CINXE.COM
People/Characters: Joachim du Bellay | LibraryThing
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="lt2 no-js" data-product="lt2" data-available_styles="verdant_14 verdant_12 verdant_tight_12 system_14 system_15 georgia_14 system_large atkinson_16" lang639="en" ><head> <!-- ROOT --> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset-utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <title>People/Characters: Joachim du Bellay | LibraryThing</title> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"/> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="none"/> <script type="text/javascript"> ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(t,e,n){function r(n){if(!e[n]){var o=e[n]={exports:{}};t[n][0].call(o.exports,function(e){var o=t[n][1][e];return r(o||e)},o,o.exports)}return e[n].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var o=0;o<n.length;o++)r(n[o]);return r}({1:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){try{s.console&&console.log(t)}catch(e){}}var o,i=t("ee"),a=t(32),s={};try{o=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(s.console=!0,o.indexOf("dev")!==-1&&(s.dev=!0),o.indexOf("nr_dev")!==-1&&(s.nrDev=!0))}catch(c){}s.nrDev&&i.on("internal-error",function(t){r(t.stack)}),s.dev&&i.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){r(n.stack)}),s.dev&&(r("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),r("flags: "+a(s,function(t,e){return t}).join(", ")))},{}],2:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r,s){try{l?l-=1:o(s||new UncaughtException(t,e,n),!0)}catch(f){try{i("ierr",[f,c.now(),!0])}catch(d){}}return"function"==typeof u&&u.apply(this,a(arguments))}function UncaughtException(t,e,n){this.message=t||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=e,this.line=n}function o(t,e){var n=e?null:c.now();i("err",[t,n])}var i=t("handle"),a=t(33),s=t("ee"),c=t("loader"),f=t("gos"),u=window.onerror,d=!1,p="nr@seenError";if(!c.disabled){var l=0;c.features.err=!0,t(1),window.onerror=r;try{throw new Error}catch(h){"stack"in h&&(t(14),t(13),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7),c.xhrWrappable&&t(15),d=!0)}s.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){d&&(l+=1)}),s.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){d&&!n[p]&&(f(n,p,function(){return!0}),this.thrown=!0,o(n))}),s.on("fn-end",function(){d&&!this.thrown&&l>0&&(l-=1)}),s.on("internal-error",function(t){i("ierr",[t,c.now(),!0])})}},{}],3:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("loader");r.disabled||(r.features.ins=!0)},{}],4:[function(t,e,n){function r(){U++,L=g.hash,this[u]=y.now()}function o(){U--,g.hash!==L&&i(0,!0);var t=y.now();this[h]=~~this[h]+t-this[u],this[d]=t}function i(t,e){E.emit("newURL",[""+g,e])}function a(t,e){t.on(e,function(){this[e]=y.now()})}var s="-start",c="-end",f="-body",u="fn"+s,d="fn"+c,p="cb"+s,l="cb"+c,h="jsTime",m="fetch",v="addEventListener",w=window,g=w.location,y=t("loader");if(w[v]&&y.xhrWrappable&&!y.disabled){var x=t(11),b=t(12),E=t(9),R=t(7),O=t(14),T=t(8),S=t(15),P=t(10),M=t("ee"),C=M.get("tracer"),N=t(23);t(17),y.features.spa=!0;var L,U=0;M.on(u,r),b.on(p,r),P.on(p,r),M.on(d,o),b.on(l,o),P.on(l,o),M.buffer([u,d,"xhr-resolved"]),R.buffer([u]),O.buffer(["setTimeout"+c,"clearTimeout"+s,u]),S.buffer([u,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+s]),T.buffer([m+s,m+"-done",m+f+s,m+f+c]),E.buffer(["newURL"]),x.buffer([u]),b.buffer(["propagate",p,l,"executor-err","resolve"+s]),C.buffer([u,"no-"+u]),P.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"]),a(T,m+s),a(T,m+"-done"),a(P,"new-jsonp"),a(P,"jsonp-end"),a(P,"cb-start"),E.on("pushState-end",i),E.on("replaceState-end",i),w[v]("hashchange",i,N(!0)),w[v]("load",i,N(!0)),w[v]("popstate",function(){i(0,U>1)},N(!0))}},{}],5:[function(t,e,n){function r(){var t=new PerformanceObserver(function(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();s(v,[n])});try{t.observe({entryTypes:["resource"]})}catch(e){}}function o(t){if(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(w)]),window.performance["c"+p])try{window.performance[h](m,o,!1)}catch(t){}else try{window.performance[h]("webkit"+m,o,!1)}catch(t){}}function i(t){}if(window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&window.performance.getEntriesByType){var a=t("ee"),s=t("handle"),c=t(14),f=t(13),u=t(6),d=t(23),p="learResourceTimings",l="addEventListener",h="removeEventListener",m="resourcetimingbufferfull",v="bstResource",w="resource",g="-start",y="-end",x="fn"+g,b="fn"+y,E="bstTimer",R="pushState",O=t("loader");if(!O.disabled){O.features.stn=!0,t(9),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7);var T=NREUM.o.EV;a.on(x,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&(this.bstStart=O.now())}),a.on(b,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&s("bst",[n,e,this.bstStart,O.now()])}),c.on(x,function(t,e,n){this.bstStart=O.now(),this.bstType=n}),c.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),this.bstType])}),f.on(x,function(){this.bstStart=O.now()}),f.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),"requestAnimationFrame"])}),a.on(R+g,function(t){this.time=O.now(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash}),a.on(R+y,function(t){s("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time])}),u()?(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType("resource")]),r()):l in window.performance&&(window.performance["c"+p]?window.performance[l](m,o,d(!1)):window.performance[l]("webkit"+m,o,d(!1))),document[l]("scroll",i,d(!1)),document[l]("keypress",i,d(!1)),document[l]("click",i,d(!1))}}},{}],6:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(){return"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver}},{}],7:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){for(var e=t;e&&!e.hasOwnProperty(u);)e=Object.getPrototypeOf(e);e&&o(e)}function o(t){s.inPlace(t,[u,d],"-",i)}function i(t,e){return t[1]}var a=t("ee").get("events"),s=t("wrap-function")(a,!0),c=t("gos"),f=XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener";e.exports=a,"getPrototypeOf"in Object?(r(document),r(window),r(f.prototype)):f.prototype.hasOwnProperty(u)&&(o(window),o(f.prototype)),a.on(u+"-start",function(t,e){var n=t[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var r=c(n,"nr@wrapped",function(){function t(){if("function"==typeof n.handleEvent)return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)}var e={object:t,"function":n}[typeof n];return e?s(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n});this.wrapped=t[1]=r}}),a.on(d+"-start",function(t){t[1]=this.wrapped||t[1]})},{}],8:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){var r=t[e];"function"==typeof r&&(t[e]=function(){var t=i(arguments),e={};o.emit(n+"before-start",[t],e);var a;e[m]&&e[m].dt&&(a=e[m].dt);var s=r.apply(this,t);return o.emit(n+"start",[t,a],s),s.then(function(t){return o.emit(n+"end",[null,t],s),t},function(t){throw o.emit(n+"end",[t],s),t})})}var o=t("ee").get("fetch"),i=t(33),a=t(32);e.exports=o;var s=window,c="fetch-",f=c+"body-",u=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],d=s.Request,p=s.Response,l=s.fetch,h="prototype",m="nr@context";d&&p&&l&&(a(u,function(t,e){r(d[h],e,f),r(p[h],e,f)}),r(s,"fetch",c),o.on(c+"end",function(t,e){var n=this;if(e){var r=e.headers.get("content-length");null!==r&&(n.rxSize=r),o.emit(c+"done",[null,e],n)}else o.emit(c+"done",[t],n)}))},{}],9:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("history"),o=t("wrap-function")(r);e.exports=r;var i=window.history&&window.history.constructor&&window.history.constructor.prototype,a=window.history;i&&i.pushState&&i.replaceState&&(a=i),o.inPlace(a,["pushState","replaceState"],"-")},{}],10:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}function n(){f.emit("jsonp-error",[],l),f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}var r=t&&"string"==typeof t.nodeName&&"script"===t.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(r){var o="function"==typeof t.addEventListener;if(o){var a=i(t.src);if(a){var d=s(a),p="function"==typeof d.parent[d.key];if(p){var l={};u.inPlace(d.parent,[d.key],"cb-",l),t.addEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.addEventListener("error",n,c(!1)),f.emit("new-jsonp",[t.src],l)}}}}}function o(){return"addEventListener"in window}function i(t){var e=t.match(d);return e?e[1]:null}function a(t,e){var n=t.match(l),r=n[1],o=n[3];return o?a(o,e[r]):e[r]}function s(t){var e=t.match(p);return e&&e.length>=3?{key:e[2],parent:a(e[1],window)}:{key:t,parent:window}}var c=t(23),f=t("ee").get("jsonp"),u=t("wrap-function")(f);if(e.exports=f,o()){var d=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,p=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,l=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/,h=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];Node&&Node.prototype&&Node.prototype.appendChild?u.inPlace(Node.prototype,h,"dom-"):(u.inPlace(HTMLElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLHeadElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLBodyElement.prototype,h,"dom-")),f.on("dom-start",function(t){r(t[0])})}},{}],11:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("mutation"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i=NREUM.o.MO;e.exports=r,i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(t){return this instanceof i?new i(o(t,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype)},{}],12:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=i.context(),n=s(t,"executor-",e,null,!1),r=new f(n);return i.context(r).getCtx=function(){return e},r}var o=t("wrap-function"),i=t("ee").get("promise"),a=t("ee").getOrSetContext,s=o(i),c=t(32),f=NREUM.o.PR;e.exports=i,f&&(window.Promise=r,["all","race"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(n){function r(t){return function(){i.emit("propagate",[null,!o],a,!1,!1),o=o||!t}}var o=!1;c(n,function(e,n){Promise.resolve(n).then(r("all"===t),r(!1))});var a=e.apply(f,arguments),s=f.resolve(a);return s}}),["resolve","reject"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(t){var n=e.apply(f,arguments);return t!==n&&i.emit("propagate",[t,!0],n,!1,!1),n}}),f.prototype["catch"]=function(t){return this.then(null,t)},f.prototype=Object.create(f.prototype,{constructor:{value:r}}),c(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(f),function(t,e){try{r[e]=f[e]}catch(n){}}),o.wrapInPlace(f.prototype,"then",function(t){return function(){var e=this,n=o.argsToArray.apply(this,arguments),r=a(e);r.promise=e,n[0]=s(n[0],"cb-",r,null,!1),n[1]=s(n[1],"cb-",r,null,!1);var c=t.apply(this,n);return r.nextPromise=c,i.emit("propagate",[e,!0],c,!1,!1),c}}),i.on("executor-start",function(t){t[0]=s(t[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),t[1]=s(t[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)}),i.on("executor-err",function(t,e,n){t[1](n)}),i.on("cb-end",function(t,e,n){i.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)}),i.on("propagate",function(t,e,n){this.getCtx&&!e||(this.getCtx=function(){if(t instanceof Promise)var e=i.context(t);return e&&e.getCtx?e.getCtx():this})}),r.toString=function(){return""+f})},{}],13:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("raf"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i="equestAnimationFrame";e.exports=r,o.inPlace(window,["r"+i,"mozR"+i,"webkitR"+i,"msR"+i],"raf-"),r.on("raf-start",function(t){t[0]=o(t[0],"fn-")})},{}],14:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",null,n)}function o(t,e,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(t[1])?0:+t[1],t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",this,n)}var i=t("ee").get("timer"),a=t("wrap-function")(i),s="setTimeout",c="setInterval",f="clearTimeout",u="-start",d="-";e.exports=i,a.inPlace(window,[s,"setImmediate"],s+d),a.inPlace(window,[c],c+d),a.inPlace(window,[f,"clearImmediate"],f+d),i.on(c+u,r),i.on(s+u,o)},{}],15:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){d.inPlace(e,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",s)}function o(){var t=this,e=u.context(t);t.readyState>3&&!e.resolved&&(e.resolved=!0,u.emit("xhr-resolved",[],t)),d.inPlace(t,y,"fn-",s)}function i(t){x.push(t),m&&(E?E.then(a):w?w(a):(R=-R,O.data=R))}function a(){for(var t=0;t<x.length;t++)r([],x[t]);x.length&&(x=[])}function s(t,e){return e}function c(t,e){for(var n in t)e[n]=t[n];return e}t(7);var f=t("ee"),u=f.get("xhr"),d=t("wrap-function")(u),p=t(23),l=NREUM.o,h=l.XHR,m=l.MO,v=l.PR,w=l.SI,g="readystatechange",y=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],x=[];e.exports=u;var b=window.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){var e=new h(t);try{u.emit("new-xhr",[e],e),e.addEventListener(g,o,p(!1))}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}return e};if(c(h,b),b.prototype=h.prototype,d.inPlace(b.prototype,["open","send"],"-xhr-",s),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){r(t,e),i(e)}),u.on("open-xhr-start",r),m){var E=v&&v.resolve();if(!w&&!v){var R=1,O=document.createTextNode(R);new m(a).observe(O,{characterData:!0})}}else f.on("fn-end",function(t){t[0]&&t[0].type===g||a()})},{}],16:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(!s(t))return null;var e=window.NREUM;if(!e.loader_config)return null;var n=(e.loader_config.accountID||"").toString()||null,r=(e.loader_config.agentID||"").toString()||null,f=(e.loader_config.