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Philippe Rushton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_of_J._Philippe_Rushton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sociobiology:_The_New_Synthesis,_1975" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociobiology:_The_New_Synthesis,_1975"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Sociobiology: The New Synthesis</i>, 1975</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociobiology:_The_New_Synthesis,_1975-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reception_and_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Reception and controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Human_Nature,_1978" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Human_Nature,_1978"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><i>On Human Nature</i>, 1978</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Human_Nature,_1978-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Ants,_1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Ants,_1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span><i>The Ants</i>, 1990</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Ants,_1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consilience,_1998" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consilience,_1998"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span><i>Consilience</i>, 1998</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consilience,_1998-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritual_and_political_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_and_political_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spiritual and political beliefs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spiritual_and_political_beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spiritual and political beliefs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_and_political_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientific_humanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_humanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Scientific humanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_humanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-God_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>God and religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Retirement and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Main works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edited_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edited_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Edited works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edited_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">E. O. Wilson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="إدوارد أوسبورن ويلسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدوارد أوسبورن ويلسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ادوارد ویلسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادوارد ویلسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Edward Osborne Wilson" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Эдвард Осбарн Уілсан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдвард Осбарн Уілсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Едуард Уилсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едуард Уилсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edward Osborne Wilson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Edward Osborne Wilson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="E. O. Wilson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edward Osborne Wilson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_O._Wilson" title="Edward O. Wilson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edward O. Wilson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="E. O. Wilson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Έντουαρντ Όσμπορν Γουίλσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έντουαρντ Όσμπορν Γουίλσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edward Osborne Wilson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Edward Osborne Wilson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edward Osborne Wilson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ادوارد ویلسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد ویلسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edward Osborne Wilson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Edward Osborne Wilson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Edward Osborne Wilson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._%EC%9C%8C%EC%8A%A8" title="E. O. 윌슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="E. O. 윌슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="एडवर्ड ओ विल्सन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एडवर्ड ओ विल्सन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="E. O. Wilson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="E. O. Wilson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edward Osborne Wilson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%90%27_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אדוארד א' וילסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדוארד א' וילסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E.%E0%B2%92_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಎ.ಒ ವಿಲ್ಸನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎ.ಒ ವಿಲ್ಸನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="E. O. Wilson" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvards_Osborns_Vilsons" title="Edvards Osborns Vilsons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Edvards Osborns Vilsons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Edward Osborne Wilson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87._%E0%B4%92._%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="ഇ. ഒ. വിൽസൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇ. ഒ. വിൽസൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="एडवर्ड ओ विल्सन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एडवर्ड ओ विल्सन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ედვარდ ოსბორნ უილსონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ედვარდ ოსბორნ უილსონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edward Osborne Wilson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="エドワード・オズボーン・ウィルソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドワード・オズボーン・ウィルソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_O._Wilson" title="Edward O. Wilson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edward O. Wilson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_O._Wilson" title="Edward O. Wilson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edward O. Wilson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A._%D8%A7%D9%88._%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86" title="اي. او. ویلسن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اي. او. ویلسن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edward Osborne Wilson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edward Osborne Wilson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Уилсон, Эдвард Осборн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уилсон, Эдвард Осборн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="E. O. Wilson" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="E. O. Wilson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Edward Osborne Wilson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Edward Osborne Wilson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edward Osborne Wilson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_O._Wilson" title="Edward O. Wilson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edward O. Wilson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_O._Wilson" title="Edward O. Wilson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edward O. Wilson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" title="Edward Osborne Wilson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edward Osborne Wilson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Едвард Осборн Вілсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едвард Осборн Вілсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="E. O. Wilson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="E. O. Wilson" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A" title="E. O. 威尔逊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="E. O. 威尔逊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q211029#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">E. O. Wilson</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:E._O._Wilson_sitting,_October_16,_2007_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/E._O._Wilson_sitting%2C_October_16%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-E._O._Wilson_sitting%2C_October_16%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/E._O._Wilson_sitting%2C_October_16%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-E._O._Wilson_sitting%2C_October_16%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/E._O._Wilson_sitting%2C_October_16%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-E._O._Wilson_sitting%2C_October_16%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2086" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Wilson in 2007</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Edward Osborne Wilson</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1929-06-10</span>)</span>June 10, 1929<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 26, 2021<span style="display:none">(2021-12-26)</span> (aged 92)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Massachusetts" title="Burlington, Massachusetts">Burlington, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_biogeography" class="mw-redirect" title="Island biogeography">Island biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_evolution" title="Epic of evolution">Epic of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_displacement" title="Character displacement">Character displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">Biophilia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxon_cycle" title="Taxon cycle">Taxon cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Irene Kelley</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1955)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div> </div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Newcomb_Cleveland_Prize" title="Newcomb Cleveland Prize">Newcomb Cleveland Prize</a> (1967)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (1977)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Leidy_Award" title="Leidy Award">Leidy Award</a> (1979)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> (1979)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Prize_for_Environmental_Achievement" title="Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement">Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement</a> (1984)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Crafoord_Prize" title="Crafoord Prize">Crafoord Prize</a> (1990)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> (1991)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/International_Prize_for_Biology" title="International Prize for Biology">International Prize for Biology</a> (1993)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Award_for_Public_Understanding_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science">Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science</a> (1994)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Kistler_Prize" title="Kistler Prize">Kistler Prize</a> (2000)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;">King Faisal Prize (2000)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Environmental_Citizen_Award" title="Global Environmental Citizen Award">Global Environmental Citizen Award</a> (2001)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Nierenberg_Prize" title="Nierenberg Prize">Nierenberg Prize</a> (2001)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/BBVA_Foundation_Frontiers_of_Knowledge_Award" title="BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award">BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award</a> in Ecology and Conservation Biology (2010)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/International_Cosmos_Prize" title="International Cosmos Prize">International Cosmos Prize</a> (2012)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Kew_International_Medal" title="Kew International Medal">Kew International Medal</a> (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-seb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">Entomology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myrmecology" title="Myrmecology">Myrmecology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Harvard Museum of Natural History">Museum of Natural History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.proquest.com/docview/301948222/">A Monographic Revision of the Ant Genus Lasius</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1955)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank_M._Carpenter" title="Frank M. Carpenter">Frank M. Carpenter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Simberloff" title="Daniel Simberloff">Daniel Simberloff</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Farish" title="Donald J. Farish">Donald J. Farish</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Weinrich" title="James D. Weinrich">James D. Weinrich</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_W._Moffett" title="Mark W. Moffett">Mark W. Moffett</a> (1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edward Osborne Wilson</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a></span> (June 10, 1929 – December 26, 2021) was an American <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologist">ecologist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">entomologist</a> known for developing the field of <a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">sociobiology</a>. