg/500px-Minerve_chassant_les_Vices_du_jardin_des_Vertus%2C_Mantegna_%28Louvre_INV_371%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Minerve_chassant_les_Vices_du_jardin_des_Vertus%2C_Mantegna_%28Louvre_INV_371%29_02.jpg/960px-Minerve_chassant_les_Vices_du_jardin_des_Vertus%2C_Mantegna_%28Louvre_INV_371%29_02.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3036" data-file-height="2378" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Virtues_(Mantegna)" title="Triumph of the Virtues (Mantegna)">Minerva Expelling the Vices from the Garden of Virtue</a> (1502) by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna" title="Andrea Mantegna">Andrea Mantegna</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20071-241">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008145-240">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghionBarbillonLissarrague1996193–194-242">[232]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Athena_Scorning_the_Advances_of_Hephaestus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Athena Scorning the Advances of Hephaestus (c. 1555–1560) by Paris Bordone"><img alt="Athena Scorning the Advances of Hephaestus (c. 1555–1560) by Paris Bordone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Athena_Scorning_the_Advances_of_Hephaestus.jpg/330px-Athena_Scorning_the_Advances_of_Hephaestus.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Athena_Scorning_the_Advances_of_Hephaestus.jpg/500px-Athena_Scorning_the_Advances_of_Hephaestus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Athena_Scorning_the_Advances_of_Hephaestus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="548" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Athena Scorning the Advances of Hephaestus (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1555–1560) by <a href="/wiki/Paris_Bordone" title="Paris Bordone">Paris Bordone</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartholom%C3%A4us_Spranger_017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minerva Victorious over Ignorance (c. 1591) by Bartholomeus Spranger"><img alt="Minerva Victorious over Ignorance (c. 1591) by Bartholomeus Spranger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Spranger_017.jpg/250px-Bartholom%C3%A4us_Spranger_017.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Spranger_017.jpg/330px-Bartholom%C3%A4us_Spranger_017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Spranger_017.jpg/500px-Bartholom%C3%A4us_Spranger_017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2297" data-file-height="3235" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minerva Victorious over Ignorance (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1591) by <a href="/wiki/Bartholomeus_Spranger" title="Bartholomeus Spranger">Bartholomeus Spranger</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 105.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 103.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Marie_de_Medicis_as_Bellona2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maria de Medici (1622) by Peter Paul Rubens, showing her as the incarnation of Athena[235]"><img alt="Maria de Medici (1622) by Peter Paul Rubens, showing her as the incarnation of Athena[235]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Marie_de_Medicis_as_Bellona2.jpg/250px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Marie_de_Medicis_as_Bellona2.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Marie_de_Medicis_as_Bellona2.jpg/330px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Marie_de_Medicis_as_Bellona2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1546" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maria de Medici (1622) by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, showing her as the incarnation of Athena<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008148-245">[235]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 296.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 294.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens_peace-war.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars (1629) by Peter Paul Rubens"><img alt="Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars (1629) by Peter Paul Rubens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rubens_peace-war.jpg/500px-Rubens_peace-war.jpg" decoding="async" width="295" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rubens_peace-war.jpg/960px-Rubens_peace-war.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4987" data-file-height="3390" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Protecting_Peace_from_Mars" title="Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars">Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars</a> (1629) by Peter Paul Rubens</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 253.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 251.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Bottani_-_Athena_revealing_Ithaca_to_Ulysses.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minerva Revealing Ithaca to Ulysses (fifteenth century) by Giuseppe Bottani"><img alt="Minerva Revealing Ithaca to Ulysses (fifteenth century) by Giuseppe Bottani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Giuseppe_Bottani_-_Athena_revealing_Ithaca_to_Ulysses.jpg/500px-Giuseppe_Bottani_-_Athena_revealing_Ithaca_to_Ulysses.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Giuseppe_Bottani_-_Athena_revealing_Ithaca_to_Ulysses.jpg/565px-Giuseppe_Bottani_-_Athena_revealing_Ithaca_to_Ulysses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Giuseppe_Bottani_-_Athena_revealing_Ithaca_to_Ulysses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="478" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minerva Revealing Ithaca to Ulysses (fifteenth century) by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottani" title="Giuseppe Bottani">Giuseppe Bottani</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 282px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rene_Antoine_Houasse_-_Minerva_and_the_Triumph_of_Jupiter,_1706.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minerva and the Triumph of Jupiter (1706) by René-Antoine Houasse"><img alt="Minerva and the Triumph of Jupiter (1706) by René-Antoine Houasse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rene_Antoine_Houasse_-_Minerva_and_the_Triumph_of_Jupiter%2C_1706.jpg/500px-Rene_Antoine_Houasse_-_Minerva_and_the_Triumph_of_Jupiter%2C_1706.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rene_Antoine_Houasse_-_Minerva_and_the_Triumph_of_Jupiter%2C_1706.jpg/960px-Rene_Antoine_Houasse_-_Minerva_and_the_Triumph_of_Jupiter%2C_1706.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="914" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> and the Triumph of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> (1706) by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Houasse" title="René-Antoine Houasse">René-Antoine Houasse</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Combat_of_Mars_and_Minerva.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Combat of Mars and Minerva (1771) by Joseph-Benoît Suvée"><img alt="The Combat of Mars and Minerva (1771) by Joseph-Benoît Suvée" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_Combat_of_Mars_and_Minerva.jpg/250px-The_Combat_of_Mars_and_Minerva.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_Combat_of_Mars_and_Minerva.jpg/500px-The_Combat_of_Mars_and_Minerva.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1049" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Combat of Mars and Minerva (1771) by <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Beno%C3%AEt_Suv%C3%A9e" title="Joseph-Benoît Suvée">Joseph-Benoît Suvée</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 262px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Combat_of_Ares_and_Athena.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minerva Fighting Mars (1771) by Jacques-Louis David"><img alt="Minerva Fighting Mars (1771) by Jacques-Louis David" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Combat_of_Ares_and_Athena.jpg/500px-The_Combat_of_Ares_and_Athena.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Combat_of_Ares_and_Athena.jpg/586px-The_Combat_of_Ares_and_Athena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Combat_of_Ares_and_Athena.jpg/781px-The_Combat_of_Ares_and_Athena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="615" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Fighting_Mars" title="Minerva Fighting Mars">Minerva Fighting Mars</a> (1771) by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Minerva-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minerva of Peace mosaic in the Library of Congress"><img alt="Minerva of Peace mosaic in the Library of Congress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Minerva-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg/250px-Minerva-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Minerva-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg/330px-Minerva-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Minerva-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg/500px-Minerva-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="901" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minerva of Peace mosaic in the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_California.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Athena on the Great Seal of California"><img alt="Athena on the Great Seal of California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_California.png/330px-Seal_of_California.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_California.png/500px-Seal_of_California.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_California.png/600px-Seal_of_California.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Athena on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_California" title="Great Seal of California">Great Seal of California</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Menandro_-_Menelaos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pompeii's Roman fresco shows Ajax dragging Cassandra away from palladium in the fall of Troy, event that provoked Athena's wrath to Greek armies[241]"><img alt="Pompeii's Roman fresco shows Ajax dragging Cassandra away from palladium in the fall of Troy, event that provoked Athena's wrath to Greek armies[49]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Menandro_-_Menelaos.jpg/330px-Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Menandro_-_Menelaos.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Menandro_-_Menelaos.jpg/500px-Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Menandro_-_Menelaos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Menandro_-_Menelaos.jpg/960px-Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Menandro_-_Menelaos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2360" data-file-height="2804" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>'s Roman fresco shows <a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Lesser" title="Ajax the Lesser">Ajax</a> dragging <a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a> away from <a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">palladium</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Troy">fall of Troy</a>, event that provoked Athena's wrath to Greek armies<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008163-251">[241]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_interpretations">Modern interpretations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hellen_altar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hellen_altar.png/250px-Hellen_altar.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hellen_altar.png/330px-Hellen_altar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hellen_altar.png/500px-Hellen_altar.png 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="1466" /></a><figcaption>Modern <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">Neopagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenist</a> altar dedicated to Athena and <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></figcaption></figure> One of <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>'s most treasured possessions was a small, bronze sculpture of Athena, which sat on his desk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008153-252">[242]</a> Freud once described Athena as "a woman who is unapproachable and repels all sexual desires – since she displays the terrifying genitals of the Mother".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008154-253">[243]</a> <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminist</a> views on Athena are sharply divided;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008154-253">[243]</a> some regard her as "the ultimate <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> sell out ... who uses her powers to promote and advance men rather than others of her sex",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008154-253">[243]</a> while some feminists regard her as a symbol of female empowerment,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy2008154-253">[243]</a> In contemporary <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>, Athena is venerated as an aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Goddess</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher2005109-254">[244]</a> and some Wiccans believe that she may bestow the "Owl Gift" ("the ability to write and communicate clearly") upon her worshippers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher2005109-254">[244]</a> Due to her status as one of the twelve Olympians, Athena is a major deity in <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenismos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200731–32-255">[245]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">Neopagan</a> religion which seeks to authentically revive and recreate the religion of ancient Greece in the modern world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200711–20-256">[246]</a> Athena is a natural patron of universities: At <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College" title="Bryn Mawr College">Bryn Mawr College</a> in Pennsylvania, a statue of Athena (a replica of the original bronze one in the arts and archaeology library) resides in the Great Hall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2005121-257">[247]</a> It is traditional at exam time for students to leave offerings to the goddess with a note asking for good luck,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2005121-257">[247]</a> or to repent for accidentally breaking any of the college's numerous other traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2005121-257">[247]</a> Pallas Athena is the tutelary goddess of the international social fraternity <a href="/wiki/Phi_Delta_Theta" title="Phi Delta Theta">Phi Delta Theta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pdt-258">[248]</a> Her owl is also a symbol of the fraternity.<a href="#cite_note-pdt-258">[248]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h2></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Athena's family tree </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Uranus' genitals</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">ATHENA</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">    a<a href="#cite_note-259">[k]</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">     b<a href="#cite_note-260">[l]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maia (mythology)">Maia</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Semele" title="Semele">Semele</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">    a<a href="#cite_note-261">[m]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">     b<a href="#cite_note-262">[n]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/40px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/60px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/120px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/40px-Draig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/60px-Draig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/120px-Draig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="475" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Myths" title="Portal:Myths">Myths portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/40px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/60px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/120px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenaeum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Athenaeum (disambiguation)">Athenaeum (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambulia" title="Ambulia">Ambulia</a>, a Spartan epithet used for Athena, <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> In other traditions, Athena's father is sometimes listed as Zeus by himself or <a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Giant)" title="Pallas (Giant)">Pallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Brontes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Itonus" title="Itonus">Itonos</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/əˈθiːnə/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a>: Ἀθηνᾶ, Athēnâ, or Ἀθηναία, Athēnaía; <a href="/wiki/Epic_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic Greek">Epic</a>: Ἀθηναίη, Athēnaíē; <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a>: Ἀθάνα, Athā́nā </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/əˈθiːniː/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a>: Ἀθήνη, Athḗnē </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpæləs/</a>; Παλλάς Pallás </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> "The citizens have a deity for their foundress; she is called in the Egyptian tongue Neith and is asserted by them to be the same whom the Hellenes call Athena; they are great lovers of the Athenians, and say that they are in some way related to them." (<a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a> 21e.) </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Eumenides" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eumenides">Eumenides</a>, v. 292 f. Cf. the tradition that she was the daughter of Neilos: see, e. g. Clement of Alexandria Protr. 2.28.2; Cicero, <a href="/wiki/De_Natura_Deorum" title="De Natura Deorum">De Natura Deorum</a> 3.59. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> "This sanctuary had been respected from early days by all the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Peloponnesian">Peloponnesians</a>, and afforded peculiar safety to its suppliants" (Pausanias, Description of Greece iii.5.6) </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison" title="Jane Ellen Harrison">Jane Ellen Harrison</a>'s famous characterization of this myth-element as, "a desperate theological expedient to rid an earth-born Kore of her matriarchal conditions" (Harrison 1922:302) has never been refuted nor confirmed. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison" title="Jane Ellen Harrison">Jane Ellen Harrison</a>'s famous characterization of this myth-element as, "a desperate theological expedient to rid an earth-born Kore of her matriarchal conditions" (Harrison 1922:302) has never been refuted nor confirmed. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> The owl's role as a symbol of wisdom originates in this association with Athena. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.570">1.570–579</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.338">14.338</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.312">8.312</a>, Hephaestus was apparently the son of Hera and Zeus, see Gantz, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?docHes.+Th.+927">927–929</a>, Hephaestus was produced by Hera alone, with no father, see Gantz, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?docHes.+Th.+183">183–200</a>, Aphrodite was born from Uranus' severed genitals, see Gantz, pp. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus (<a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.374">3.374</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:20.105">20.105</a>; <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.308">8.308</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.320">320</a>) and Dione (<a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.370">5.370–71</a>), see Gantz, pp. 99–100. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951121–122-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951121–122_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerényi1951">Kerényi 1951</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-Webster-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_6-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Merriam-Webster. 1995. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKNK1YwHcQ4C&pg=PA81">81</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877790426" title="Special:BookSources/9780877790426"><bdi>9780877790426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Literature&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780877790426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacyVilling2001-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacyVilling2001_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacyVilling2001_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeacyVilling2001">Deacy & Villing 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985139-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985139_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985139_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985139_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985139_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985139_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985139_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985139_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985139_8-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1985">Burkert 1985</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOvid" class="citation book cs1">Ovid. Metamorphoses. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D2%3Acard%3D531">2.569–88</a> – via perseus.tufts.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metamorphoses&rft.pages=2.569-88&rft.au=Ovid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESax2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjYDxAQAAQBAJpgPA45_45–46]-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESax2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjYDxAQAAQBAJpgPA45_45–46]_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESax2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjYDxAQAAQBAJpgPA45_45–46]_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSax2003">Sax 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jYDxAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA45">45–46</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuckStaples199424-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuckStaples199424_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuckStaples199424_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuckStaples199424_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuckStaples199424_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuckStaples199424_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuckStaples199424_11-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuckStaples1994">Ruck & Staples 1994</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012230-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2012230_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2012230_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2012230_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2012230_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2012230_12-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowell2012">Powell 2012</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes200929-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes200929_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2009">Beekes 2009</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohrens1981438–452-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohrens1981438–452_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohrens1981">Johrens 1981</a>, pp. 438–452. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurwit199914-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurwit199914_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurwit199914_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurwit199914_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurwit199914_15-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurwit1999">Hurwit 1999</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENilsson1967347,_433-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilsson1967347,_433_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilsson1967347,_433_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1967">Nilsson 1967</a>, pp. 347, 433. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985140-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985140_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985140_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985140_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985140_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985140_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985140_17-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1985">Burkert 1985</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuhvel1987133-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuhvel1987133_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPuhvel1987">Puhvel 1987</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1989141–142-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1989141–142_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinsley1989">Kinsley 1989</a>, pp. 141–142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick1973126-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick1973126_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick1973126_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVentrisChadwick1973126_20-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVentrisChadwick1973">Ventris & Chadwick 1973</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick197688–89-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick197688–89_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChadwick1976">Chadwick 1976</a>, pp. 