CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Polish people - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b4ceada0-7e97-410e-9614-5a90e0243ac2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Polish_people","wgTitle":"Polish people","wgCurRevisionId":1258386754,"wgRevisionId":1258386754,"wgArticleId":275297,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Polish-language text","Pages with Polish IPA","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)","CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2017","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)", "CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","CS1: long volume value","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages","Use dmy dates from November 2018","\"Related ethnic groups\" needing confirmation","Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters","Articles containing Armenian-language text","Articles containing Persian-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021","Articles needing additional references from September 2021","All articles needing additional references","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Ethnic groups in Poland","Slavic ethnic groups","West Slavs"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Polish_people","wgRelevantArticleId" :275297,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1026","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="750"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/800px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="500"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/640px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Polish people - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Polish_people rootpage-Polish_people skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Polish+people" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Polish+people" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Polish+people" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Polish+people" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Exonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Exonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ethnogenesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polish people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_(volk)" title="Pole (volk) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pole (volk)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="بولنديون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولنديون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polacos" title="Polacos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Polacos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblu_polacu" title="Pueblu polacu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pueblu polacu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Полякал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Полякал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyaklar" title="Polyaklar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polyaklar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="لهیستانلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لهیستانلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="পোল জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোল জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Поляктар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Поляктар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Палякі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палякі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Палякі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палякі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Поляци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Поляци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljaci" title="Poljaci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Poljaci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonesos" title="Polonesos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Polonesos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Поляксем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Поляксем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%A1ci" title="Poláci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poláci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwyliaid" title="Pwyliaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pwyliaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polakker" title="Polakker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polakker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen_(Ethnie)" title="Polen (Ethnie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polen (Ethnie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3laki" title="Pólaki – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pólaki" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolakad" title="Poolakad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poolakad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Πολωνοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολωνοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_polaco" title="Pueblo polaco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo polaco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloj" title="Poloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Poloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniar" title="Poloniar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Poloniar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مردم لهستانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم لهستانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonais_(peuple)" title="Polonais (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polonais (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polannaigh_(gr%C3%BApa_eitneach)" title="Polannaigh (grúpa eitneach) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Polannaigh (grúpa eitneach)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehler" title="Lehler – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Lehler" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_polaco" title="Pobo polaco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo polaco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4-l%C3%A0n-ng%C3%ACn" title="Pô-làn-ngìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pô-làn-ngìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EC%9D%B8" title="폴인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Լեհեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեհեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljaci" title="Poljaci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poljaci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Polandia" title="Orang Polandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Polandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%C3%A6%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Польшæйаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Польшæйаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lverjar" title="Pólverjar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pólverjar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polacchi" title="Polacchi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polacchi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פולנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פולנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პოლონელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლონელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Поляктар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Поляктар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Поляктар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Поляктар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%BCi" title="Poļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Poļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Полякар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Полякар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenkai" title="Lenkai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lenkai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_(vouk)" title="Pole (vouk) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pole (vouk)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengyelek" title="Lengyelek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lengyelek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Полјаци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полјаци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4l%C3%B4ney_(vahoaka)" title="Pôlôney (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pôlôney (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="პოლონარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოლონარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Польшууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Польшууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen_(volk)" title="Polen (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polen (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E4%BA%BA" title="ポーランド人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーランド人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Полякаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Полякаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polakker" title="Polakker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polakker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polakkar" title="Polakkar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polakkar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyaklar" title="Polyaklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Polyaklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="پوليش – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پوليش" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polacy" title="Polacy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polacy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polacos" title="Polacos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polacos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonezi" title="Polonezi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Polonezi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Поляци – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Поляци" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Поляки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поляки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Поляктар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Поляктар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles" title="Poles – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Poles" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polak%C3%ABt" title="Polakët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Polakët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles" title="Poles – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Poles" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliaci" title="Poliaci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Poliaci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljaki" title="Poljaki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poljaki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%EA%99%97%D0%BD%D1%94" title="Полꙗнє – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Полꙗнє" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloki" title="Poloki – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Poloki" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Пољаци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пољаци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljaci" title="Poljaci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poljaci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolalaiset" title="Puolalaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puolalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polacker" title="Polacker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polacker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Поляклар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Поляклар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ชาวโปแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวโปแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%89%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%8D" title="ᎠᏂᏉᎵᏍ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏉᎵᏍ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonyal%C4%B1lar" title="Polonyalılar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polonyalılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Поляки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Поляки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%27%C5%A1anmalai%C5%BEed" title="Pol'šanmalaižed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pol'šanmalaižed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Ba_Lan" title="Người Ba Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Ba Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="波兰人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波兰人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%8D_P%C3%B3l%C3%A0nd%C3%AC" title="Àwọn ọmọ Pólàndì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn ọmọ Pólàndì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" title="波蘭人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波蘭人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%97nk%C4%81" title="Lėnkā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lėnkā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" title="波蘭人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波蘭人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Pol" title="Orang Pol – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Orang Pol" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1026#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Polish_people" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polish_people"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_people&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_people&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polish_people"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_people&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_people&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Polish_people" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Polish_people" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_people&oldid=1258386754" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_people&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Polish_people&id=1258386754&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolish_people"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolish_people"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Polish_people&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_people&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:People_of_Poland" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Polish_people" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1026" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">People native to Poland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a specific analysis of the population of Poland, see <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Poland" title="Demographics of Poland">Demographics of Poland</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Poles as an ethnic group. For Polish nationality law or citizenship, see <a href="/wiki/Polish_nationality_law" title="Polish nationality law">Polish nationality law</a>. For Poles living outside Poland, see <a href="/wiki/Polish_diaspora" title="Polish diaspora">Polish diaspora</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Poles</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="pl"><i>Polacy</i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/220px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/330px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/440px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Poland" title="Flag of Poland">flag of Poland</a>, one of the symbols of Polish people</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <b>60 million</b></span><sup id="cite_ref-polmap_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polmap-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Polish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Map_of_the_Polish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/260px-Map_of_the_Polish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Map_of_the_Polish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/390px-Map_of_the_Polish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Map_of_the_Polish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/520px-Map_of_the_Polish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Poland<span class="nowrap">   </span>37,394,000 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-gudaszewski_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gudaszewski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="infobox-data">10,600,000 (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-polmap_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polmap-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ludność_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludność-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Germany</th><td