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, Wilson found an early interest in nature and frequented the outdoors. At age seven, he was partially blinded in a fishing accident; due to his reduced sight, Wilson resolved to study <a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">entomology</a>. After graduating from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a>, Wilson transferred to complete his dissertation at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, where he distinguished himself in multiple fields. In 1956, he co-authored a paper defining the theory of <a href="/wiki/Character_displacement" title="Character displacement">character displacement</a>. In 1967, he developed the theory of <a href="/wiki/Island_biogeography" class="mw-redirect" title="Island biogeography">island biogeography</a> with <a href="/wiki/Robert_MacArthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert MacArthur">Robert MacArthur</a>. </p><p>Wilson was the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pellegrino_University_Professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Pellegrino University Professor">Pellegrino University Research Professor Emeritus</a> in Entomology for the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, a lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a>. The Royal Swedish Academy awarded Wilson the <a href="/wiki/Crafoord_Prize" title="Crafoord Prize">Crafoord Prize</a>. He was a humanist laureate of the <a href="/wiki/International_Academy_of_Humanism" title="International Academy of Humanism">International Academy of Humanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a two-time winner of the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Nonfiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction">Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction</a> (for <i><a href="/wiki/On_Human_Nature" title="On Human Nature">On Human Nature</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/1979_Pulitzer_Prize" title="1979 Pulitzer Prize">1979</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ants" title="The Ants">The Ants</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/1991_Pulitzer_Prize" title="1991 Pulitzer Prize">1991</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" title="The New York Times Best Seller list"><i>New York Times</i> bestselling</a> author for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Conquest_of_Earth" title="The Social Conquest of Earth">The Social Conquest of Earth</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-CowlesG_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CowlesG-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Letters_to_a_Young_Scientist" title="Letters to a Young Scientist">Letters to a Young Scientist</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-CowlesG_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CowlesG-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>The Meaning of Human Existence</i>. </p><p>Wilson's work received both praise and criticism during his lifetime. His book <i>Sociobiology</i> was a particular flashpoint for controversy, and drew criticism from the <a href="/wiki/Sociobiology_Study_Group" title="Sociobiology Study Group">Sociobiology Study Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson's interpretation of the theory of evolution resulted in a widely reported dispute with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examinations of his letters after his death revealed that he had supported the psychologist <a href="/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton" title="J. Philippe Rushton">J. Philippe Rushton</a>, whose work on <a href="/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">race and intelligence</a> is widely regarded by the scientific community as deeply flawed and racist.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edward Osborne Wilson was born on June 10, 1929, in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>. He was the only child of Inez Linnette Freeman and Edward Osborne Wilson Sr.<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to his autobiography, <i><a href="/wiki/Naturalist_(book)" title="Naturalist (book)">Naturalist</a></i>, he grew up in various towns in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> which included <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Alabama" title="Decatur, Alabama">Decatur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pensacola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensacola">Pensacola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From an early age, he was interested in <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a>. His father was an alcoholic who eventually committed suicide. His parents allowed him to bring home <a href="/wiki/Latrodectus" title="Latrodectus">black widow spiders</a> and keep them on the porch.<sup id="cite_ref-last_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-last-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They divorced when he was seven years old. </p><p>In the same year that his parents divorced, Wilson blinded himself in his right eye in a fishing accident.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the prolonged pain, he did not stop fishing. He did not complain because he was anxious to stay outdoors, and never sought medical treatment. Several months later, his right pupil clouded over with a <a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">cataract</a>. He was admitted to <a href="/wiki/Pensacola_Hospital" title="Pensacola Hospital">Pensacola Hospital</a> to have the lens removed. Wilson writes, in his autobiography, that the "surgery was a terrifying [19th] century ordeal". Wilson retained full sight in his left eye, with a vision of 20/10. The 20/10 vision prompted him to focus on "little things": "I noticed butterflies and ants more than other kids did, and took an interest in them automatically." Although he had lost his <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopic vision</a>, he could still see fine print and the hairs on the bodies of small insects. His reduced ability to observe mammals and birds led him to concentrate on insects.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2006_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the age of nine, Wilson undertook his first expeditions at <a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Park" title="Rock Creek Park">Rock Creek Park</a> in Washington, D.C. He began to collect insects and he gained a passion for butterflies. He would capture them using nets made with brooms, coat hangers, and cheesecloth bags.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2006_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Going on these expeditions led to Wilson's fascination with ants. He describes in his autobiography how one day he pulled the bark of a rotting tree away and discovered <a href="/wiki/Acanthomyops" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthomyops">citronella ants</a> underneath.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2006_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The worker ants he found were "short, fat, brilliant yellow, and emitted a strong lemony odor".<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2006_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson said the event left a "vivid and lasting impression".<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2006_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also earned the <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Scout_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)">Eagle Scout</a> award and served as Nature Director of his <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts</a> summer camp. At age 18, intent on becoming an <a href="/wiki/Entomologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomologist">entomologist</a>, he began by collecting <a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">flies</a>, but the shortage of insect pins during World War II caused him to switch to <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>, which could be stored in vials. With the encouragement of Marion R. Smith, a myrmecologist from the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> in Washington, Wilson began a survey of all the ants of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>. This study led him to report the first colony of <a href="/wiki/Fire_ants" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire ants">fire ants</a> in the U.S., near the port of <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson said he went to 15 or 16 schools during 11 years of schooling.<sup id="cite_ref-last_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-last-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was concerned that he might not be able to afford to go to a university, and he tried to enlist in the United States Army, intending to earn U.S. government financial support for his education. He failed the Army medical examination due to his impaired eyesight,<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2006_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was able to afford to enroll in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a>, where he earned his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> in 1949 and <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> in biology in 1950. The next year, Wilson transferred to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2006_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Society_of_Fellows" title="Harvard Society of Fellows">Harvard Society of Fellows</a>, he could travel on overseas expeditions, collecting ant species of Cuba and Mexico and travel the South Pacific, including Australia, New Guinea, Fiji, and New Caledonia, as well as to Sri Lanka. In 1955, he received his Ph.D. and married Irene Kelley.<sup id="cite_ref-Academy_of_Achievement_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academy_of_Achievement-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-contempauthors_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contempauthors-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plos_wilson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Plos_wilson.jpg/220px-Plos_wilson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Plos_wilson.jpg/330px-Plos_wilson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Plos_wilson.jpg/440px-Plos_wilson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption>Wilson in 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1956 until 1996, Wilson was part of the faculty of Harvard. He began as an ant <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomist</a> and worked on understanding their <a href="/wiki/Microevolution" title="Microevolution">microevolution</a>, how they developed into new <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> by escaping environmental disadvantages and moving into new habitats. He developed a theory of the "<a href="/wiki/Taxon_cycle" title="Taxon cycle">taxon cycle</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Academy_of_Achievement_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academy_of_Achievement-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In collaboration with mathematician <a href="/wiki/William_H._Bossert" title="William H. Bossert">William H. Bossert</a>, Wilson developed a classification of <a href="/wiki/Pheromones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheromones">pheromones</a> based on insect communication patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s, he collaborated with mathematician and ecologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_MacArthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert MacArthur">Robert MacArthur</a> in developing the theory of species equilibrium. In the 1970s he and biologist <a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Simberloff" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel S. Simberloff">Daniel S. Simberloff</a> tested this theory on tiny mangrove islets in the Florida Keys. They eradicated all insect species and observed the <a href="/wiki/Repopulation" title="Repopulation">repopulation</a> by new species.