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalaima2004444-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalaima2004444_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalaima2004">Palaima 2004</a>, p. 444. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert198544-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert198544_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1985">Burkert 1985</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kophinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kophinas">KO</a> Za 1 inscription, line 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest198930-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBest198930_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBest198930_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBest198930_25-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBest1989">Best 1989</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMylonas1966159-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMylonas1966159_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMylonas1966">Mylonas 1966</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurwit199913–14-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurwit199913–14_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurwit1999">Hurwit 1999</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFururmark1978672-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFururmark1978672_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFururmark1978">Fururmark 1978</a>, p. 672. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENilsson1950496-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilsson1950496_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilsson1950496_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNilsson1950">Nilsson 1950</a>, p. 496. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Harrison 1922:306. Cfr. ibid., p. 307, fig. 84: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041105112709/http://people.uncw.edu/kozloffm/Winged_Athena.jpg">"Detail of a cup in the Faina collection"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.uncw.edu/kozloffm/Winged_Athena.jpg">the original</a> on 5 November 2004. Retrieved 6 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detail+of+a+cup+in+the+Faina+collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.uncw.edu%2Fkozloffm%2FWinged_Athena.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198392,_193-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198392,_193_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein & Kramer 1983</a>, pp. 92, 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuhvel1987133–134-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuhvel1987133–134_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPuhvel1987">Puhvel 1987</a>, pp. 133–134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006433-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006433_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams2006">Mallory & Adams 2006</a>, p. 433. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994235-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994235_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994235_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenglase1994">Penglase 1994</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200820–21,_41-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200820–21,_41_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeacy2008">Deacy 2008</a>, pp. 20–21, 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994233–325-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994233–325_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenglase1994">Penglase 1994</a>, pp. 233–325. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Cf. also Herodotus, <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a> 2:170–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernal198721,_51_ff-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernal198721,_51_ff_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBernal1987">Bernal 1987</a>, pp. 21, 51 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritze2009221–229-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritze2009221–229_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFritze2009">Fritze 2009</a>, pp. 221–229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau199993ff-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau199993ff_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerlinerblau1999">Berlinerblau 1999</a>, p. 93ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritze2009221–255-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritze2009221–255_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFritze2009">Fritze 2009</a>, pp. 221–255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasanoffNussbaum1996194-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasanoffNussbaum1996194_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasanoffNussbaum1996">Jasanoff & Nussbaum 1996</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritze2009250–255-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritze2009250–255_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFritze2009">Fritze 2009</a>, pp. 250–255. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJansonJanson2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horst_Woldemar_Janson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horst Woldemar Janson">Janson, Horst Woldemar</a>; Janson, Anthony F. (2004). Touborg, Sarah; Moore, Julia; Oppenheimer, Margaret; Castro, Anita (eds.). History of Art: The Western Tradition. Vol. 1 (Revised 6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. pp. 111, 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-182622-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-182622-0"><bdi>0-13-182622-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Art%3A+The+Western+Tradition&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=111%2C+160&rft.edition=Revised+6th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-13-182622-0&rft.aulast=Janson&rft.aufirst=Horst+Woldemar&rft.au=Janson%2C+Anthony+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt20001059–1073-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt20001059–1073_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt20001059–1073_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt20001059–1073_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt20001059–1073_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt20001059–1073_47-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt20001059–1073_47-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt20001059–1073_47-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt20001059–1073_47-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2000">Schmitt 2000</a>, pp. 1059–1073. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59339816">The Homeric hymns</a>. Translated by Cashford, Jules. London: Penguin Books. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-043782-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-043782-7"><bdi>0-14-043782-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59339816">59339816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Homeric+hymns&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59339816&rft.isbn=0-14-043782-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F59339816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurwit199915-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurwit199915_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurwit199915_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurwit199915_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurwit199915_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurwit199915_49-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurwit199915_49-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurwit199915_49-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurwit1999">Hurwit 1999</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard198628-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard198628_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard198628_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard198628_50-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHubbard1986">Hubbard 1986</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199313-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell199313_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell1993">Bell 1993</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, i. 5. § 3; 41. § 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Tzetzes" title="John Tzetzes">John Tzetzes</a>, ad Lycophr., l.c.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchausWenn200730-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchausWenn200730_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchausWenn2007">Schaus & Wenn 2007</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:2.34.8">"Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2.34.8"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210629120746/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:2.34.8">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pausanias%2C+Description+of+Greece%2C+2.34.8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A2.34.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:2.34.9">"Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2.34.9"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624082637/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:2.34.9">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pausanias%2C+Description+of+Greece%2C+2.34.9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A2.34.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pericles*.html#13.8">"Life of Pericles 13,8"</a>. Plutarch, Parallel Lives. uchicago.edu. 1916. <q>The Parallel Lives by Plutarch published in Vol. III of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1916</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+of+Pericles+13%2C8&rft.btitle=Plutarch%2C+Parallel+Lives&rft.pub=uchicago.edu&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPlutarch%2FLives%2FPericles%2A.html%2313.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DM%3Aentry+group%3D14%3Aentry%3Dmechaneus-bio-1">A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Mechaneus</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLesley_A._Beaumont2013" class="citation book cs1">Lesley A. Beaumont (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iXSmuBlH79QC">Childhood in Ancient Athens: Iconography and Social History</a>. Routledge. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415248747" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415248747"><bdi>978-0415248747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Childhood+in+Ancient+Athens%3A+Iconography+and+Social+History&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0415248747&rft.au=Lesley+A.+Beaumont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiXSmuBlH79QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Chantraine, s.v.; the New Pauly says the etymology is simply unknown </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> New Pauly s.v. Pallas </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves196050–55-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves196050–55_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves196050–55_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraves1960">Graves 1960</a>, pp. 50–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves196050-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves196050_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves196050_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraves1960">Graves 1960</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951120-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951120_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951120_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951120_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951120_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951120_64-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerényi1951">Kerényi 1951</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200851-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200851_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeacy2008">Deacy 2008</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012231-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2012231_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowell2012">Powell 2012</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951120-121-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951120-121_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerényi1951">Kerényi 1951</a>, p. 120-121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951121-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951121_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerényi1951">Kerényi 1951</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200868-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200868_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200868_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200868_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200868_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200868_69-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200868_69-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeacy2008">Deacy 2008</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200868–69-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200868–69_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200868–69_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeacy2008">Deacy 2008</a>, pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200871-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200871_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeacy2008">Deacy 2008</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=glaukw=pis">γλαυκῶπις</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=glauko/s1">γλαυκός</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=w)/y">ὤψ</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_D'Arcy_Wentworth1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D%27Arcy_Wentworth_Thompson" title="D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson">Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth</a> (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/glossaryofgreekb00thomrich#page/44/mode/2up">A glossary of Greek birds</a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Hero+Cults+and+Ideas+of+Immortality%3A+The+Gifford+Lectures+Delivered+in+the+University+of+St.+Andrews+in+the+Year+1920&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814292-8&rft.aulast=Farnell&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUk4KaZk7eSkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951118–120-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951118–120_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951118–120_115-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerényi1951">Kerényi 1951</a>, pp. 118–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200817–32-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200817–32_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200817–32_116-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeacy2008">Deacy 2008</a>, pp. 17–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994230–231-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994230–231_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994230–231_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994230–231_117-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenglase1994">Penglase 1994</a>, pp. 230–231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951118–122-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951118–122_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerényi1951">Kerényi 1951</a>, pp. 118–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200817–19-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200817–19_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeacy2008">Deacy 2008</a>, pp. 17–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004121–123-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004121–123_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHansen2004">Hansen 2004</a>, pp. 121–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Iliad Book V, line 880 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200818-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200818_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200818_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200818_123-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200818_123-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200818_123-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200818_123-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200818_123-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeacy2008">Deacy 2008</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-HesiodTheogony929e929t-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HesiodTheogony929e929t_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HesiodTheogony929e929t_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HesiodTheogony929e929t_125-2">c</a> Hesiod, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D886">885–900</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224172406/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D886">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D901">929e-929t</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028114913/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0130:card=901">Archived</a> 28 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951118–119-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951118–119_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951118–119_126-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerényi1951">Kerényi 1951</a>, pp. 118–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004121–122-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004121–122_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004121–122_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004121–122_127-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004121–122_127-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004121–122_127-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004121–122_127-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFHansen2004">Hansen 2004</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951119-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951119_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerényi1951">Kerényi 1951</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pseudo-Apollodorus136-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pseudo-Apollodorus136_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pseudo-Apollodorus136_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pseudo-Apollodorus136_129-2">c</a> Pseudo-Apollodorus, <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D3%3Asection%3D6">1.3.6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224174038/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D3%3Asection%3D6">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004122–123-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004122–123_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004122–123_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004122–123_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004122–123_130-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHansen2004">Hansen 2004</a>, pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951119–120-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951119–120_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerényi1951">Kerényi 1951</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994231-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994231_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenglase1994">Penglase 1994</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004122–124-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004122–124_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHansen2004">Hansen 2004</a>, pp. 122–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994233-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994233_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994233_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenglase1994233_134-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenglase1994">Penglase 1994</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D7">Seventh Olympian Ode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225043956/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D7">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" lines 37–38 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Justin, Apology 64.5, quoted in Robert McQueen Grant, Gods and the One God, vol. 1:155, who observes that it is <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a> "who similarly identifies Athena with 'forethought'". </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Gantz, p. 51; Yasumura, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cXUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">p. 89</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221227092613/https://books.google.com/books?id=7cXUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">Archived</a> 27 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; scholia bT to Iliad 8.39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951281-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951281_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951281_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951281_138-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951281_138-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951281_138-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerényi1951">Kerényi 1951</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951122-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951122_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerényi1951">Kerényi 1951</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldenburg196986-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldenburg196986_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOldenburg1969">Oldenburg 1969</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFI._P.1832" class="citation book cs1">I. P., Cory, ed. (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/af/af01.htm">"The Theology of the Phœnicians from Sanchoniatho"</a>. Ancient Fragments. Translated by Cory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100905172619/http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/af/af01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010 – via Internet Sacred Text Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Theology+of+the+Ph%C5%93nicians+from+Sanchoniatho&rft.btitle=Ancient+Fragments&rft.date=1832&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fcla%2Faf%2Faf01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Gantz, p. 59; Hard 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA82">p. 82</a>; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.386-1.427">1.395–410</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951124-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951124_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951124_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951124_143-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951124_143-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951124_143-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951124_143-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951124_143-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951124_143-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerényi1951">Kerényi 1951</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves196062-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves196062_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves196062_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves196062_144-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves196062_144-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves196062_144-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves196062_144-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraves1960">Graves 1960</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1989143-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1989143_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinsley1989">Kinsley 1989</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200888-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200888_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200888_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200888_146-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200888_146-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200888_146-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200888_146-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200888_146-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeacy2008">Deacy 2008</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a> On Virgil's Georgics <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0092%3Abook%3D1%3Acommline%3D18">1.18</a>; <a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">scholia</a> on <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Clouds" title="The Clouds">Clouds</a> 1005 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWunder1855[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4grgAAAAMAAJpgRA2-PA100_note_on_verse_703]-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWunder1855[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4grgAAAAMAAJpgRA2-PA100_note_on_verse_703]_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWunder1855">Wunder 1855</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4grgAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA100,">note on verse 703</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123_149-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123_149-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123_149-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951123_149-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerényi1951">Kerényi 1951</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125_150-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125_150-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125_150-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125_150-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125_150-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125_150-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125_150-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125_150-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125_150-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125_150-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125_150-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125_150-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125_150-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004125_150-15">p</a> <a href="#CITEREFHansen2004">Hansen 2004</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951125-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951125_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951125_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951125_151-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951125_151-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951125_151-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951125_151-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerényi1951">Kerényi 1951</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951125–126-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951125–126_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerényi1951">Kerényi 1951</a>, pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951126-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951126_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerényi1951126_153-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerényi1951">Kerényi 1951</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, Metamorphoses, X. Aglaura, Book II, 708–751; XI. The Envy, Book II, 752–832. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200888–89-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200888–89_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeacy2008">Deacy 2008</a>, pp. 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200889-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200889_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200889_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200889_156-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200889_156-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200889_156-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200889_156-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeacy2008">Deacy 2008</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCancikSchneiderSalazarOrton2002" class="citation book cs1">Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth; Salazar, Christine F.; Orton, David E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DzIOAQAAMAAJ">Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World</a>. Vol. IX. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill Publications">Brill Publications</a>. p. 423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12272-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12272-7"><bdi>978-90-04-12272-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+New+Pauly%3A+Encyclopaedia+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=423&rft.pub=Brill+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12272-7&rft.aulast=Cancik&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Helmuth&rft.au=Salazar%2C+Christine+F.&rft.au=Orton%2C+David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDzIOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForbes_Irving1990" class="citation book cs1">Forbes Irving, Paul M. C. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URvXAAAAMAAJ">Metamorphosis in Greek Myths</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814730-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814730-9"><bdi>0-19-814730-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metamorphosis+in+Greek+Myths&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-19-814730-9&rft.aulast=Forbes+Irving&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DURvXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ody-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ody_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ody_159-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Od.+20.66&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136">20.66-78</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-paus1-160"><a href="#cite_ref-paus1_160-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D10%3Achapter%3D30%3Asection%3D1">10.30.1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200862-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200862_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeacy2008">Deacy 2008</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Pseudo-Apollodorus, <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D16">1.9.16</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225061942/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D16">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2004124-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004124_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004124_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2004124_163-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHansen2004">Hansen 2004</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200848-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200848_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeacy2008">Deacy 2008</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Pindar, Olympian Ode <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D13">13.75–78</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210106114234/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D13">Archived</a> 6 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomanRoman2010161-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomanRoman2010161_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomanRoman2010161_166-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRomanRoman2010">Roman & Roman 2010</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomanRoman2010161–162-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomanRoman2010161–162_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRomanRoman2010">Roman & Roman 2010</a>, pp. 161–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985141-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985141_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985141_168-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1985">Burkert 1985</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1989151-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1989151_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinsley1989">Kinsley 1989</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200861-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200861_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200861_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200861_170-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200861_170-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200861_170-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeacy2008">Deacy 2008</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.37, 38, 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bibliotheca2.41-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bibliotheca2.41_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bibliotheca2.41_172-1">b</a> Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.41 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.39 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200864–65-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200864–65_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200864–65_174-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200864–65_174-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeacy2008">Deacy 2008</a>, pp. 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollitt199948–50-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollitt199948–50_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPollitt1999">Pollitt 1999</a>, pp. 48–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200865-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200865_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200865_176-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeacy2008">Deacy 2008</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Antaeus, another offspring of Gaia who was an opponent of Heracles, was immortal as long as he was in contact with the earth. Heracles killed Antaeus by crushing him while holding him off the ground. For <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, Hearacles' battle with Alcyoneus (whom he calls a herdsman) and the Gigantomachy were separate events, see: Isthmian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DI.%3Apoem%3D6">6.30–35</a>, Nemean <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DN.%3Apoem%3D4">4.24–30</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollitt199950-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollitt199950_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollitt199950_178-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPollitt1999">Pollitt 1999</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns201619-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns201619_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns201619_179-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns201619_179-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkyns2016">Jenkyns 2016</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> W. F. Otto, Die Gotter Griechenlands (55–77). Bonn: F. Cohen, 1929. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200859-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy200859_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeacy2008">Deacy 2008</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Jong2001152-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Jong2001152_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Jong2001">de Jong 2001</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Jong2001152–153-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Jong2001152–153_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Jong2001">de Jong 2001</a>, pp. 152–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrahman195231–35-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrahman195231–35_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrahman195231–35_184-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrahman1952">Trahman 1952</a>, pp. 31–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985142-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985142_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985142_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985142_185-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985142_185-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert1985142_185-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1985">Burkert 1985</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrahman195235-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrahman195235_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrahman1952">Trahman 1952</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrahman195235–43-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrahman195235–43_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrahman1952">Trahman 1952</a>, pp. 35–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrahman195235–42-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrahman195235–42_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrahman195235–42_188-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrahman1952">Trahman 1952</a>, pp. 35–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns201619–20-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns201619–20_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkyns2016">Jenkyns 2016</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrin2007499-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrin2007499_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurrin2007">Murrin 2007</a>, p. 499. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrin2007499–500-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrin2007499–500_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrin2007499–500_191-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurrin2007">Murrin 2007</a>, pp. 499–500. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrin2007499–514-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrin2007499–514_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurrin2007">Murrin 2007</a>, pp. 499–514. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhinney1971445–447-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhinney1971445–447_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhinney1971">Phinney 1971</a>, pp. 445–447. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhinney1971445–463-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhinney1971445–463_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhinney1971445–463_194-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhinney1971">Phinney 1971</a>, pp. 445–463. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeelig2002895-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeelig2002895_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeelig2002895_195-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeelig2002895_195-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeelig2002">Seelig 2002</a>, p. 895. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeelig2002895-911-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeelig2002895-911_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeelig2002">Seelig 2002</a>, p. 895-911. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoehlmann2017330-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoehlmann2017330_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoehlmann2017330_197-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoehlmann2017330_197-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoehlmann2017330_197-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoehlmann2017330_197-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoehlmann2017330_197-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoehlmann2017330_197-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoehlmann2017">Poehlmann 2017</a>, p. 330. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorfordLenardon1999315-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorfordLenardon1999315_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorfordLenardon1999315_198-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorfordLenardon1999">Morford & Lenardon 1999</a>, p. 315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorfordLenardon1999315–316-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorfordLenardon1999315–316_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorfordLenardon1999">Morford & Lenardon 1999</a>, pp. 315–316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKugelmann198373-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKugelmann198373_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKugelmann198373_200-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKugelmann198373_200-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKugelmann1983">Kugelmann 1983</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorfordLenardon1999316-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorfordLenardon1999316_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorfordLenardon1999316_201-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorfordLenardon1999316_201-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorfordLenardon1999">Morford & Lenardon 1999</a>, p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmunds1990373-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmunds1990373_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdmunds1990">Edmunds 1990</a>, p. 373. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>, Commentary on Virgil's Aeneid <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/548#4.402">4.402</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220101232723/https://topostext.org/work/548#4.402">Archived</a> 1 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith</a> 1873, s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DM%3Aentry+group%3D32%3Aentry%3Dmyrmex-bio-1">Myrmex</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225235924/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DM%3Aentry+group%3D32%3Aentry%3Dmyrmex-bio-1">Archived</a> 25 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012233–234-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2012233–234_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2012233–234_204-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowell2012">Powell 2012</a>, pp. 233–234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomanRoman201078-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomanRoman201078_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomanRoman201078_205-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomanRoman201078_205-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRomanRoman2010">Roman & Roman 2010</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton2013166-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton2013166_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton2013166_206-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton2013166_206-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorton2013">Norton 2013</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)ra/xnh">ἀράχνη</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)ra/xnhs">ἀράχνης</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012233-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2012233_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2012233_208-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowell2012">Powell 2012</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82_209-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82_209-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82_209-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82_209-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82_209-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82_209-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82_209-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82_209-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82_209-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarries199064–82_209-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarries1990">Harries 1990</a>, pp. 64–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2012234-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2012234_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2012234_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2012234_210-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2012234_210-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2012234_210-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2012234_210-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2012234_210-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2012234_210-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2012234_210-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowell2012">Powell 2012</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1974102–142-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1974102–142_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1974102–142_211-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1974102–142_211-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1974102–142_211-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1974102–142_211-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1974102–142_211-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1974102–142_211-6">g</a> <a 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Murray, PhD in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415210948/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1">Archived</a> 15 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>; The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029182326/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0136:book=1:card=1">Archived</a> 29 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a>, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117192240/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0130:card%3D1">Archived</a> 17 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Lactantius, Divinae institutions i.17.12–13, 18.22–23</li> <li>Livy, <a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita libri">Ab urbe condita libri</a> vii.3.7</li> <li>Lucan, <a href="/wiki/Pharsalia" title="Pharsalia">Bellum civile</a> ix.350</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFServius1881" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a> (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0053">In Vergilii carmina comentarii. Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii</a>. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Vergilii+carmina+comentarii.+Servii+Grammatici+qui+feruntur+in+Vergilii+carmina+commentarii&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=B.+G.+Teubner&rft.date=1881&rft.au=Servius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_sources">Modern sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAghionBarbillonLissarrague1996" class="citation cs2">Aghion, Irène; Barbillon, Claire; Lissarrague, François (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsheroesclassi00barb/page/192">"Minerva"</a>, Gods and Heroes of Classical Antiquity, Flammarion Infographic Guides, Paris, France and New York City, New York: Flammarion, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsheroesclassi00barb/page/192">192–194</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-0801-3580-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-0801-3580-3"><bdi>978-2-0801-3580-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Minerva&rft.btitle=Gods+and+Heroes+of+Classical+Antiquity&rft.place=Paris%2C+France+and+New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.series=Flammarion+Infographic+Guides&rft.pages=192-194&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-2-0801-3580-3&rft.aulast=Aghion&rft.aufirst=Ir%C3%A8ne&rft.au=Barbillon%2C+Claire&rft.au=Lissarrague%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsheroesclassi00barb%2Fpage%2F192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2007" class="citation cs2">Alexander, Timothy Jay (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qnCa6Wk1E8C&q=Hellenismos%20and%20Athena&pg=PA31">The Gods of Reason: An Authentic Theology for Modern Hellenismos</a> (First ed.), Lulu Press, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4303-2763-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4303-2763-9"><bdi>978-1-4303-2763-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+of+Reason%3A+An+Authentic+Theology+for+Modern+Hellenismos&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Lulu+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4303-2763-9&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Timothy+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6qnCa6Wk1E8C%26q%3DHellenismos%2520and%2520Athena%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFApollodorus_of_Athens2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus of Athens</a> (13 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eFmQCwAAQBAJ">The Library of Apollodorus (Delphi Classics)</a>. UK: Delphi Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786563712" title="Special:BookSources/9781786563712"><bdi>9781786563712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library+of+Apollodorus+%28Delphi+Classics%29&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Delphi+Classics&rft.date=2016-02-13&rft.isbn=9781786563712&rft.au=Apollodorus+of+Athens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeFmQCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Beekes" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Beekes">Beekes, Robert S. P.</a> (2009), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Leiden and Boston: Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Greek&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBell1993" class="citation cs2">Bell, Robert E. (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mxUZAQAAIAAJ&q=Athena+Aethyia">Women of Classical Mythology: A Biographical Dictionary</a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195079777" title="Special:BookSources/9780195079777"><bdi>9780195079777</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+Classical+Mythology%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780195079777&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmxUZAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DAthena%2BAethyia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernal1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bernal" title="Martin Bernal">Bernal, Martin</a> (1987), Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, pp. 21, 51 ff</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Athena%3A+The+Afroasiatic+Roots+of+Classical+Civilization&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pages=21%2C+51+ff&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Bernal&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerlinerblau1999" class="citation cs2">Berlinerblau, Jacques (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XM2oUcQM_0YC">Heresy in the University: The Black Athena Controversy and the Responsibilities of American Intellectuals</a>, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, p. 93ff, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813525884" title="Special:BookSources/9780813525884"><bdi>9780813525884</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heresy+in+the+University%3A+The+Black+Athena+Controversy+and+the+Responsibilities+of+American+Intellectuals&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pages=93ff&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780813525884&rft.aulast=Berlinerblau&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXM2oUcQM_0YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBest1989" class="citation cs2">Best, Jan (1989), Fred Woudhuizen (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=resUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA30">Lost Languages from the Mediterranean</a>, Leiden, Germany et al.: Brill, p. 30, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004089341" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004089341"><bdi>978-9004089341</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Languages+from+the+Mediterranean&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Germany+et+al.