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!r)return null;var h=l.generateSpanId(),m=l.generateTraceId(),v=Date.now(),w={spanId:h,traceId:m,timestamp:v};return(t.sameOrigin||c(t)&&p())&&(w.traceContextParentHeader=o(h,m),w.traceContextStateHeader=i(h,v,n,r,f)),(t.sameOrigin&&!u()||!t.sameOrigin&&c(t)&&d())&&(w.newrelicHeader=a(h,m,v,n,r,f)),w}function o(t,e){return"00-"+e+"-"+t+"-01"}function i(t,e,n,r,o){var i=0,a="",s=1,c="",f="";return o+"@nr="+i+"-"+s+"-"+n+"-"+r+"-"+t+"-"+a+"-"+c+"-"+f+"-"+e}function a(t,e,n,r,o,i){var a="btoa"in window&&"function"==typeof window.btoa;if(!a)return null;var s={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:r,ap:o,id:t,tr:e,ti:n}};return i&&r!==i&&(s.d.tk=i),btoa(JSON.stringify(s))}function s(t){return f()&&c(t)}function c(t){var e=!1,n={};if("init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&(n=NREUM.init.distributed_tracing),t.sameOrigin)e=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var r=0;r<n.allowed_origins.length;r++){var o=h(n.allowed_origins[r]);if(t.hostname===o.hostname&&t.protocol===o.protocol&&t.port===o.port){e=!0;break}}return e}function f(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.enabled}function u(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.exclude_newrelic_header}function d(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_newrelic_header!==!1}function p(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}var l=t(29),h=t(18);e.exports={generateTracePayload:r,shouldGenerateTrace:s}},{}],17:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var r=0;r<p;r++)t.removeEventListener(d[r],this.listener,!1);return e.protocol&&"data"===e.protocol?void g("Ajax/DataUrl/Excluded"):void(e.aborted||(n.duration=a.now()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==t.readyState?null==e.status&&(e.status=0):i(this,t),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,s("xhr",[e,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this)))}}function o(t,e){var n=c(e),r=t.params;r.hostname=n.hostname,r.port=n.port,r.protocol=n.protocol,r.host=n.hostname+":"+n.port,r.pathname=n.pathname,t.parsedOrigin=n,t.sameOrigin=n.sameOrigin}function i(t,e){t.params.status=e.status;var n=v(e,t.lastSize);if(n&&(t.metrics.rxSize=n),t.sameOrigin){var r=e.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");r&&(t.params.cat=r.split(", ").pop())}t.loadCaptureCalled=!0}var a=t("loader");if(a.xhrWrappable&&!a.disabled){var s=t("handle"),c=t(18),f=t(16).generateTracePayload,u=t("ee"),d=["load","error","abort","timeout"],p=d.length,l=t("id"),h=t(24),m=t(22),v=t(19),w=t(23),g=t(25).recordSupportability,y=NREUM.o.REQ,x=window.XMLHttpRequest;a.features.xhr=!0,t(15),t(8),u.on("new-xhr",function(t){var e=this;e.totalCbs=0,e.called=0,e.cbTime=0,e.end=r,e.ended=!1,e.xhrGuids={},e.lastSize=null,e.loadCaptureCalled=!1,e.params=this.params||{},e.metrics=this.metrics||{},t.addEventListener("load",function(n){i(e,t)},w(!1)),h&&(h>34||h<10)||t.addEventListener("progress",function(t){e.lastSize=t.loaded},w(!1))}),u.on("open-xhr-start",function(t){this.params={method:t[0]},o(this,t[1]),this.metrics={}}),u.on("open-xhr-end",function(t,e){"loader_config"in NREUM&&"xpid"in NREUM.loader_config&&this.sameOrigin&&e.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",NREUM.loader_config.xpid);var n=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(n){var r=!1;n.newrelicHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("newrelic",n.newrelicHeader),r=!0),n.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("traceparent",n.traceContextParentHeader),n.traceContextStateHeader&&e.setRequestHeader("tracestate",n.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r&&(this.dt=n)}}),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){var n=this.metrics,r=t[0],o=this;if(n&&r){var i=m(r);i&&(n.txSize=i)}this.startTime=a.now(),this.listener=function(t){try{"abort"!==t.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==t.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof e.onload))&&o.end(e)}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}};for(var s=0;s<p;s++)e.addEventListener(d[s],this.listener,w(!1))}),u.on("xhr-cb-time",function(t,e,n){this.cbTime+=t,e?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof n.onload||this.end(n)}),u.on("xhr-load-added",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[n]&&(this.xhrGuids[n]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}),u.on("xhr-load-removed",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[n]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[n],this.totalCbs-=1)}),u.on("xhr-resolved",function(){this.endTime=a.now()}),u.on("addEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof x&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-added",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("removeEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof x&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-removed",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){e instanceof x&&("onload"===n&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(t[0]&&t[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=a.now()))}),u.on("fn-end",function(t,e){this.xhrCbStart&&u.emit("xhr-cb-time",[a.now()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,e],e)}),u.on("fetch-before-start",function(t){function e(t,e){var n=!1;return e.newrelicHeader&&(t.set("newrelic",e.newrelicHeader),n=!0),e.traceContextParentHeader&&(t.set("traceparent",e.traceContextParentHeader),e.traceContextStateHeader&&t.set("tracestate",e.traceContextStateHeader),n=!0),n}var n,r=t[1]||{};"string"==typeof t[0]?n=t[0]:t[0]&&t[0].url?n=t[0].url:window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL&&(n=t[0].href),n&&(this.parsedOrigin=c(n),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var o=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(o&&(o.newrelicHeader||o.traceContextParentHeader))if("string"==typeof t[0]||window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL){var i={};for(var a in r)i[a]=r[a];i.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),e(i.headers,o)&&(this.dt=o),t.length>1?t[1]=i:t.push(i)}else t[0]&&t[0].headers&&e(t[0].headers,o)&&(this.dt=o)}),u.on("fetch-start",function(t,e){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=a.now(),this.dt=e,t.length>=1&&(this.target=t[0]),t.length>=2&&(this.opts=t[1]);var n,r=this.opts||{},i=this.target;if("string"==typeof i?n=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof y?n=i.url:window.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(n=i.href),o(this,n),"data"!==this.params.protocol){var s=(""+(i&&i instanceof y&&i.method||r.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=s,this.txSize=m(r.body)||0}}),u.on("fetch-done",function(t,e){if(this.endTime=a.now(),this.params||(this.params={}),"data"===this.params.protocol)return void g("Ajax/DataUrl/Excluded");this.params.status=e?e.status:0;var n;"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var r={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:a.now()-this.startTime};s("xhr",[this.params,r,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this)})}},{}],18:[function(t,e,n){var r={};e.exports=function(t){if(t in r)return r[t];if(0===(t||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};var e=document.createElement("a"),n=window.location,o={};e.href=t,o.port=e.port;var i=e.href.split("://");!o.port&&i[1]&&(o.port=i[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===i[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=e.hostname||n.hostname,o.pathname=e.pathname,o.protocol=i[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var a=!e.protocol||":"===e.protocol||e.protocol===n.protocol,s=e.hostname===document.domain&&e.port===n.port;return o.sameOrigin=a&&(!e.hostname||s),"/"===o.pathname&&(r[t]=o),o}},{}],19:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.responseType;return"json"===n&&null!==e?e:"arraybuffer"===n||"blob"===n||"json"===n?o(t.response):"text"===n||""===n||void 0===n?o(t.responseText):void 0}var o=t(22);e.exports=r},{}],20:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t,e,n,r){return function(){return u.recordSupportability("API/"+e+"/called"),i(t+e,[f.now()].concat(s(arguments)),n?null:this,r),n?void 0:this}}var i=t("handle"),a=t(32),s=t(33),c=t("ee").get("tracer"),f=t("loader"),u=t(25),d=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=d);var p=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],l="api-",h=l+"ixn-";a(p,function(t,e){d[e]=o(l,e,!0,"api")}),d.addPageAction=o(l,"addPageAction",!0),d.setCurrentRouteName=o(l,"routeName",!0),e.exports=newrelic,d.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(t,e){var n={},r=this,o="function"==typeof e;return i(h+"tracer",[f.now(),t,n],r),function(){if(c.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[f.now(),r,o],n),o)try{return e.apply(this,arguments)}catch(t){throw c.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],n),t}finally{c.emit("fn-end",[f.now()],n)}}}};a("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(t,e){m[e]=o(h,e)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(t,e){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),u.recordSupportability("API/noticeError/called"),i("err",[t,f.now(),!1,e])}},{}],21:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(NREUM.init){for(var e=NREUM.init,n=t.split("."),r=0;r<n.length-1;r++)if(e=e[n[r]],"object"!=typeof e)return;return e=e[n[n.length-1]]}}e.exports={getConfiguration:r}},{}],22:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(t){if("string"==typeof t&&t.length)return t.length;if("object"==typeof t){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&t instanceof ArrayBuffer&&t.byteLength)return t.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&t instanceof Blob&&t.size)return t.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&t instanceof FormData))try{return JSON.stringify(t).length}catch(e){return}}}},{}],23:[function(t,e,n){var r=!1;try{var o=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){r=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",null,o),window.removeEventListener("testPassive",null,o)}catch(i){}e.exports=function(t){return r?{passive:!0,capture:!!t}:!!t}},{}],24:[function(t,e,n){var r=0,o=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);o&&(r=+o[1]),e.exports=r},{}],25:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[a,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeMetric",n,null,"api"),n}function o(t,e){var n=[s,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeEventMetrics",n,null,"api"),n}var i=t("handle"),a="sm",s="cm";e.exports={constants:{SUPPORTABILITY_METRIC:a,CUSTOM_METRIC:s},recordSupportability:r,recordCustom:o}},{}],26:[function(t,e,n){function r(){return s.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(i=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),i))-a}function o(){return i}var i=(new Date).getTime(),a=i,s=t(34);e.exports=r,e.exports.offset=a,e.exports.getLastTimestamp=o},{}],27:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){return!(!t||!t.protocol||"file:"===t.protocol)}e.exports=r},{}],28:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();n.forEach(function(t){"first-paint"===t.name?l("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)]):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&l("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)])})}function o(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();if(n.length>0){var r=n[n.length-1];if(f&&f<r.startTime)return;var o=[r],i=a({});i&&o.push(i),l("lcp",o)}}function i(t){t.getEntries().forEach(function(t){t.hadRecentInput||l("cls",[t])})}function a(t){var e=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;if(e)return e.type&&(t["net-type"]=e.type),e.effectiveType&&(t["net-etype"]=e.effectiveType),e.rtt&&(t["net-rtt"]=e.rtt),e.downlink&&(t["net-dlink"]=e.downlink),t}function s(t){if(t instanceof w&&!y){var e=Math.round(t.timeStamp),n={type:t.type};a(n),e<=h.now()?n.fid=h.now()-e:e>h.offset&&e<=Date.now()?(e-=h.offset,n.fid=h.now()-e):e=h.now(),y=!0,l("timing",["fi",e,n])}}function c(t){"hidden"===t&&(f=h.now(),l("pageHide",[f]))}if(!("init"in NREUM&&"page_view_timing"in NREUM.init&&"enabled"in NREUM.init.page_view_timing&&NREUM.init.page_view_timing.enabled===!1)){var f,u,d,p,l=t("handle"),h=t("loader"),m=t(31),v=t(23),w=NREUM.o.EV;if("PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){u=new PerformanceObserver(r);try{u.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(g){}d=new PerformanceObserver(o);try{d.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(g){}p=new PerformanceObserver(i);try{p.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(g){}}if("addEventListener"in document){var y=!1,x=["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"];x.forEach(function(t){document.addEventListener(t,s,v(!1))})}m(c)}},{}],29:[function(t,e,n){function r(){function t(){return e?15&e[n++]:16*Math.random()|0}var e=null,n=0,r=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",a="",s=0;s<i.length;s++)o=i[s],"x"===o?a+=t().