<sup id="cite_ref-chambers1989_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chambers1989-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson and MacArthur's book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Island_Biogeography" title="The Theory of Island Biogeography">The Theory of Island Biogeography</a></i> became a standard ecology text.<sup id="cite_ref-Academy_of_Achievement_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academy_of_Achievement-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1971, he published <i>The Insect Societies</i>, which argued that insect behavior and the behavior of other animals are influenced by similar evolutionary pressures.<sup id="cite_ref-larousse19942_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larousse19942-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, Wilson was appointed the curator of entomology at the Harvard <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Comparative_Zoology" title="Museum of Comparative Zoology">Museum of Comparative Zoology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mooredecker2008_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mooredecker2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, he published the book <i><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology:_The_New_Synthesis" title="Sociobiology: The New Synthesis">Sociobiology: The New Synthesis</a></i> applying his theories of insect behavior to vertebrates, and in the last chapter, to humans. He speculated that evolved and inherited tendencies were responsible for hierarchical social organization among humans. In 1978 he published <i><a href="/wiki/On_Human_Nature" title="On Human Nature">On Human Nature</a></i>, which dealt with the role of biology in the evolution of human culture and won a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> for General Nonfiction.<sup id="cite_ref-Academy_of_Achievement_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academy_of_Achievement-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson was named the Frank B. Baird Jr., Professor of Science in 1976 and, after his retirement from Harvard in 1996, he became the Pellegrino University Professor Emeritus.<sup id="cite_ref-mooredecker2008_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mooredecker2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981 after collaborating with biologist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lumsden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Lumsden">Charles Lumsden</a>, he published <i>Genes, Mind and Culture</i>, a theory of <a href="/wiki/Gene-culture_coevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene-culture coevolution">gene-culture coevolution</a>. In 1990 he published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ants" title="The Ants">The Ants</a></i>, co-written with zoologist <a href="/wiki/Bert_H%C3%B6lldobler" title="Bert Hölldobler">Bert Hölldobler</a>, winning his second Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction.<sup id="cite_ref-Academy_of_Achievement_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academy_of_Achievement-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, he published <i>The Diversity of Life</i> (1992); an autobiography, <i><a href="/wiki/Naturalist_(book)" title="Naturalist (book)">Naturalist</a></i> (1994); and <i><a href="/wiki/Consilience_(book)" title="Consilience (book)">Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge</a></i> (1998) about the unity of the natural and social sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-Academy_of_Achievement_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academy_of_Achievement-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson was praised for his environmental advocacy, and his <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">secular-humanist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deist</a> ideas pertaining to religious and ethical matters.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson was characterized by several titles during his career, including the "father of biodiversity,"<sup id="cite_ref-Father_of_Biodiversity_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Father_of_Biodiversity-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "ant man,"<sup id="cite_ref-Obit-Guardian_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-Guardian-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Darwin's heir."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> interview, <a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a> described Wilson as "a magic name to many of us working in the natural world, for two reasons. First, he is a towering example of a specialist, a world authority. Nobody in the world has ever known as much as Ed Wilson about ants. But, in addition to that intense knowledge and understanding, he has the widest of pictures. He sees the planet and the natural world that it contains in amazing detail but extraordinary coherence".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disagreement_with_Richard_Dawkins">Disagreement with Richard Dawkins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Disagreement with Richard Dawkins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Dawkins defended Wilson during the so-called "<a href="/wiki/E.O._Wilson#Reception_and_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="E.O. Wilson">sociobiology debate</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a disagreement between them arose over the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">theory of evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disagreement began in 2012 when Dawkins wrote a critical review of Wilson's book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Conquest_of_Earth" title="The Social Conquest of Earth">The Social Conquest of Earth</a></i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Prospect_(magazine)" title="Prospect (magazine)">Prospect Magazine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the review, Dawkins criticized Wilson for rejecting kin selection and for supporting <a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">group selection</a>, labeling it "bland" and "unfocused," and he wrote that the book's theoretical errors were "important, pervasive, and integral to its thesis in a way that renders it impossible to recommend".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson responded in the same magazine and wrote that Dawkins made "little connection to the part he criticizes" and accused him of engaging in <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Wilson said in an interview, "There is no dispute between me and Richard Dawkins and there never has been, because he's a journalist, and journalists are people that report what the scientists have found and the arguments I’ve had have actually been with scientists doing research".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dawkins responded in a tweet: "I greatly admire EO Wilson & his huge contributions to entomology, ecology, biogeography, conservation, etc. He's just wrong on kin selection" and later added, "Anybody who thinks I'm a journalist who reports what other scientists think is invited to read <i><a href="/wiki/The_Extended_Phenotype" title="The Extended Phenotype">The Extended Phenotype</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biologist <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Coyne" title="Jerry Coyne">Jerry Coyne</a> wrote that Wilson's remarks were "unfair, inaccurate, and uncharitable".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, in an <a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">obituary</a> to Wilson, Dawkins stated that their dispute was "purely scientific".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dawkins wrote that he stands by his critical review and doesn't regret "its outspoken tone", but noted that he also stood by his "profound admiration for Professor Wilson and his life work".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_of_J._Philippe_Rushton">Support of J. Philippe Rushton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Support of J. Philippe Rushton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to Wilson's death, his personal correspondences were donated to the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> at the library's request.<sup id="cite_ref-Farina-2022_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farina-2022-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his death, several articles were published discussing the discrepancy between Wilson's legacy as a champion of biogeography and conservation biology, and his support of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racist</a> pseudoscientist <a href="/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton" title="J. Philippe Rushton">J. Philippe Rushton</a> over several years. Rushton was a controversial psychologist at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a>, who later headed the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Fund" title="Pioneer Fund">Pioneer Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Farina-2022_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farina-2022-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLemore-2022_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLemore-2022-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the late 1980s to the early 1990s, Wilson wrote several emails to Rushton's colleagues defending Rushton's work in the face of widespread criticism for scholarly misconduct, misrepresentation of data, and confirmation bias, all of which were allegedly used by Rushton to support his personal ideas on race.<sup id="cite_ref-Farina-2022_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farina-2022-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson also sponsored an article written by Rushton in <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">PNAS</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and during the review process, Wilson intentionally sought out reviewers for the article who he believed would likely already agree with its premise.<sup id="cite_ref-Farina-2022_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farina-2022-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson kept his support of Rushton's racist ideologies behind-the-scenes so as to not draw too much attention to himself or tarnish his own reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulson-2022_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulson-2022-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson responded to another request from Rushton to sponsor a second PNAS article with the following: "You have my support in many ways, but for me to sponsor an article on racial differences in the PNAS would be counterproductive for both of us." Wilson also remarked that the reason Rushton's ideologies were not more widely supported is because of the "... fear of being called racist, which is virtually a death sentence in American academia if taken seriously. I admit that I myself have tended to avoid the subject of Rushton's work, out of fear."<sup id="cite_ref-Farina-2022_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farina-2022-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, the E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation issued a statement rejecting Wilson's support of Rushton and racism, on behalf of the board of directors and staff.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociobiology:_The_New_Synthesis,_1975"><span id="Sociobiology:_The_New_Synthesis.2C_1975"></span><i>Sociobiology: The New Synthesis</i>, 1975</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, 1975"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sociobiology:_The_New_Synthesis" title="Sociobiology: The New Synthesis">Sociobiology: The New Synthesis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E._O._Wilson_posing,_October_16,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/E._O._Wilson_posing%2C_October_16%2C_2007.jpg/220px-E._O._Wilson_posing%2C_October_16%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/E._O._Wilson_posing%2C_October_16%2C_2007.jpg/330px-E._O._Wilson_posing%2C_October_16%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/E._O._Wilson_posing%2C_October_16%2C_2007.jpg/440px-E._O._Wilson_posing%2C_October_16%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2644" data-file-height="1758" /></a><figcaption>Wilson at the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Peabody Museum of Natural History">Peabody Museum of Natural History</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Wilson used sociobiology and evolutionary principles to explain the behavior of social insects and then to understand the social behavior of other animals, including humans, thus establishing sociobiology as a new scientific field.<sup id="cite_ref-npr_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that all animal behavior, including that of humans, is the product of <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a>, environmental stimuli, and past experiences, and that <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> is an illusion. He referred to the biological basis of behavior as the "genetic leash".