&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-9004089341&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DresUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2007" class="citation cs2">Brown, Jane K. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pAOmuXxwo84C&q=Pallas%20and%20the%20Centaur&pg=PA1">The Persistence of Allegory: Drama and Neoclassicism from Shakespeare to Wagner</a>, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Penssylvania Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3966-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3966-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-3966-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persistence+of+Allegory%3A+Drama+and+Neoclassicism+from+Shakespeare+to+Wagner&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=University+of+Penssylvania+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3966-9&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jane+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpAOmuXxwo84C%26q%3DPallas%2520and%2520the%2520Centaur%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBull2005" class="citation cs2">Bull, Malcolm (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WRLqAAAAMAAJ">The Mirror of the Gods: How Renaissance Artists Rediscovered the Pagan Gods</a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521923-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521923-4"><bdi>978-0-19-521923-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mirror+of+the+Gods%3A+How+Renaissance+Artists+Rediscovered+the+Pagan+Gods&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521923-4&rft.aulast=Bull&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWRLqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurgess2001" class="citation cs2">Burgess, Jonathan S. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bEYXqRmYkx0C&q=Athena%20Diomedes%20Iliad&pg=PA84">The Tradition of the Trojan War in Homer and the Epic Cycle</a>, Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6652-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6652-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-6652-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tradition+of+the+Trojan+War+in+Homer+and+the+Epic+Cycle&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6652-4&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbEYXqRmYkx0C%26q%3DAthena%2520Diomedes%2520Iliad%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurkert1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, Walter</a> (1985), Greek Religion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36281-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36281-9"><bdi>978-0-674-36281-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Religion&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-36281-9&rft.aulast=Burkert&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurn2004" class="citation cs2">Burn, Lucilla (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhjC_AdoNsC&q=Temple%20of%20Athena%20Polias%20Alexander%20the%20Great&pg=PA10">Hellenistic Art: From Alexander the Great to Augustus</a>, London, England: The British Museum Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-776-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-776-4"><bdi>978-0-89236-776-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Art%3A+From+Alexander+the+Great+to+Augustus&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-776-4&rft.aulast=Burn&rft.aufirst=Lucilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTmhjC_AdoNsC%26q%3DTemple%2520of%2520Athena%2520Polias%2520Alexander%2520the%2520Great%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1976" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Chadwick" title="John Chadwick">Chadwick, John</a> (1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RMj7M_tGaNMC&pg=PA88">The Mycenaean World</a>, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29037-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29037-1"><bdi>978-0-521-29037-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mycenaean+World&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29037-1&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRMj7M_tGaNMC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarmon1992" class="citation cs2">Darmon, Jean-Pierre (1992), Wendy Doniger (ed.), The Powers of War: Athena and Ares in Greek Mythology, translated by Danielle Beauvais, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Powers+of+War%3A+Athena+and+Ares+in+Greek+Mythology&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Darmon&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeacyVilling2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Deacy" title="Susan Deacy">Deacy, Susan</a>; 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Fritze">Fritze, Ronald H.</a> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2BrqdFg5AkC&q=Pseudohistory">Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-Religions</a>, London, England: Reaktion Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-430-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-430-4"><bdi>978-1-86189-430-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invented+Knowledge%3A+False+History%2C+Fake+Science+and+Pseudo-Religions&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-430-4&rft.aulast=Fritze&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2BrqdFg5AkC%26q%3DPseudohistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFururmark1978" class="citation cs2">Fururmark, A. (1978), "The Thera Catastrophe-Consequences for the European Civilization", Thera and the Aegean World I, London, England: Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thera+and+the+Aegean+World+I&rft.atitle=The+Thera+Catastrophe-Consequences+for+the+European+Civilization&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Fururmark&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5360-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5360-9">978-0-8018-5360-9</a> (Vol. 1), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5362-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5362-3">978-0-8018-5362-3</a> (Vol. 2).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2005" class="citation cs2">Gallagher, Ann-Marie (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VvvWkpnHXl4C&q=Athena%20and%20Wicca&pg=PA109">The Wicca Bible: The Definitive Guide to Magic and the Craft</a>, New York City, New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3008-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3008-5"><bdi>978-1-4027-3008-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wicca+Bible%3A+The+Definitive+Guide+to+Magic+and+the+Craft&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-3008-5&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Ann-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVvvWkpnHXl4C%26q%3DAthena%2520and%2520Wicca%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarland2008" class="citation cs2">Garland, Robert (2008), Ancient Greece: Everyday Life in the Birthplace of Western Civilization, New York City, New York: Sterling, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4549-0908-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4549-0908-8"><bdi>978-1-4549-0908-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece%3A+Everyday+Life+in+the+Birthplace+of+Western+Civilization&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4549-0908-8&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldhill1986" class="citation cs2">Goldhill, S. (1986), Reading Greek Tragedy (Aesch.Eum.737), Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Greek+Tragedy+%28Aesch.Eum.737%29&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Goldhill&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraves1960" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Graves, Robert</a> (1960) [1955], The Greek Myths, London, England: Penguin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0241952740" title="Special:BookSources/978-0241952740"><bdi>978-0241952740</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Myths&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0241952740&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHansen2004" class="citation cs2">Hansen, William F. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280">"Athena (also Athenê and Athenaia) (Roman Minerva)"</a>, Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 121–126, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530035-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530035-2"><bdi>978-0-19-530035-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Athena+%28also+Athen%C3%AA+and+Athenaia%29+%28Roman+Minerva%29&rft.btitle=Classical+Mythology%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Mythical+World+of+the+Greeks+and+Romans&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530035-2&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da-NmaO-kM2UC%26q%3Dsatyr%2Bmythology%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarries1990" class="citation cs2">Harries, Byron (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-classical-journal/article/the-spinner-and-the-poet-arachne-in-ovids-metamorphoses/78383E17D16D3D6F1A8873C48D8EE369">"The spinner and the poet: Arachne in Ovid's Metamorphoses"</a>, The Cambridge Classical Journal, 36, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press: 64–82, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS006867350000523X">10.1017/S006867350000523X</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0068-6735">0068-6735</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+spinner+and+the+poet%3A+Arachne+in+Ovid%27s+Metamorphoses&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS006867350000523X&rft.issn=0068-6735&rft.aulast=Harries&rft.aufirst=Byron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fcambridge-classical-journal%2Farticle%2Fthe-spinner-and-the-poet-arachne-in-ovids-metamorphoses%2F78383E17D16D3D6F1A8873C48D8EE369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison" title="Jane Ellen Harrison">Harrison, Jane Ellen</a>, 1903. Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerrington1955" class="citation cs2">Herrington, C.J. (1955), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FaHnAAAAIAAJ">Athena Parthenos and Athena Polias</a>, Manchester, England: Manchester University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athena+Parthenos+and+Athena+Polias&rft.place=Manchester%2C+England&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Herrington&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFaHnAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHubbard1986" class="citation cs2">Hubbard, Thomas K. (1986), "Pegasus' Bridle and the Poetics of Pindar's Thirteenth Olympian", in Tarrant, R. J. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vb9rhwYbdKUC&q=Athena%20Hippia&pg=PA28">Harvard Studies in Classical Philology</a>, vol. 90, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-37937-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-37937-4"><bdi>978-0-674-37937-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pegasus%27+Bridle+and+the+Poetics+of+Pindar%27s+Thirteenth+Olympian&rft.btitle=Harvard+Studies+in+Classical+Philology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-674-37937-4&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Thomas+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvb9rhwYbdKUC%26q%3DAthena%2520Hippia%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurwit1999" class="citation cs2">Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0pQ4AAAAIAAJ&q=Athena%20patron%20of%20heroes&pg=PA18">The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archaeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present</a>, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41786-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41786-0"><bdi>978-0-521-41786-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Athenian+Acropolis%3A+History%2C+Mythology%2C+and+Archaeology+from+the+Neolithic+Era+to+the+Present&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41786-0&rft.aulast=Hurwit&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0pQ4AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DAthena%2520patron%2520of%2520heroes%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJanda2005" class="citation cs2">Janda, Michael (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kglZAAAAMAAJ">Elysion. Entstehung und Entwicklung der griechischen Religion</a>, Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783851247022" title="Special:BookSources/9783851247022"><bdi>9783851247022</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elysion.+Entstehung+und+Entwicklung+der+griechischen+Religion&rft.place=Innsbruck&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Sprachen+und+Literaturen&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9783851247022&rft.aulast=Janda&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkglZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJasanoffNussbaum1996" class="citation cs2">Jasanoff, Jay H.; Nussbaum, Alan (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~jasanoff/pdf/Word%20games.pdf">"Word games: the Linguistic Evidence in Black Athena"</a> (PDF), in <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lefkowitz" title="Mary Lefkowitz">Mary R. Lefkowitz</a>; Guy MacLean Rogers (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=97jwg1Xwpj0C">Black Athena Revisited</a>, The University of North Carolina Press, p. 194, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807845554" title="Special:BookSources/9780807845554"><bdi>9780807845554</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~jasanoff/pdf/Word%20games.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Word+games%3A+the+Linguistic+Evidence+in+Black+Athena&rft.btitle=Black+Athena+Revisited&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780807845554&rft.aulast=Jasanoff&rft.aufirst=Jay+H.&rft.au=Nussbaum%2C+Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~jasanoff%2Fpdf%2FWord%2520games.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenkyns2016" class="citation cs2">Jenkyns, Richard (2016), Classical Literature: An Epic Journey from Homer to Virgil and Beyond, New York City, New York: Basic Books, A Member of the Perseus Books Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09797-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09797-5"><bdi>978-0-465-09797-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Literature%3A+An+Epic+Journey+from+Homer+to+Virgil+and+Beyond&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books%2C+A+Member+of+the+Perseus+Books+Group&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-465-09797-5&rft.aulast=Jenkyns&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohrens1981" class="citation cs2">Johrens, Gerhard (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eoUaAAAAMAAJ">Der Athenahymnus des Ailios Aristeides</a>, Bonn, Germany: Habelt, pp. 438–452, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783774918504" title="Special:BookSources/9783774918504"><bdi>9783774918504</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Athenahymnus+des+Ailios+Aristeides&rft.place=Bonn%2C+Germany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E438-%3C%2Fspan%3E452&rft.pub=Habelt&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9783774918504&rft.aulast=Johrens&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeoUaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJost1996" class="citation cs2">Jost, Madeleine (1996), "Arcadian cults and myths", in Hornblower, Simon (ed.), <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a>, Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arcadian+cults+and+myths&rft.btitle=Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Jost&rft.aufirst=Madeleine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKerényi1951" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Ker%C3%A9nyi" title="Károly Kerényi">Kerényi, Karl</a> (1951), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich">The Gods of the Greeks</a>, London, England: Thames and Hudson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27048-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27048-6"><bdi>978-0-500-27048-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+of+the+Greeks&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27048-6&rft.aulast=Ker%C3%A9nyi&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsofgreeks00kerrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKerényi1952" class="citation cs2">Kerényi, Karl (1952), Die Jungfrau und Mutter der griechischen Religion. Eine Studie uber Pallas Athene, Zurich: Rhein Verlag</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Jungfrau+und+Mutter+der+griechischen+Religion.+Eine+Studie+uber+Pallas+Athene&rft.place=Zurich&rft.pub=Rhein+Verlag&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Ker%C3%A9nyi&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1989" class="citation cs2">Kinsley, David (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=82oFlfs3MpwC&q=Athena%20pallas%20goddess&pg=PA142">The Goddesses' Mirror: Visions of the Divine from East and West</a>, Albany, New York: New York State University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-836-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-836-2"><bdi>978-0-88706-836-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddesses%27+Mirror%3A+Visions+of+the+Divine+from+East+and+West&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=New+York+State+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-836-2&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D82oFlfs3MpwC%26q%3DAthena%2520pallas%2520goddess%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKugelmann1983" class="citation cs2">Kugelmann, Robert (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AFXOyltvC6IC&q=Athena%20and%20Tiresias&pg=PA73">The Windows of Soul: Psychological Physiology of the Human Eye and Primary Glaucoma</a>, Plainsboro, New Jersey: Associated University Presses, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8387-5035-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8387-5035-3"><bdi>978-0-8387-5035-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Windows+of+Soul%3A+Psychological+Physiology+of+the+Human+Eye+and+Primary+Glaucoma&rft.place=Plainsboro%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presses&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8387-5035-3&rft.aulast=Kugelmann&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAFXOyltvC6IC%26q%3DAthena%2520and%2520Tiresias%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDay1999" class="citation cs2">Day, Peggy L. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA36">"Anat"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Karel_van_der_Toorn" title="Karel van der Toorn">Toorn, Karel van der</a>; Becking, Bob; <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Willem_van_der_Horst" title="Pieter Willem van der Horst">Horst, Pieter Willem van der</a> (eds.), <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Deities_and_Demons_in_the_Bible" title="Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible">Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed.</a>, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, pp. 36–39</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anat&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Peggy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeach1974" class="citation cs2">Leach, Eleanor Winsor (January 1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ramus/article/ekphrasis-and-the-me-of-artistic-failure-in-ovid-s-metamorphoses/C9D716ED72545FE65EE684BA28538079">"Ekphrasis and the Theme of Artistic Failure in Ovid's Metamorphoses"</a>, Ramus, 3 (2), Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press: 102–142, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0048671X00004549">10.1017/S0048671X00004549</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29668658">29668658</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ramus&rft.atitle=Ekphrasis+and+the+Theme+of+Artistic+Failure+in+Ovid%27s+Metamorphoses&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.date=1974-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0048671X00004549&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29668658%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Leach&rft.aufirst=Eleanor+Winsor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Framus%2Farticle%2Fekphrasis-and-the-me-of-artistic-failure-in-ovid-s-metamorphoses%2FC9D716ED72545FE65EE684BA28538079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, James P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Q._Adams" title="Douglas Q. Adams">Adams, Douglas Q.</a> (2006), Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, London: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929668-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929668-2"><bdi>978-0-19-929668-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Introduction+to+Proto-Indo-European+and+the+Proto-Indo-European+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929668-2&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorfordLenardon1999" class="citation cs2">Morford, Mark P. O.; Lenardon, Robert J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ecGXcMRAPXcC&q=Athena%20and%20Tiresias&pg=PA315">Classical Mythology</a> (sixth ed.), Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514338-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514338-6"><bdi>978-0-19-514338-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Mythology&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.edition=sixth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514338-6&rft.aulast=Morford&rft.aufirst=Mark+P.+O.&rft.au=Lenardon%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DecGXcMRAPXcC%26q%3DAthena%2520and%2520Tiresias%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurrin2007" class="citation cs2">Murrin, Michael (Spring 2007), "Athena and Telemachus", International Journal of the Classical Tradition, 13 (4), Berlin, Germany: Springer: 499–514, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02923022">10.1007/BF02923022</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30222174">30222174</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170103084">170103084</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Classical+Tradition&rft.atitle=Athena+and+Telemachus&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E499-%3C%2Fspan%3E514&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170103084%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30222174%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02923022&rft.aulast=Murrin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMylonas1966" class="citation cs2">Mylonas, G. (1966), Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691035239" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691035239"><bdi>978-0691035239</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mycenae+and+the+Mycenaean+Age&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0691035239&rft.aulast=Mylonas&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNilsson1950" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Martin_P._Nilsson" title="Martin P. Nilsson">Nilsson, Martin Persson</a> (1950), The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion and Its Survival in Greek Religion (second ed.), New York: Biblo & Tannen, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-0273-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-0273-2"><bdi>978-0-8196-0273-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Minoan-Mycenaean+Religion+and+Its+Survival+in+Greek+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Biblo+%26+Tannen&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-8196-0273-2&rft.aulast=Nilsson&rft.aufirst=Martin+Persson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNilsson1967" class="citation cs2">Nilsson, Martin Persson (1967), Die Geschichte der griechischen Religion, München, Germany: C. F. 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Powell">Powell, Barry B.</a> (2012) [2004], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dqOSAgAAQBAJ">"Myths of Aphrodite, Artemis, Athena"</a>, Classical Myth (Seventh ed.), London, England: Pearson, pp. 211–235, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-17607-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-17607-6"><bdi>978-0-205-17607-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myths+of+Aphrodite%2C+Artemis%2C+Athena&rft.btitle=Classical+Myth&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E235&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-205-17607-6&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Barry+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdqOSAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPuhvel1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jaan_Puhvel" title="Jaan Puhvel">Puhvel, Jaan</a> (1987), Comparative Mythology, Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-3938-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-3938-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-3938-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Mythology&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-3938-2&rft.aulast=Puhvel&rft.aufirst=Jaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRandolph2002" class="citation cs2">Randolph, Adrian W. 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London, UK: Reaktion Boos LTD. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86189-194-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-86189-194-6"><bdi>1-86189-194-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crow&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Reaktion+Boos+LTD&rft.date=2003-04-04&rft.isbn=1-86189-194-6&rft.aulast=Sax&rft.aufirst=Boria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjYDxAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchausWenn2007" class="citation cs2">Schaus, Gerald P.; Wenn, Stephen R. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNvfAgAAQBAJ&q=Athena%20Cydonia&pg=PA30">Onward to the Olympics: Historical Perspectives on the Olympic Games</a>, Publications of the Canadian Institute in Greece, vol. 5, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-505-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-505-5"><bdi>978-0-88920-505-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Onward+to+the+Olympics%3A+Historical+Perspectives+on+the+Olympic+Games&rft.place=Ontario%2C+Canada&rft.series=Publications+of+the+Canadian+Institute+in+Greece&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-505-5&rft.aulast=Schaus&rft.aufirst=Gerald+P.&rft.au=Wenn%2C+Stephen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNvfAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DAthena%2520Cydonia%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2000" class="citation cs2">Schmitt, P. (2000), "Athena Apatouria et la ceinture. Les aspects féminins des apatouries à Athènes", Annales: Economies, Societies, Civilisations, London, England: Thames and Hudson, pp. 1059–1073</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Athena+Apatouria+et+la+ceinture.+Les+aspects+f%C3%A9minins+des+apatouries+%C3%A0+Ath%C3%A8nes&rft.btitle=Annales%3A+Economies%2C+Societies%2C+Civilisations&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1059-%3C%2Fspan%3E1073&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeelig2002" class="citation cs2">Seelig, Beth J. (August 2002), "The Rape of Medusa in the Temple of Athena: Aspects of Triangulation in the Girl", The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 83 (4): 895–911, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1516%2F3NLL-UG13-TP2J-927M">10.1516/3NLL-UG13-TP2J-927M</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12204171">12204171</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28961886">28961886</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Psychoanalysis&rft.atitle=The+Rape+of+Medusa+in+the+Temple+of+Athena%3A+Aspects+of+Triangulation+in+the+Girl&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E895-%3C%2Fspan%3E911&rft.date=2002-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28961886%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12204171&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1516%2F3NLL-UG13-TP2J-927M&rft.aulast=Seelig&rft.aufirst=Beth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimon1983" class="citation cs2">Simon, Erika (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IHFYM-IGCO8C&q=Plynteria&pg=PA46">Festivals of Attica: An Archaeological Commentary</a>, Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-09184-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-09184-2"><bdi>978-0-299-09184-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Festivals+of+Attica%3A+An+Archaeological+Commentary&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-299-09184-2&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Erika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIHFYM-IGCO8C%26q%3DPlynteria%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwiatekBreen1981" class="citation book cs1">Swiatek, Anthony; <a href="/wiki/Walter_Breen" title="Walter Breen">Breen, Walter</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofun00swia">The Encyclopedia of United States Silver & Gold Commemorative Coins, 1892 to 1954</a>. New York City, New York: Arco Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-668-04765-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-668-04765-4"><bdi>978-0-668-04765-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+United+States+Silver+%26+Gold+Commemorative+Coins%2C+1892+to+1954&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Arco+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-668-04765-4&rft.aulast=Swiatek&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Breen%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofun00swia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seppo_Telenius" title="Seppo Telenius">Telenius, Seppo Sakari</a>, (2005) 2006. Athena-Artemis (Helsinki: Kirja kerrallaan).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrahman1952" class="citation cs2">Trahman, C.R. (1952), "Odysseus' Lies ('Odyssey', Books 13–19)", Phoenix, 6 (2), Classical Association of Canada: 31–43, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1086270">10.2307/1086270</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1086270">1086270</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix&rft.atitle=Odysseus%27+Lies+%28%27Odyssey%27%2C+Books+13%E2%80%9319%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1086270&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1086270%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Trahman&rft.aufirst=C.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVentrisChadwick1973" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ventris" title="Michael Ventris">Ventris, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Chadwick" title="John Chadwick">Chadwick, John</a> (1973) [1953], Documents in Mycenaean Greek, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107503410" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107503410"><bdi>978-1107503410</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+in+Mycenaean+Greek&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-1107503410&rft.aulast=Ventris&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Chadwick%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalcot1977" class="citation cs2">Walcot, P. (April 1977), "The Judgement of Paris", Greece & Rome, 24 (1), Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press: 31–39, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017383500019616">10.1017/S0017383500019616</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/642687">642687</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162573370">162573370</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+%26+Rome&rft.atitle=The+Judgement+of+Paris&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=1977-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162573370%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F642687%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017383500019616&rft.aulast=Walcot&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983" class="citation cs2">Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983), Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer, New York City, New York: Harper&Row Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090854-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090854-6"><bdi>978-0-06-090854-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inanna%3A+Queen+of+Heaven+and+Earth%3A+Her+Stories+and+Hymns+from+Sumer&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Harper%26Row+Publishers&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-06-090854-6&rft.aulast=Wolkstein&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Samuel+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWunder1855" class="citation book cs1">Wunder, Eduard (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4grgAAAAMAAJ">Sophocles' Oedipus rex, Oedipus Colonaeus, Electra, Antigone</a>. Vol. I. London: Williams and Norgate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sophocles%27+Oedipus+rex%2C+Oedipus+Colonaeus%2C+Electra%2C+Antigone&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Williams+and+Norgate&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Wunder&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4grgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYasumura2013" class="citation cs2">Yasumura, Noriko (2013), Challenges to the Power of Zeus in Early Greek Poetry, A&C Black, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472519672" title="Special:BookSources/9781472519672"><bdi>9781472519672</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenges+to+the+Power+of+Zeus+in+Early+Greek+Poetry&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781472519672&rft.aulast=Yasumura&rft.aufirst=Noriko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthena" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right 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class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Athena <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Athena&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Athena">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Athena&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Herakles/athena.html">ATHENA</a> on the Perseus Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoi.com/Olympios/Athena.html">ATHENA</a> from The Theoi Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mythopedia.com/topics/athena">ATHENA</a> from Mythopedia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000098">The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database</a> (images of Athena)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Main beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Heroic_Age" title="Greek Heroic Age">Heroic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_accounts_of_Homer" title="Ancient accounts of Homer">Ancient accounts of Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">Apotheosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">Daemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunoia" title="Eunoia">Eunoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_mean_(philosophy)" title="Golden mean (philosophy)">Golden mean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Greek words for love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demigod#Classical" title="Demigod">Hemitheos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Interpretatio graeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katabasis" title="Katabasis">Katabasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleos" title="Kleos">Kleos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Know_thyself" title="Know thyself">Know thyself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Metamorphoses in Greek mythology">Metamorphosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">Metempsychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nympholepsy" title="Nympholepsy">Nympholepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxography" title="Paradoxography">Paradoxography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-state_patron_gods" title="Greek city-state patron gods">Patron gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soter" title="Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_madness#Ancient_Greece_and_Rome:_theia_mania" title="Divine madness">Theia mania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Texts / <a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">odes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethiopis" title="Aethiopis">Aethiopis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypria" title="Cypria">Cypria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iliupersis" title="Iliupersis">Iliupersis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Iliad" title="Little Iliad">Little Iliad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostoi" title="Nostoi">Nostoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegony" title="Telegony">Telegony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theban_Cycle" title="Theban Cycle">Theban Cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oedipodea" title="Oedipodea">Oedipodea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Greek_poem)" title="Thebaid (Greek poem)">Thebaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigoni_(epic)" title="Epigoni (epic)">Epigoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcmeonis" title="Alcmeonis">Alcmeonis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretalogy" title="Aretalogy">Aretalogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Women" title="Catalogue of Women">Catalogue of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyranides" title="Cyranides">Cyranides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_maxims" title="Delphic maxims">Delphic maxims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derveni_papyrus" title="Derveni papyrus">Derveni papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Verses" title="Golden Verses">Golden Verses of Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri" title="Greek Magical Papyri">Greek Magical Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Homerica">Homerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretation_of_Dreams_(Antiphon)" title="Interpretation of Dreams (Antiphon)">Interpretation of Dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Er" title="Myth of Er">Myth of Er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneirocritica" title="Oneirocritica">Oneirocritica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphic_Hymns" title="Orphic Hymns">Orphic Hymns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Graecus_Holmiensis" title="Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis">Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Astrampsychi" title="Sortes Astrampsychi">Sortes Astrampsychi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antecedents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Mycenaean religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mycenaean_deities" title="List of Mycenaean deities">List of Mycenaean deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expressions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism#Classical_antiquity" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism#Hellenistic_religion" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism#Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism#Ancient_Greece" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the Christianization of the Roman Empire">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Christianity and Ancient Greek philosophy">Relationship with Greek philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism#Late_Antiquity" title="Western esotericism">Esoteric</a> systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy#Hellenistic_Egypt" title="Alchemy">Early alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretic</a> religions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_in_legend#Deified_Alexander" title="Alexander the Great in legend">Alexander</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_cult_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great">Ptolemaic cult</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)#Religious_issues" title="Julian (emperor)">Religious views of emperor Julian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mystery religions and sacred mysteries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(region)" title="Arcadia (region)">Arcadian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbros" title="Imbros">Imbrian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism" title="Orphism">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries#Samothracian_Mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Samothracian Mysteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feraferia" title="Feraferia">Feraferia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaianism" title="Gaianism">Gaianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Religious practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worship / rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromia" title="Amphidromia">Amphidromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arotoi_Hieroi" title="Arotoi Hieroi">Arotoi Hieroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astragalomancy" title="Astragalomancy">Astragalomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptes" title="Baptes">Baptes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Artemis_at_Brauron" title="Cult of Artemis at Brauron">Cult of Artemis at Brauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daduchos" title="Daduchos">Daduchos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_divination" title="Greek divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_oration_(ancient_Greece)" title="Funeral oration (ancient Greece)">Funeral oration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Greco-Roman mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hero%C3%B6n" title="Heroön">Heroön</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierophany" title="Hierophany">Hierophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieros_gamos" title="Hieros gamos">Hieros gamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hymns_in_ancient_Greek" title="Category:Hymns in ancient Greek">Hymns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubation_(ritual)" title="Incubation (ritual)">Incubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komos" title="Komos">Komos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekyia" title="Nekyia">Nekyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophagia" title="Omophagia">Omophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgia" title="Orgia">Orgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panegyris" title="Panegyris">Panegyris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice#Ancient_Greece" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hecatomb" title="Hecatomb">Hecatomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_(sacrifice)#Greek_sacrifice" title="Holocaust (sacrifice)">Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libation#Ancient_Greece" title="Libation">Libation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmakos" title="Pharmakos">Pharmakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">Votive offering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_league" title="Amphictyonic league">Amphictyonic league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archon_basileus" title="Archon basileus">Archon basileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilinna" title="Basilinna">Basilinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerarai" title="Gerarai">Gerarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiereia" title="Hiereia">Hiereia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierophant" title="Hierophant">Hierophant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierophylakes" title="Hierophylakes">Hierophylakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatromantis" title="Iatromantis">Iatromantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanephoros" title="Kanephoros">Kanephoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystagogue" title="Mystagogue">Mystagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibyl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiasus" title="Thiasus">Thiasus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baetyl" title="Baetyl">Baetyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture#Cult_images" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Cult image</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine_sculpture" title="Chryselephantine sculpture">Chryselephantine sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon">Xoanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_terracotta_figurines" title="Greek terracotta figurines">Greek terracotta figurines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernos" title="Kernos">Kernos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kykeon" title="Kykeon">Kykeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loutrophoros" title="Loutrophoros">Loutrophoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalos" title="Omphalos">Omphalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_amphora" title="Panathenaic amphora">Panathenaic amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">Rhyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod" title="Sacrificial tripod">Sacrificial tripod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceptre#Greco-Roman_world" title="Sceptre">Sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterion" title="Thymiaterion">Thymiaterion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">Magic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse_tablet" title="Curse tablet">Curse tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_divination" title="Greek divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri" title="Greek Magical Papyri">Greek Magical Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermetica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy#Antiquity" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia_(Greco-Roman_magic)" title="Philia (Greco-Roman magic)">Philia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals / feasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actia" title="Actia">Actia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adonia" title="Adonia">Adonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrionia" title="Agrionia">Agrionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromia" title="Amphidromia">Amphidromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthesteria" title="Anthesteria">Anthesteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apellai" title="Apellai">Apellai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apaturia" title="Apaturia">Apaturia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisia" title="Aphrodisia">Aphrodisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrhephoria" title="Arrhephoria">Arrhephoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascolia" title="Ascolia">Ascolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendidia" title="Bendidia">Bendidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boedromia" title="Boedromia">Boedromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brauron" title="Brauron">Brauronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphonia" title="Buphonia">Buphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalceia" title="Chalceia">Chalceia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meilichios" title="Meilichios">Diasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_(festival)" title="Delia (festival)">Delia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphinia" title="Delphinia">Delphinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdysia" title="Ecdysia">Ecdysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaphebolia" title="Elaphebolia">Elaphebolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelia" title="Gamelia">Gamelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halieia" title="Halieia">Halieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloa" title="Haloa">Haloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleia_(festival)" title="Heracleia (festival)">Heracleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaea_(festival)" title="Hermaea (festival)">Hermaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieromenia" title="Hieromenia">Hieromenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iolaus" title="Iolaus">Iolaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronia" title="Kronia">Kronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenaia" title="Lenaia">Lenaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander" title="Magnesia on the Maeander">Leucophryna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lykaia" title="Lykaia">Lykaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metageitnia" title="Metageitnia">Metageitnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munichia_(festival)" title="Munichia (festival)">Munichia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oschophoria" title="Oschophoria">Oschophoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamboeotia" title="Pamboeotia">Pamboeotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandia_(festival)" title="Pandia (festival)">Pandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plynteria" title="Plynteria">Plynteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaieia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaieia">Ptolemaieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyanopsia" title="Pyanopsia">Pyanopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skira" title="Skira">Skira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoikia" title="Synoikia">Synoikia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteria_(festival)" title="Soteria (festival)">Soteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauropolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauropolia">Tauropolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thargelia" title="Thargelia">Thargelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseia" title="Theseia">Theseia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesmophoria" title="Thesmophoria">Thesmophoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agon" title="Agon">Agon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Games" title="Panathenaic Games">Panathenaic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhieia" title="Rhieia">Rhieia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Games" title="Panhellenic Games">Panhellenic Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraean_Games" title="Heraean Games">Heraean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemean_Games" title="Nemean Games">Nemean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Games" title="Isthmian Games">Isthmian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actia" title="Actia">Actia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sanctuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctuaries">sanctuaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asclepieion" title="Asclepieion">Asclepieion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphinion" title="Delphinion">Delphinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraeum" title="Mithraeum">Mithraeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromanteion_of_Acheron" title="Necromanteion of Acheron">Necromanteion of Acheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum" title="Nymphaeum">Nymphaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panionium" title="Panionium">Panionium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploutonion" title="Ploutonion">Ploutonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesterion" title="Telesterion">Telesterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">Temenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Temple of Artemis, Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Temple of Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oracles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphiareion_of_Oropos" title="Amphiareion of Oropos">Amphiareion of