class="infobox-data">2,253,000 (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Brazil</th><td class="infobox-data">1,800,000 (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Canada</th><td class="infobox-data">1,010,705 (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_Canada_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="infobox-data">1,000,000 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-Présentation_de_la_Pologne_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Présentation_de_la_Pologne-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="infobox-data">682,000 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-ons.gov.uk_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ons.gov.uk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Polonia_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polonia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Other countries</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Argentina</th><td class="infobox-data">500,000 (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">288,000 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="infobox-data">216,056 (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">202,300 (2011) (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Polish Jews</a>, not ethnic Poles)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Lithuania" title="Poles in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">183,000 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">144,130 (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Ireland</th><td class="infobox-data">112,500 (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Norway</th><td class="infobox-data">108,255 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Italy</th><td class="infobox-data">97,000 (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Sweden</th><td class="infobox-data">75,323 (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">69,898 (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Spain</th><td class="infobox-data">63,000 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-migrationpolicy.org_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy.org-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="infobox-data">60,000 (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Belgium</th><td class="infobox-data">49,600 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-migrationpolicy.org_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy.org-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">44,783 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">37,876 (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">34,057 (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,000 (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Russia</th><td class="infobox-data">22,024 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,927 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,305 (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,000 (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KSH_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSH-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Switzerland</th><td class="infobox-data">20,000 (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16,748 (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-migrationpolicy.org_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy.org-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14,500 (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000 (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Mexico</th><td class="infobox-data">10,000 (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000 (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000 (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,282 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,326<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,762 (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stat_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stat-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a><br />Especially other <a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechites</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Polish people</b>, or <b>Poles</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a <a href="/wiki/West_Slav" class="mw-redirect" title="West Slav">West Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who share a common <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">culture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a> and are identified with the country of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Preamble" title="Preamble">preamble</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Republic of Poland">Constitution of the Republic of Poland</a> defines the Polish nation as comprising all the <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizens</a> of Poland, regardless of heritage or ethnicity. The majority of Poles adhere to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stat_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stat-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population of self-declared Poles in Poland is estimated at 37,394,000 out of an overall population of 38,512,000 (based on the 2011 census),<sup id="cite_ref-stat_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stat-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of whom 36,522,000 declared Polish alone.<sup id="cite_ref-gudaszewski_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gudaszewski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NSP_2011_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSP_2011-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ludność_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludność-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wide-ranging Polish diaspora (the <i><a href="/wiki/Polish_diaspora" title="Polish diaspora">Polonia</a></i>) exists throughout <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>. Today, the largest urban concentrations of Poles are within the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_metropolitan_area" title="Warsaw metropolitan area">Warsaw metropolitan area</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Katowice_urban_area" title="Katowice urban area">Katowice urban area</a>. </p><p>Ethnic Poles are considered to be the descendants of the ancient West Slavic <a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechites</a> and other tribes that inhabited the Polish territories during the <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a> period. Poland's <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a> dates back over a thousand years to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 930–960 AD, when the <a href="/wiki/Polans_(western)" title="Polans (western)">Western Polans</a> – an influential tribe in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> region – united various Lechitic clans under what became the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus creating the first Polish state. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Christianization of Poland</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, in 966 CE, marked Poland's advent to the community of <a href="/wiki/Western_Christendom" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Christendom">Western Christendom</a>. However, throughout its existence, the Polish state followed a tolerant policy towards minorities resulting in numerous ethnic and religious identities of the Poles, such as <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exonyms">Exonyms</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Poland">Name of Poland</a></div> <p>The Polish <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> <i>Polacy</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Polans_(western)" title="Polans (western)">Western Polans</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechitic</a> tribe which inhabited lands around the <a href="/wiki/Warta" title="Warta">River Warta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> region from the mid-6th century onward.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribe's name stems from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo European</a> <i>*pleh₂-</i>, which means flat or flatland and corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> of a region that the Western Polans initially settled.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prefix <i>pol-</i> is used in most world languages when referring to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pole#English" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Pole">Poles</a> (Spanish <i>polaco</i>, Italian <i>polacche</i>, French <i>polonais</i>, German <i>Pole</i>). </p><p>Among other foreign <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonyms</a> for the Polish people are <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> <i>Lenkai</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> <i>Lengyelek</i>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <i>Leh</i>; <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Լեհաստան</span> <i>Lehastan</i>; and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">لهستان</span> (<i>Lahestān</i>). These stem from <a href="/wiki/Lechia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lechia">Lechia</a>, the ancient name for Poland, or from the tribal <a href="/wiki/Lendians" title="Lendians">Lendians</a>. Their names are equally derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Polish language">Old Polish</a> term <i>lęda</i>, meaning plain or field.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnogenesis">Ethnogenesis</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">History of Poland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Slavs" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Slavs">Western Slavs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechites</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gesta_Hamburgensis_trans_oddara_st_polanos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gesta_Hamburgensis_trans_oddara_st_polanos.jpg/240px-Gesta_Hamburgensis_trans_oddara_st_polanos.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gesta_Hamburgensis_trans_oddara_st_polanos.jpg/360px-Gesta_Hamburgensis_trans_oddara_st_polanos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gesta_Hamburgensis_trans_oddara_st_polanos.jpg/480px-Gesta_Hamburgensis_trans_oddara_st_polanos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="883" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hammaburgensis_ecclesiae_pontificum" title="Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum">Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum</a></i> (1073) by <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a>, containing the name "<a href="/wiki/Polans_(western)" title="Polans (western)">Polans</a>": "<i>trans <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oddaram</a> sunt Polanos</i>"</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> have been in the territory of modern-day Poland for over 1500 years.<sup id="cite_ref-kob530_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kob530-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">central Europe</a> was becoming increasingly settled by the <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">early Slavs</a> (500–700 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-kob530_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kob530-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They organized into <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribal units</a>, of which the larger ones further west were later known as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_tribes" title="Polish tribes">Polish tribes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechites</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-Klemensiewicz_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemensiewicz-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the names of many tribes are found on the list compiled by the anonymous <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Geographer" title="Bavarian Geographer">Bavarian Geographer</a> in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-playground1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-playground1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 9th and 10th centuries the tribes gave rise to developed regions along the upper <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Vistulans" title="Vistulans">Vistulans</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-playground1_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-playground1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> coast and in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>. The ultimate tribal undertaking (10th century) resulted in a lasting <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political structure</a> and the creation of a Polish <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_Henryk%C3%B3w.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Book_of_Henryk%C3%B3w.PNG/240px-Book_of_Henryk%C3%B3w.PNG" decoding="async" width="240" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Book_of_Henryk%C3%B3w.PNG/360px-Book_of_Henryk%C3%B3w.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Book_of_Henryk%C3%B3w.PNG/480px-Book_of_Henryk%C3%B3w.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Henryk%C3%B3w" title="Book of Henryków">Book of Henryków</a></i>. Highlighted in red is the earliest known sentence written in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Polish language">Old Polish language</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> is the native language of most Poles. It is a <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic group</a> and the sole official language in the Republic of Poland. Its written form uses the <a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish alphabet</a>, which is the basic <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> with the addition of six <a href="/wiki/Diacritic_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritic marks">diacritic marks</a>, totalling 32 letters. Bearing relation to <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, it has been profoundly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and other languages over the course of history.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poland is linguistically homogeneous – nearly 97% of Poland's citizens declare Polish as their mother tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polish-speakers use the language in a uniform manner throughout most of Poland, though numerous <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular language">vernacular language</a> in certain regions coexist alongside <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard</a> Polish. The most common <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">lects</a> in Poland are <a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a>, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a>, widely spoken in historic Eastern <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a>), today in the northwestern part of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kashubian possesses its own status as a separate language.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Goral people</a> in the mountainous south use their own nonstandard dialect, accenting and different <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a>. </p><p>The geographical distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a> was greatly affected by the border changes and population transfers that followed the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> – forced <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">expulsions</a> and resettlement during that period contributed to the country's current linguistic homogeneity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">Culture of Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArrasyWawel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ArrasyWawel.jpg/170px-ArrasyWawel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/ArrasyWawel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">Polish White Eagle</a> is Poland's enduring <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Poland" title="National symbols of Poland">national and cultural symbol</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The culture of Poland is closely connected with its intricate 1,000-year <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">history</a>, and forms an important constituent in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western civilisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strong ties with the Latinate world and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic church">Roman Catholic faith</a> also shaped Poland's cultural identity. </p><p>Officially, the national and state symbol is the <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_eagle" title="White-tailed eagle">white-tailed eagle</a> (<i>bielik</i>) embedded on the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">Coat of arms of Poland</a> (<i>godło</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-const_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-const-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national colours are white and red, which appropriately appear on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Poland" title="Flag of Poland">flag of Poland</a> (<i>flaga</i>), banners, <a href="/wiki/Cockade" title="Cockade">cockades</a> and memorabilia.