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&t()|8,a+=o.toString(16)):a+=o;return a}function o(){return a(16)}function i(){return a(32)}function a(t){function e(){return n?15&n[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}var n=null,r=0,o=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;o&&o.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(n=o.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var i=[],a=0;a<t;a++)i.push(e().toString(16));return i.join("")}e.exports={generateUuid:r,generateSpanId:o,generateTraceId:i}},{}],30:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){if(!o)return!1;if(t!==o)return!1;if(!e)return!0;if(!i)return!1;for(var n=i.split("."),r=e.split("."),a=0;a<r.length;a++)if(r[a]!==n[a])return!1;return!0}var o=null,i=null,a=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var s=navigator.userAgent,c=s.match(a);c&&s.indexOf("Chrome")===-1&&s.indexOf("Chromium")===-1&&(o="Safari",i=c[1])}e.exports={agent:o,version:i,match:r}},{}],31:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){t(s&&document[s]?document[s]:document[i]?"hidden":"visible")}"addEventListener"in document&&a&&document.addEventListener(a,e,o(!1))}var o=t(23);e.exports=r;var i,a,s;"undefined"!=typeof document.hidden?(i="hidden",a="visibilitychange",s="visibilityState"):"undefined"!=typeof document.msHidden?(i="msHidden",a="msvisibilitychange"):"undefined"!=typeof document.webkitHidden&&(i="webkitHidden",a="webkitvisibilitychange",s="webkitVisibilityState")},{}],32:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[],r="",i=0;for(r in t)o.call(t,r)&&(n[i]=e(r,t[r]),i+=1);return n}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],33:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){e||(e=0),"undefined"==typeof n&&(n=t?t.length:0);for(var r=-1,o=n-e||0,i=Array(o<0?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=t[e+r];return i}e.exports=r},{}],34:[function(t,e,n){e.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t){function e(t){return t&&t instanceof r?t:t?f(t,c,a):a()}function n(n,r,o,i,a){if(a!==!1&&(a=!0),!l.aborted||i){t&&a&&t(n,r,o);for(var s=e(o),c=m(n),f=c.length,u=0;u<f;u++)c[u].apply(s,r);var p=d[y[n]];return p&&p.push([x,n,r,s]),s}}function i(t,e){g[t]=m(t).concat(e)}function h(t,e){var n=g[t];if(n)for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++)n[r]===e&&n.splice(r,1)}function m(t){return g[t]||[]}function v(t){return p[t]=p[t]||o(n)}function w(t,e){l.aborted||u(t,function(t,n){e=e||"feature",y[n]=e,e in d||(d[e]=[])})}var g={},y={},x={on:i,addEventListener:i,removeEventListener:h,emit:n,get:v,listeners:m,context:e,buffer:w,abort:s,aborted:!1};return x}function i(t){return f(t,c,a)}function a(){return new r}function s(){(d.api||d.feature)&&(l.aborted=!0,d=l.backlog={})}var c="nr@context",f=t("gos"),u=t(32),d={},p={},l=e.exports=o();e.exports.getOrSetContext=i,l.backlog=d},{}],gos:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){if(o.call(t,e))return t[e];var r=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(i){}return t[e]=r,r}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r){o.buffer([t],r),o.emit(t,e,n)}var o=t("ee").get("handle");e.exports=r,r.ee=o},{}],id:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=typeof t;return!t||"object"!==e&&"function"!==e?-1:t===window?0:a(t,i,function(){return o++})}var o=1,i="nr@id",a=t("gos");e.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(t,e,n){function r(){if(!S++){var t=T.info=NREUM.info,e=v.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(f.abort,3e4),!(t&&t.licenseKey&&t.applicationID&&e))return f.abort();c(R,function(e,n){t[e]||(t[e]=n)});var n=a();s("mark",["onload",n+T.offset],null,"api"),s("timing",["load",n]);var r=v.createElement("script");0===t.agent.indexOf("http://")||0===t.agent.indexOf("https://")?r.src=t.agent:r.src=h+"://"+t.agent,e.parentNode.insertBefore(r,e)}}function o(){"complete"===v.readyState&&i()}function i(){s("mark",["domContent",a()+T.offset],null,"api")}var a=t(26),s=t("handle"),c=t(32),f=t("ee"),u=t(30),d=t(27),p=t(21),l=t(23),h=p.getConfiguration("ssl")===!1?"http":"https",m=window,v=m.document,w="addEventListener",g="attachEvent",y=m.XMLHttpRequest,x=y&&y.prototype,b=!d(m.location);NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:m.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:y,REQ:m.Request,EV:m.Event,PR:m.Promise,MO:m.MutationObserver};var E=""+location,R={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-spa-1215.min.js"},O=y&&x&&x[w]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),T=e.exports={offset:a.getLastTimestamp(),now:a,origin:E,features:{},xhrWrappable:O,userAgent:u,disabled:b};if(!b){t(20),t(28),v[w]?(v[w]("DOMContentLoaded",i,l(!1)),m[w]("load",r,l(!1))):(v[g]("onreadystatechange",o),m[g]("onload",r)),s("mark",["firstbyte",a.getLastTimestamp()],null,"api");var S=0}},{}],"wrap-function":[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){function n(e,n,r,c,f){function nrWrapper(){var i,a,u,p;try{a=this,i=d(arguments),u="function"==typeof r?r(i,a):r||{}}catch(l){o([l,"",[i,a,c],u],t)}s(n+"start",[i,a,c],u,f);try{return p=e.apply(a,i)}catch(h){throw s(n+"err",[i,a,h],u,f),h}finally{s(n+"end",[i,a,p],u,f)}}return a(e)?e:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[p]=e,i(e,nrWrapper,t),nrWrapper)}function r(t,e,r,o,i){r||(r="");var s,c,f,u="-"===r.charAt(0);for(f=0;f<e.length;f++)c=e[f],s=t[c],a(s)||(t[c]=n(s,u?c+r:r,o,c,i))}function s(n,r,i,a){if(!h||e){var s=h;h=!0;try{t.emit(n,r,i,e,a)}catch(c){o([c,n,r,i],t)}h=s}}return t||(t=u),n.inPlace=r,n.flag=p,n}function o(t,e){e||(e=u);try{e.emit("internal-error",t)}catch(n){}}function i(t,e,n){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var r=Object.keys(t);return r.forEach(function(n){Object.defineProperty(e,n,{get:function(){return t[n]},set:function(e){return t[n]=e,e}})}),e}catch(i){o([i],n)}for(var a in t)l.call(t,a)&&(e[a]=t[a]);return e}function a(t){return!(t&&t instanceof Function&&t.apply&&!t[p])}function s(t,e){var n=e(t);return n[p]=t,i(t,n,u),n}function c(t,e,n){var r=t[e];t[e]=s(r,n)}function f(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;++n)e[n]=arguments[n];return e}var u=t("ee"),d=t(33),p="nr@original",l=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,h=!1;e.exports=r,e.exports.wrapFunction=s,e.exports.wrapInPlace=c,e.exports.argsToArray=f},{}]},{},["loader",2,17,5,3,4]); ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"2883957",trustKey:"2883957",agentID:"520756539",licenseKey:"NRJS-012b8030e06bfdc9233",applicationID:"520756539"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"NRJS-012b8030e06bfdc9233",applicationID:"520756539",sa:1} </script> <meta name="librarything_env" content="beta" /> <meta name="librarything_lang" content="" /> <meta name="librarything_product" content="lt2" /> <meta id="viewport" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=5.0, user-scalable=1, viewport-fit=cover"> <!-- DNS Preconnect --> <link rel="preconnect" href="//image.librarything.com"/> <link rel="preconnect" href="//image.librarything.com" crossorigin/> <link rel="preconnect" href="//pics.cdn.librarything.com"/> <link rel="preconnect" href="//pics.cdn.librarything.com" crossorigin/> <link rel="preconnect" href="//images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com"/> <link rel="preconnect" href="//images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com" crossorigin/> <!-- DNS Prefetch --> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//ajax.googleapis.com"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//ssl.google-analytics.com"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//books.google.com"/> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon_lt_32.ico" sizes="any" /><link rel="icon" href="/favicon_lt.svg" type="image/svg+xml"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"> <!-- Base --> <meta name="description" content="LibraryThing catalogs yours books online, easily, quickly and for free."/> <meta name="keywords" content="librarything, library, thing, catalog your books, catalogue your books, book cataloging, library, free book catalog, catalogue"/> <meta name="language" content="en"/> <meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=948824489"/> <meta name="google-play-app" content="app-id=com.librarything.librarything"/> <!-- Facebook/Open Graph --> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="79305890602"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="LibraryThing.com"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.librarything.com"/> <meta property="og:title" content="People/Characters: Joachim du Bellay | LibraryThing"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <meta property="og:description" content="LibraryThing catalogs yours books online, easily, quickly and for free."/> <!-- Twitter --> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@LibraryThing"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="People/Characters: Joachim du Bellay | LibraryThing"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="LibraryThing catalogs yours books online, easily, quickly and for free."/> <!-- end of meta - print_sharedataA --> <link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://image.librarything.com/css/bootstrap-3.3.4.min.css?v=3" type="text/css" /><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/lt2_vars.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/lt2_main.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://image.librarything.com/css/lt2_tabs.css?v=3" type="text/css" /><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/lt2_forms.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/lt1.5_nav_bridge.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/lt2_main_grid.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/lt2_content.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/lt2_lt1_overrides.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/lt2_stylepicker_verdant_14.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/lt2_stylepicker_verdant_12.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/lt2_stylepicker_verdant_tight_12.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/lt2_stylepicker_system_14.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/lt2_stylepicker_system_15.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/lt2_stylepicker_georgia_14.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/lt2_stylepicker_system_large.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/lt2_stylepicker_atkinson_16.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/notifier_control.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://image.librarything.com/css/fontawesome6.4.2/css/all.min.css?v=3" type="text/css" /><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://image.librarything.com/css/lticon_fonts.css?v=3" type="text/css" /><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/jqueryui_autocomplete_lt2.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://image.librarything.com/css/toastify.css?v=3" type="text/css" /><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/lt2_toastify.css?v=5301" type="text/css"> <link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_deferred" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/lt2_popup.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_deferred" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/lt2_stylepicker.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_deferred" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/lt_lightbox2020.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_deferred" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/addbooks_express.css?v=5301" type="text/css"> <style data-bundle="translated_css" type="text/css" ver="5301"> spoiler:before { content:"Spoiler (click to see)" !important; } spoiler.spoiled:before { content: "Spoiler" !important; } </style><link data-bundle="context-page-cssA" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//commonknowledge/fwiki.