Oropos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aornum" title="Aornum">Aornum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claros" title="Claros">Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyaneae" title="Cyaneae">Oracle of Apollo Thyrxeus at Cyaneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptoion" title="Ptoion">Oracle of Apollo at Ptoion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikaros_(Failaka_Island)" title="Ikaros (Failaka Island)">Oracle of Artemis at Ikaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Oracle of Menestheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_the_Great_Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctuary of the Great Gods">Sanctuary of the Great Gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegyra" title="Tegyra">Tegyra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretea" title="Cretea">Cretea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Crete)" title="Mount Ida (Crete)">Mount Ida (Crete)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Turkey)" title="Mount Ida (Turkey)">Mount Ida (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lykaion" title="Mount Lykaion">Mount Lykaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Zeus,_Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Cave of Zeus, Aydın">Cave of Zeus, Aydın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Pan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cave of Pan (disambiguation)">Caves of Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychro_Cave" title="Psychro Cave">Psychro Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vari_Cave" title="Vari Cave">Vari Cave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_(Ukraine)" title="Snake Island (Ukraine)">Island of Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Diomedes" title="Islands of Diomedes">Islands of Diomedes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Springs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castalian_Spring" title="Castalian Spring">Castalian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrene" title="Hippocrene">Hippocrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierian_Spring" title="Pierian Spring">Pierian Spring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_sacred_ships" title="Athenian sacred ships">Athenian sacred ships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paralus_(ship)" title="Paralus (ship)">Paralus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaminia" title="Salaminia">Salaminia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elefsina" title="Elefsina">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiera_Orgas" title="Hiera Orgas">Hiera Orgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanathos" title="Kanathos">Kanathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Way" title="Sacred Way">Sacred Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cef2e0;"><div id="Myths_and_mythology245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Myths and <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_deities" title="List of Greek deities">Deities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_the_Greek_gods" title="Family tree of the Greek gods">Family tree</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aether_(mythology)" title="Aether (mythology)">Aether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke" title="Ananke">Ananke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaos (mythology)">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemera" title="Hemera">Hemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanes" title="Phanes">Phanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassa" title="Thalassa">Thalassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeus" title="Coeus">Coeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crius" title="Crius">Crius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(Titan)" title="Hyperion (Titan)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus" title="Iapetus">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne" title="Mnemosyne">Mnemosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(Titaness)" title="Phoebe (Titaness)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia" title="Theia">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteria" title="Asteria">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astraeus" title="Astraeus">Astraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimetheus" title="Epimetheus">Epimetheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menoetius" title="Menoetius">Menoetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perses_(son_of_Crius)" title="Perses (son of Crius)">Perses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_water_deities" title="Greek water deities">Water deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto" title="Ceto">Ceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucus" title="Glaucus">Glaucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">Naiads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereid">Nereids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanids" title="Oceanids">Oceanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_gods_(Greek_mythology)" title="River gods (Greek mythology)">River gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumas" title="Thaumas">Thaumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Love deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Erotes10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Erotes" title="Erotes">Erotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anteros" title="Anteros">Anteros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedylogos" title="Hedylogos">Hedylogos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotes#Himeros" title="Erotes">Himeros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymen_(god)" title="Hymen (god)"> Hymen/Hymenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotes#Pothos" title="Erotes">Pothos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphroditus" title="Aphroditus">Aphroditus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotes" title="Philotes">Philotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitho" title="Peitho">Peitho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrestia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrestia">Adrestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alala" title="Alala">Alala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alke" title="Alke">Alke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphillogiai" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphillogiai">Amphillogiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androktasiai" title="Androktasiai">Androktasiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia_(mythology)" title="Bia (mythology)">Bia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(deity)" title="Deimos (deity)">Deimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyalius" title="Enyalius">Enyalius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyo" title="Enyo">Enyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecothoenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecothoenas">Gynaecothoenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homados" title="Homados">Homados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysminai" title="Hysminai">Hysminai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioke_(mythology)" title="Ioke (mythology)">Ioke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratos_(mythology)" title="Kratos (mythology)">Kratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kydoimos" title="Kydoimos">Kydoimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_(goddess)" title="Ma (goddess)">Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machai" title="Machai">Machai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palioxis" title="Palioxis">Palioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perses_(Titan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perses (Titan)">Perses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonoi" title="Phonoi">Phonoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemos" title="Polemos">Polemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proioxis" title="Proioxis">Proioxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chthonic_deities" title="Chthonic deities">Chthonic deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Psychopomps15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon" title="Charon">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelos_(mythology)" title="Angelos (mythology)">Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabeiri" title="Cabeiri">Cabeiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampad" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampad">Lampad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melino%C3%AB" title="Melinoë">Melinoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Zagreus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceso" title="Aceso">Aceso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_(mythology)" title="Aegle (mythology)">Aegle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiron" title="Chiron">Chiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrhon" title="Darrhon">Darrhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epione" title="Epione">Epione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygieia" title="Hygieia">Hygieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaso" title="Iaso">Iaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panacea" title="Panacea">Panacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesphorus_(mythology)" title="Telesphorus (mythology)">Telesphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sleep deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empusa" title="Empusa">Empusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiales" title="Epiales">Epiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasithea" title="Pasithea">Pasithea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneiros" title="Oneiros">Oneiroi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Messenger deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelia" title="Angelia">Angelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arke" title="Arke">Arke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trickster deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apate" title="Apate">Apate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momus" title="Momus">Momus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magic deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_deities" title="List of Greek deities">Other major deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemoi" title="Anemoi">Anemoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreas" title="Boreas">Boreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurus" title="Eurus">Eurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notus" title="Notus">Notus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azone" title="Azone">Azone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysaor" title="Chrysaor">Chrysaor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a> (Furies)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis" title="Nemesis">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelus" title="Zelus">Zelus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Heroes / heroines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abderus" title="Abderus">Abderus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actaeon" title="Actaeon">Actaeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Lesser" title="Ajax the Lesser">Ajax the Lesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academus" title="Academus">Akademos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Amphiaraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitryon" title="Amphitryon">Amphitryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilochus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilochus">Antilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atalanta" title="Atalanta">Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus" title="Autolycus">Autolycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouzyges" title="Bouzyges">Bouzyges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus_of_Elis" title="Chrysippus of Elis">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyamites" title="Cyamites">Cyamites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Dioscuri</a> (Castor and Polydeuces)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echetlus" title="Echetlus">Echetlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis_(mythology)" title="Eleusis (mythology)">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheus" title="Erechtheus">Erechtheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunostus_(hero)" title="Eunostus (hero)">Eunostus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)" title="Ganymede (mythology)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarus" title="Icarus">Icarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iolaus" title="Iolaus">Iolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meleager" title="Meleager">Meleager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrera" title="Otrera">Otrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandion_(hero)" title="Pandion (hero)">Pandion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelops" title="Pelops">Pelops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthesilea" title="Penthesilea">Penthesilea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptolemus" title="Triptolemus">Triptolemus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar_hunt#The_hunters" title="Calydonian boar hunt">Calydonian hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigoni" title="Epigoni">Epigoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_against_Thebes" title="Seven against Thebes">Seven against Thebes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracles</a> / seers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesacus" title="Aesacus">Aesacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleuas" title="Aleuas">Aleuas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Amphiaraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphilochus_I_of_Argos" title="Amphilochus I of Argos">Amphilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampyx" title="Ampyx">Ampyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anius" title="Anius">Anius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbolus" title="Asbolus">Asbolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakis" title="Bakis">Bakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branchus" title="Branchus">Branchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchas" title="Calchas">Calchas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnus" title="Carnus">Carnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_of_Laconia" title="Carya of Laconia">Carya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elatus" title="Elatus">Elatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennomus" title="Ennomus">Ennomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimenides" title="Epimenides">Epimenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halitherses" title="Halitherses">Halitherses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamus" title="Iamus">Iamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idmon" title="Idmon">Idmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manto_(mythology)" title="Manto (mythology)">Manto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melampus" title="Melampus">Melampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopsus" title="Mopsus">Mopsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munichus" title="Munichus">Munichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineus" title="Phineus">Phineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyidus">Polyeidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypheides" title="Polypheides">Polypheides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibyls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerian_Sibyl" title="Cimmerian Sibyl">Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_Sibyl" title="Delphic Sibyl">Delphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythraean_Sibyl" title="Erythraean Sibyl">Erythraean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellespontine_Sibyl" title="Hellespontine Sibyl">Hellespontine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sibyl" title="Libyan Sibyl">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sibyl" title="Persian Sibyl">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_Sibyl" title="Phrygian Sibyl">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samian_Sibyl" title="Samian Sibyl">Samian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemus" title="Telemus">Telemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theiodamas" title="Theiodamas">Theiodamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoclymenus" title="Theoclymenus">Theoclymenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Other mortals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegeus" title="Aegeus">Aegeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegisthus" title="Aegisthus">Aegisthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(mythology)" title="Andromeda (mythology)">Andromeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigone" title="Antigone">Antigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeas" title="Augeas">Augeas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_(mother_of_Andromeda)" title="Cassiopeia (mother of Andromeda)">Cassiopeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creon_(king_of_Thebes)" title="Creon (king of Thebes)">Creon of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryseis" title="Chryseis">Chryseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysothemis" title="Chrysothemis">Chrysothemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytemnestra" title="Clytemnestra">Clytemnestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocles" title="Damocles">Damocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deidamia_(daughter_of_Lycomedes)" title="Deidamia (daughter of Lycomedes)">Deidamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deucalion" title="Deucalion">Deucalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra" title="Electra">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocles" title="Eteocles">Eteocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)" title="Europa (consort of Zeus)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordias" title="Gordias">Gordias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Hecuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen of Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellen" title="Hellen">Hellen</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Heracleidae" title="Heracleidae">Heracleidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermione_(mythology)" title="Hermione (mythology)">Hermione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyta" title="Hippolyta">Hippolyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iphigenia" title="Iphigenia">Iphigenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismene" title="Ismene">Ismene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocasta" title="Jocasta">Jocasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laius" title="Laius">Laius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_peasants" title="Lycian peasants">Lycian peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaon_(king_of_Arcadia)" title="Lycaon (king of Arcadia)">Lycaon</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Maenads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memnon" title="Memnon">Memnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapian_shepherds" title="Messapian shepherds">Messapian shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrha" title="Myrrha">Myrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestes" title="Orestes">Orestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomela" title="Philomela">Philomela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(son_of_Agenor)" title="Phoenix (son of Agenor)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybus_of_Corinth" title="Polybus of Corinth">Polybus of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynices" title="Polynices">Polynices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procne" title="Procne">Procne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylades" title="Pylades">Pylades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrha_(mythology)" title="Pyrrha (mythology)">Pyrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troilus" title="Troilus">Troilus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entrances to the underworld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheron" title="Acheron">Acheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocytus" title="Cocytus">Cocytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridanos_(river_of_Hades)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eridanos (river of Hades)">Eridanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethe" title="Lethe">Lethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegethon" title="Phlegethon">Phlegethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes/swamps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acherusia" title="Acherusia">Acherusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Avernus" title="Lake Avernus">Avernus Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerna" title="Lerna">Lerna Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cave at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Matapan" title="Cape Matapan">Cape Matapan</a></li> <li>Cave at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Avernus" title="Lake Avernus">Lake Avernus</a></li> <li>Cave at <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea Pontica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charoniums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Charonium at <a href="/wiki/Aornum" title="Aornum">Aornum</a></li> <li>Charonium at <a href="/wiki/Acharaca" title="Acharaca">Acharaca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ploutonion" title="Ploutonion">Ploutonion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ploutonion at <a href="/wiki/Acharaca" title="Acharaca">Acharaca</a></li> <li>Ploutonion at <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploutonion_at_Hierapolis" title="Ploutonion at Hierapolis">Ploutonion at Hierapolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Necromanteion (necromancy temple)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necromanteion_of_Acheron" title="Necromanteion of Acheron">Necromanteion of Acheron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphodel_Meadows" title="Asphodel Meadows">Fields of Asphodel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Isles" title="Fortunate Isles">Isles of the Blessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld#Mourning_Fields" title="Greek underworld">Mourning Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeacus" title="Aeacus">Aeacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhadamanthus" title="Rhadamanthus">Rhadamanthus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campe" title="Campe">Campe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticlea" title="Anticlea">Anticlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana%C3%AFdes" title="Danaïdes">Danaïdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurydice" title="Eurydice">Eurydice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixion" title="Ixion">Ixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocnus" title="Ocnus">Ocnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmoneus" title="Salmoneus">Salmoneus</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Shade_(mythology)" title="Shade (mythology)">Shades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisyphus" title="Sisyphus">Sisyphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantalus" title="Tantalus">Tantalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titans_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titans (mythology)">Titans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tityos" title="Tityos">Tityos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katabasis#Trip_into_the_underworld" title="Katabasis">Visitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirithous" title="Pirithous">Pirithous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche" title="Cupid and Psyche">Psyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols/objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bident" title="Bident">Bident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_invisibility" title="Cap of invisibility">Cap of invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charon%27s_obol" title="Charon's obol">Charon's obol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals, daemons, and spirits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascalaphus_(son_of_Acheron)" title="Ascalaphus (son of Acheron)">Ascalaphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuthonymus" title="Ceuthonymus">Ceuthonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurynomos_(daemon)" title="Eurynomos (daemon)">Eurynomos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menoetius" title="Menoetius">Menoetius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Mythical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="Lists of Greek mythological figures">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_deities" title="List of Greek deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_creatures" title="List of Greek mythological creatures">Mythological creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mortals_in_Greek_mythology" title="List of mortals in Greek mythology">Mortals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of minor Greek mythological figures">Minor figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trojan_War_characters" title="List of Trojan War characters">Trojan War characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor spirits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daemon_(classical_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (classical