<sup id="cite_ref-con_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-con-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 127–128">: 127–128 </span></sup> The sociobiological view is that all animal social behavior is governed by <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetic</a> rules worked out by the laws of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. This theory and research proved to be seminal, controversial, and influential.<sup id="cite_ref-wolfe2012_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolfe2012-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson argued that the <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_selection" title="Unit of selection">unit of selection</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>, the basic element of <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a>. The <i>target</i> of selection is normally the individual who carries an ensemble of genes of certain kinds. With regard to the use of <a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">kin selection</a> in explaining the behavior of <a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">eusocial</a> insects, the "new view that I'm proposing is that it was <a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">group selection</a> all along, an idea first roughly formulated by Darwin."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sociobiological research was at the time particularly controversial with regard to its application to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTnov1975_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTnov1975-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory established a scientific argument for rejecting the common doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">tabula rasa</a>, which holds that human beings are born without any <a href="/wiki/Innate" title="Innate">innate</a> <a href="/wiki/Mental_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental content">mental content</a> and that culture functions to increase human <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> and aid in survival and success.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reception_and_controversy">Reception and controversy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reception and controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Sociobiology: The New Synthesis</i> was initially met with praise by most biologists.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After substantial criticism of the book was launched by the <a href="/wiki/Sociobiology_Study_Group" title="Sociobiology Study Group">Sociobiology Study Group</a>, associated with the organization <a href="/wiki/Science_for_the_People" title="Science for the People">Science for the People</a>, a major controversy known as the "sociobiology debate" ensued,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Wilson was accused of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogyny</a>, and support for <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of Wilson's colleagues at Harvard,<sup id="cite_ref-grafen75_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grafen75-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewontin" title="Richard Lewontin">Richard Lewontin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a>, both members of the Group, were strongly opposed. Both focused their criticism mostly on Wilson's sociobiological writings.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gould, Lewontin, and other members, wrote "Against 'Sociobiology'" in an <a href="/wiki/Open_letter" title="Open letter">open letter</a> criticizing Wilson's "deterministic view of human society and human action".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other public lectures, reading groups, and press releases were organized criticizing Wilson's work. In response, Wilson produced a discussion article entitled "Academic Vigilantism and the Political Significance of Sociobiology" in <i><a href="/wiki/BioScience" title="BioScience">BioScience</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1978, while participating in a discussion on sociobiology at the annual meeting of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>, Wilson was surrounded, chanted at and doused with water<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by members of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_Against_Racism" title="International Committee Against Racism">International Committee Against Racism</a>, who accused Wilson of advocating racism and <a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">genetic determinism</a>. Steven Jay Gould, who was present at the event, and Science for the People, which had previously protested Wilson, condemned the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gould_Fox_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould_Fox-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Mary Midgley</a> encountered <i>Sociobiology</i> in the process of writing <i>Beast and Man</i> (1979)<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and significantly rewrote the book to offer a critique of Wilson's views. Midgley praised the book for the study of animal behavior, clarity, scholarship, and encyclopedic scope, but extensively critiqued Wilson for conceptual confusion, <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">scientism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphism</a> of genetics.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Human_Nature,_1978"><span id="On_Human_Nature.2C_1978"></span><i>On Human Nature</i>, 1978</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: On Human Nature, 1978"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson wrote in his 1978 book <i><a href="/wiki/On_Human_Nature" title="On Human Nature">On Human Nature</a></i>, "The evolutionary epic is probably the best myth we will ever have."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson's fame prompted use of the morphed phrase <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_evolution" title="Epic of evolution">epic of evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book won the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Ants,_1990"><span id="The_Ants.2C_1990"></span><i>The Ants</i>, 1990</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Ants, 1990"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson, along with <a href="/wiki/Bert_H%C3%B6lldobler" title="Bert Hölldobler">Bert Hölldobler</a>, carried out a systematic study of ants and ant behavior,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> culminating in the 1990 encyclopedic work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ants" title="The Ants">The Ants</a></i>. Because much self-sacrificing behavior on the part of individual ants can be explained on the basis of their genetic interests in the survival of the sisters, with whom they share 75% of their genes (though the actual case is some species' queens mate with multiple males and therefore some workers in a colony would only be 25% related), Wilson argued for a sociobiological explanation for all social behavior on the model of the behavior of the social insects. </p><p>Wilson said in reference to ants that "<a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> was right, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> works, it is just that he had the wrong species".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He asserted that individual ants and other <a href="/wiki/Eusocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusocial">eusocial</a> species were able to reach higher <a href="/wiki/Darwinian_fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwinian fitness">Darwinian fitness</a> putting the needs of the colony above their own needs as individuals because they lack reproductive independence: individual ants cannot reproduce without a queen, so they can only increase their fitness by working to enhance the fitness of the colony as a whole. Humans, however, do possess reproductive independence, and so individual humans enjoy their maximum level of Darwinian fitness by looking after their own survival and having their own offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consilience,_1998"><span id="Consilience.2C_1998"></span><i>Consilience</i>, 1998</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Consilience, 1998"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1998 book <i><a href="/wiki/Consilience_(book)" title="Consilience (book)">Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge</a></i>, Wilson discussed methods that have been used to unite the sciences and might be able to unite the sciences with the humanities. He argued that knowledge is a single, unified thing, not divided between science and humanistic inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson used the term "<a href="/wiki/Consilience" title="Consilience">consilience</a>" to describe the synthesis of knowledge from different specialized fields of human endeavor. He defined <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a> as a collection of <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetic</a> rules, the genetic patterns of mental development. He argued that culture and rituals are products, not parts, of human nature. He said art is not part of human nature, but our appreciation of art is. He suggested that concepts such as art appreciation, fear of snakes, or the <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a> <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Westermarck_effect" title="Westermarck effect">Westermarck effect</a>) could be studied by scientific methods of the natural sciences and be part of interdisciplinary research.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spiritual_and_political_beliefs">Spiritual and political beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Spiritual and political beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_humanism">Scientific humanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scientific humanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson coined the phrase <i>scientific humanism</i> as "the only <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a> compatible with science's growing knowledge of the real world and the laws of nature".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson argued that it is best suited to improve the human condition. In 2003, he was one of the signers of the <a href="/wiki/Humanism_and_Its_Aspirations" title="Humanism and Its Aspirations"><i>Humanist Manifesto</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God_and_religion">God and religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: God and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the question of God, Wilson described his position as "provisional deism"<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and explicitly denied the label of "<a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>", preferring "<a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-slate_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He explained his faith as a trajectory away from traditional beliefs: "I drifted away from the church, not definitively agnostic or atheistic, just <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> & Christian no more."<sup id="cite_ref-con_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-con-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson argued that belief in God and the rituals of religion are products of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that they should not be rejected or dismissed, but further investigated by science to better understand their significance to human nature. In his book <i>The Creation</i>, Wilson wrote that scientists ought to "offer the hand of friendship" to religious leaders and build an alliance with them, stating that "Science and religion are two of the most potent forces on Earth and they should come together to save the creation."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson made an appeal to the religious community on the lecture circuit at Midland College, Texas, for example, and that "the appeal received a 'massive reply'", that a covenant had been written and that a "partnership will work to a substantial degree as time goes on".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i> interview published on January 21, 2015, however, Wilson said that religious faith is "dragging us down", and: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I would say that for the sake of human progress, the best thing we could possibly do would be to diminish, to the point of eliminating, religious faiths. But certainly not eliminating the natural yearnings of our species or the asking of these great questions.