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link data-bundle="context-page-cssA" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/newshelf.css?v=5301" type="text/css"><link data-bundle="context-page-cssA" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.librarything.com//css/newlinks.css?v=5301" type="text/css"> <style type="text/css" media="all"> div.youhaveit { font-size: 12px; color: black; font-weight: bold; display: inline; } img.youhaveit { vertical-align: middle; margin: 0 3px 1px 0; } img.thumbnail { margin: 5px 5px 0px 0px; border: 1px solid #CCCCCC; } td.order { text-align: right; padding-left: 20px !important; } div.relatedtagsarea { max-width: 600px; } td.va { vertical-align:top; } div.covers div.showmore_showlink { font-size: 1rem; margin-top: var(--lt-padding); } div.helpers { font-size: 80%; } span.count { margin-left:2px; } tr.hidetr { display: none; } p.alsoknownas { font-size: 80%; color: grey; margin: 1em 0 2em 0; padding: 0; } .you_have_line { margin-left: var(--lt-padding-quarter); margin-bottom: var(--lt-padding-quarter); margin-top: var(--lt-padding-half-neg); } .you_have_info { display: inline-block; font-family: lt-ui; font-size: 1rem; margin-left: var(--lt-padding-half); } .fwikiLabel { display: none !important; } </style> <script fetchpriority="high" src="https://image.librarything.com/js/jquery-3.7.1.min.js?v=2"></script><script defer data-bundle="IE11_cssvars_polyfill">window.MSInputMethodContext && document.documentMode && document.write('<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/nuxodin/ie11CustomProperties@4.1.0/ie11CustomProperties.min.js"><\x2fscript>');</script><script defer data-bundle="iOSSafari_100vh_pollyfill"> try { var lt = lt || {}; } catch(err){} iOSSafari_100vh_pollyfill_setVh = () => { const vh = parseFloat((window.innerHeight * 0.01).toFixed(2)); document.documentElement.style.setProperty('--vh', `${vh}px`); document.documentElement.style.setProperty('--vh100', `${window.innerHeight}px`); return vh; }; window.addEventListener('load', iOSSafari_100vh_pollyfill_setVh); </script><script defer data-bundle="translated_js" type="text/javascript" fetchpriority="high" version="5301"> try { var LibraryThing = LibraryThing || {}; } catch(er){} LibraryThing.translated_vars_key = ""; LibraryThing._isLT2 = 1; LibraryThing.lt2_popup_style = "legacy"; LibraryThing.is_signed_in = 0; LibraryThing.isDevBox = 0; LibraryThing.loaded_translated_vars = 1; LibraryThing.servers = LibraryThing.servers || {}; LibraryThing.servers.image = "https://image.librarything.com"; LibraryThing.servers.pics = "https://pics.cdn.librarything.com/"; LibraryThing.ltstrings = LibraryThing.ltstrings || {}; LibraryThing.ltstrings.yes = "Yes"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.no = "No"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.save = "Save"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.cancel = "Cancel"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.savereview = "Save Review"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.saving = "saving"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.loading = "Loading..."; LibraryThing.ltstrings.confirm = "Confirm?"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.rejectAndDeleteAuthor = "Reject and delete this author?"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.referrer = ""; LibraryThing.ltstrings.areyousure = "Are you sure?"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.areyousure_immediate = "This item will be deleted immediately. Are you sure you want to delete this item?"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.getting_help = "Getting help..."; LibraryThing.ltstrings.alt_cover_image = "Cover Image"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.close = "Close"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.show_more_elipses = "Show more..."; LibraryThing.ltstrings.show_more = "Show More"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.show_less = "Show Less"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.show_all = "Show All"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.see_more_elipses = "See more..."; LibraryThing.ltstrings.see_more = "See More"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.see_less = "See Less"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.see_all = "See All"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.attempting_size_calc = "Attempting to calculate size"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.approximately = "approximately"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.deleteinventory = "Clear all inventory information for this collection?"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.abx_addbook = "Add Book"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.genre_flag_confirmation = "Flag this genre as egregiously wrong?"; LibraryThing.ltstrings.loader_messagesA = [ "Still Loading...", "A lot of thinking happening...", "It seems we may be here a while...", "Maybe you should start a book...", "In fact, maybe you should start writing a book...", "We have hit a writers block but we are still working on it..." ]; LibraryThing.ltstrings.datatables = { "emptyTable": "No data available in table", "info": "Showing _START_ to _END_ of _TOTAL_ entries", "infoEmpty": "Showing 0 to 0 of 0 entries", "infoFiltered": "(filtered from _MAX_ total entries)", "lengthMenu": "Show _MENU_ entries", "loadingRecords": "Loading...", "processing": "Processing...", "search": "Search:", "zeroRecords": "No matching records found", "paginate": { "first": "First", "last": "Last", "next": "Next", "previous": "Previous" }, "aria": { "sortAscending": ": activate to sort column ascending", "sortDescending": ": activate to sort column descending" } }; LibraryThing.ltstrings.recs = { "filter": { "tagRemove": "Are you sure you want to enter tag remove mode?", "tagReset": "Are you sure you want to reset your default tags?", } }; </script><script loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" src="https://image.librarything.com/js2/lt2_jsinit.js" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" src="https://image.librarything.com/js2/mmlog.js?v=2" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" src="https://image.librarything.com/js/modernizr_lt.3.6.0010.js?v=2" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" src="https://image.librarything.com/js/jquery.visible.js?v=2" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" src="https://www.librarything.com//js2/lt2_basics.js?v=5301" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" src="https://www.librarything.com//js2/lt2_main.js?v=5301" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" src="https://www.librarything.com//js2/autocomplete.js?v=5301" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_core" src="https://image.librarything.com/js2/toastify.js?v=2" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script> </head><body data-gv="5301" data-product="lt2" data-lt2="1" data-observe-resizes data-fa_v="6" data-fa class="lt2 serifed_headers lt1nav ck character ie6or7 ie7or8 ie ie7 " ><div id="skiptocontent"><a tabindex="0" href="#lt2_content">Skip to main content</a></div> <nav id="lt1_nav" role="navigation" aria-label="Main Navigation"><a class="anchor" name="top"></a><a class="anchor" name="t"></a><div id="masthead" class="ie6or7 ie7or8 ie ie7 "> <a title="Home" href="/" target="_top"> <img id="masthead_logo_wordmark2" src="https://image.librarything.com/pics/lt1wordmark_150w.png" srcset="https://image.librarything.com/pics/lt1wordmark_300w.png 2x, https://image.librarything.com/pics/lt1wordmark_450w.png 3x" alt="LibraryThing Home" /> <img id="masthead_lt_logo2" src="https://image.librarything.com/pics/ltlogo_square_fff_trans.png" srcset="https://image.librarything.com/pics/ltlogo_square_fff_trans@2x.png 2x, https://image.librarything.com/pics/ltlogo_square_fff_trans@3x.png 3x" alt="LibraryThing Home" /> </a> <nav id="tabs" role="region" aria-label="Main Navigation Choices"> <a class="sitenav_item g1" data-icon="" id="masttab_home" href="/" target="_top">Home</a><a class="sitenav_item g3" id="masttab_groups" href="/ngroups" target="_top">Groups</a><a class="sitenav_item g3 spacer_after" id="masttab_talk" href="/talk" target="_top">Talk</a><a class="sitenav_item g4" id="masttab_more" href="/more" target="_top">More</a><a class="sitenav_item g4" id="masttab_z" href="/zeitgeist" target="_top">Zeitgeist</a> <div class="sitenav_item g6" id="mobile_topmenu"> <i class="fas fa-bars"></i> <div class="navicon" id="lt2_navnotifications"> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="mobile_topmenu_content"> <a class="sitenav_item g1" data-icon="" id="masttab_home" href="/" target="_top">Home</a> <a class="sitenav_item g3" id="masttab_groups" href="/ngroups" target="_top">Groups</a> <a class="sitenav_item g3 spacer_after" id="masttab_talk" href="/talk" target="_top">Talk</a> <a class="sitenav_item g4" id="masttab_more" href="/more" target="_top">More</a> <a class="sitenav_item g4" id="masttab_z" href="/zeitgeist" target="_top">Zeitgeist</a><div class="separator"></div><a id="mastheadSigninLink" href="/" target="_top">Sign in / Join</a><a href="#" onclick="languagelist(0,0,0); return false;"><i class="fa-solid fa-globe"></i> English</a><a href="https://wiki.librarything.com/index.php/HelpThing:Ckcategory" target="_top">Help</a> </div> <div id="mast_alt"> <div id="mastsearch"> <form action="/search.php" method="GET" target="_top" role="search" id="sbarform" name="sbarform"> <div id="mastsearch_container"> <input type="hidden" name="searchtype" value="newwork_titles"/> <input type="text" id="mastsearch_query" value="" placeholder="Search LibraryThing" name="term"> <img id="mastsearch_glass" tabindex=0 title="Search Site" alt="Search Site" src="https://image.librarything.com/pics/sbar_4.png" srcset="https://image.librarything.com/pics/sbar_4@2x.png 2x, https://image.librarything.com/pics/sbar_4@3x.png 3x" height="13px" width="12px" onclick="document.sbarform.submit();"/> </div> </form> </div> <div id="mastuser"> <ul> <li class="mastuseritem" data-id="userpad_signin"><a id="mastheadSigninLink" href="/" target="_top">Sign in / Join</a></li><li class="mastuseritem" data-id="userpad_langs"><a href="#" onclick="languagelist(0,0,0); return false;"><i class="fa-solid fa-globe"></i> English</a></li><li class="mastuseritem" data-id="userpad_help"><a href="https://wiki.librarything.com/index.php/HelpThing:Ckcategory" target="_top">Help</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="mast_rule"></div> <ul id="languagechoice" style="display:none;" onmouseover="languagemenu=true;" onmouseout="languagemenu=false;setTimeout(function(){if (!languagemenu) {document.getElementById('languagechoice').style.display='none';}},1000);"></ul></div></nav><div id="lt2_maincontent" class="flex col3" data-content-product="lt2" ><a class="anchor" name="top"></a><a class="anchor" name="t"></a><nav id="lt_mainsidebar" class="lt2_sidebar lt_mainsidebar" ><div id="mobile_pagemenu"><div id="sidebar_control_name"><span id="sidebar_dropdownmenu_currentpage_name"></span><span class="sidebar_control_iconstack fa-stack fa-1x"> <i class="fas fa-copy fa-stack-1x"></i> <i class="sidebar_control_iconstack_caret fas fa-caret-down fa-stack-1x"></i> </span></div></div><div class="dyn_nav_menu" data-observe-resizes ><div class="sidebar_group maingroup"><div class="sidenav_subgroup lt2_nogrouptitle " id="sidenav_action_subgroup_itemA"><a id="lt2_sidebar_main" href="/commonknowledge" class="sidebar_menu_item" ><span class="lt2_sidebar_accordion_title">Common Knowledge</span></a></div></div><div class="sidebar_group secondgroup"><div class="sidenav_subgroup lt2_nogrouptitle " id="sidenav_action_subgroup_itemA"><a id="lt2_sidebar_clouds" href="/commonknowledge/clouds.php" class="sidebar_menu_item" ><span class="lt2_sidebar_accordion_title">Clouds</span></a><a id="lt2_sidebar_map" href="/commonknowledge/map.php" class="sidebar_menu_item" ><span class="lt2_sidebar_accordion_title">World Map</span></a><a id="lt2_sidebar_changelog" href="/commonknowledge/search.php" class="sidebar_menu_item" ><span class="lt2_sidebar_accordion_title">ChangeLog</span></a></div></div><div class="sidebar_group search"><h2 class="section_title">Search CK</h2><div class="sidebar_content"><form action="/commonknowledge/search.php" id="searchform" method="GET" class="form"> <div class="form-group"><div id="ltckSearchModeMenu_wrapper" class="ui_menu_compose_caret_wrap wide" ><div class="ui_menu_compose_caret" islt2="0" style="display:none;" ><i class="fas fa-caret-down"></i></div><select name="f" id="ltckSearchModeMenu" onchange="handleCKSearchMenu(event)" class="form-control form_sidenav form-control" > <option value="0" >All Fields</option> <option disabled="1" >─────────────</option> <option value="15" >Agent</option> <option value="42" >Alternate titles</option> <option value="4" >Awards and honors</option> <option value="8" >Birthdate</option> <option value="44" >Birthplace</option> <option value="29" >Blurbers</option> <option value="57" >Book haiku</option> <option value="19" >Burial location</option> <option value="61" >Canonical DDC/MDS</option> <option value="66" >Canonical LCC</option> <option value="22" >Canonical name</option> <option value="21" >Canonical title</option> <option value="62" >Canonical version of tag</option> <option value="65" >Cause of death</option> <option value="24" >Connections</option> <option value="56" >Contributors</option> <option value="43" >Country (for map)</option> <option value="47" >Date</option> <option value="12" >Date of death</option> <option value="30" >Dedication</option> <option value="63" >Description</option> <option value="14" >Description</option> <option value="59" >Description</option> <option value="60" >Dewmoji</option> <option value="13" >Disambiguation notice</option> <option value="9" >Education</option> <option value="28" >Epigraph</option> <option value="67" >Ethnic or racial identity</option> <option value="25" >First words</option> <option value="5" >Gender</option> <option value="34" >Important events</option> <option value="2" >Important places</option> <option value="46" >Inventory Source</option> <option value="26" >Last words</option> <option value="53" >Legacy Book Value</option> <option value="50" >Legacy Category</option> <option value="52" >Legacy Inventory Value</option> <option value="48" >Legacy Library Size (Titles)</option> <option value="51" >Legacy Size (volumes)</option> <option value="31" >Legal name</option> <option