mythology)">Daemon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agathodaemon" title="Agathodaemon">Agathodaemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacodemon" title="Cacodemon">Cacodaemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaemon_(mythology)" title="Eudaemon (mythology)">Eudaemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beasts / creatures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaurides" title="Centaurides">Centaurides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyocentaur" title="Ichthyocentaur">Ichthyocentaur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclops">Cyclops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Greek_mythology" title="Dragons in Greek mythology">Dragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drakaina_(mythology)" title="Drakaina (mythology)">Drakaina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echidna_(mythology)" title="Echidna (mythology)">Echidna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)" title="Giants (Greek mythology)">Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpy" title="Harpy">Harpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecatonchires" class="mw-redirect" title="Hecatonchires">Hecatonchires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrois">Horses of Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(mythology)" title="Python (mythology)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Captured / slain by <a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Calydonian boar">Calydonian boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerynian_Hind" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerynian Hind">Cerynian Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Bull" title="Cretan Bull">Cretan Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crommyonian_Sow" title="Crommyonian Sow">Crommyonian Sow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erymanthian_boar" title="Erymanthian boar">Erymanthian boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkotauroi" title="Khalkotauroi">Khalkotauroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" title="Lernaean Hydra">Lernaean Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mares_of_Diomedes" title="Mares of Diomedes">Mares of Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur" title="Minotaur">Minotaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemean_lion" title="Nemean lion">Nemean lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthrus" title="Orthrus">Orthrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stymphalian_birds" title="Stymphalian birds">Stymphalian birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talos" title="Talos">Talos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teumessian_fox" title="Teumessian fox">Teumessian fox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Achaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophage" title="Anthropophage">Anthropophagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebryces" title="Bebryces">Bebryces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicones" title="Cicones">Cicones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curetes_(tribe)" title="Curetes (tribe)">Curetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactyl (mythology)">Dactyls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargareans" title="Gargareans">Gargareans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halizones" title="Halizones">Halizones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korybantes" title="Korybantes">Korybantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestrygonians" title="Laestrygonians">Laestrygonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapiths" title="Lapiths">Lapiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus-eaters" title="Lotus-eaters">Lotus-eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmidons" title="Myrmidons">Myrmidons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pygmy (Greek mythology)">Pygmies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartoi">Spartoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telchines" title="Telchines">Telchines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places / Realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(constellation)#History" title="Ara (constellation)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis#In_mythology" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erytheia" title="Erytheia">Erytheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismarus_(Thrace)" title="Ismarus (Thrace)">Ismarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca" title="Homer's Ithaca">Ithaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya (mythology)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nysa_(mythology)" title="Nysa (mythology)">Nysa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogygia" title="Ogygia">Ogygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchaia_(island)" title="Panchaia (island)">Panchaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegra_(mythology)" title="Phlegra (mythology)">Phlegra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheria" title="Scheria">Scheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symplegades" title="Symplegades">Symplegades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themiscyra_(Pontus)" title="Themiscyra (Pontus)">Themiscyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrinacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrinacia">Thrinacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_and_Daphne" title="Apollo and Daphne">Apollo and Daphne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar_hunt" title="Calydonian boar hunt">Calydonian boar hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche" title="Cupid and Psyche">Eros and Psyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment of Paris">Judgment of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labours_of_Hercules" title="Labours of Hercules">Labours of Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_and_Eurydice" title="Orpheus and Eurydice">Orpheus and Eurydice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Returns_from_Troy" title="Returns from Troy">Returns from Troy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonomachy" title="Amazonomachy">Amazonomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_War" title="Attic War">Attic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centauromachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centauromachy">Centauromachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigantomachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantomachy">Gigantomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theomachy" title="Theomachy">Theomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanomachy" title="Titanomachy">Titanomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamant" title="Adamant">Adamant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis">Aegis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosia" title="Ambrosia">Ambrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_of_Discord" title="Apple of Discord">Apple of Discord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo" title="Argo">Argo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(mythology)" title="Dragon's teeth (mythology)">Dragon's teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diipetes" title="Diipetes">Diipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidolon" title="Eidolon">Eidolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)" title="Galatea (mythology)">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girdle_of_Aphrodite" title="Girdle of Aphrodite">Girdle of Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_apple" title="Golden apple">Golden apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_knot" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordian knot">Gordian knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpe" title="Harpe">Harpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichor" title="Ichor">Ichor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinth#Cretan_labyrinth" title="Labyrinth">Labyrinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_tree" title="Lotus tree">Lotus tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_of_Hera" title="Milk of Hera">Milk of Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moly_(herb)" title="Moly (herb)">Moly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace_of_Harmonia" title="Necklace of Harmonia">Necklace of Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orichalcum" title="Orichalcum">Orichalcum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panacea_(medicine)" title="Panacea (medicine)">Panacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora%27s_box" title="Pandora's box">Pandora's box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petasos" title="Petasos">Petasos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winged_helmet" title="Winged helmet">Winged helmet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheria#The_Phaeacian_ships" title="Scheria">Phaeacian ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosopher's stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Achilles" title="Shield of Achilles">Shield of Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirt_of_Nessus" title="Shirt of Nessus">Shirt of Nessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocles" title="Damocles">Sword of Damocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaria" title="Talaria">Talaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt" title="Thunderbolt">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrsus" title="Thyrsus">Thyrsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_of_Poseidon" title="Trident of Poseidon">Trident of Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnowing_Oar" title="Winnowing Oar">Winnowing Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_fire" title="Wheel of fire">Wheel of fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_of_Hygieia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowl of Hygieia">Bowl of Hygieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">Caduceus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">Cornucopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgoneion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgoneion">Gorgoneion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantharos" title="Kantharos">Kantharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphic_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphic egg">Orphic egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl_of_Athena" title="Owl of Athena">Owl of Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_of_Asclepius" title="Rod of Asclepius">Rod of Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_song" title="Swan song">Swan song</a></li> <li>Wind <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_wind" title="East wind">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_wind" title="West wind">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_wind" title="North wind">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_wind" title="South wind">South</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Modern treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology_in_western_art_and_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical mythology in western art and literature">Classical mythology in western art and literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Greek mythology in popular culture">Greek mythology in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_understanding_of_Greek_mythology" title="Modern understanding of Greek mythology">Modern understanding of Greek mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_deities198" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cef2e0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_mythology_(deities)" title="Template:Greek mythology (deities)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_mythology_(deities)" title="Template talk:Greek mythology (deities)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_mythology_(deities)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek mythology (deities)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_deities198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> deities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primal elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aether_(mythology)" title="Aether (mythology)">Aether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaos (mythology)">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemera" title="Hemera">Hemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ourea" title="Ourea">Ourea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">The twelve <a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeus" title="Coeus">Coeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crius" title="Crius">Crius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(Titan)" title="Hyperion (Titan)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus" title="Iapetus">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne" title="Mnemosyne">Mnemosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(Titaness)" title="Phoebe (Titaness)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia" title="Theia">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Descendants of the Titans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteria" title="Asteria">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astraeus" title="Astraeus">Astraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimetheus" title="Epimetheus">Epimetheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menoetius" title="Menoetius">Menoetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perses_(son_of_Crius)" title="Perses (son of Crius)">Perses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Olympian deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Olympian Gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyo" title="Enyo">Enyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Daughters of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calliope" title="Calliope">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clio" title="Clio">Clio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euterpe" title="Euterpe">Euterpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erato" title="Erato">Erato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melpomene" title="Melpomene">Melpomene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyhymnia" title="Polyhymnia">Polyhymnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terpsichore" title="Terpsichore">Terpsichore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Muse)" title="Thalia (Muse)">Thalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania" title="Urania">Urania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Daughters of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonis" title="Apollonis">Apollonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borysthenis" title="Borysthenis">Borysthenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephisso" title="Cephisso">Cephisso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> Muses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aoede" title="Aoede">Aoide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melete" title="Melete">Melete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mneme" title="Mneme">Mneme</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muses of the <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypate" title="Hypate">Hypate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mese_(mythology)" title="Mese (mythology)">Mese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nete_(mythology)" title="Nete (mythology)">Nete</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muses at <a href="/wiki/Sicyon" title="Sicyon">Sicyon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polymatheia" title="Polymatheia">Polymatheia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Charites" title="Charites">Charites</a> (Graces)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglaia_(Grace)" title="Aglaia (Grace)">Aglaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne" title="Euphrosyne">Euphrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemone" title="Hegemone">Hegemone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasithea" title="Pasithea">Pasithea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Grace)" title="Thalia (Grace)">Thalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Horae</a> (Hours)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Dike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirene_(goddess)" title="Eirene (goddess)">Eirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunomia" title="Eunomia">Eunomia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia_(mythology)" title="Bia (mythology)">Bia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratos_(mythology)" title="Kratos (mythology)">Kratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelus" title="Zelus">Zelus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_water_deities" title="Greek water deities">Water deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Sea deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthesikyme" title="Benthesikyme">Benthesikyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brizo" title="Brizo">Brizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliste_(mythology)" title="Calliste (mythology)">Calliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(mythology)" title="Calypso (mythology)">Calypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto" title="Ceto">Ceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurybia_(mythology)" title="Eurybia (mythology)">Eurybia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucus" title="Glaucus">Glaucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucothea" title="Leucothea">Leucothea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melicertes" title="Melicertes">Melicertes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerites_(mythology)" title="Nerites (mythology)">Nerites</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nesoi" title="Nesoi">Nesoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodos" title="Rhodos">Rhodos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassa" title="Thalassa">Thalassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumas" title="Thaumas">Thaumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Oceanids" title="Oceanids">Oceanids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acaste_(Oceanid)" title="Acaste (Oceanid)">Acaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admete_(Oceanid)" title="Admete (Oceanid)">Admete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Oceanid)" title="Asia (Oceanid)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callirhoe_(Oceanid)" title="Callirhoe (Oceanid)">Callirhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto_(Greek_myth)" title="Ceto (Greek myth)">Ceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clymene_(mother_of_Phaethon)" title="Clymene (mother of Phaethon)">Clymene (consort of Helios)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clymene_(wife_of_Iapetus)" title="Clymene (wife of Iapetus)">Clymene (wife of Iapetus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytie_(Oceanid)" title="Clytie (Oceanid)">Clytie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodone_(mythology)" title="Dodone (mythology)">Dodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_(Oceanid)" title="Doris (Oceanid)">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_(Oceanid)" title="Electra (Oceanid)">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurynome_(Oceanid)" title="Eurynome (Oceanid)">Eurynome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idyia" title="Idyia">Idyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melia_(consort_of_Apollo)" title="Melia (consort of Apollo)">Melia (consort of Apollo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melia_(consort_of_Inachus)" title="Melia (consort of Inachus)">Melia (consort of Inachus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perse_(mythology)" title="Perse (mythology)">Perse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philyra_(Oceanid)" title="Philyra (Oceanid)">Philyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleione_(mythology)" title="Pleione (mythology)">Pleione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plouto_(Oceanid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plouto (Oceanid)">Plouto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesto_(mythology)" title="Telesto (mythology)">Telesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(Oceanid)" title="Theia (Oceanid)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeuxo_(Oceanid)" title="Zeuxo (Oceanid)">Zeuxo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Nereids" title="Nereids">Nereids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatheia_(mythology)" title="Amatheia (mythology)">Amatheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphithoe_(mythology)" title="Amphithoe (mythology)">Amphithoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)" title="Arethusa (mythology)">Arethusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymatolege_(mythology)" title="Cymatolege (mythology)">Cymatolege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymo_(mythology)" title="Cymo (mythology)">Cymo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamene" title="Dynamene">Dynamene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea" title="Acis and Galatea">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galene_(mythology)" title="Galene (mythology)">Galene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protomedeia" title="Protomedeia">Protomedeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamathe_(Nereid)" title="Psamathe (Nereid)">Psamathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sao_(mythology)" title="Sao (mythology)">Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spio" title="Spio">Spio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Nereid)" title="Thalia (Nereid)">Thalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/River_gods_(Greek_mythology)" title="River gods (Greek mythology)">River gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achelous" title="Achelous">Achelous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapus" title="Anapus">Anapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asopus" title="Asopus">Asopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterion_(god)" title="Asterion (god)">Asterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axius_(mythology)" title="Axius (mythology)">Axius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caanthus" title="Caanthus">Caanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebren" title="Cebren">Cebren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephissus_(mythology)" title="Cephissus (mythology)">Cephissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enipeus_(deity)" title="Enipeus (deity)">Enipeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kladeos" title="Kladeos">Kladeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_(mythology)" title="Meander (mythology)">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilus_(mythology)" title="Nilus (mythology)">Nilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numicus" title="Numicus">Numicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_(river_god)" title="Phyllis (river god)">Phyllis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peneus" title="Peneus">Peneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangarius_(mythology)" title="Sangarius (mythology)">Sangarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selemnus_(god)" title="Selemnus (god)">Selemnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simoeis" title="Simoeis">Simoeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strymon_(mythology)" title="Strymon (mythology)">Strymon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">Naiads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegina_(mythology)" title="Aegina (mythology)">Aegina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achiroe" title="Achiroe">Achiroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aganippe_(naiad)" title="Aganippe (naiad)">Aganippe</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anigrides" title="Anigrides">Anigrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyra_(mythology)" title="Argyra (mythology)">Argyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bistonis" title="Bistonis">Bistonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolbe" title="Bolbe">Bolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliadne" title="Caliadne">Caliadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassotis" title="Cassotis">Cassotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalia" title="Castalia">Castalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleocharia" title="Cleocharia">Cleocharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creusa_(Naiad)" title="Creusa (Naiad)">Creusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne" title="Daphne">Daphne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosera_(naiad)" title="Drosera (naiad)">Drosera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpina" title="Harpina">Harpina</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ionides" title="Ionides">Ionides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismenis" title="Ismenis">Ismenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larunda" title="Larunda">Larunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilaea" title="Lilaea">Lilaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liriope_(nymph)" title="Liriope (nymph)">Liriope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melite_(naiad)" title="Melite (naiad)">Melite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metope_(mythology)" title="Metope (mythology)">Metope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minthe" title="Minthe">Minthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria_(nymph)" title="Moria (nymph)">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_(Greek_mythology)" title="Nana (Greek mythology)">Nana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaea_(mythology)" title="Nicaea (mythology)">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orseis" title="Orseis">Orseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(daughter_of_Triton)" title="Pallas (daughter