<sup id="cite_ref-const_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-const-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Album_p0227a_v3_-_Adam_Mickiewicz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Album_p0227a_v3_-_Adam_Mickiewicz.jpg/170px-Album_p0227a_v3_-_Adam_Mickiewicz.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Album_p0227a_v3_-_Adam_Mickiewicz.jpg/255px-Album_p0227a_v3_-_Adam_Mickiewicz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Album_p0227a_v3_-_Adam_Mickiewicz.jpg/340px-Album_p0227a_v3_-_Adam_Mickiewicz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a> is regarded as a national poet in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Personal achievement and education plays an important role in Polish society today. In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> ranked Poland 11th in the world for mathematics, science and reading.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education has been of prime interest to Poland since the early 12th century, particularly for its <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">noble classes</a>. In 1364, King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir the Great">Casimir the Great</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków Academy</a>, which would become <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a>, the second-oldest institution of higher learning in Central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People of Polish birth have made considerable contributions in the fields of science, technology and mathematics both in Poland and abroad,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among them <a href="/wiki/Vitello" title="Vitello">Vitello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Sk%C5%82odowska%E2%80%93Curie" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Skłodowska–Curie">Marie Skłodowska–Curie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Modrzejewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Modrzejewski">Rudolf Modrzejewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Weigl" title="Rudolf Weigl">Rudolf Weigl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Banach" title="Stefan Banach">Stefan Banach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulam" title="Stanisław Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoit Mandelbrot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tarski" title="Alfred Tarski">Alfred Tarski</a>. </p><p>Poland's <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">mazurka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krakowiak" title="Krakowiak">krakowiak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polonaise_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonaise (dance)">polonaise</a>, were popularized by Polish composer <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>, and they soon spread across Europe and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin songs and religious hymns such as <a href="/wiki/Gaude_Mater_Polonia" title="Gaude Mater Polonia">Gaude Mater Polonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bogurodzica" title="Bogurodzica">Bogurodzica</a> were once chanted in churches and during patriotic festivities, but the tradition has faded. </p><p>According to a 2020 study, Poland ranks 12th globally on a list of countries which read the most, and approximately 79% of Poles read the news more than once a day, placing it 2nd behind <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, six Poles received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national epic is <i><a href="/wiki/Pan_Tadeusz" title="Pan Tadeusz">Pan Tadeusz</a></i> (English: Master Thaddeus), written by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a>. Renowned novelists who gained much recognition abroad include <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a> (wrote in English; <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness" title="Heart of Darkness">Heart of Darkness</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lord_Jim" title="Lord Jim">Lord Jim</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem" title="Stanisław Lem">Stanisław Lem</a> (science-fiction; <i><a href="/wiki/Solaris_(novel)" title="Solaris (novel)">Solaris</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Sapkowski" title="Andrzej Sapkowski">Andrzej Sapkowski</a> (fantasy; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Witcher" title="The Witcher">The Witcher</a></i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chopin_concert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chopin_concert.jpg/330px-Chopin_concert.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chopin_concert.jpg/495px-Chopin_concert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chopin_concert.jpg/660px-Chopin_concert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Chopin" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Chopin">Frederic Chopin</a> plays for the <a href="/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_family" title="Radziwiłł family">Radziwiłł family</a>, 1829 (painting by <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Siemiradzki" title="Henryk Siemiradzki">Henryk Siemiradzki</a>, 1887)</figcaption></figure> <p>Various regions in Poland such as <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazovia" title="Mazovia">Mazovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> developed their own distinct cultures, cuisines, folk costumes and dialects. Also, Poland for centuries was a refuge to many <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Jews</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Poland" title="Armenians in Poland">Armenians</a>, who became an important part of Polish society and similarly developed their own unique cultures. </p><p>Popular everyday foods in Poland include pork cutlets (<a href="/wiki/Kotlet_schabowy" title="Kotlet schabowy">kotlet schabowy</a>), schnitzels, <a href="/wiki/Kielbasa" title="Kielbasa">kielbasa</a> sausage, potatoes, <a href="/wiki/Coleslaw" title="Coleslaw">coleslaw</a> and salads, soups (<a href="/wiki/Barszcz" class="mw-redirect" title="Barszcz">barszcz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato_soup" title="Tomato soup">tomato</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%B3%C5%82" title="Rosół">meat broth</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">pierogi</a> dumplings, and <a href="/wiki/Bread_rolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread rolls">bread rolls</a>. Traditional Polish cuisine is hearty and Poles are one of the more obese nations in Europe – approximately 58% of the adult population was overweight in 2019, above the EU average.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to data from 2017, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_consumption" title="List of countries by meat consumption">meat consumption per capita</a> in Poland was one of the highest in the world, with <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> being the most in demand.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO2017_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO2017-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a> is relatively moderate compared to other European states;<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> popular alcoholic beverages include Polish-produced <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">ciders</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Religion in Poland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Poland">Roman Catholicism in Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_National_Catholic_Church" title="Polish National Catholic Church">Polish National Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Polish Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Lutheran Church">Polish Lutheran Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_in_Poland" title="Pentecostal Church in Poland">Pentecostal Church in Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Union of Poland">Baptist Union of Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Reformed_Church" title="Polish Reformed Church">Polish Reformed Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_John_Paul_II_in_Krak%C3%B3w_%E2%80%93_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pope_John_Paul_II_in_Krak%C3%B3w_%E2%80%93_1983.jpg/170px-Pope_John_Paul_II_in_Krak%C3%B3w_%E2%80%93_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pope_John_Paul_II_in_Krak%C3%B3w_%E2%80%93_1983.jpg/255px-Pope_John_Paul_II_in_Krak%C3%B3w_%E2%80%93_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pope_John_Paul_II_in_Krak%C3%B3w_%E2%80%93_1983.jpg/340px-Pope_John_Paul_II_in_Krak%C3%B3w_%E2%80%93_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> was the first Pole to become a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Pope" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Pope">Roman Catholic Pope</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Poles have traditionally adhered to the Christian faith; an overwhelming majority belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-catholic_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 87.5% of Poles in 2011 identifying as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GUS99_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUS99-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Republic of Poland">Poland's Constitution</a>, freedom of religion is ensured to everyone. It also allows for national and ethnic minorities to have the right to establish educational and cultural institutions, institutions designed to protect religious identity, as well as to participate in the resolution of matters connected with their cultural identity. </p><p>There are smaller communities primarily comprising <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a>), <a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a> (migrants), <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, those <a href="/wiki/Irreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligious">irreligious</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Jewish populations in Poland</a> who have lived in Poland prior to World War II)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslims">Sunni Muslims</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_Tatars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Tatars">Polish Tatars</a>). Roman Catholics live all over the country, while Orthodox Christians can be found mostly in the far north-eastern corner, in the area of <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>, and Protestants in <a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesia" title="Cieszyn Silesia">Cieszyn Silesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warmia-Masuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Warmia-Masuria">Warmia-Masuria</a> regions. A growing Jewish population exists in major cities, especially in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>. Over two million Jews of Polish origin reside in the United States, Brazil, and Israel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wojciech_Gerson,_Przyj%C4%99cie_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Wojciech_Gerson%2C_Przyj%C4%99cie_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w.jpg/220px-Wojciech_Gerson%2C_Przyj%C4%99cie_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Wojciech_Gerson%2C_Przyj%C4%99cie_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w.jpg/330px-Wojciech_Gerson%2C_Przyj%C4%99cie_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Wojciech_Gerson%2C_Przyj%C4%99cie_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w.jpg/440px-Wojciech_Gerson%2C_Przyj%C4%99cie_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2338" data-file-height="1762" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III the Great</a> welcomes the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Jews</a> to Poland (by <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Gerson" title="Wojciech Gerson">Wojciech Gerson</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Religious organizations in the Republic of Poland can register their institution with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_and_Administration_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Interior and Administration of the Republic of Poland">Ministry of Interior and Administration</a> creating a record of churches and other religious organizations who operate under separate Polish laws. This registration is not necessary; however, it is beneficial when it comes to serving the freedom of religious practice laws.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic Native Faith</a> (<i>Rodzimowiercy</i>) groups, registered with the Polish authorities in 1995, are the <a href="/wiki/Native_Polish_Church" title="Native Polish Church">Native Polish Church</a> (<i>Rodzimy Kościół Polski</i>), which represents a pagan tradition going back to <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Ko%C5%82odziej" title="Władysław Kołodziej">Władysław Kołodziej</a>'s 1921 Holy Circle of Worshippers of <a href="/wiki/Svetovid" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetovid">Światowid</a> (<i>Święte Koło Czcicieli Światowida</i>), and the Polish Slavic Church (<i>Polski Kościół Słowiański</i>). There is also the <a href="/wiki/Rodzima_Wiara" title="Rodzima Wiara">Native Faith Association</a> (<i>Zrzeszenie Rodzimej Wiary</i>, <i>ZRW</i>), founded in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Polish_people" title="Special:EditPage/Polish people">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Polish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Map_of_the_Polish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/370px-Map_of_the_Polish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Map_of_the_Polish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/555px-Map_of_the_Polish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Map_of_the_Polish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/740px-Map_of_the_Polish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption>The map depicts countries by number of citizens who reported Polish ancestry or citizenship (based on sources in this article) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span> Poland</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a40e2a; color:white;"> </span> + 10,000,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dc143c; color:white;"> </span> + 1,000,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f26986; color:black;"> </span> + 100,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f8c4cf; color:black;"> </span> + 10,000</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poles_19_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Poles_19_century.png/220px-Poles_19_century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Poles_19_century.png/330px-Poles_19_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Poles_19_century.png/440px-Poles_19_century.png 2x" data-file-width="16137" data-file-height="15350" /></a><figcaption>Map of the distribution of Polish population in the 19th century <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#710023; color:white;"> </span> over 50% Polish</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#990030; color:white;"> </span> 30% – 50% Polish</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e80000; color:white;"> </span> 20% – 30% Polish</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff2a00; color:black;"> </span> 10% – 20% Polish</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff5b00; color:black;"> </span> 5% – 10% Polish</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fff600; color:black;"> </span> 3% – 5% Polish</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fdff74; color:black;"> </span> 1% – 3% Polish</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grojcowianie_15-08-2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Grojcowianie_15-08-2016.jpg/220px-Grojcowianie_15-08-2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Grojcowianie_15-08-2016.jpg/330px-Grojcowianie_15-08-2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Grojcowianie_15-08-2016.jpg/440px-Grojcowianie_15-08-2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4707" data-file-height="3454" /></a><figcaption>Young <a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Gorals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Beskid_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Beskid Mountains">Beskid Mountains</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%BBywiec_Beskids" title="Żywiec Beskids">Żywiec</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Polish people are the sixth-largest national group in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates vary depending on source, though available data suggest a total number of around 60 million people worldwide (with roughly 18-20 million living outside of Poland, many of whom are not of Polish descent, but are Polish nationals).