value="55" >Links</option> <option value="36" >Media reviews</option> <option value="39" >Modern wording</option> <option value="18" >Nationality</option> <option value="49" >Notes</option> <option value="17" >Occupations</option> <option value="10" >Organizations</option> <option value="58" >Original language</option> <option value="16" >Original publication date</option> <option value="41" >Original title</option> <option value="68" >Other identities</option> <option value="32" >Other names</option> <option value="3" >People/Characters</option> <option value="45" >Place of death</option> <option value="6" >Places of residence</option> <option value="54" >Provenance marks</option> <option value="40" >Publisher Series</option> <option value="1" >Publisher's editor</option> <option value="27" >Quotations</option> <option value="37" >Related movies</option> <option value="33" >Relationships</option> <option value="23" >Series</option> <option value="20" >Short biography</option> <option value="64" >Translation</option> <option value="38" >Wording</option> <option disabled="1" >─────────────</option> <option value="username" >Username</option> </select></div><div class="flex flex_form_inline_with_button search_inline_with_button"><input type="search" onload="searchBoxOnLoad();" maxlength="512" id="ltcksearchbox" class="form-control form_sidenav" results="20" autosave="LTCKsearch" placeholder="Search CK" name="q"><button type="submit" value="" value="" class="func_lt2_display_ui lt2button btn btn-block btn-default" type="submit" role="button" title="Search Common Knowledge" ><span class="btntxt"><i class="fa-solid fa-magnifying-glass"></i></span></button></div></div></form></div></div></div></nav> <main data-observe-resizes id="lt2_content" class="with_sidebar" role="main"><div class="lt2_loading_indicator"></div> <div id="lt2_content_interior"> <a class="anchor" name="top"></a><a class="anchor" name="t"></a> <div class="content"><h1 class="first">People/Characters<i class="fas fa-chevron-right breadcrumb_separator"></i>Joachim du Bellay</h1><div class="covers"><h2 class="last">People/Characters by cover</h2><div id="linkdiv" style="display: none;"></div><div class="shelforlist last"><div id="arb-1512337152"><div class="lt2_shelf_loading_placeholder"><div class="cover_loading c3"></div><div class="cover_loading c2"></div><div class="cover_loading c4"></div><div class="cover_loading c2"></div><div class="cover_loading c4"></div><div class="cover_loading c1"></div><div class="cover_loading c4"></div><div class="cover_loading c1"></div><div class="cover_loading c2"></div><div class="cover_loading c1"></div><div class="cover_loading c2"></div><div class="cover_loading c3"></div><div class="cover_loading c4"></div><div class="cover_loading c4"></div><div class="cover_loading c2"></div></div><div class="shelf_container shelf"><table class="lt_shelf shelf nolinkcolor nounderline noshelf lastshelf displaymode2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td class="shelf firstitem" ><div class="shelfdiv"><a title="A Brief History of France" aria-label="A Brief History of France" href="/work/11465275" data-workid="11465275" data-title="A-Brief-History-of-France" ><img alt="" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0762441208.01._SY140_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg" srcset="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0762441208.01._SY280_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg 2x, https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0762441208.01._SY420_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg 3x" class="bk loading" onload="lt.hoverImageLoaded(this);" ></a><div class="onshelf"></div></td><td class="shelf" ><div class="shelfdiv"><a title="Du Bellay" aria-label="Du Bellay" href="/work/12588353" data-workid="12588353" data-title="Du-Bellay" ><img alt="" src="https://pics.cdn.librarything.com/picsizes/43/42/4342c42f8917aa4593846345167414141497741_v5.jpg" srcset="https://pics.cdn.librarything.com/picsizes/9f/27/9f27d7ac66221f0593846345167414141426742_v5.jpg 2x, https://pics.cdn.librarything.com/picsizes/1d/7b/1d7b9f5a9d7bc055938463451674141414b5142_v5.jpg 3x" class="bk loading" onload="lt.hoverImageLoaded(this);" ></a><div class="onshelf"></div></td><td class="shelf" ><div class="shelfdiv"><a title="Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart" aria-label="Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart" href="/work/18110" data-workid="18110" data-title="Queen-of-Scots-The-True-Life-of-Mary-Stuart" ><img alt="" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0618254110.01._SY140_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg" srcset="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0618254110.01._SY280_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg 2x, https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0618254110.01._SY420_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg 3x" class="bk loading" onload="lt.hoverImageLoaded(this);" ></a><div class="onshelf"></div></td><td class="shelf lastitem" ><div class="shelfdiv"><a title="Women and Men of the French Renaissance" aria-label="Women and Men of the French Renaissance" href="/work/18972693" data-workid="18972693" data-title="Women-and-Men-of-the-French-Renaissance" ><img alt="" src="https://pics.cdn.librarything.com/picsizes/14/57/14579441-b-h140-w0-pv25_597646323367414141497741_v5.jpg" srcset="https://pics.cdn.librarything.com/picsizes/14/57/14579441-b-h280-w0-pv25_597646323367414141426742_v5.jpg 2x, https://pics.cdn.librarything.com/picsizes/14/57/14579441-b-h420-w0-pv25_5976463233674141414b5142_v5.jpg 3x" class="bk loading" onload="lt.hoverImageLoaded(this);" ></a><div class="onshelf"></div></td></tr></table></div><table class="lt_shelf_controls pubnav shelf_ctrl_bottom style2" data-shelftype="work" data-count="4"><tr class="newshelf_control_line"><td class="lt_shelf_controls_info"><td class="shelfright"><div data-value="2" class="lt_pillbox lt_blend tiny lt_tiny" ><a data-value="0" data-onclick="loadNewShelf('arb','u_c3cbee1e',0,0,0,1,'1512337152')" role="button" class="" ><i class="fas fa-line-columns"></i><span class="ltp_txt">Titles</span></a class="" ><a data-value="2" data-onclick="loadNewShelf('arb','u_c3cbee1e',2,0,0,1,'1512337152')" role="button" class="selected" ><i class="fa-solid fa-grid-2"></i><span class="ltp_txt">Covers</span></a class="" ></div class="" ></td></tr></table></div></div></div><section><h2>Works (4)</h2><div class="lt_table"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="ck_maintable" class="worksinseries" width="100%"><thead><tr class="worksinseriestop"><th>Titles</th><th class="order">Order</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="odd"><td><a href="/work/11465275" data-workid="11465275" data-title="A-Brief-History-of-France" target="_top" class="" >A Brief History of France</a> by <a href="/author/jenkinscecil">Cecil Jenkins</a></td><td class="order"></td></tr><tr class="warning"><td><a href="/work/12588353" data-workid="12588353" data-title="Du-Bellay" target="_top" class="" >Du Bellay</a> by <a href="/author/saulniervl">V.-L. Saulnier</a> — <i>not in English Common Knowledge</i></td><td class="order"></td></tr><tr class="odd"><td><a href="/work/18110" data-workid="18110" data-title="Queen-of-Scots-The-True-Life-of-Mary-Stuart" target="_top" class="" >Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart</a> by <a href="/author/guyjohn-1">John Guy</a></td><td class="order"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/work/18972693" data-workid="18972693" data-title="Women-and-Men-of-the-French-Renaissance" target="_top" class="" >Women and Men of the French Renaissance</a> by <a href="/author/sicheledithhelen">Edith Helen Sichel</a></td><td class="order"></td></tr></table></div></section></div> <!-- contentContainer --><a name="bottom"></a></div></main><div id="lt_altsidebar" class="lt2_sidebar lt_altsidebar" ><div class="dyn_nav_menu" data-observe-resizes ><div class="sidebar_group rightcontent"><div class="sidebar_content lt2_nogrouptitle "><div class="greenbox"><h2 class="first">Character description</h2><div><div style="width:100%;"><table class="fwikiGroup" id="bd75ac" data-fwiki_field="u_ae8b1c53" data-fwiki_fieldname="" ><tr><td class="fwikiLabel">Description</td><td class='fwikiField' id='u_ae8b1c53' itemType='104' itemNum='1938021898' fieldType='14' name='u_ae8b1c53' allowmultiple='0' hasHistory = '0' fieldName = 'description' uitype = '3' ltlang='eng' hint = 'This is a general description. It is not a review.' ><div class="ckDisplayItems"><div class="fwikiItemText form-control fwikiItemTextLong fwikiItemTextUnknownUser" ></div></div><form class="ckEditItems" onsubmit="void(0);" action=""> <button type="submit" disabled style="display: none" aria-hidden="true"></button><input type="hidden" value="104" name="itemType" class="ckparam_data" /><input type="hidden" value="1938021898" name="itemNum" class="ckparam_data" /><input type="hidden" value="description" name="fieldName" class="ckparam_data" /><input type="hidden" value="14" name="fieldType" class="ckparam_data" /><input type="hidden" value="eng" name="lang" class="ckparam_data" /><input type="hidden" value="df59" name="uniqueid" class="ckparam_data" /><div class="ck_input_wrapper"><div></div><textarea name="values[]" id="u_07b3" class="form-control ckinputfield fwikiFormInputItem" ></textarea class="" ><i class="fas fa-times-circle lt2_delete_X"></i></div><div class="ck_hint note">This is a general description. It is not a review.</div><div class="ckEditControls "><div class="ck_controls ck_controls_left"><a value=" History" value=" History" class="func_lt2_display_ui lt2button btn btn-sm ck_historybutton btn-default" type="button" role="button" href="/commonknowledge/changelog.php?item=1938021898&type=104&field=14" ><span class="btntxt"><i class="fas fa-history"></i> History</span></a></div><div class="ck_controls ck_controls_right"><button value="Cancel" value="Cancel" class="func_lt2_display_ui lt2button btn btn-sm btn-default" type="button" role="button" onclick="return lt.fwiki.cancel(this);" ><span class="btntxt">Cancel</span></button><button value="Save" value="Save" class="func_lt2_display_ui lt2button btn btn-sm btn-primary btn-primary" type="button" role="button" onclick="return lt.fwiki.save(this);" ><span class="btntxt">Save</span></button></div></div></form></td><td class='fwikiItemControls'></td></td></tr></table></div></div></div><div class="greenbox"><h2 class="first">Related people/characters</h2><div class="relatedItems showmore" id="675b08d22212a" ><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/character/Catherine+de+Medici">Catherine de Medici</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/character/Henri+III%2C+King+of+France">Henri III, King of France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/character/Fran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais">François Rabelais</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/character/Fran%C3%A7ois+I%2C+King+of+France">François I, King of France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/character/Fran%C3%A7ois+II%2C+King+of+France">François II, King of France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/character/Michel+de+Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/character/Ravaillac">Ravaillac</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/character/Charles+VII%2C+King+of+France">Charles VII, King of France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/character/Louis+XII%2C+King+of+France">Louis XII, King of France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/character/Jacques+Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a></div></div><div class="showmore_showlink"><a href="javascript:showMore('675b08d22212a')">(show all 296 items)</a></div><div class="showmore_hide"> <div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/character/Guillaume+Bude">Guillaume Bude</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Leonardo+da+Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Louis+XIV%2C+King+of+France">Louis XIV, King of France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Henri+IV%2C+King+of+France">Henri IV, King of France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Cardinal+Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Concino+Concini">Concino Concini</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Henry+V%2C+King+of+England">Henry V, King of England</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Cardinal+Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Anne+of+Austria">Anne of Austria</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Colbert">Colbert</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Ren%C3%A9+Descartes">René Descartes</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Blaise+Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/John+Law">John Law</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Louis+XV%2C+King+of+France">Louis XV, King of France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Madame+du+Barry">Madame du Barry</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Jean+Calas">Jean