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson said that, if he could start his life over he would work in <a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">microbial ecology</a>, when discussing the reinvigoration of his original fields of study since the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied the <a href="/wiki/Mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">mass extinctions</a> of the 20th century and their relationship to modern society, and identifying mass extinction as the greatest threat to <a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Earth's future</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998 argued for an ecological approach at the Capitol: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now when you cut a forest, an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient forest">ancient forest</a> in particular, you are not just removing a lot of big trees and a few birds fluttering around in the <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(forest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy (forest)">canopy</a>. You are drastically imperiling a vast array of <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> within a few square miles of you. The number of these species may go to tens of thousands. ... Many of them are still unknown to science, and science has not yet discovered the key role undoubtedly played in the maintenance of that <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>, and many of the insects.<sup id="cite_ref-slide2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slide2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>From the late 1970s Wilson was actively involved in the global conservation of biodiversity, contributing and promoting research. In 1984 he published <i>Biophilia</i>, a work that explored the evolutionary and psychological basis of humanity's attraction to the natural environment. This work introduced the word <a href="/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">biophilia</a> which influenced the shaping of modern conservation ethics. In 1988 Wilson edited the <i>BioDiversity</i> volume, based on the proceedings of the first US national conference on the subject, which also introduced the term <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> into the language. This work was very influential in creating the modern field of biodiversity studies.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, Wilson led scientific expeditions to the <a href="/wiki/Gorongosa_National_Park" title="Gorongosa National Park">Gorongosa National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelagos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> in the southwest Pacific. Wilson was part of the international <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation movement</a>, as a consultant to Columbia University's <a href="/wiki/Earth_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth Institute">Earth Institute</a>, as a director of the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_International" title="Conservation International">Conservation International</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">The Nature Conservancy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Academy_of_Achievement_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academy_of_Achievement-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Understanding the scale of the extinction crisis led him to advocate for forest protection,<sup id="cite_ref-slide2_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slide2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the "Act to Save America's Forests", first introduced in 1998 and reintroduced in 2008, but never passed.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Forests_Now_Declaration" title="Forests Now Declaration">Forests Now Declaration</a> called for new markets-based mechanisms to protect tropical forests.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson once said destroying a rainforest for economic gain was like burning a Renaissance painting to cook a meal.<sup id="cite_ref-the_Guardian-2021_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_Guardian-2021-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, Wilson called for setting aside 50% of Earth's surface for other species to thrive in as the only possible strategy to solve the extinction crisis. The idea became the basis for his book <i><a href="/wiki/Half-Earth" title="Half-Earth">Half-Earth</a></i> (2016) and for the Half-Earth Project of the E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-Alberts_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hiss_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiss-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson's influence regarding ecology through popular science was discussed by <a href="/wiki/Alan_G._Gross" title="Alan G. Gross">Alan G. Gross</a> in <i>The Scientific Sublime</i> (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson was instrumental in launching the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a> (EOL)<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> initiative with the goal of creating a global database to include information on the 1.9 million <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> recognized by science. Currently, it includes information on practically all known species. This open and searchable digital repository for organism traits, measurements, interactions and other data has more than 300 international partners and countless scientists providing global users' access to knowledge of life on Earth. For his part, Wilson discovered and described more than 400 species of ants.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement_and_death">Retirement and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Retirement and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1996, Wilson officially retired from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, where he continued to hold the positions of <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Professor Emeritus</a> and Honorary Curator in Entomology.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He fully retired from Harvard in 2002 at age 73. After stepping down, he published more than a dozen books, including a digital biology textbook for the <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Obit-Telegraph_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-Telegraph-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He founded the E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation, which finances the <a href="/wiki/PEN/E._O._Wilson_Literary_Science_Writing_Award" title="PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award">PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award</a> and is an "independent foundation" at the <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_School_of_the_Environment" title="Nicholas School of the Environment">Nicholas School of the Environment</a> at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>. Wilson became a special lecturer at Duke University as part of the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-Tenure_at_Duke_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tenure_at_Duke-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson and his wife, Irene, resided in <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts" title="Lexington, Massachusetts">Lexington, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Academy_of_Achievement_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academy_of_Achievement-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a daughter, Catherine.<sup id="cite_ref-the_Guardian-2021_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_Guardian-2021-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was preceded in death by his wife (on August 7, 2021) and died in nearby <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Massachusetts" title="Burlington, Massachusetts">Burlington</a> on December 26, 2021, at the age of 92.<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Obit-Telegraph_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-Telegraph-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E._O._Wilson_sitting,_October_16,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/E._O._Wilson_sitting%2C_October_16%2C_2007.jpg/220px-E._O._Wilson_sitting%2C_October_16%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/E._O._Wilson_sitting%2C_October_16%2C_2007.jpg/330px-E._O._Wilson_sitting%2C_October_16%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/E._O._Wilson_sitting%2C_October_16%2C_2007.jpg/440px-E._O._Wilson_sitting%2C_October_16%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3666" data-file-height="2446" /></a><figcaption>Wilson at a "fireside chat" during which he received the <a href="/wiki/Addison_Emery_Verrill_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Addison Emery Verrill Medal">Addison Emery Verrill Medal</a> in 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EOWilsonCntr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/EOWilsonCntr.jpg/220px-EOWilsonCntr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/EOWilsonCntr.jpg/330px-EOWilsonCntr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/EOWilsonCntr.jpg/440px-EOWilsonCntr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>Wilson addresses the audience at the dedication of the Biophilia Center named for him at Nokuse Plantation in Walton County, Florida.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wilson's scientific and <a href="/wiki/Conservationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservationism">conservation</a> honors include: </p> <ul><li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, elected 1959<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, elected 1969<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, elected 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>, 1977<sup id="cite_ref-contempauthors_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contempauthors-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leidy_Award" title="Leidy Award">Leidy Award</a>, 1979, from the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia<sup id="cite_ref-PANSP_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PANSP-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Non-Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction">Pulitzer Prize</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/On_Human_Nature" title="On Human Nature">On Human Nature</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/1979_Pulitzer_Prize" title="1979 Pulitzer Prize">1979</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Prize_for_Environmental_Achievement" title="Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement">Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement</a>, 1984<sup id="cite_ref-contempauthors_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contempauthors-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECI_Prize" title="ECI Prize">ECI Prize</a>, International Ecology Institute, terrestrial ecology, 1987<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Mathematics and Science at <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a>, Sweden, 1987<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement"> Academy of Achievement Golden Plate Award</a>, 1988<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>His books <i>The Insect Societies</i> and <i>Sociobiology: The New Synthesis</i> were honored with the Science Citation Classic award by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Scientific_Information" title="Institute for Scientific Information">Institute for Scientific Information</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crafoord_Prize" title="Crafoord Prize">Crafoord Prize</a>, 1990, a prize awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Non-Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction">Pulitzer Prize</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ants" title="The Ants">The Ants</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Bert_H%C3%B6lldobler" title="Bert Hölldobler">Bert Hölldobler</a>), 1991<sup id="cite_ref-wpost_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpost-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Prize_for_Biology" title="International Prize for Biology">International Prize for Biology</a>, 1993<sup id="cite_ref-contempauthors_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contempauthors-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Award_for_Public_Understanding_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science">Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science</a>, 1994<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="National Audubon Society">National Audubon Society</a>'s Audubon Medal, 1995<sup id="cite_ref-contempauthors_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contempauthors-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine's 25 Most Influential People in America, 1995<sup id="cite_ref-wpost_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpost-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Certificate of Distinction, <a href="/wiki/International_Congresses_of_Entomology" class="mw-redirect" title="International Congresses of Entomology">International Congresses of Entomology</a>, Florence, Italy 1996<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_for_Distinguished_Achievement_in_the_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences">Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-franklinscience_recipients_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franklinscience_recipients-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a>'s 1999 Humanist of the Year<sup id="cite_ref-wpost_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpost-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Thomas_Prize" title="Lewis Thomas Prize">Lewis Thomas Prize</a> for Writing about Science, 2000<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nierenberg_Prize" title="Nierenberg Prize">Nierenberg Prize</a>, 2001<sup id="cite_ref-contempauthors_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contempauthors-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Eagle_Scout_Award" title="Distinguished Eagle Scout Award">Distinguished Eagle Scout Award</a> 2004<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauphin_Island_Sea_Lab" title="Dauphin Island Sea Lab">Dauphin Island Sea Lab</a> christened one of its research vessel the <i>R/V E.O. Wilson</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Tercentenary_Medal#Silver_Medal" title="Linnean Tercentenary Medal">Linnean Tercentenary Silver Medal</a>, 2006<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addison_Emery_Verrill_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Addison Emery Verrill Medal">Addison Emery Verrill Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Peabody Museum of Natural History">Peabody Museum of Natural History</a>, 2007<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TED_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="TED Prize">TED Prize 2007</a><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> given yearly to "honor a maximum of three individuals who have shown that they can, in some way, positively impact life on this planet."