of Triton)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirene_(nymph)" title="Pirene (nymph)">Pirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmacis" title="Salmacis">Salmacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbe" title="Stilbe">Stilbe</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Thriae" title="Thriae">Thriae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corycia" title="Corycia">Corycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleodora_(nymph)" title="Cleodora (nymph)">Cleodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina" title="Melaina">Melaina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiasa" title="Tiasa">Tiasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Personifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algos" class="mw-redirect" title="Algos">Algos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphillogiai" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphillogiai">Amphillogiai</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Androktasiai" title="Androktasiai">Androktasiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atë">Atë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(deity)" title="Dysnomia (deity)">Dysnomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horkos" title="Horkos">Horkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysminai" title="Hysminai">Hysminai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethe_(daughter_of_Eris)" title="Lethe (daughter of Eris)">Lethe</a></li> <li>Logoi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limos" title="Limos">Limos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machai" title="Machai">Machai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neikea" class="mw-redirect" title="Neikea">Neikea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonoi" title="Phonoi">Phonoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponos" title="Ponos">Ponos</a></li> <li>Pseudea</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apate" title="Apate">Apate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geras" title="Geras">Geras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Moirai" title="Moirai">Moirai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropos" title="Atropos">Atropos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotho" title="Clotho">Clotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachesis" title="Lachesis">Lachesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momus" title="Momus">Momus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moros" title="Moros">Moros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis" title="Nemesis">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oizys" title="Oizys">Oizys</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oneiros" title="Oneiros">Oneiroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotes" title="Philotes">Philotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achlys" title="Achlys">Achlys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adephagia" title="Adephagia">Adephagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aergia" title="Aergia">Aergia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidos" title="Aidos">Aidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aion_(deity)" title="Aion (deity)">Aion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alala" title="Alala">Alala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastor" title="Alastor">Alastor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aletheia" title="Aletheia">Aletheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alke" title="Alke">Alke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amechania" title="Amechania">Amechania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaideia" title="Anaideia">Anaideia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke" title="Ananke">Ananke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelia" title="Angelia">Angelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apheleia" title="Apheleia">Apheleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete_(mythology)" title="Arete (mythology)">Arete</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Arae" title="Arae">Arae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astraea" title="Astraea">Astraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerus" title="Caerus">Caerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysus" title="Chrysus">Chrysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corus_(mythology)" title="Corus (mythology)">Corus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(deity)" title="Deimos (deity)">Deimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Dikaiosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssebeia" title="Dyssebeia">Dyssebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiresione" title="Eiresione">Eiresione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekecheiria" title="Ekecheiria">Ekecheiria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulabeia_(mythology)" title="Eulabeia (mythology)">Eulabeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupraxia_(mythology)" title="Eupraxia (mythology)">Eupraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersa" title="Ersa">Ersa</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Erotes" title="Erotes">Erotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anteros" title="Anteros">Anteros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedylogos" title="Hedylogos">Hedylogos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymen_(god)" title="Hymen (god)">Hymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotes#Pothos" title="Erotes">Pothos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelos_(mythology)" title="Gelos (mythology)">Gelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedone" title="Hedone">Hedone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimarmene" title="Heimarmene">Heimarmene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homados" title="Homados">Homados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonoia_(mythology)" title="Homonoia (mythology)">Homonoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horme" title="Horme">Horme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacchus" title="Iacchus">Iacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioke_(mythology)" title="Ioke (mythology)">Ioke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakia" title="Kakia">Kakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koalemos" title="Koalemos">Koalemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kydoimos" title="Kydoimos">Kydoimos</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Litae" title="Litae">Litae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyssa" title="Lyssa">Lyssa</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maniae" title="Maniae">Maniae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methe" title="Methe">Methe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomos_(mythology)" title="Nomos (mythology)">Nomos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palioxis" title="Palioxis">Palioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitharchia" title="Peitharchia">Peitharchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitho" title="Peitho">Peitho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penia" title="Penia">Penia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthus" title="Penthus">Penthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepromene" title="Pepromene">Pepromene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheme" title="Pheme">Pheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrike" title="Phrike">Phrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthonus" title="Phthonus">Phthonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poena" title="Poena">Poine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemos" title="Polemos">Polemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porus_(mythology)" title="Porus (mythology)">Poros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxidice" title="Praxidice">Praxidice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proioxis" title="Proioxis">Proioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophasis" title="Prophasis">Prophasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soter_(daimon)" title="Soter (daimon)">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteria_(mythology)" title="Soteria (mythology)">Soteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasos" title="Thrasos">Thrasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a></li> <li>The Younger <a href="/wiki/Charites" title="Charites">Charites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucleia" title="Eucleia">Eucleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupheme_(deity)" title="Eupheme (deity)">Eupheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenia" title="Euthenia">Euthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philophrosyne" title="Philophrosyne">Philophrosyne</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Sky</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Anemoi" title="Anemoi">Anemoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreas" title="Boreas">Boreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurus" title="Eurus">Eurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notus" title="Notus">Notus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaethon" title="Phaethon">Phaethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrape_and_Bronte" title="Astrape and Bronte">Astrape and Bronte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(mythology)" title="Aura (mythology)">Aura</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hyades_(mythology)" title="Hyades (mythology)">Hyades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephele" title="Nephele">Nephele</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Pleiades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcyone_(Pleiad)" title="Alcyone (Pleiad)">Alcyone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterope_(Pleiad)" title="Sterope (Pleiad)">Sterope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celaeno" title="Celaeno">Celaeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_(Pleiad)" title="Electra (Pleiad)">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maia" title="Maia">Maia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merope_(Pleiad)" title="Merope (Pleiad)">Merope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taygete" title="Taygete">Taygete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_(mythology)" title="Sirius (mythology)">Sirius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritopatores" title="Tritopatores">Tritopatores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despoina" title="Despoina">Despoina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunostus" title="Eunostus">Eunostus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opora_(mythology)" title="Opora (mythology)">Opora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomelus" title="Philomelus">Philomelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutus" title="Plutus">Plutus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceso" title="Aceso">Aceso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epione" title="Epione">Epione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaso" title="Iaso">Iaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygieia" title="Hygieia">Hygieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panacea" title="Panacea">Panacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesphorus_(mythology)" title="Telesphorus (mythology)">Telesphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Rustic deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aetna_(nymph)" title="Aetna (nymph)">Aetna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agdistis" title="Agdistis">Agdistis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Alseid" title="Alseid">Alseids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonis" title="Amphictyonis">Amphictyonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristaeus" title="Aristaeus">Aristaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britomartis" title="Britomartis">Britomartis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cabeiri" title="Cabeiri">Cabeiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comus" title="Comus">Comus</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dryad" title="Dryad">Dryades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erato_(dryad)" title="Erato (dryad)">Erato</a></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hamadryad" title="Hamadryad">Hamadryades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrysopeleia" title="Chrysopeleia">Chrysopeleia</a></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Epimelides" title="Epimelides">Epimelides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecaterus" title="Hecaterus">Hecaterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuce_(mythology)" title="Leuce (mythology)">Leuce</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Maenades</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Meliae" title="Meliae">Meliae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperborean_maidens" title="Hyperborean maidens">Hyperborean maidens</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oread" title="Oread">Oreads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(mythology)" title="Echo (mythology)">Echo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapso" title="Rhapso">Rhapso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telete" title="Telete">Telete</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexiares_and_Anicetus" title="Alexiares and Anicetus">Alexiares and Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphroditus" title="Aphroditus">Aphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arke" title="Arke">Arke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxesia_(Greek_mythology)" title="Auxesia (Greek mythology)">Auxesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enodia" title="Enodia">Enodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyalius" title="Enyalius">Enyalius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestra_(mythology)" title="Palaestra (mythology)">Palaestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanes" title="Phanes">Phanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipolis_(god)" title="Sosipolis (god)">Sosipolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Symbols_of_Greece355" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Symbols_of_Greece" title="Template:Symbols of Greece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Symbols_of_Greece" title="Template talk:Symbols of Greece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols_of_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols of Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Symbols_of_Greece355" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Symbols of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece" title="Coat of arms of Greece">Coat of arms</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Anthem</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Hymn to Liberty</a></dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eleftheria_i_thanatos" title="Eleftheria i thanatos">Elefthería í Thánatos</a></dd> <dt>National personifications</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greece_on_the_Ruins_of_Missolonghi" title="Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi">Greece</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></dd> <dd>Grateful Hellas by <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Vryzakis" title="Theodoros Vryzakis">Vryzakis</a></dd> <dt>National holidays</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">25 March (1821)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ohi_Day" title="Ohi Day">28 October (1940)</a></dd> <dt>Colours</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="National colours of Greece">Blue and white</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/120px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/160px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="229" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double-headed_eagle" title="Double-headed eagle">Double-headed eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">Drachma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_(art)" title="Meander (art)">Meander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other official symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vergina_Sun" title="Vergina Sun">Vergina Sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">Owl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurus_nobilis" title="Laurus nobilis">Bay Laurel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurus" title="Epidaurus">Epidaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteora" title="Meteora">Meteora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Aulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laouto" title="Laouto">Laouto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National poets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient: <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li>Modern: <a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Solomos" title="Dionysios Solomos">Dionysios Solomos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kostis_Palamas" title="Kostis Palamas">Kostis Palamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National epics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient: <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></li> <li>Modern: <a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erotokritos" title="Erotokritos">Erotokritos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taverna" title="Taverna">Taverna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvlaki" title="Souvlaki">Souvlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">Feta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_salad" title="Greek salad">Greek salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">Pita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">Retsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patron Saints/Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Tinos" title="Our Lady of Tinos">Our Lady of Tinos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Saint Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former national symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece" title="Coat of arms of Greece">Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_crown_jewels" title="Greek crown jewels">Greek crown jewels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Greece" title="Category:Greece">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37122#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1499" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37122#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1499" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37122#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/74643725">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/819991/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjwBhv6C7K9hTKtHFwdXv3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118504851">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015006898">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2016921812&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810600139005606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007390200505171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058620248306706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118504851">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027591786">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/15599">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-84b9fd4457-vqtht","wgBackendResponseTime":448,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.301","walltime":"3.767","ppvisitednodes":{"value":43732,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":839159,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":45952,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":568625,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3000.491 1 -total"," 36.81% 1104.482 486 Template:Sfn"," 11.07% 332.194 71 Template:Citation"," 9.93% 297.897 2 Template:Reflist"," 8.51% 255.477 31 Template:Navbox"," 6.15% 184.458 57 Template:Lang"," 6.07% 182.065 1 Template:Infobox_deity"," 5.00% 149.943 18 Template:Cite_book"," 4.91% 147.176 14 Template:Efn"," 4.50% 135.009 1 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.814","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25158023,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAghionBarbillonLissarrague1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApollodorus_of_Athens2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeekes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerlinerblau1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernal1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBest1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBull2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgess2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurkert1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurn2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCancikSchneiderSalazarOrton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarmon1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeacy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeacyVilling2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmunds1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarnell1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbes_Irving1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritze2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFururmark1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarland2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldhill1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraves1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarries1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrington1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubbard1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurwit1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFI._P.1832\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanda2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJansonJanson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasanoffNussbaum1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkyns2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohrens1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJost1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerényi1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerényi1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsley1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKugelmann1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeach1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLesley_A._Beaumont2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryAdams2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManheim1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorfordLenardon1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMylonas1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNilsson1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNilsson1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOldenburg1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvid\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalagiaPollitt1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalaima2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenglase1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhinney1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilafidis-Williams1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoehlmann2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollitt1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuhvel1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandolph2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomanRoman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuckStaples1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalzman-Mitchell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSax2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchausWenn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeelig2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFServius1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwiatekBreen1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson,_D\u0026#039;Arcy_Wentworth1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrahman1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVentrisChadwick1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalcot1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWunder1855\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYasumura2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Jong2001\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"-\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"=\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient Greek religion\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Chart\"] = 22,\n [\"Chart bottom\"] = 1,\n [\"Chart top\"] = 1,\n [\"Chart/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Chart/start\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 17,\n [\"Citation\"] = 71,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Clear\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 14,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Greek mythology (deities)\"] = 1,\n [\"Greek religion\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox deity\"] = 1,\n [\"LSJ\"] = 7,\n [\"Lang\"] = 50,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Protection padlock\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-several\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Script\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 486,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Snds\"] = 1,\n [\"Symbols of Greece\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Twelve Olympians\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 15,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-84b9fd4457-5wf2q","timestamp":"20250410125904","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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