Calas</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Denis+Diderot">Denis Diderot</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Joan+of+Arc">Joan of Arc</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Peter+Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Edward+III%2C+King+of+England">Edward III, King of England</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Louis+VII%2C+King+of+France">Louis VII, King of France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Julius+Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Clovis+I">Clovis I</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Bishop+Remigius">Bishop Remigius</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Charles+Martel">Charles Martel</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Pepin+the+Short">Pepin the Short</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Charles+the+Bald">Charles the Bald</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Hugues+Capet">Hugues Capet</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Eleanor+of+Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Philippe+de+Valois">Philippe de Valois</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Raymond+of+Antioch">Raymond of Antioch</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Henry+Plantagenet">Henry Plantagenet</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Henry+II%2C+King+of+England">Henry II, King of England</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Philippe+Auguste">Philippe Auguste</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Simon+de+Montfort">Simon de Montfort</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Arnald+Amalric">Arnald Amalric</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Louis+IX%2C+King+of+France">Louis IX, King of France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Philippe+IV%2C+King+of+France">Philippe IV, King of France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Robert+de+Sorbon">Robert de Sorbon</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Marie+Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Voltaire">Voltaire</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Louis+XVI%2C+King+of+France">Louis XVI, King of France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Georges+Danton">Georges Danton</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Michel+Rocard">Michel Rocard</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Edith+Cresson">Edith Cresson</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Maximilien+de+Robespierre">Maximilien de Robespierre</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Jean+Monnet">Jean Monnet</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Albert+Camus">Albert Camus</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Jean-Paul+Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Juliette+Greco">Juliette Greco</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Maurice+Thorez">Maurice Thorez</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Jean+Moulin">Jean Moulin</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Winston+Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Charles+de+Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Pierre+Laval">Pierre Laval</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Leon+Blum">Leon Blum</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne+Royal">Ségolène Royal</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Aristide+Briand">Aristide Briand</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Jean+Jaur%C3%A8s">Jean Jaurès</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/David+Lloyd+George">David Lloyd George</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Woodrow+Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Marquis+de+Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Napoleon+Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Charles-Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord">Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Louis+XVIII%2C+King+of+France">Louis XVIII, King of France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Charles+X%2C+King+of+France">Charles X, King of France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Louis-Philippe+I%2C+King+of+the+French">Louis-Philippe I, King of the French</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Victor+Hugo">Victor Hugo</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Honor%C3%A9+de+Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Louis+Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Gustave+Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Jules+Ferry">Jules Ferry</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Georges+Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Laurent+Fabius">Laurent Fabius</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Desiderius+Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Pope+Leo+III">Pope Leo III</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Edouard+Balladur">Edouard Balladur</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Fran%C3%A7ois+Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Pope+Boniface">Pope Boniface</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Erasmus">Erasmus</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Pope+Clement+V">Pope Clement V</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Henry+VII%2C+King+of+England">Henry VII, King of England</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Mary+Seton">Mary Seton</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/David+Riccio">David Riccio</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Thomas+Randolph">Thomas Randolph</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Pius+V">Pius V</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Philip+II%2C+King+of+Spain">Philip II, King of Spain</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Sir+James+Melville">Sir James Melville</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Sir+Henry+Sidney">Sir Henry Sidney</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/James+Hamilton%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Arran">James Hamilton, 3rd Earl of Arran</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Sir+Christopher+Hatton">Sir Christopher Hatton</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Henri+II%2C+King+of+France">Henri II, King of France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/James+Hepburn%2C+4th+Earl+of+Bothwell">James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Henry+VIII%2C+King+of+England">Henry VIII, King of England</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Patrick+Hepburn%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Bothwell">Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Thomas+Howard%2C+4th+Duke+of+Norfolk">Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Mary+I%2C+Queen+of+England">Mary I, Queen of England</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Nicholas+Hubert">Nicholas Hubert</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/James+IV%2C+King+of+Scots">James IV, King of Scots</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/James+V%2C+King+of+Scots">James V, King of Scots</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/James+VI+and+I%2C+King+of+Scots+and+King+of+England">James VI and I, King of Scots and King of England</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Gilbert+Kennedy%2C+4th+Earl+of+Cassilis">Gilbert Kennedy, 4th Earl of Cassilis</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Sir+Francis+Knollys">Sir Francis Knollys</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/John+Knox">John Knox</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Edward+Seymour%2C+Duke+of+Somerset">Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Mary%2C+Queen+of+Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/James+Stewart%2C+1st+Earl+of+Moray">James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Jacques+Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Jean+Goujon">Jean Goujon</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Pierre+Lescot">Pierre Lescot</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Philibert+de+l%27Orme">Philibert de l'Orme</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Etienne+Dolet">Etienne Dolet</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Louise+Lab%C3%A9">Louise Labé</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Bonaventure+de+P%C3%A9riers">Bonaventure de Périers</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Cl%C3%A9ment+Marot">Clément Marot</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Charles+de+Montpensier">Charles de Montpensier</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Jeanne+d%27Albret">Jeanne d'Albret</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Fran%C3%A7ois+I">François I</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Marguerite+d%27Angoul%C3%AAme">Marguerite d'Angoulême</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Louise+de+Savoie">Louise de Savoie</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Edouard+Balladeur">Edouard Balladeur</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Lady+Jean+Stewart%2C+Countess+of+Argyll">Lady Jean Stewart, Countess of Argyll</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Francois+Mitterand">Francois Mitterand</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Clement+or+Clemens+V%2C+Pope">Clement or Clemens V, Pope</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Boniface%2C+Pope">Boniface, Pope</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Leo+III%2C+Pope">Leo III, Pope</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/James+Hamilton%2C+Bishop+of+Argyll">James Hamilton, Bishop of Argyll</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Sir+Francis+Walsingham">Sir Francis Walsingham</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Sir+Nicholas+Throckmorton">Sir Nicholas Throckmorton</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Francis+Throckmorton">Francis Throckmorton</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/George+Talbot%2C+6th+Earl+of+Shrewsbury">George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Henry+Stuart%2C+Lord+Darnley">Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Matthew+Stewart%2C+4th+Earl+of+Lennox">Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/John+Stewart%2C+4th+Earl+of+Atholl">John Stewart, 4th Earl of Atholl</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/John+Stewart%2C+3rd+Earl+of+Atholl">John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Atholl</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/James+Hamilton%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Arran">James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Marie+de+Guise">Marie de Guise</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/James+Hamilton">James Hamilton</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Archibald+Campbell%2C+5th+Earl+of+Argyll">Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Catherine+of+Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Madame+de+Castres">Madame de Castres</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Baldassare+Castiglione">Baldassare Castiglione</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Michel+de+Castelnau%2C+Sieur+de+la+Mauvissiere">Michel de Castelnau, Sieur de la Mauvissiere</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Margaret+Carwood">Margaret Carwood</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/John+Carswell">John Carswell</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Archibald+Campbell%2C+4th+Earl+of+Argyll">Archibald Campbell, 4th Earl of Argyll</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Benvenuto+Cellini">Benvenuto Cellini</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/William+Camden">William Camden</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/John+Calvin">John Calvin</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/George+Calder">George Calder</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/George+Sinclair%2C+4th+Earl+of+Caithness">George Sinclair, 4th Earl of Caithness</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Guillaume+Bud%C3%A9">Guillaume Budé</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Thomas+Buchanan">Thomas Buchanan</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/William+Cecil%2C+1st+Baron+Burghley">William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/David+Chalmers">David Chalmers</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Marjorie+Bruce">Marjorie Bruce</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Princess+Claude">Princess Claude</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Fran%C3%A7oise+de+Contay%2C+Lady+Humi%C3%A8res">Françoise de Contay, Lady Humières</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/James+Cockburn%2C+Laird+of+Skirling">James Cockburn, Laird of Skirling</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Captain+Cockburn%2C+Laird+of+Ormiston">Captain Cockburn, Laird of Ormiston</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Fran%C3%A7ois+Clouet">François