</li> <li>XIX <a href="/wiki/Catalonia_International_Prize" title="Catalonia International Prize">Premi Internacional Catalunya</a> 2007<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>E.O. Wilson Biophilia Center<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on <a href="/wiki/Nokuse_Plantation" title="Nokuse Plantation">Nokuse Plantation</a> in Walton County, Florida 2009 video<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Explorers_Club" title="The Explorers Club">The Explorers Club</a> Medal, 2009<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBVA_Foundation_Frontiers_of_Knowledge_Award" title="BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award">2010 BBVA Frontiers of Knowledge Award</a> in the Ecology and Conservation Biology Category<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Medal_in_Architecture" title="Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture">Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture</a>, 2010<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Heartland_Prize" title="Heartland Prize">Heartland Prize</a> for fiction for his first novel <i><a href="/wiki/Anthill:_A_Novel" title="Anthill: A Novel">Anthill: A Novel</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EarthSky" class="mw-redirect" title="EarthSky">EarthSky</a> Science Communicator of the Year, 2010<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cosmos_Prize" title="International Cosmos Prize">International Cosmos Prize</a>, 2012<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_International_Medal" title="Kew International Medal">Kew International Medal</a> (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-seb_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Doctor of Science, honoris causa, from the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a> (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Harper_Lee_Award" title="Harper Lee Award">Harper Lee Award</a><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Commemoration in the species' epithet of <i><a href="/wiki/Myrmoderus_eowilsoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmoderus eowilsoni">Myrmoderus eowilsoni</a></i> (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-moncrieff_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moncrieff-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Commemoration in the species' epithet of <i><a href="/wiki/Miniopterus_wilsoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Miniopterus wilsoni">Miniopterus wilsoni</a></i> (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_works">Main works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Main works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrownWilson1956" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, W. L.; Wilson, E. O. (1956). "Character displacement". <i>Systematic Zoology</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 49–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2411924">10.2307/2411924</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2411924">2411924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Zoology&rft.atitle=Character+displacement&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=49-64&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2411924&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2411924%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=W.+L.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+E.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span>, coauthored with William Brown Jr.; paper honored in 1986 as a Science Citation Classic, i.e., as one of the most frequently cited scientific papers of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Island_Biogeography" title="The Theory of Island Biogeography">The Theory of Island Biogeography</a></i>, 1967, Princeton University Press (2001 reprint), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08836-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08836-5">0-691-08836-5</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Robert_MacArthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert MacArthur">Robert H. MacArthur</a></li> <li><i>The Insect Societies</i>, 1971, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-45490-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-45490-1">0-674-45490-1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology:_The_New_Synthesis" title="Sociobiology: The New Synthesis">Sociobiology: The New Synthesis</a></i> 1975, Harvard University Press, (Twenty-fifth Anniversary Edition, 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00089-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00089-7">0-674-00089-7</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Human_Nature" title="On Human Nature">On Human Nature</a></i>, 1979, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01638-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01638-6">0-674-01638-6</a>, winner of the 1979 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction.</li> <li><i>Genes, Mind and Culture: The Coevolutionary Process</i>, 1981, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-34475-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-34475-8">0-674-34475-8</a></li> <li><i>Promethean Fire: Reflections on the Origin of Mind</i>, 1983, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-71445-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-71445-8">0-674-71445-8</a></li> <li><i>Biophilia</i>, 1984, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-07441-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-07441-6">0-674-07441-6</a></li> <li><i>Success and Dominance in Ecosystems: The Case of the Social Insects</i>, 1990, Inter-Research, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0932-2205">0932-2205</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ants" title="The Ants">The Ants</a></i>, 1990, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-04075-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-04075-9">0-674-04075-9</a>, Winner of the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Bert_H%C3%B6lldobler" title="Bert Hölldobler">Bert Hölldobler</a></li> <li><i>The Diversity of Life</i>, 1992, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-21298-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-21298-3">0-674-21298-3</a>, <i>The Diversity of Life: Special Edition</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-21299-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-21299-1">0-674-21299-1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">The Biophilia Hypothesis</a></i>, 1993, Shearwater Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55963-148-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55963-148-1">1-55963-148-1</a>, with Stephen R. Kellert</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_Ants" title="Journey to the Ants">Journey to the Ants</a>: A Story of Scientific Exploration</i>, 1994, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-48525-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-48525-4">0-674-48525-4</a>, with Bert Hölldobler</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naturalist_(book)" title="Naturalist (book)">Naturalist</a></i>, 1994, Shearwater Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55963-288-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55963-288-7">1-55963-288-7</a></li> <li><i>In Search of Nature</i>, 1996, Shearwater Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55963-215-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55963-215-1">1-55963-215-1</a>, with Laura Simonds Southworth</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consilience_(book)" title="Consilience (book)">Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge</a></i>, 1998, Knopf, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-45077-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-45077-7">0-679-45077-7</a></li> <li><i>The Future of Life</i>, 2002, Knopf, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-45078-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-45078-5">0-679-45078-5</a></li> <li><i>Pheidole in the New World: A Dominant, Hyperdiverse Ant Genus</i>, 2003, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00293-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00293-8">0-674-00293-8</a></li> <li><i>The Creation: An Appeal to Save Life on Earth</i>, September 2006, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06217-5">978-0-393-06217-5</a></li> <li><i>Nature Revealed: Selected Writings 1949–2006</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-8329-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-8329-6">0-8018-8329-6</a></li> <li><i>The Superorganism: The Beauty, Elegance, and Strangeness of Insect Societies</i>, 2009, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06704-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06704-0">978-0-393-06704-0</a>, with Bert Hölldobler</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthill:_A_Novel" title="Anthill: A Novel">Anthill: A Novel</a></i>, April 2010, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07119-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07119-1">978-0-393-07119-1</a></li> <li><i>Kingdom of Ants: Jose Celestino Mutis and the Dawn of Natural History in the New World</i>, 2010, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, with José María Gómez Durán <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-9785-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-9785-8">0-8018-9785-8</a></li> <li><i>The Leafcutter Ants: Civilization by Instinct</i>, 2011, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33868-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33868-3">978-0-393-33868-3</a>, with Bert Hölldobler</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Conquest_of_Earth" title="The Social Conquest of Earth">The Social Conquest of Earth</a></i>, 2012, Liveright Publishing Corporation, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87140-363-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87140-363-3">0-87140-363-3</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_to_a_Young_Scientist" title="Letters to a Young Scientist">Letters to a Young Scientist</a></i>, 2014, Liveright, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87140-385-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87140-385-4">0-87140-385-4</a></li> <li><i>A Window on Eternity: A Biologist's Walk Through Gorongosa National Park</i>, 2014, Simon & Schuster, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4767-4741-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4767-4741-5">1-4767-4741-5</a></li> <li><i>The Meaning of Human Existence</i>, 2014, Liveright, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87140-100-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87140-100-2">0-87140-100-2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Half-Earth" title="Half-Earth">Half-Earth</a></i>, 2016, Liveright, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-082-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-082-8">978-1-63149-082-8</a></li> <li><i>The Origins of Creativity</i>, 2017, Liveright, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-318-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-318-8">978-1-63149-318-8</a></li> <li><i>Genesis: The Deep Origin of Societies</i>, 2019, Liveright; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-63149-554-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-63149-554-2">1-63149-554-2</a></li> <li><i>Tales from the Ant World</i>, 2020, Liveright, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-556-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-556-4">978-1-63149-556-4</a><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Naturalist: A Graphic Adaptation</i> November 10, 2020, <a href="/wiki/Island_Press" title="Island Press">Island Press</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61091-958-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61091-958-6">978-1-61091-958-6</a><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edited_works">Edited works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Edited works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>From So Simple a Beginning: Darwin's Four Great Books</i>, edited with introductions by Edward O. Wilson (2005, <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-06134-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-06134-5">0-393-06134-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While primary and eyewitness accounts agree that the phrase "Racist Wilson you can't hide, we charge you with genocide!" was chanted, and that water was poured on Wilson's head, they disagree on whether a cup<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gould_Fox_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould_Fox-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a pitcher/jug<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was used.