<sup id="cite_ref-polonia_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polonia-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are almost 38 million Poles in Poland alone. There are also strong Polish communities in neighbouring countries, whose territories were once occupied or part of Poland – <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and western <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>. </p><p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Polish_diaspora" title="Polish diaspora">Polonia</a>" is usually used in Poland to refer to people of Polish origin who live outside Polish borders. There is a notable Polish <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish American">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Brazilian">Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Canadians" title="Polish Canadians">Canada</a>. France has a historic relationship with Poland and has a relatively large Polish-descendant population. Poles have lived in France since the 18th century. In the early 20th century, over a million Polish people settled in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, mostly during world wars, among them Polish émigrés fleeing either <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">Nazi occupation</a> (1939–1945) or <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Communism</a> (1945/1947–1989). </p><p>In the United States, a significant number of Polish immigrants settled in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> (billed as the world's most Polish city outside of Poland), Milwaukee, Ohio, Detroit, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, New York City, <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. The highest concentration of <a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a> in a single New England municipality is in <a href="/wiki/New_Britain,_Connecticut" title="New Britain, Connecticut">New Britain, Connecticut</a>. The majority of Polish Canadians have arrived in Canada since World War II. The number of Polish immigrants increased between 1945 and 1970, and again after the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Communism_in_Poland_(1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="End of Communism in Poland (1989)">end of Communism in Poland in 1989</a>. In Brazil, the majority of Polish immigrants settled in <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a> State. Smaller, but significant numbers settled in the states of <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, Espírito Santo and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo (state)</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a> has the second largest Polish diaspora in the world (after Chicago) and <a href="/wiki/Polish_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish music">Polish music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">dishes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish culture">culture</a> are quite common in the region. </p><p><a href="/wiki/21st_century_economic_migration_of_Poles" class="mw-redirect" title="21st century economic migration of Poles">A recent large migration</a> of Poles took place following Poland's accession to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 2004 and with the opening of the EU's labor market; an approximate number of 2 million, primarily young, Poles taking up jobs abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-onet_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onet-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that over half a million Polish people went to work in the United Kingdom from Poland. Since 2011, Poles have been able to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of movement for workers">work freely</a> throughout the EU where they have had full working rights since Poland's <a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">EU accession in 2004</a>. The Polish community in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> has increased substantially and has grown to a total number of 120,000, making Poles the largest immigrant group in Norway. Only in recent years has the population abroad decreased, specifically in the UK with 116.000 leaving the UK in 2018 alone. There is a large minority of <a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Ireland" title="Polish minority in Ireland">Polish people in Ireland</a> that makes up approximately 2.57% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Poland" title="Demographics of Poland">Demographics of Poland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karta_Polaka" title="Karta Polaka">Karta Polaka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_people" title="List of Polish people">List of Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Poland" title="Names of Poland">Names of Poland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_and_Hungarian_brothers_be" title="Pole and Hungarian brothers be">Pole and Hungarian brothers be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_France" title="Poles in France">Poles in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Germany" title="Poles in Germany">Poles in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Latvia" title="Poles in Latvia">Poles in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Lithuania" title="Poles in Lithuania">Poles in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Norway" title="Poles in Norway">Poles in Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Romania" title="Poles in Romania">Poles in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Poles in the Soviet Union">Poles in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Spain" title="Poles in Spain">Poles in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poles in the United Kingdom">Poles in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Argentines" title="Polish Argentines">Polish Argentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Australians" title="Polish Australians">Polish Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Brazilians" title="Polish Brazilians">Polish Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Canadians" title="Polish Canadians">Polish Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Chileans" title="Polish Chileans">Polish Chileans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Mexicans" title="Polish Mexicans">Polish Mexicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Ireland" title="Polish minority in Ireland">Polish minority in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Polish minority in the Czech Republic">Polish Czechs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationality_law" title="Polish nationality law">Polish nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_New_Zealanders" title="Polish New Zealanders">Polish New Zealanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Uruguayans" title="Polish Uruguayans">Polish Uruguayans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Venezuelans" title="Polish Venezuelans">Polish Venezuelans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Poland" title="Sons of Poland">Sons of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Polacy</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[pɔˈlat͡sɨ]</a></span>; singular masculine: <i>Polak</i>, singular feminine: <i>Polka</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some instances only five laureates are acknowledged as <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a> resided in the United States and primarily wrote in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-polmap-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-polmap_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-polmap_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">37.5–38 million in Poland and 21–22 million ethnic Poles or people of ethnic Polish extraction elsewhere. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polmap.pdg.pl/mapy/polonia_na_swiecie.htm">"Polmap. Rozmieszczenie ludności pochodzenia polskiego (w mln)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150730002747/http://polmap.pdg.pl/mapy/polonia_na_swiecie.htm">Archived</a> 30 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gudaszewski-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gudaszewski_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gudaszewski_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGudaszewski2015" class="citation book cs1">Gudaszewski, Grzegorz (November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/files/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5670/22/1/1/struktura_narodowo-etniczna.pdf"><i>Struktura narodowo-etniczna, językowa i wyznaniowa ludności Polski. Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Warsaw: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. pp. 132–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7027-597-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7027-597-6"><bdi>978-83-7027-597-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808010836/https://stat.gov.pl/files/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5670/22/1/1/struktura_narodowo-etniczna.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struktura+narodowo-etniczna%2C+j%C4%99zykowa+i+wyznaniowa+ludno%C5%9Bci+Polski.+Narodowy+Spis+Powszechny+Ludno%C5%9Bci+i+Mieszka%C5%84+2011.&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=132-136&rft.pub=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny&rft.date=2015-11&rft.isbn=978-83-7027-597-6&rft.aulast=Gudaszewski&rft.aufirst=Grzegorz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Ffiles%2Fgfx%2Fportalinformacyjny%2Fpl%2Fdefaultaktualnosci%2F5670%2F22%2F1%2F1%2Fstruktura_narodowo-etniczna.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024040808/http://wspolnota-polska.org.pl/polonia_w_liczbach.html">"Stowarzyszenie Wspólnota Polska"</a>. <i>Wspolnota-polska.org.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wspolnota-polska.org.pl/polonia_w_liczbach.html">the original</a> on 24 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wspolnota-polska.org.pl&rft.atitle=Stowarzyszenie+Wsp%C3%B3lnota+Polska&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwspolnota-polska.org.pl%2Fpolonia_w_liczbach.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ludność-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ludność_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ludność_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGłówny_Urząd_Statystyczny2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Główny Urząd Statystyczny (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf"><i>Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna</i></a> [<i>Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Polish). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. pp. 89–101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706044038/https://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ludno%C5%9B%C4%87.+Stan+i+struktura+demograficzno-spo%C5%82eczna&rft.pages=89-101&rft.pub=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny&rft.date=2013-01&rft.au=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fcps%2Frde%2Fxbcr%2Fgus%2FLUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Publikationen/Downloads-Migration/migrationshintergrund-2010220187004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile">Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund - Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus - Fachserie 1 Reihe 2.2 - 2018</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807135312/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Publikationen/Downloads-Migration/migrationshintergrund-2010220187004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile">Archived</a> 7 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, page 62, retrieved 29 November 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wspólnota_Polska,_diáspora_polaca_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326104317/http://archiwum.wspolnotapolska.org.pl/?id=pwko00">Polska Diaspora na świecie</a>, Stowarzyszenie Wspólnota Polska, 2007. Retrieved 14 August 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistics_Canada-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_Canada_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey"</a>. 8 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224183256/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Origin+%28264%29%2C+Single+and+Multiple+Ethnic+Origin+Responses+%283%29%2C+Generation+Status+%284%29%2C+Age+Groups+%2810%29+and+Sex+%283%29+for+the+Population+in+Private+Households+of+Canada%2C+Provinces%2C+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2011+National+Household+Survey&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fnhs-enm%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fdt-td%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D0%26PID%3D105396%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D105277%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2013%26THEME%3D95%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Présentation_de_la_Pologne-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Présentation_de_la_Pologne_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErwin_Dopf" class="citation web cs1">Erwin Dopf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/pologne/relations-bilaterales/">"Présentation de la Pologne"</a>. diplomatie.gouv.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214064655/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/pologne/relations-bilaterales/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pr%C3%A9sentation+de+la+Pologne&rft.pub=diplomatie.gouv.fr&rft.au=Erwin+Dopf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Fdossiers-pays%2Fpologne%2Frelations-bilaterales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/pologne/presentation-de-la-pologne/">"Présentation de la Pologne"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122173125/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/pologne/presentation-de-la-pologne/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pr%C3%A9sentation+de+la+Pologne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Fdossiers-pays%2Fpologne%2Fpresentation-de-la-pologne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/jan/26/europe-population-who-lives-where">"Europe: where do people live?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609135216/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/jan/26/europe-population-who-lives-where">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Europe%3A+where+do+people+live%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2Fdatablog%2F2012%2Fjan%2F26%2Feurope-population-who-lives-where&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326104317/http://archiwum.wspolnotapolska.org.pl/?id=pwko00">"Polonia w liczbach"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Association_%22Polish_Community%22" title="Association "Polish Community"">Stowarzyszenie "Wspólnota Polska"</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiwum.wspolnotapolska.org.pl/?id=pwko00">the original</a> on 26 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stowarzyszenie+%22Wsp%C3%B3lnota+Polska%22&rft.atitle=Polonia+w+liczbach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiwum.wspolnotapolska.org.pl%2F%3Fid%3Dpwko00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ons.gov.uk-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ons.gov.uk_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/populationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality/july2020tojune2021/populationbycountryofbirthandnationalityjul20tojun21.xls">"Population of the United Kingdom by country of birth and nationality, July 2020 to June 2021"</a>. <i>ons.gov.uk</i>. Office for National Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240103215501/https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/populationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality/july2020tojune2021/populationbycountryofbirthandnationalityjul20tojun21.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Population+of+the+United+Kingdom+by+country+of+birth+and+nationality%2C+July+2020+to+June+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Finternationalmigration%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality%2Fjuly2020tojune2021%2Fpopulationbycountryofbirthandnationalityjul20tojun21.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polonia-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polonia_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/ajimpact/polish-workers-abandoning-brexit-britain-favour-germany-191120185949954.html">"Polish workers abandon brexit Britain in favour of Germany:Aljazeera.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191121033959/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/ajimpact/polish-workers-abandoning-brexit-britain-favour-germany-191120185949954.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polish+workers+abandon+brexit+Britain+in+favour+of+Germany%3AAljazeera.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Famp%2Fajimpact%2Fpolish-workers-abandoning-brexit-britain-favour-germany-191120185949954.