Clouet</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Monsieur+de+Clernault">Monsieur de Clernault</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Clement+or+Clemens+VII%2C+Pope">Clement or Clemens VII, Pope</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Claude+de+Guise">Claude de Guise</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Charles+II%2C+Archduke+of+Austria">Charles II, Archduke of Austria</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/John+Clarke">John Clarke</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Gaspard+de+Coligny">Gaspard de Coligny</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/William+Chisolm">William Chisolm</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Charles+IX%2C+King+of+France">Charles IX, King of France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Charles+V%2C+King+of+Spain">Charles V, King of Spain</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Charles%2C+Duke+of+Lorraine">Charles, Duke of Lorraine</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/George+Buchanan">George Buchanan</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Jacques+de+la+Brosse">Jacques de la Brosse</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Allison+Craik">Allison Craik</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Sir+Nicholas+Bacon">Sir Nicholas Bacon</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/David+Beaton%2C+Archbishop+of+Glasgow">David Beaton, Archbishop of Glasgow</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Robert+Beale">Robert Beale</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/John+Ballard">John Ballard</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Robert+Balfour">Robert Balfour</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Sir+James+Balfour">Sir James Balfour</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Gilbert+Balfour">Gilbert Balfour</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Anthony+Babington">Anthony Babington</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Lady+Margaret+Beaufort">Lady Margaret Beaufort</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Guillaume+de+l%27Aubespine%2C+baron+de+Ch%C3%A2teauneuf">Guillaume de l'Aubespine, baron de Châteauneuf</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Athalia">Athalia</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Sir+Walter+Aston">Sir Walter Aston</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Thomas+Andrews%2C+Sheriff+of+Northamptonshire">Thomas Andrews, Sheriff of Northamptonshire</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Jacques+Amyot">Jacques Amyot</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Angelo+Ambrogini">Angelo Ambrogini</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Mary+Beaton">Mary Beaton</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Jean+de+Beaugu%C3%A9">Jean de Beaugué</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Artus+de+Maill%C3%A9%2C+Sieur+de+Br%C3%A9z%C3%A9">Artus de Maillé, Sieur de Brézé</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Antoine+de+Bourbon%2C+King+of+Navarre">Antoine de Bourbon, King of Navarre</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Lord+Boyd">Lord Boyd</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Dominique+Bourgoing">Dominique Bourgoing</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Pierre+de+Bourdeille%2C+seigneur+and+abb%C3%A9+de+Brant%C3%B4me">Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur and abbé de Brantôme</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Louis+I+de+Bourbon%2C+prince+de+Cond%C3%A9">Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Charles%2C+Cardinal+de+Bourbon">Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Antoinette+de+Bourbon">Antoinette de Bourbon</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Adam+Bothwell%2C+Bishop+of+Orkney">Adam Bothwell, Bishop of Orkney</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Francis+Russell%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Bedford">Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Lord+Borthwick">Lord Borthwick</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Anne+Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Pierre+de+Bocosel%2C+Seigneur+de+Chastelard">Pierre de Bocosel, Seigneur de Chastelard</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Adam+Blackwood">Adam Blackwood</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Bess+of+Hardwick">Bess of Hardwick</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Pierre+Belon">Pierre Belon</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Eustache+du+Bellay%2C+Bishop+of+Paris">Eustache du Bellay, Bishop of Paris</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/John+Craig">John Craig</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Bessie+Crawford">Bessie Crawford</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Fernando+%C3%81lvarez+de+Toledo+y+Pimentel%2C+3rd+Duke+of+Alba">Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd Duke of Alba</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Lady+Mary+FitzAlan">Lady Mary FitzAlan</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Sir+John+Forster">Sir John Forster</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Paul+de+Foix">Paul de Foix</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Richard+Fletcher">Richard Fletcher</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/John+Fletcher">John Fletcher</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Mary+Fleming">Mary Fleming</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Lady+Fleming">Lady Fleming</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Henry+FitzAlan%2C+12th+Earl+of+Arundel">Henry FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Francis">Francis</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Laurent+Feron">Laurent Feron</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Jean+Fernel">Jean Fernel</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Ferdinand+I%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor">Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Hercules+d%27Este">Hercules d'Este</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Anne+d%27Este%2C+Duchess+of+Guise">Anne d'Este, Duchess of Guise</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Lady+Margaret+Erskine">Lady Margaret Erskine</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Antoine+Fouquelin">Antoine Fouquelin</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Francoise+d%27Orl%C3%A9ans-Longueville">Francoise d'Orléans-Longueville</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Arthur+Erskine">Arthur Erskine</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Sir+John+Gordon">Sir John Gordon</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Louise+de+Guise%2C+Duchess+of+Arschot">Louise de Guise, Duchess of Arschot</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Charles+de+Guise%2C+Cardinal+of+Lorraine">Charles de Guise, Cardinal of Lorraine</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Lady+Mary+Grey">Lady Mary Grey</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Lady+Jane+Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Henry+Grey%2C+6th+Earl+of+Kent">Henry Grey, 6th Earl of Kent</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Lady+Catherine+Grey">Lady Catherine Grey</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Lady+Jean+Gordon">Lady Jean Gordon</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Fran%C3%A7ois-Hercule%2C+Duke+of+Anjou+and+Alen%C3%A7on">François-Hercule, Duke of Anjou and Alençon</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/George+Gordon%2C+4th+Earl+of+Huntly">George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/William+Cunningham%2C+6th+Earl+of+Glencairn">William Cunningham, 6th Earl of Glencairn</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Gilbert+Gifford">Gilbert Gifford</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Conrad+Gesner">Conrad Gesner</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/George+III%2C+King+of+the+United+Kingdom">George III, King of the United Kingdom</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Frederick+II%2C+King+of+Denmark">Frederick II, King of Denmark</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Fran%C3%A7ois+de+Lorraine+II%2C+Prince+of+Joinville%2C+Duke+of+Guise%2C+Duke+of+Aumale">François de Lorraine II, Prince of Joinville, Duke of Guise, Duke of Aumale</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/John+Erskine%2C+18th+Earl+of+Mar">John Erskine, 18th Earl of Mar</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Emmanuel+Philibert+of+Savoy">Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/David+Lindsay%2C+10th+earl+of+Crawford">David Lindsay, 10th earl of Crawford</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Charles+Darnley">Charles Darnley</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Don+Carlos">Don Carlos</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Diane+de+Poitiers%2C+Duchess+of+Valentinois%2C+1499-1566">Diane de Poitiers, Duchess of Valentinois, 1499-1566</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Guerau+de+Spes">Guerau de Spes</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Alvarez%2C+Bishop+de+Quadra">Alvarez, Bishop de Quadra</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Luis+de+Paz">Luis de Paz</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/John+Day">John Day</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Pierre+Danjou">Pierre Danjou</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Archibald+Douglas%2C+8th+Earl+of+Angus">Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Pierre+Dan%C3%A9s">Pierre Danés</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Lord+Dacre">Lord Dacre</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Elizabeth+Curie">Elizabeth Curie</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Madame+de+Curel">Madame de Curel</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/James+Cullen">James Cullen</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Meg+Crokat">Meg Crokat</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Jane+Dormer">Jane Dormer</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/George+Douglas">George Douglas</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Martin+Elwood">Martin Elwood</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Bishop+of+Dunblaine">Bishop of Dunblaine</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Elizabeth+of+York">Elizabeth of York</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Elizabeth+I%2C+Queen+of+England">Elizabeth I, Queen of England</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Elisabeth+of+Valois">Elisabeth of Valois</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Ren%C3%A9+d%27Elbeuf">René d'Elbeuf</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Edward+VI%2C+King+of+England">Edward VI, King of England</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Edward+I%2C+King+of+England">Edward I, King of England</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Robert+Dudley%2C+1st+Earl+of+Leicester">Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/James+Douglas%2C+4th+Earl+of+Morton">James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/John+Dudley%2C+1st+Duke+of+Northumberland">John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Philibert+du+Croc">Philibert du Croc</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Sir+William+Drury">Sir William Drury</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Sir+Drue+Drury">Sir Drue Drury</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Willie+Douglas">Willie Douglas</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Sir+William+Douglas%2C+Laird+of+Lochleven">Sir William Douglas, Laird of Lochleven</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Margaret+Douglas%2C+Countess+of+Lennox">Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/character/Pierre+de+Ronsard">Pierre de Ronsard</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="greenbox"><h2 class="first">Related publisher series</h2><div class="relatedItems showmore" id="675b08d222a38"><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle"><a href="/nseries/290047/Boivin-Connaissance-des-lettres" class="" >Boivin, Connaissance des lettres</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle"><a href="/nseries/4731/Brief-Histories" class="" >Brief Histories</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle"><a href="/nseries/296279/Hatier-Connaissance-des-letttres" class="" >Hatier, Connaissance des letttres</a></div></div></div></div><div class="greenbox sidenav"><h2>Related awards</h2><div id="u_92b0a3f7" class="lt_itemlist"><div class="ltil_item " ><a href="/award/4381/Marsh-Biography-Award" class="" >Marsh Biography Award</a></div><div class="ltil_item " ><a href="/award/1068/Costa-Book-Awards" class="" >Costa Book Awards</a></div><div class="ltil_item " ><a href="/award/371/National-Book-Critics-Circle-Award" class="" >National Book Critics Circle