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2004/04/27/t-749506.htm">"Clarín.com – La ampliación de la Unión Europea habilita a 600 mil argentinos para ser comunitarios"</a>. <i>Edant.clarin.com</i>. 27 April 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185845/http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2004/04/27/t-749506.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edant.clarin.com&rft.atitle=Clar%C3%ADn.com+%E2%80%93+La+ampliaci%C3%B3n+de+la+Uni%C3%B3n+Europea+habilita+a+600+mil+argentinos+para+ser+comunitarios&rft.date=2004-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedant.clarin.com%2Fdiario%2F2004%2F04%2F27%2Ft-749506.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182430/https://www.belstat.gov.by/upload/iblock/b49/b49a6306ec95b5c2d851e897490581a3.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.belstat.gov.by</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belstat.gov.by/upload/iblock/b49/b49a6306ec95b5c2d851e897490581a3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.belstat.gov.by&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belstat.gov.by%2Fupload%2Fiblock%2Fb49%2Fb49a6306ec95b5c2d851e897490581a3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715131722/https://www.abs.gov.au/census?openagent=&20050-XCP-Australia.zip=&20060=&Main+Features=&02006+Census+Expanded+Community+Profile28%2F11%2F071=&0=&2006=&28.11.2007=&Latest=">"Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Government"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/2006Census3.nsf/logByLookupView?openagent&20050-XCP-Australia.zip&20060&Main%20Features&02006%20Census%20Expanded%20Community%20Profile28%2F11%2F071&0&2006&28.11.2007&Latest">the original</a> on 15 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics%2C+Australian+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2FAUSSTATS%2F2006Census3.nsf%2FlogByLookupView%3Fopenagent%2620050-XCP-Australia.zip%2620060%26Main%2520Features%2602006%2520Census%2520Expanded%2520Community%2520Profile28%252F11%252F071%260%262006%2628.11.2007%26Latest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_24x&CYear=2011">"Jews, by Country of Origin and Age"</a>. <i>Statistical Abstract of Israel</i> (in English and Hebrew). <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a>. 26 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202349/http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_24x&CYear=2011%20">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistical+Abstract+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Jews%2C+by+Country+of+Origin+and+Age&rft.date=2011-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Freader%2Fshnaton%2Ftempl_shnaton_e.html%3Fnum_tab%3Dst02_24x%26CYear%3D2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osp.stat.gov.lt/lt/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize?hash=eb0fae4e-f7de-43b0-a727-f61ac012beee#/">"2021 censusm"</a>. 16 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216002425/http://www.emz-berlin.de/Statistik_2/lit/lit_01.htm#/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2021+censusm&rft.date=2015-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fosp.stat.gov.lt%2Flt%2Fstatistiniu-rodikliu-analize%3Fhash%3Deb0fae4e-f7de-43b0-a727-f61ac012beee%23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=80&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20&n_page=5">"Ukrainian Census 2001"</a>. <i>2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223241/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=80&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20&n_page=5">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+Census+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Feng%2Fresults%2Fnationality_population%2Fnationality_1%2Fs5%2F%3Fbotton%3Dcens_db%26box%3D5.1W%26k_t%3D00%26p%3D80%26rz%3D1_1%26rz_b%3D2_1%2520%2520%2520%26n_page%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rp.pl/Spoleczenstwo/310169932-Polacy-przestali-kochac-Irlandie-Mysla-o-powrocie.html">"Polacy przestali kochać Irlandię. Myślą o powrocie"</a>. 17 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806070245/https://www.rp.pl/Spoleczenstwo/310169932-Polacy-przestali-kochac-Irlandie-Mysla-o-powrocie.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polacy+przestali+kocha%C4%87+Irlandi%C4%99.+My%C5%9Bl%C4%85+o+powrocie&rft.date=2018-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rp.pl%2FSpoleczenstwo%2F310169932-Polacy-przestali-kochac-Irlandie-Mysla-o-powrocie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/en/innvbef/">"Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents"</a>. 9 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411025653/http://www.ssb.no/en/innvbef">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigrants+and+Norwegian-born+to+immigrant+parents&rft.date=2020-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fen%2Finnvbef%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103134022/http://www.naszswiat.net/wiadomosci/wiadomosci/wlochy/maleje-liczba-polakow-we-wloszech.html">"Maleje liczba Polaków we Włoszech"</a> [The number of Poles in Italy is decreasing]. <i>Naszswiat.net</i> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naszswiat.net/wiadomosci/wiadomosci/wlochy/maleje-liczba-polakow-we-wloszech.html">the original</a> on 3 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naszswiat.net&rft.atitle=Maleje+liczba+Polak%C3%B3w+we+W%C5%82oszech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naszswiat.net%2Fwiadomosci%2Fwiadomosci%2Fwlochy%2Fmaleje-liczba-polakow-we-wloszech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scb.se/Statistik/BE/BE0101/2012A01x/be0101_Fodelseland_och_ursprungsland.xls">"Befolkning efter födelseland och ursprungsland 31 december 2012"</a> (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Sweden" title="Statistics Sweden">Statistics Sweden</a>. 31 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140242/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/BE/BE0101/2012A01x/be0101_Fodelseland_och_ursprungsland.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Befolkning+efter+f%C3%B6delseland+och+ursprungsland+31+december+2012&rft.pub=Statistics+Sweden&rft.date=2013-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scb.se%2FStatistik%2FBE%2FBE0101%2F2012A01x%2Fbe0101_Fodelseland_och_ursprungsland.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft//bevoelkerung_am_1.1.2015_nach_detailliertem_geburtsland_und_bundesland-2.pdf">http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft//bevoelkerung_am_1.1.2015_nach_detailliertem_geburtsland_und_bundesland-2.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2017">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-migrationpolicy.org-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-migrationpolicy.org_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-migrationpolicy.org_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-migrationpolicy.org_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination/">"Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination"</a>. 10 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328205748/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigrant+and+Emigrant+Populations+by+Country+of+Origin+and+Destination&rft.date=2014-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Fprograms%2Fdata-hub%2Fcharts%2Fimmigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWspólnota_Polska" class="citation web cs1">Wspólnota Polska. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024040808/http://wspolnota-polska.org.pl/polonia_w_liczbach.html">"Stowarzyszenie Wspólnota Polska"</a>. <i>Wspolnota-polska.org.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wspolnota-polska.org.pl/polonia_w_liczbach.html">the original</a> on 24 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wspolnota-polska.org.pl&rft.atitle=Stowarzyszenie+Wsp%C3%B3lnota+Polska&rft.au=Wsp%C3%B3lnota+Polska&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwspolnota-polska.org.pl%2Fpolonia_w_liczbach.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/notikumi/key-provisional-results-population-and-housing-census-2011-33306.html">"On key provisional results of Population and Housing Census 2011"</a>. <i>Csb.gov.lv</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706185754/http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/notikumi/key-provisional-results-population-and-housing-census-2011-33306.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Csb.gov.lv&rft.atitle=On+key+provisional+results+of+Population+and+Housing+Census+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csb.gov.lv%2Fen%2Fnotikumi%2Fkey-provisional-results-population-and-housing-census-2011-33306.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statbank.dk/statbank5a/selectvarval/saveselections.asp">"Statistics Denmark:FOLK1: Population at the first day of the quarter by sex, age, ancestry, country of origin and citizenship"</a>. Statistics Denmark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191129140810/https://www.statbank.dk/statbank5a/selectvarval/saveselections.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+Denmark%3AFOLK1%3A+Population+at+the+first+day+of+the+quarter+by+sex%2C+age%2C+ancestry%2C+country+of+origin+and+citizenship&rft.pub=Statistics+Denmark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statbank.dk%2Fstatbank5a%2Fselectvarval%2Fsaveselections.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118072949/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%9F%D0%9D2009_161110%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81.doc">"Kazakhstan National Census 2009"</a>. <i>Stat.kz</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%9F%D0%9D2009_161110%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81.doc">the original</a> on 18 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stat.kz&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+National+Census+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.kz%2Fp_perepis%2FDocuments%2F%25D0%259A%25D1%2580%25D0%259F%25D0%259D2009_161110%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D1%2581.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWspólnota_Polska" class="citation web cs1">Wspólnota Polska. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wspolnota-polska.org.pl/index.php?id=dubd2">"Stowarzyszenie Wspólnota Polska"</a>. <i>Wspolnota-polska.org.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180810205001/http://www.wspolnota-polska.org.pl/index.php?id=dubd2">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wspolnota-polska.org.pl&rft.atitle=Stowarzyszenie+Wsp%C3%B3lnota+Polska&rft.au=Wsp%C3%B3lnota+Polska&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wspolnota-polska.org.pl%2Findex.php%3Fid%3Ddubd2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx">"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2Ftab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__3_bakgrunnur__Faedingarland/MAN12103.px/table/tableViewLayout2/?rxid=412c9dca-b461-4df8-adca-dcd0687a6ce6">"Population by country of birth, sex and age 1 January 1998-2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Iceland" title="Statistics Iceland">Statistics Iceland</a>. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927201903/https://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__3_bakgrunnur__Faedingarland/MAN12103.px/?rxid=412c9dca-b461-4df8-adca-dcd0687a6ce6">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+country+of+birth%2C+sex+and+age+1+January+1998-2022&rft.pub=Statistics+Iceland&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpx.hagstofa.is%2Fpxen%2Fpxweb%2Fen%2FIbuar%2FIbuar__mannfjoldi__3_bakgrunnur__Faedingarland%2FMAN12103.px%2Ftable%2FtableViewLayout2%2F%3Frxid%3D412c9dca-b461-4df8-adca-dcd0687a6ce6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112214925/https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27914491/1612_c01t14.pdf/4bbedd77-c239-48cd-bf5a-7a43f6dbf71b?version=1.0">"Foreigners by category of residence, sex, and citizenship as at 31 December 2016"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27914491/1612_c01t14.pdf/4bbedd77-c239-48cd-bf5a-7a43f6dbf71b?version=1.0">the original</a> on 12 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreigners+by+category+of+residence%2C+sex%2C+and+citizenship+as+at+31+December+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.czso.cz%2Fdocuments%2F11292%2F27914491%2F1612_c01t14.pdf%2F4bbedd77-c239-48cd-bf5a-7a43f6dbf71b%3Fversion%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KSH-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KSH_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVukovich2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vukovich, Gabriella (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf"><i>Mikrocenzus 2016 - 12. Nemzetiségi adatok</i></a> [<i>2016 microcensus - 12. Ethnic data</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Hungarian). Budapest. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-235-542-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-235-542-9"><bdi>978-963-235-542-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808024307/http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mikrocenzus+2016+-+12.+Nemzetis%C3%A9gi+adatok&rft.place=Budapest&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-963-235-542-9&rft.aulast=Vukovich&rft.aufirst=Gabriella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksh.hu%2Fdocs%2Fhun%2Fxftp%2Fidoszaki%2Fmikrocenzus2016%2Fmikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094924/http://www.acercandonaciones.com/news/ante-la-crisis-europa-y-el-mundo-miran-a-latinoamerica.html">"Ante la crisis, Europa y el mundo miran a Latinoamérica"</a> (in Spanish). Acercando Naciones. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acercandonaciones.com/news/ante-la-crisis-europa-y-el-mundo-miran-a-latinoamerica.html">the original</a> on 18 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ante+la+crisis%2C+Europa+y+el+mundo+miran+a+Latinoam%C3%A9rica&rft.pub=Acercando+Naciones&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acercandonaciones.com%2Fnews%2Fante-la-crisis-europa-y-el-mundo-miran-a-latinoamerica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-dalsej-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR">"SODB2021 - Obyvatelia - Základné výsledky"</a>. <i>www.scitanie.sk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715111536/https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-dalsej-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scitanie.sk&rft.atitle=SODB2021+-+Obyvatelia+-+Z%C3%A1kladn%C3%A9+v%C3%BDsledky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scitanie.sk%2Fobyvatelia%2Fzakladne-vysledky%2Fstruktura-obyvatelstva-podla-dalsej-narodnosti%2FSR%2FSK0%2FSR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sef.pt/pt/Documents/RIFA2022%20vF2a.pdf">"Sefstat2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sefstat2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sef.pt%2Fpt%2FDocuments%2FRIFA2022%2520vF2a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/files?page=1&layout=datalist&toukei=00250012&tstat=000001018034&cycle=1&tclass1=000001060399&tclass2val=0&metadata=1&data=1">"在留外国人統計"</a> (in Japanese). 15 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%A8%E7%95%99%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88&rft.date=2023-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-stat.go.jp%2Fstat-search%2Ffiles%3Fpage%3D1%26layout%3Ddatalist%26toukei%3D00250012%26tstat%3D000001018034%26cycle%3D1%26tclass1%3D000001060399%26tclass2val%3D0%26metadata%3D1%26data%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stat-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stat_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stat_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5515/1/19/1/maly_rocznik_statystyczny_polski_2018.pdf">"Niektóre wyznania religijne w Polsce w 2017 r. (Selected religious denominations in Poland in 2017)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mały Rocznik Statystyczny Polski 2018 (Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland 2018)</i> (in Polish and English). Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 2018. pp. 114–115. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1640-3630">1640-3630</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524101034/https://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5515/1/19/1/maly_rocznik_statystyczny_polski_2018.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niekt%C3%B3re+wyznania+religijne+w+Polsce+w+2017+r.+%28Selected+religious+denominations+in+Poland+in+2017%29&rft.btitle=Ma%C5%82y+Rocznik+Statystyczny+Polski+2018+%28Concise+Statistical+Yearbook+of+Poland+2018%29&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=114-115&rft.pub=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1640-3630&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fdownload%2Fgfx%2Fportalinformacyjny%2Fpl%2Fdefaultaktualnosci%2F5515%2F1%2F19%2F1%2Fmaly_rocznik_statystyczny_polski_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=97saAAAAYAAJ&dq=polacy+nar%C3%B3d+lechicki&pg=PA68"><i>Historya ksia̜ża̜t i królów polskich krótko zebrana – Teodor Waga – Google Books</i></a>. J. Zawadzki. 9 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927201919/https://books.google.com/books?id=97saAAAAYAAJ&dq=polacy+nar%C3%B3d+lechicki&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q=polacy%20nar%C3%B3d%20lechicki&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historya+ksia%CC%9C%C5%BCa%CC%9Ct+i+kr%C3%B3l%C3%B3w+polskich+kr%C3%B3tko+zebrana+%E2%80%93+Teodor+Waga+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=J.+Zawadzki&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D97saAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Dpolacy%2Bnar%25C3%25B3d%2Blechicki%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_7xoAAAAcAAJ&dq=polacy+nar%C3%B3d+lechicki&pg=PA67"><i>Historya krolow i ksiazat polskich krotko zebrana dla lepszego uzytku Wyd ... – Theodor Waga – Google Books</i></a>. Zupanski. 9 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927201919/https://books.google.com/books?id=_7xoAAAAcAAJ&dq=polacy+nar%C3%B3d+lechicki&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q=polacy%20nar%C3%B3d%20lechicki&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historya+krolow+i+ksiazat+polskich+krotko+zebrana+dla+lepszego+uzytku+Wyd+...+%E2%80%93+Theodor+Waga+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Zupanski&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_7xoAAAAcAAJ%26dq%3Dpolacy%2Bnar%25C3%25B3d%2Blechicki%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Labuda" title="Gerard Labuda">Gerard Labuda</a>. <i>Fragmenty dziejów Słowiańszczyzny zachodniej</i>, t. 1–2 s.72 2002; <a href="/wiki/Henryk_%C5%81owmia%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Łowmiański">Henryk Łowmiański</a>. <i>Początki Polski: z dziejów Słowian w I tysiącleciu n.e.</i>, t. 5 s.472; Stanisław Henryk Badeni, 1923. s. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stat-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stat_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Statistical_Office2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistical_Office_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Statistical Office (Poland)">Central Statistical Office</a> (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/Przynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_w_2011_NSP.pdf">"The national-ethnic affiliation in the population – The results of the census of population and housing in 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Polish). p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515165423/https://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/Przynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_w_2011_NSP.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+national-ethnic+affiliation+in+the+population+%E2%80%93+The+results+of+the+census+of+population+and+housing+in+2011&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2013-01&rft.au=Central+Statistical+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.pl%2Fcps%2Frde%2Fxbcr%2Fgus%2FPrzynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_w_2011_NSP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSP_2011-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSP_2011_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/files/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5670/22/1/1/struktura_narodowo-etniczna.pdf"><i>Struktura narodowo-etniczna, językowa i wyznaniowa ludności Polski [Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011]</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Polish). Warsaw: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. November 2015. pp. 129–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7027-597-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7027-597-6"><bdi>978-83-7027-597-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808010836/https://stat.gov.pl/files/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5670/22/1/1/struktura_narodowo-etniczna.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struktura+narodowo-etniczna%2C+j%C4%99zykowa+i+wyznaniowa+ludno%C5%9Bci+Polski+%5BNarodowy+Spis+Powszechny+Ludno%C5%9Bci+i+Mieszka%C5%84+2011%5D&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=129-136&rft.pub=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny&rft.date=2015-11&rft.isbn=978-83-7027-597-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Ffiles%2Fgfx%2Fportalinformacyjny%2Fpl%2Fdefaultaktualnosci%2F5670%2F22%2F1%2F1%2Fstruktura_narodowo-etniczna.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Labuda" title="Gerard Labuda">Gerard Labuda</a>. <i>Fragmenty dziejów Słowiańszczyzny zachodniej</i>, t.1–2 p.72 2002; <a href="/wiki/Henryk_%C5%81owmia%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Łowmiański">Henryk Łowmiański</a>. <i>Początki Polski: z dziejów Słowian w I tysiącleciu n.e.</i>, t. 5 p.472; Stanisław Henryk Badeni, 1923. p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGliński2016" class="citation web cs1">Gliński, Mikołaj (6 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/article/the-many-different-names-of-poland">"The Many Different Names of Poland"</a>. <i>Culture.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331110229/https://culture.pl/en/article/the-many-different-names-of-poland">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture.pl&rft.atitle=The+Many+Different+Names+of+Poland&rft.date=2016-12-06&rft.aulast=Gli%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Miko%C5%82aj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculture.pl%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-many-different-names-of-poland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehr-Spławiński1978" class="citation book cs1">Lehr-Spławiński, Tadeusz (1978). <i>Język polski. Pochodzenie, powstanie, rozwój</i>. Warszawa (Warsaw): Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C4%99zyk+polski.+Pochodzenie%2C+powstanie%2C+rozw%C3%B3j&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Wydawnictwo+Naukowe&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Lehr-Sp%C5%82awi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotkański2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Potkański, Karol (2004) [1922]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b78eAAAAMAAJ&q=p%C5%82aska%20wielkopolska%20polanie"><i>Pisma pośmiertne. Granice plemienia Polan</i></a>. Vol. 1 & 2. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności. p. 423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7063-411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7063-411-7"><bdi>978-83-7063-411-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404210016/https://books.google.com/books?id=b78eAAAAMAAJ&q=p%C5%82aska%20wielkopolska%20polanie">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pisma+po%C5%9Bmiertne.+Granice+plemienia+Polan&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=423&rft.pub=Polska+Akademia+Umiej%C4%99tno%C5%9Bci&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-83-7063-411-7&rft.aulast=Potka%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Karol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db78eAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dp%25C5%2582aska%2520wielkopolska%2520polanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMałecki1907" class="citation book cs1">Małecki, Antoni (1907). <i>Lechici w świetle historycznej krytyki</i>. Lwów: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-65746-64-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-65746-64-1"><bdi>978-83-65746-64-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lechici+w+%C5%9Bwietle+historycznej+krytyki&rft.place=Lw%C3%B3w&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+im.+Ossoli%C5%84skich&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=978-83-65746-64-1&rft.aulast=Ma%C5%82ecki&rft.aufirst=Antoni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kob530-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kob530_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kob530_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zbigniew Kobyliński. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/new-cambridge-medieval-history/slavs/BA9F5D451AAE4AEC657C6960F28EF244">"The Slavs"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220522135116/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/new-cambridge-medieval-history/slavs/BA9F5D451AAE4AEC657C6960F28EF244">Archived</a> 22 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History</i>, pp. 530–537</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klemensiewicz-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klemensiewicz_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zenon Klemensiewicz: Historia języka polskiego t.III. Warszawa: PWN, 1985. P. 418-471. ISBN 83-01-06443-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-playground1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-playground1_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-playground1_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Davies2005" class="citation book cs1">Norman Davies (2005). <i>God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795: Origins</i>. OUP Oxford. p. xxvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925339-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925339-5"><bdi>978-0-19-925339-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground+A+History+of+Poland%3A+Volume+1%3A+The+Origins+to+1795%3A+Origins&rft.pages=xxvii&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925339-5&rft.au=Norman+Davies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek_DerwichAdam_Żurek2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marek Derwich; Adam Żurek (2002). <i>U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038)</i> (in Polish). pp. 122–143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U+%C5%BAr%C3%B3de%C5%82+Polski+%28do+roku+1038%29&rft.pages=122-143&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Marek+Derwich&rft.au=Adam+%C5%BBurek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_lgAAAAMAAJ&q=wplyw+francuskiego+na+j%C4%99zyk+polski">"Język polski"</a>. Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego. 27 July 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927201922/https://books.google.com/books?id=y_lgAAAAMAAJ&q=wplyw+francuskiego+na+j%C4%99zyk+polski">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J%C4%99zyk+polski&rft.pub=Towarzystwo+Mi%C5%82o%C5%9Bnik%C3%B3w+J%C4%99zyka+Polskiego.&rft.date=2000-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy_lgAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dwplyw%2Bfrancuskiego%2Bna%2Bj%25C4%2599zyk%2Bpolski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMańczak-Wohlfeld1995" class="citation book cs1">Mańczak-Wohlfeld, Elżbieta (27 July 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hjq2AAAAIAAJ&q=wp%C5%82yw+jezyka+niemieckiego+na+polski"><i>Tendencje rozwojowe współczesnych zapożyczeń angielskich w języku polskim</i></a>. Universitas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7052-347-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7052-347-3"><bdi>978-83-7052-347-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927201924/https://books.google.com/books?id=hjq2AAAAIAAJ&q=wp%C5%82yw+jezyka+niemieckiego+na+polski">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tendencje+rozwojowe+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82czesnych+zapo%C5%BCycze%C5%84+angielskich+w+j%C4%99zyku+polskim&rft.pub=Universitas&rft.date=1995-07-27&rft.isbn=978-83-7052-347-3&rft.aulast=Ma%C5%84czak-Wohlfeld&rft.aufirst=El%C5%BCbieta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhjq2AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dwp%25C5%2582yw%2Bjezyka%2Bniemieckiego%2Bna%2Bpolski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-poland.html">"Which Languages Are Spoken in Poland?"</a>. <i>WorldAtlas</i>. 18 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211223070736/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-poland.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=Which+Languages+Are+Spoken+in+Poland%3F&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-languages-are-spoken-in-poland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucjan_AdamczukSławomir_Łodziński2006" class="citation book cs1">Lucjan Adamczuk; Sławomir Łodziński (2006). <i>Mniejszości narodowe w Polsce w świetle Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego z 2002 roku</i>. Warszawa (Warsaw): Wydawn. Nauk. Scholar. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7383-143-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7383-143-8"><bdi>978-83-7383-143-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mniejszo%C5%9Bci+narodowe+w+Polsce+w+%C5%9Bwietle+Narodowego+Spisu+Powszechnego+z+2002+roku&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Wydawn.+Nauk.+Scholar&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-83-7383-143-8&rft.au=Lucjan+Adamczuk&rft.au=S%C5%82awomir+%C5%81odzi%C5%84ski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docplayer.pl/57273906-Instytut-kaszubski-acta-cassubiana-tom-xvii.html">"Acta Cassubiana. Vol. XVII (map on p. 122)"</a>. <i>Instytut Kaszubski</i>. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002849/http://docplayer.pl/57273906-Instytut-kaszubski-acta-cassubiana-tom-xvii.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instytut+Kaszubski&rft.atitle=Acta+Cassubiana.+Vol.+XVII+%28map+on+p.+122%29&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.pl%2F57273906-Instytut-kaszubski-acta-cassubiana-tom-xvii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160103000918/http://instytutkaszubski.republika.pl/pdfy/niemiecki.pdf">"Kaschuben heute: Kultur-Sprache-Identität"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instytutkaszubski.republika.pl/pdfy/niemiecki.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaschuben+heute%3A+Kultur-Sprache-Identit%C3%A4t&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finstytutkaszubski.republika.pl%2Fpdfy%2Fniemiecki.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Zamoyski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Polish-Way-Thousand-History-Culture/dp/0781802008"><i>The Polish Way: A Thousand Year History of the Poles and Their Culture</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928231729/https://www.amazon.co.uk/Polish-Way-Thousand-History-Culture/dp/0781802008/">Archived</a> 28 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Published 1993, Hippocrene Books, Poland, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7818-0200-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7818-0200-8">0-7818-0200-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-const-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-const_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-const_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/polski/kon1.htm">Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601213602/http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/polski/kon1.htm">Archived</a> 1 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [<span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm">Constitution of the Republic of Poland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515155657/http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm">Archived</a> 15 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>], Dz.U. 1997 nr 78 poz. 483</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/pisa-2018-results.htm">"PISA 2018 results"</a>. <i>oecd.org</i>. OECD. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203141933/https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/pisa-2018-results.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oecd.org&rft.atitle=PISA+2018+results&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fpisa%2Fpublications%2Fpisa-2018-results.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZachara2018" class="citation book cs1">Zachara, Małgorzata (2018). <i>Poland in Transatlantic Relations after 1989</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-0740-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-0740-1"><bdi>978-1-5275-0740-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+in+Transatlantic+Relations+after+1989&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-0740-1&rft.aulast=Zachara&rft.aufirst=Ma%C5%82gorzata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNodzyńskaCieśla2012" class="citation book cs1">Nodzyńska, Małgorzata; Cieśla, Paweł (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201958/http://uatacz.up.krakow.pl/~wwwchemia/pliki/ISBN_978_83_7271_768_9_From_alchemy_to_the_present_day"><i>From Alchemy to the Present Day – the Choice of Biographies of Polish Scientists</i></a>. Cracow: Pedagogical University of Kraków. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7271-768-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7271-768-9"><bdi>978-83-7271-768-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uatacz.up.krakow.pl/~wwwchemia/pliki/ISBN_978_83_7271_768_9_From_alchemy_to_the_present_day">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Alchemy+to+the+Present+Day+%E2%80%93+the+Choice+of+Biographies+of+Polish+Scientists&rft.place=Cracow&rft.pub=Pedagogical+University+of+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-83-7271-768-9&rft.aulast=Nodzy%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Ma%C5%82gorzata&rft.au=Cie%C5%9Bla%2C+Pawe%C5%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuatacz.up.krakow.pl%2F~wwwchemia%2Fpliki%2FISBN_978_83_7271_768_9_From_alchemy_to_the_present_day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerend2005" class="citation book cs1">Berend, Ivan T. (2005). <i>History Derailed. Central and Eastern Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24525-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24525-9"><bdi>978-0-520-24525-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Derailed.