Award</a></div></div></div><div class="greenbox"><h2 class="first">Related places</h2><div class="relatedItems showmore" id="675b08d22b656" ><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/place/France">France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/place/Scotland%2C+UK">Scotland, UK</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/place/Nanterre%2C+Yvelines%2C+%C3%8Ele-de-France%2C+France">Nanterre, Yvelines, Île-de-France, France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/place/Algeria">Algeria</a></div></div><div class="showmore_showlink"><a href="javascript:showMore('675b08d22b656')">(show all 27 items)</a></div><div class="showmore_hide"> <div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/place/Morocco">Morocco</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Tunisia">Tunisia</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Verdun%2C+Meuse%2C+Grand-Est%2C+France">Verdun, Meuse, Grand-Est, France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Germany">Germany</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Alsace-Lorraine%2C+Grand-Est%2C+France">Alsace-Lorraine, Grand-Est, France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Bastille%2C+Paris%2C+%C3%8Ele-de-France%2C+France">Bastille, Paris, Île-de-France, France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Ch%C3%A2teau+de+Versailles%2C+Versailles%2C+Yvelines%2C+%C3%8Ele-de-France%2C+France">Château de Versailles, Versailles, Yvelines, Île-de-France, France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Ch%C3%A2teau+de+Chambord%2C+Chambord%2C+Centre-Val+de+Loire%2C+France">Château de Chambord, Chambord, Centre-Val de Loire, France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Ch%C3%A2teau+d%27Amboise%2C+Amboise%2C+Centre-Val+de+Loire%2C+France">Château d'Amboise, Amboise, Centre-Val de Loire, France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Italy">Italy</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Fontainebleau%2C+Seine-et-Marne%2C+%C3%8Ele-de-France%2C+France">Fontainebleau, Seine-et-Marne, Île-de-France, France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Poitiers%2C+Vienne%2C+Nouvelle-Aquitaine%2C+France">Poitiers, Vienne, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Saint-Denis%2C+%C3%8Ele-de-France%2C+France">Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Chartres%2C+Eure-et-Loir%2C+Centre-Val+de+Loire%2C+France">Chartres, Eure-et-Loir, Centre-Val de Loire, France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Languedoc%2C+Occitanie%2C+France">Languedoc, Occitanie, France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/University+of+Paris%2C+Paris%2C+France">University of Paris, Paris, France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Alesia%2C+Gaul">Alesia, Gaul</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Dordogne%2C+Nouvelle-Aquitaine%2C+France">Dordogne, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Glasgow%2C+Scotland%2C+UK">Glasgow, Scotland, UK</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Edinburgh%2C+Scotland%2C+UK">Edinburgh, Scotland, UK</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Aberdeen%2C+Scotland%2C+UK">Aberdeen, Scotland, UK</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Spain">Spain</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/place/Versailles%2C+Yvelines%2C+%C3%8Ele-de-France%2C+France">Versailles, Yvelines, Île-de-France, France</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="greenbox"><h2 class="first">Related events</h2><div class="relatedItems showmore" id="675b08d22b69b" ><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/events/Hundred+Years%27+War">Hundred Years' War</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/events/Black+Death">Black Death</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/events/Thirty+Years%27+War">Thirty Years' War</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/events/Seven+Years%27+War">Seven Years' War</a></div></div><div class="showmore_showlink"><a href="javascript:showMore('675b08d22b69b')">(show all 6 items)</a></div><div class="showmore_hide"> <div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle" ><a href="/events/Paris+Peace+Conference">Paris Peace Conference</a></div></div><div class="relatedItem"><div class="relatedItemTitle_noimage" ><a href="/events/World+War+II">World War II</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="greenbox helpers"><h2 class="first">Helpers</h2><a href="/profile/DisassemblyOfReason">DisassemblyOfReason</a> (18), <a href="/profile/supersidvicious">supersidvicious</a> (11), <a href="/profile/descartes2">descartes2</a> (8), <a href="/profile/JMK2020">JMK2020</a> (6), <a href="/profile/PuddinTame">PuddinTame</a> (6), <a href="/profile/Wraith_Ravenscroft">Wraith_Ravenscroft</a> (6), <a href="/profile/GwynethM">GwynethM</a> (5), <a href="/profile/lhungsbe">lhungsbe</a> (4), <a href="/profile/DuncanHill">DuncanHill</a> (3), <a href="/profile/divinepeacelutheran">divinepeacelutheran</a> (2), <a href="/profile/SandraArdnas">SandraArdnas</a> (2), <a href="/profile/jbergerot">jbergerot</a> (2), <a href="/profile/Edward">Edward</a> (2), <a href="/profile/Imprinted">Imprinted</a> (2), <a href="/profile/Kindleifier">Kindleifier</a> (1), <a href="/profile/MARSlibrary">MARSlibrary</a> (1), <a href="/profile/Carmen.et.Error">Carmen.et.Error</a> (1), <a href="/profile/Allen_Bankson">Allen_Bankson</a> (1), <a href="/profile/karenb">karenb</a> (1), <a href="/profile/inge87">inge87</a> (1)</div></div></div></div></div><div id="helpdrawer" data-helpurl="https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.librarything.com%2Fapi.php%3Fformat%3Djson%26action%3Dparse%26origin%3D%2A%26servedby%3D1%26page%3DHelpThing%3ACkcategory" data-baseurl="https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.librarything.com%2Fapi.php%3Fformat%3Djson%26action%3Dparse%26origin%3D%2A%26servedby%3D1%26page%3D" ><a id="hdclose" href="#" onclick="lt.helpdrawer_close();return false;" class="greylink" title="Close Help"><i class="fa-solid fa-circle-xmark"></i></a><div id="hdc"></div></div><footer class="lt2_footer bluelink"><div class="lt2_footer_links controlitems"><a href="#" id="stylepicker_switch" onclick="lt.stylepick_switch();return false;"><i class="fas fa-text-size"></i> Change Style</a><a class="footer_displaymode" data-dmode="0" title="Toggle Desktop Version" href="#" onclick="return lt.desktopversion();"><span id="footer_desktop"><i class="fas fa-desktop"></i>Desktop View</span><span id="footer_mobile"><i class="far fa-mobile-alt"></i>Mobile View</span></a></div><div class="lt2_footer_links"><a href="/" target="_top">Home</a><a href="/about" target="_top">About</a><a href="/contact" target="_top">Contact</a><a href="/privacy" target="_top">Privacy</a><a href="https://wiki.librarything.com/index.php/HelpThing:Ckcategory" target="_top">Help</a></div><div class="lt2_footer_links small"><a href="https://blog.librarything.com" target="_blank">Blog</a><a href="https://wiki.librarything.com">WikiThing</a><a href="/commonknowledge/">Common Knowledge</a><a href="/ner">Early Reviewers</a><a href="/legacylibraries">Legacy Libraries</a><a href="/local">Local</a><a href="/developer">APIs</a><a href="https://www.librarycat.org/">TinyCat <i class="lti lti-tinycat"></i></a></div></footer><div id="lt2_stylepicker"><div id="lt2_stylepicker_close" onclick="lt.stylepick_switch();"><i aria-label="Close" class="fas fa-times"></i></div><a href="#" title="verdant_14" data-style="verdant_14" onclick="lt.stylepick('verdant_14');return false;" class="stylepicker_item alwaysblue selected ">Verdana Standard</a><a href="#" title="verdant_12" data-style="verdant_12" onclick="lt.stylepick('verdant_12');return false;" class="stylepicker_item alwaysblue ">Verdana Small</a><a href="#" title="verdant_tight_12" data-style="verdant_tight_12" onclick="lt.stylepick('verdant_tight_12');return false;" class="stylepicker_item alwaysblue ">The Lorax</a><a href="#" title="system_14" data-style="system_14" onclick="lt.stylepick('system_14');return false;" class="stylepicker_item alwaysblue ">System Standard</a><a href="#" title="system_15" data-style="system_15" onclick="lt.stylepick('system_15');return false;" class="stylepicker_item alwaysblue ">System Large</a><a href="#" title="georgia_14" data-style="georgia_14" onclick="lt.stylepick('georgia_14');return false;" class="stylepicker_item alwaysblue ">Georgia</a><a href="#" title="system_large" data-style="system_large" onclick="lt.stylepick('system_large');return false;" class="stylepicker_item alwaysblue ">Large Text</a><a href="#" title="atkinson_16" data-style="atkinson_16" onclick="lt.stylepick('atkinson_16');return false;" class="stylepicker_item alwaysblue ">Atkinson</a></div><div id="gdpr_notice" class=""><button class="btn" id="gdpr_closebutton" onclick="gdpr_notice_clicked();return false;">I Agree</button><div id="gdpr_content">This site uses cookies to deliver our services, improve performance, for analytics, and (if not signed in) for advertising. By using LibraryThing you acknowledge that you have read and understand our <a href="/privacy" class="alwaysblue">Terms of Service and Privacy Policy</a>. Your use of the site and services is subject to these policies and terms.</div></div></div><div id="lt2_page_overlay"></div><div id="bottomscripts"><script loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_deferred" src="https://image.librarything.com/js2/lt2_tabs.js?v=2" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_deferred" src="https://image.librarything.com/js/jquery.truncator.js?v=2" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_deferred" src="https://www.librarything.com//js/lt_utility.js?v=5301" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_deferred" src="https://image.librarything.com/js/jquery.easing.1.3.js?v=2" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_deferred" src="https://www.librarything.com//js2/lt2_popup.js?v=5301" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_deferred" src="https://image.librarything.com/js2/imagesloaded.pkgd.js?v=2" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_deferred" src="https://www.librarything.com//js2/lt_lightbox2020.js?v=5301" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_deferred" src="https://www.librarything.com//js2/lt_maxbox.js?v=5301" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_deferred" src="https://www.librarything.com//js2/addbooks_express.js?v=5301" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_deferred" src="https://www.librarything.com//js2/collections.js?v=5301" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script loadpriority="high" data-bundle="lt2_deferred" src="https://www.librarything.com//js2/ratings.js?v=5301" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script> <script data-bundle="" src="https://www.librarything.com//commonknowledge/fwiki.js?v=5301" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script data-bundle="" src="https://www.librarything.com//js2/authorphotos.js?v=5301" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script data-bundle="" src="https://www.librarything.com//js/arbitrarypics2.js?v=5301" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script><script data-bundle="" src="https://www.librarything.com//js2/newlinks.js?v=5301" type="text/javascript" language="Javascript"></script> <script language="javascript"> function showMore_covers(id) { $J('#responseA_hidden').html(responseA_hidden); showMore(id); } function shownums() { //showhide('shownums', 'none'); $J('#shownums').hide(); $J('#relatedtagsarea').attr('class', 'showcount'); } var seriesparams = { height: 600, width: 800, modal: true, }; function toggle_hasthisone() { var table = $J('#ck_maintable'); var is_visible = table.find('tbody tr:not(.hasthisone)').first().is(':visible'); if (is_visible) { table.find('tbody tr').hide(); table.find('tbody tr.hasthisone').show(); $J('#catalogcheckfilter').css('background-color', 'var(--lt-red-color)') } else { table.find('tbody tr').show(); $J('#catalogcheckfilter').css('background-color', 'var(--lt-badge-color)') } } </script> <script data-bundle="lt2_bottomscripts_scriptLinesA" type="text/javascript" language="javascript"> $J(function() { loadNewShelf("arb","u_c3cbee1e",-1,0,0,0,1512337152); }); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-3FXSBC8C5V"></script> <script> window.lt2_prod = 'lt2'; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} if (window.lt2_prod === 'talpa') { gtag('consent', 'default', { 'ad_storage': 'granted', 'ad_user_data': 'denied', 'ad_personalization': 'denied', 'analytics_storage': 'granted' }); } else { let consent_settingsA = {"ad_storage":"denied","analytics_storage":"denied"}; var consent_setting = 'denied'; gtag('consent', 'default', { 'ad_storage': consent_settingsA.ad_storage, 'ad_user_data': 'denied', 'ad_personalization': 'denied', 'analytics_storage': consent_settingsA.analytics_storage }); } gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-3FXSBC8C5V'); //gtag('config', 'LTNonMember'); // global_domain = </script> </div><script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8f0eeebae8569e3a',t:'MTczNDAxOTI4Mi4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script>