+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+in+the+Long+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24525-9&rft.aulast=Berend&rft.aufirst=Ivan+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabrera2020" class="citation web cs1">Cabrera, Isabel (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geediting.com/world-reading-habits-2020/">"World Reading Habits in 2020 [Infographic]"</a>. <i>geediting.com</i>. Global English Editing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220504004350/https://geediting.com/world-reading-habits-2020/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geediting.com&rft.atitle=World+Reading+Habits+in+2020+%5BInfographic%5D&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Cabrera&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeediting.com%2Fworld-reading-habits-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEurostat2019" class="citation web cs1">Eurostat (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Overweight_and_obesity_-_BMI_statistics">"Overweight and obesity - BMI statistics"</a>. <i>ec.europa.eu</i>. European Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108163155/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Overweight_and_obesity_-_BMI_statistics">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Overweight+and+obesity+-+BMI+statistics&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fstatistics-explained%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DOverweight_and_obesity_-_BMI_statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO2017-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAO2017_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFood_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations_(FAO)2017" class="citation web cs1">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS">"Food balances data 2017"</a>. <i>FAO.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FAO.org&rft.atitle=Food+balances+data+2017&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations+%28FAO%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FFBS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274603/9789241565639-eng.pdf">"WHO Global status report on alcohol and health 2018"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>who.int</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210160224/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274603/9789241565639-eng.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=who.int&rft.atitle=WHO+Global+status+report+on+alcohol+and+health+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10665%2F274603%2F9789241565639-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-catholic-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-catholic_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/poland/">"Europe: Poland — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i>The World Factbook</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108080850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/poland/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Europe%3A+Poland+%E2%80%94+the+World+Factbook+-+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpoland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUS99-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GUS99_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GUS, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stat.gov.pl/download/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf">Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludnosci 2011: 4.4. Przynależność wyznaniowa (National Survey 2011: 4.4 Membership in faith communities)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010210701/http://stat.gov.pl/download/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> p. 99/337 (PDF file, direct download 3.3 MB). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7027-521-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7027-521-1">978-83-7027-521-1</a> <span class="nowrap">Retrieved 27 December 2014.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kzbb.org/ind.php?kzbb=statystyka&w=kiz2000">Kościoły i związki wyznaniowe w Polsce</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805132751/http://kzbb.org/ind.php?kzbb=statystyka&w=kiz2000">Archived</a> 5 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Retrieved 17 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott Simpson, <i>Native Faith: Polish Neo-Paganism at the Brink of the 21st Century</i>, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NationMaster.com 2003–2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmaster.com/red/graph/peo_pop-people-population&int=-1&id=EUR&b_ac=1">People Statistics: Population (most recent) by country</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090603024628/http://nationmaster.com/red/graph/peo_pop-people-population%26int%3D-1%26id%3DEUR%26b_ac%3D1">Archived</a> 3 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 25 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-polonia-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-polonia_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517095154/http://thenews.pl/1/11/Artykul/365138,Record-number-of-Poles-in-Britain-statistics-office">"Record number of Poles in Britain: statistics office"</a> (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Association_%22Polish_Community%22" title="Association "Polish Community"">association "Polish Community"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thenews.pl/1/11/Artykul/365138,Record-number-of-Poles-in-Britain-statistics-office">the original</a> on 17 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Record+number+of+Poles+in+Britain%3A+statistics+office&rft.pub=association+%22Polish+Community%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthenews.pl%2F1%2F11%2FArtykul%2F365138%2CRecord-number-of-Poles-in-Britain-statistics-office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onet-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-onet_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/swiat/sueddeutsche-zeitung-polska-przezywa-najwieksza-fale-emigracji-od-100-lat/yrtt0">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Sueddeutsche Zeitung": Polska przeżywa największą falę emigracji od 100 lat"</a>. <i>Wiadomosci.onet.pl</i>. 26 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308055401/https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/swiat/sueddeutsche-zeitung-polska-przezywa-najwieksza-fale-emigracji-od-100-lat/yrtt0">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiadomosci.onet.pl&rft.atitle=%22Sueddeutsche+Zeitung%22%3A+Polska+prze%C5%BCywa+najwi%C4%99ksz%C4%85+fal%C4%99+emigracji+od+100+lat&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.onet.pl%2Fswiat%2Fsueddeutsche-zeitung-polska-przezywa-najwieksza-fale-emigracji-od-100-lat%2Fyrtt0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/polish/">"Polish - CSO - Central Statistics Office"</a>. <i>www.cso.ie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918193759/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpnin/cpnin/polish/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cso.ie&rft.atitle=Polish+-+CSO+-+Central+Statistics+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-cpnin%2Fcpnin%2Fpolish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:People_of_Poland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:People of Poland">People of Poland</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavic_ethnic_groups" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Template:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Template talk:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_ethnic_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic ethnic groups</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Creole_people" title="Alaskan Creole people">Alaskan Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Latvia" title="Belarusians in Latvia">Belarusian Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Lithuania" title="Belarusians in Lithuania">Belarusian Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian minority in Poland">Belarusian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia" title="Belarusians in Russia">Belarusian Russians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baikal_Cossacks" title="Baikal Cossacks">Baikal Cossacks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekrasov_Cossacks" title="Nekrasov Cossacks">Nekrasov Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terek_Cossacks" title="Terek Cossacks">Terek Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greben_Cossacks" title="Greben Cossacks">Greben Cossacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurans_(Transbaikal_people)" title="Gurans (Transbaikal people)">Gurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyms" title="Karyms">Karyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Molokan">Molokans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlashuks" title="Podlashuks">Podlashuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleshuks" title="Poleshuks">Poleshuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryuns" title="Goryuns">Goryuns</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin Russians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchadals" title="Kamchadals">Kamchadals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenschik" title="Kamenschik">Kamenschiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polekhs" title="Polekhs">Polekhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semeiskie" title="Semeiskie">Semeiskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberians" title="Siberians">Siberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_old-settlers" title="Russian old-settlers">Starozhily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Pannonian Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns_of_Romania" title="Rusyns of Romania">Rusyn Romanians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podolyans" title="Podolyans">Podolyans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvin#Ethnic_group_in_Ukraine" title="Litvin">Litvins</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/100px-Slavic_europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/150px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/200px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chods" title="Chods">Chods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Gorals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Gorals" title="Silesian Gorals">Silesian Gorals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gochy" title="Gochy">Gochans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krubans" title="Krubans">Krubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masurians" title="Masurians">Masurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambers" title="Bambers">Bambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderlands_Poles" title="Borderlands Poles">Borderlands Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug_River_Poles" title="Bug River Poles">Bug River Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_people" title="Greater Poland people">Greater Poland people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaliszans" title="Kaliszans">Kaliszans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavians" title="Kuyavians">Kuyavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Btaks" title="Taśtaks">Taśtaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kociewie#Kociewians" title="Kociewie">Kociewians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurpie" title="Kurpie">Kurpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasovians" title="Lasovians">Lasovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czycans" title="Łęczycans">Łęczycans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_people" title="Lesser Poland people">Lesser Poland people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masovians" title="Masovians">Masovians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81owiczans" title="Łowiczans">Łowiczans</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Boyars" title="Międzyrzec Boyars">Międzyrzec Boyars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poborzans" title="Poborzans">Poborzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Uplanders" title="Polish Uplanders">Polish Uplanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Russian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85cz_Lachs" title="Sącz Lachs">Sącz Lachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradzans" title="Sieradzans">Sieradzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmians_(ethnic_group)" title="Warmians (ethnic group)">Warmians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhrpolen" title="Ruhrpolen">Ruhrpolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Vlachs" title="Cieszyn Vlachs">Cieszyn Vlachs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends_of_Texas" title="Wends of Texas">Texas Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Albania" title="Bosniaks in Albania">Bosniak Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Croatia" title="Bosniaks of Croatia">Bosniak Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Kosovo" title="Bosniaks in Kosovo">Bosniak Kosovars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Montenegro" title="Bosniaks of Montenegro">Bosniak Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Serbia" title="Bosniaks of Serbia">Bosniak Serbians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Bulgarians" title="Anatolian Bulgarians">Anatolian Bulgarians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarians" title="Banat Bulgarians">Banat Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Bulgarians" title="Bessarabian Bulgarians">Bessarabian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Albania" title="Bulgarians in Albania">Bulgarian Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Croatia" title="Bulgarians in Croatia">Bulgarian Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Hungary" title="Bulgarians in Hungary">Bulgarian Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Italy" title="Bulgarians in Italy">Bulgarian Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Bulgarians" title="Macedonian Bulgarians">Macedonian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Bulgarians" title="Thracian Bulgarians">Thracian Bulgarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevci" title="Bunjevci">Bunjevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croats" title="Burgenland Croats">Burgenland Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croat_Muslims" title="Croat Muslims">Croat Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjevci" title="Janjevci">Janjevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krashovani" title="Krashovani">Krashovani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molise_Croats" title="Molise Croats">Molise Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okci" title="Šokci">Šokci</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_in_Albania" title="Macedonians in Albania">Albanian Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Macedonians_in_Bulgaria" title="Ethnic Macedonians in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijaks" title="Mijaks">Mijaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Muslims">Torbeši</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Ethnic Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resia,_Friuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Resia, Friuli">Resians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">Kosovo Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs of North Macedonia">Macedonian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Montenegro" title="Serbs of Montenegro">Montenegrin Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia" title="Serbs of Croatia">Croatian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Vojvodina" title="Serbs in Vojvodina">Vojvodina Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Muslims" title="Serb Muslims">Serb Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopi" title="Shopi">Shopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Slovenes" title="Carinthian Slovenes">Carinthian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes_of_Croatia" title="Slovenes of Croatia">Croatian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovenes" title="Hungarian Slovenes">Hungarian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_minority_in_Italy" title="Slovene minority in Italy">Italian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovenes" title="Prekmurje Slovenes">Prekmurje Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavia_Friulana" title="Slavia Friulana">Venetian Slavs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polish_diaspora_and_Polish_minorities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polish_diaspora" title="Template:Polish diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polish_diaspora" title="Template talk:Polish diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polish_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polish diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polish_diaspora_and_Polish_minorities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polish_diaspora" title="Polish diaspora">Polish diaspora</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polish minorities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian identity">Polish-Lithuanian people</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Emigration" title="Great Emigration">Great Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="Polish occupation zone in Germany">Polish occupation zone in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Poles in the Soviet Union">Poles in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Central_and_Eastern_Europe" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central and Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Belarus" title="Poles in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Bulgaria" title="Poles in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Polish minority in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Germany" title="Poles in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruhrpolen" title="Ruhrpolen">Ruhrpolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Poland_to_Germany_after_World_War_II" title="Emigration from Poland to Germany after World War II">after WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_of_Polish_origin" title="List of Germans of Polish origin">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Hungary" title="Poles in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Moldova" title="Poles in Moldova">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Transnistria" title="Poles in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Romania" title="Poles in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Ukraine" title="Poles in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Iceland" title="Poles in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Ireland" title="Polish minority in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Latvia" title="Poles in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Lithuania" title="Poles in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Norway" title="Poles in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Sweden" title="Poles in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Poles in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Malta" title="Poles in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Spain" title="Poles in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migrations_from_Poland_since_EU_accession" class="mw-redirect" title="Migrations from Poland since EU accession">after 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_France" title="Poles in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Luxembourg" title="Poles in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poles in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Polish" title="White Polish">White Polish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Argentines" title="Polish Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Brazilians" title="Polish Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Canadians" title="Polish Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Chileans" title="Polish Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Colombians" title="Polish Colombians">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Haitians" title="Polish Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Mexicans" title="Polish Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Paraguayan" title="Polish Paraguayan">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_Americans" title="List of Polish Americans">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Uruguayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Uruguayan">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Venezuelans" title="Polish Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_diaspora#Senegal" title="Polish diaspora">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_diaspora#Tanzania" title="Polish diaspora">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_diaspora#Uganda" title="Polish diaspora">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_diaspora#Zimbabwe" title="Polish diaspora">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Armenia" title="Poles in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Azerbaijan" title="Poles in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_China" title="Poles in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Georgia" title="Poles in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Japan" title="Poles in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Kazakhstan" title="Poles in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Poles in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people_in_Lebanon" title="Polish people in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people_in_Pakistan" title="Polish people in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Polish settlement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Buryatia" title="Poles in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Tajikistan" title="Poles in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poles_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poles in Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonezk%C3%B6y" title="Polonezköy">Polonezköy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Turkmenistan" title="Poles in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expatriates_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates#Polish" title="Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Uzbekistan" title="Poles in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Australians" title="Polish Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_New_Zealanders" title="Polish New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">Colonization attempts by Poland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Poland" title="Ethnic minorities in Poland">Ethnic minorities in Poland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Polish population transfers (1944–1946)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Repatriation_of_Poles_(1955%E2%80%9359)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repatriation of Poles (1955–59)">Repatriation of Poles (1955–59)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polish_Diaspora_Day" title="Polish Diaspora Day">Polish Diaspora Day</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Poland" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Poland" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Poland" title="Ethnic minorities in Poland">Ethnic groups in Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_people" title="Greater Poland people">Greater Poland people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaliszans" title="Kaliszans">Kaliszans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavians" title="Kuyavians">Kuyavians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavian_Borowiaks" title="Kuyavian Borowiaks">Kuyavian Borowiaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Btaks" title="Taśtaks">Taśtaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_people" title="Lesser Poland people">Lesser Poland people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cracovians_(ethnic_group)" title="Cracovians (ethnic group)">Cracovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasovians" title="Lasovians">Lasovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublinians" title="Lublinians">Lublinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandomierzans" title="Sandomierzans">Sandomierzans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Masovians" title="Masovians">Masovians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81owiczans" title="Łowiczans">Łowiczans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurpie" title="Kurpie">Kurpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masurians" title="Masurians">Masurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Boyars" title="Międzyrzec Boyars">Międzyrzec Boyars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poborzans" title="Poborzans">Poborzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlachians" title="Podlachians">Podlachians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borderlands_Poles" title="Borderlands Poles">Borderlands Poles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug_River_Poles" title="Bug River Poles">Bug River Poles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambers" title="Bambers">Bambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocievians" title="Kocievians">Kocievians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czycans" title="Łęczycans">Łęczycans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Uplanders" title="Polish Uplanders">Polish Uplanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradzans" title="Sieradzans">Sieradzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuchola_Forest#Ethnocultural_region" title="Tuchola Forest">Tuchola Borowians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmians_(ethnic_group)" title="Warmians (ethnic group)">Warmians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Gorals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85cz_Lachs" title="Sącz Lachs">Sącz Lachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Gorals" title="Silesian Gorals">Silesian Gorals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gochy" title="Gochy">Gochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krubans" title="Krubans">Krubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Vlachs" title="Cieszyn Vlachs">Cieszyn Vlachs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian minority in Poland">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs_in_Poland" title="Czechs in Poland">Czechs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_in_Poland" title="Macedonians in Poland">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlashuks" title="Podlashuks">Podlashuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleshuks" title="Poleshuks">Poleshuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_minority_in_Poland" title="Russian minority in Poland">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs in Poland">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Poland" title="Ukrainians in Poland">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch people in Poland">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olenders" title="Olenders">Olenders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="English people in Poland">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_people_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish people in Poland">Flemings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilamovians" title="Vilamovians">Vilamovians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Poland" title="German minority in Poland">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Germans" title="Galician Germans">Galician Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuchola_Forest#Ethnocultural_region" title="Tuchola Forest">Kosznajders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(German_people)" title="Pomeranians (German people)">Pomeranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Germans" title="Vistula Germans">Vistula Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walddeutsche" title="Walddeutsche">Walddeutsche</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="French people in Poland">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italians in Poland">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloons_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Walloons in Poland">Walloons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Poland" title="Africans in Poland">Africans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Poland" title="Armenians in Poland">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Poland" title="Bangladeshis in Poland">Bangladeshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_diaspora#Poland" title="Circassian diaspora">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Poland" title="Filipinos in Poland">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians_in_Poland" title="Georgians in Poland">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Poland" title="Greeks in Poland">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Poland" title="Hungarians in Poland">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Poland" title="Indians in Poland">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Poland" title="Koreans in Poland">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_minority_in_Poland" title="Lithuanian minority in Poland">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutejszy" title="Tutejszy">Locals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Poland" title="Nepalis in Poland">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Poland" title="Romani people in Poland">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polska_Roma" title="Polska Roma">Polska Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots in Poland">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Poland" title="Turks in Poland">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Poland" title="Vietnamese people in Poland">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1068347/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85104175">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569136">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Poláci"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118004&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Polky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph986758&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560740905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_people&oldid=1258386754">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_people&oldid=1258386754</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Poland" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Poland">Ethnic groups in Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Category:Slavic ethnic groups">Slavic ethnic groups</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Slavs" title="Category:West Slavs">West Slavs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Polish-language text">Articles containing Polish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Polish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Polish IPA">Pages with Polish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)">CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2017">Articles with dead external links from August 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hungarian-language_sources_(hu)" title="Category:CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)">CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)">Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2018">Use dmy dates from November 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%22Related_ethnic_groups%22_needing_confirmation" title="Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation">"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Armenian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Armenian-language text">Articles containing Armenian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2021">Articles needing additional references from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 12:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_people&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-rjgvs","wgBackendResponseTime":140,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.301","walltime":"1.519","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7807,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":263255,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10403,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":298217,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1289.649 1 -total"," 41.26% 532.077 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.51% 212.948 45 Template:Cite_web"," 14.99% 193.293 17 Template:Cite_book"," 11.36% 146.492 2 Template:Efn"," 10.51% 135.548 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 9.17% 118.285 3 Template:Langx"," 7.16% 92.376 2 Template:Short_description"," 5.43% 70.018 6 Template:Navbox"," 4.64% 59.825 4 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.805","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21063233,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-kwfxg","timestamp":"20241128194159","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Polish people","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polish_people","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1026","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1026","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-22T19:50:43Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T12:26:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/1\/12\/Flag_of_Poland.svg","headline":"West Slavic ethnic group"}</script> </body> </html>