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-seb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seb_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seb_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517100234/https://www.kew.org/about-our-organisation/press-media/press-releases/ethiopia%E2%80%99s-prof-sebsebe-demissew-awarded">"Ethiopia's Prof. Sebsebe Demissew awarded prestigious Kew International Medal – Kew"</a>. <i>kew.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kew.org/about-our-organisation/press-media/press-releases/ethiopia%E2%80%99s-prof-sebsebe-demissew-awarded">the original</a> on May 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kew.org&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%27s+Prof.+Sebsebe+Demissew+awarded+prestigious+Kew+International+Medal+%E2%80%93+Kew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kew.org%2Fabout-our-organisation%2Fpress-media%2Fpress-releases%2Fethiopia%25E2%2580%2599s-prof-sebsebe-demissew-awarded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150725065536/http://www.dukechronicle.com/articles/2014/02/12/eo-wilson-advocates-biodiversity-preservation">"E.O. Wilson advocates biodiversity preservation"</a>. Duke Chronicle. February 12, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dukechronicle.com/articles/2014/02/12/eo-wilson-advocates-biodiversity-preservation">the original</a> on July 25, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=E.O.+Wilson+advocates+biodiversity+preservation&rft.pub=Duke+Chronicle&rft.date=2014-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dukechronicle.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F02%2F12%2Feo-wilson-advocates-biodiversity-preservation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002082419/http://www.metrokc.gov/dnrp/swd/naturalconnections/edward_wilson_bio.htm">"Natural Connections > Edward Wilson Bio"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metrokc.gov/dnrp/swd/naturalconnections/edward_wilson_bio.htm">the original</a> on October 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Natural+Connections+%3E+Edward+Wilson+Bio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metrokc.gov%2Fdnrp%2Fswd%2Fnaturalconnections%2Fedward_wilson_bio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101208080544/http://alabamaliterarymap.org/author.cfm?AuthorID=16">"E. O. Wilson biography"</a>. AlabamaLiteraryMap.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alabamaliterarymap.org/author.cfm?AuthorID=16">the original</a> on December 8, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=E.+O.+Wilson+biography&rft.pub=AlabamaLiteraryMap.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falabamaliterarymap.org%2Fauthor.cfm%3FAuthorID%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CowlesG-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CowlesG_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CowlesG_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowles" class="citation news cs1">Cowles, Gregory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2012-05-06/hardcover-nonfiction/list.html">"Print & E-Books"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Print+%26+E-Books&rft.aulast=Cowles&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbest-sellers-books%2F2012-05-06%2Fhardcover-nonfiction%2Flist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2013" class="citation web cs1">Hoffman, Jascha (March 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/science/advice-to-researchers-and-reanimating-dead-mice.html">"Advice to Researchers and Reanimating Dead Mice"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/science/advice-to-researchers-and-reanimating-dead-mice.html">the original</a></span> on January 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Advice+to+Researchers+and+Reanimating+Dead+Mice&rft.date=2013-03-25&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Jascha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F03%2F26%2Fscience%2Fadvice-to-researchers-and-reanimating-dead-mice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegerstråle1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ullica_Segerstr%C3%A5le" title="Ullica Segerstråle">Segerstråle, Ullica</a> (March 1, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127089">"Colleagues in conflict: An 'in vivo' analysis of the sociobiology controversy"</a>. <i>Biology and Philosophy</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 53–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00127089">10.1007/BF00127089</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-8404">1572-8404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170270819">170270819</a>. <q>In October 1975, a group called the Sociobiology Study Group,' composed of professors, students, researchers and others from the Boston area launched an attack on Wilson's Sociobiology, which by then had received widespread publicity and positive reviews.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Colleagues+in+conflict%3A+An+%27in+vivo%27+analysis+of+the+sociobiology+controversy&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-87&rft.date=1986-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170270819%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1572-8404&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00127089&rft.aulast=Segerstr%C3%A5le&rft.aufirst=Ullica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2FBF00127089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerryMace2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Perry_(neuroscientist)" title="George Perry (neuroscientist)">Perry, George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mace" title="Ruth Mace">Mace, Ruth</a> (June 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://akjournals.com/view/journals/1126/8/2/article-p105.xml">"The lack of acceptance of evolutionary approaches to human behaviour"</a>. <i>Journal of Evolutionary Psychology</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 105–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2Fjep.8.2010.2.2">10.1556/jep.8.2010.2.2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1789-2082">1789-2082</a>. <q><i>Sociobiology</i> was initially well received by most biologists, who appreciated the detailed empirical and theoretical work on animal social behaviour... However, a huge controversy throughout the 1970s and 80s, known as the sociobiology debate, soon followed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolutionary+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+lack+of+acceptance+of+evolutionary+approaches+to+human+behaviour&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-125&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2Fjep.8.2010.2.2&rft.issn=1789-2082&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Mace%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fakjournals.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2F1126%2F8%2F2%2Farticle-p105.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe2012" class="citation news cs1">Thorpe, Vanessa (June 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/24/battle-of-the-professors">"Richard Dawkins in furious row with EO Wilson over theory of evolution"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712">0029-7712</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins+in+furious+row+with+EO+Wilson+over+theory+of+evolution&rft.date=2012-06-23&rft.issn=0029-7712&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2012%2Fjun%2F24%2Fbattle-of-the-professors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For information about Wilson's support of Rushton, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarinaGibbons2022" class="citation web cs1">Farina, Stacy; Gibbons, Matthew (February 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazine.scienceforthepeople.org/online/the-last-refuge-of-scoundrels/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Last Refuge of Scoundrels": New Evidence of E. O. Wilson's Intimacy with Scientific Racism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_for_the_People#Magazine" title="Science for the People">Science for the People</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+for+the+People&rft.atitle=%22The+Last+Refuge+of+Scoundrels%22%3A+New+Evidence+of+E.+O.+Wilson%27s+Intimacy+with+Scientific+Racism&rft.date=2022-02-01&rft.aulast=Farina&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft.au=Gibbons%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.scienceforthepeople.org%2Fonline%2Fthe-last-refuge-of-scoundrels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulson2022" class="citation news cs1">Schulson, Michael (February 16, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undark.org/2022/02/16/new-evidence-revives-old-questions-about-e-o-wilson-and-race/">"New Evidence Revives Old Questions About E.O. Wilson and Race"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Undark_Magazine" title="Undark Magazine">Undark Magazine</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Knight_Science_Journalism" title="Knight Science Journalism">Knight Science Journalism</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Undark+Magazine&rft.atitle=New+Evidence+Revives+Old+Questions+About+E.O.+Wilson+and+Race&rft.date=2022-02-16&rft.aulast=Schulson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundark.org%2F2022%2F02%2F16%2Fnew-evidence-revives-old-questions-about-e-o-wilson-and-race%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eowilsonfoundation.org/eow/a-statement-on-e-o-wilson-and-the-j-philippe-rushton-correspondence/">"E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation » A Statement on E.O. Wilson and the Rushton Correspondence"</a>. April 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=E.O.+Wilson+Biodiversity+Foundation+%C2%BB+A+Statement+on+E.O.+Wilson+and+the+Rushton+Correspondence&rft.date=2022-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feowilsonfoundation.org%2Feow%2Fa-statement-on-e-o-wilson-and-the-j-philippe-rushton-correspondence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For information about Rushton's racism and promotion of pseudoscience, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph L. Graves">Graves, J. L.</a> (2002). "What a tangled web he weaves: Race, reproductive strategies and Rushton's life history theory". <i>Anthropological Theory</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 131–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1469962002002002627">10.1177/1469962002002002627</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1463-4996">1463-4996</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144377864">144377864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Theory&rft.atitle=What+a+tangled+web+he+weaves%3A+Race%2C+reproductive+strategies+and+Rushton%27s+life+history+theory&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-154&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144377864%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1463-4996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1469962002002002627&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrace1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._Loring_Brace" title="C. Loring Brace">Brace, C. Loring</a> (March 1996). "Review: Racialism and Racist Agendas". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. New Series. <b>98</b> (1): 176–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1996.98.1.02a00250">10.1525/aa.1996.98.1.02a00250</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/682972">682972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Racialism+and+Racist+Agendas&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=176-7&rft.date=1996-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1996.98.1.02a00250&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F682972%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brace&rft.aufirst=C.+Loring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></li><li>Francisco Gil-White, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hirhome.com/rr/rrchap10.htm">Resurrecting Racism, Chapter 10</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618042900/http://www.hirhome.com/rr/rrchap10.htm">Archived</a> 2012-06-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1991" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Judith L. (1991). "Rushton's racial comparisons: An ecological critique of theory and method". <i>Canadian Psychology</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 51–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0078956">10.1037/h0078956</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1878-7304">1878-7304</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54854642">54854642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Psychology&rft.atitle=Rushton%27s+racial+comparisons%3A+An+ecological+critique+of+theory+and+method.&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-62&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54854642%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1878-7304&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0078956&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Judith+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></li><li>Douglas Wahlsten (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060226020150/http://www.cjsonline.ca/articles/wahlsten.html">Book Review of Race, Evolution and Behavior</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie2002" class="citation book cs1">Leslie, Charles (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newhorizonsmedic00lock"><i>New Horizons in Medical Anthropology</i></a></span>. New York: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newhorizonsmedic00lock/page/n31">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27793-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27793-8"><bdi>978-0-415-27793-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Horizons+in+Medical+Anthropology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27793-8&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewhorizonsmedic00lock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuznar1997" class="citation book cs1">Kuznar, Lawrence (1997). <i>Reclaiming a Scientific Anthropology</i>. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9114-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9114-4"><bdi>978-0-7619-9114-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+a+Scientific+Anthropology&rft.place=Walnut+Creek&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-9114-4&rft.aulast=Kuznar&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytobit-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2021" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Zimmer" title="Carl Zimmer">Zimmer, Carl</a> (December 27, 2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/27/science/eo-wilson-dead.html">"E.O. Wilson, a pioneer of evolutionary biology, dies at 92"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=E.O.+Wilson%2C+a+pioneer+of+evolutionary+biology%2C+dies+at+92&rft.date=2021-12-27&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F12%2F27%2Fscience%2Feo-wilson-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Edward O. (2006). <a href="/wiki/Naturalist_(book)" title="Naturalist (book)"><i>Naturalist</i></a>. Washington, D.C. p. <a href="//archive.org/details/naturalist0000wils/page/52/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:naturalist0000wils/page/52/mode/1up">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59726-088-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59726-088-6"><bdi>1-59726-088-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/69669557">69669557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naturalist&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=iarchive%3Anaturalist0000wils%2Fpage%2F52%2Fmode%2F1up%7C52&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F69669557&rft.isbn=1-59726-088-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Edward+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-last-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-last_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-last_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsenGormanStein2021" class="citation news cs1">Olsen, Erik; Gorman, James; Stein, Robin (December 27, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/video/obituaries/1194834030869/last-word-e-o-wilson-obituary.html">"Video: The Last Word: E.O. Wilson"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Video%3A+The+Last+Word%3A+E.O.+Wilson&rft.date=2021-12-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Gorman%2C+James&rft.au=Stein%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fvideo%2Fobituaries%2F1194834030869%2Flast-word-e-o-wilson-obituary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lithub.com/on-the-accidental-career-of-e-o-wilson/">"On the Accidental Career of E.O. Wilson"</a>. <i>Literary Hub</i>. March 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Literary+Hub&rft.atitle=On+the+Accidental+Career+of+E.O.+Wilson&rft.date=2021-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flithub.com%2Fon-the-accidental-career-of-e-o-wilson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-2006-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson-2006_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson-2006_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson-2006_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson-2006_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson-2006_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson-2006_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson-2006_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Edward O. (2006). <i>Naturalist</i>. Washington, D.C.: Island Press [for] Shearwater Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59726-088-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59726-088-6"><bdi>1-59726-088-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/69669557">69669557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naturalist&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Island+Press+%5Bfor%5D+Shearwater+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F69669557&rft.isbn=1-59726-088-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Edward+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuhs2004" class="citation book cs1">Buhs, Joshua Blu (2004). <i>The Fire Ant Wars: Nature, Science, and Public Policy in Twentieth-Century America</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 32–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07981-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07981-3"><bdi>978-0-226-07981-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fire+Ant+Wars%3A+Nature%2C+Science%2C+and+Public+Policy+in+Twentieth-Century+America&rft.pages=32-34&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-226-07981-3&rft.aulast=Buhs&rft.aufirst=Joshua+Blu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Academy_of_Achievement-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_of_Achievement_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_of_Achievement_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_of_Achievement_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_of_Achievement_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_of_Achievement_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_of_Achievement_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_of_Achievement_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_of_Achievement_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.achievement.org/achiever/edward-o-wilson-ph-d/#interview">"Edward O. Wilson biography and interview"</a>. <i>achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=achievement.org&rft.atitle=Edward+O.+Wilson+biography+and+interview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.achievement.org%2Fachiever%2Fedward-o-wilson-ph-d%2F%23interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-contempauthors-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-contempauthors_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-contempauthors_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-contempauthors_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-contempauthors_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-contempauthors_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-contempauthors_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2011" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Amy Elisabeth, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/wilson-edward-o-1929-edward-osborne-wilson">"Edward O. Wilson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Authors" title="Contemporary Authors"><i>Contemporary Authors</i></a>. Vol. 211. <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale</a>. pp. <a href="//archive.org/details/contemporaryauth0211unse/page/432/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:contemporaryauth0211unse/page/432/mode/1up">432–437</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4144-6167-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4144-6167-0"><bdi>978-1-4144-6167-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-7176">0275-7176</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/755975998">755975998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+O.+Wilson&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Authors&rft.pages=iarchive%3Acontemporaryauth0211unse%2Fpage%2F432%2Fmode%2F1up%7C432-437&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F755975998&rft.issn=0275-7176&rft.isbn=978-1-4144-6167-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Farts%2Feducational-magazines%2Fwilson-edward-o-1929-edward-osborne-wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandenbergh2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Vandenbergh" title="John Vandenbergh">Vandenbergh, John</a>, ed. (December 2, 2012) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PUpYID8Rc3UC"><i>Pheromones and Reproduction in Mammals</i></a>. Elsevier. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-710780-6.X5001-8">10.1016/B978-0-12-710780-6.X5001-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-15651-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-15651-6"><bdi>978-0-323-15651-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pheromones+and+Reproduction+in+Mammals&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2012-12-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-710780-6.X5001-8&rft.isbn=978-0-323-15651-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPUpYID8Rc3UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chambers1989-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chambers1989_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chambers_(publisher)" title="Chambers (publisher)">Chambers</a>. 1989. pp. <a href="//archive.org/details/chambersconcised00mill/page/405/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:chambersconcised00mill/page/405/mode/1up">405–406</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85296-354-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85296-354-9"><bdi>1-85296-354-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20820593">20820593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chambers+Concise+Dictionary+of+Scientists&rft.pages=iarchive%3Achambersconcised00mill%2Fpage%2F405%2Fmode%2F1up%7C405-406&rft.pub=Chambers&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20820593&rft.isbn=1-85296-354-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-larousse19942-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-larousse19942_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir1994" class="citation book cs1">Muir, Hazel, ed. 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(2008). "Edward O. 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(2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061014091550/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/americasbest/science.medicine/pro.eowilson.html">"Lifetime achievement: E.O. Wilson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/americasbest/science.medicine/pro.eowilson.html">the original</a> on October 14, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Ideology+as+Biology&rft.date=2022-02-05&rft.aulast=Borrello&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Sepkoski%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fdaily%2F2022%2F02%2F05%2Fideology-as-biology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span> (registration required)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRushtonLittlefieldLumsden1986" class="citation journal cs1">Rushton, J. P.; Littlefield, C. H.; Lumsden, C. J. (October 1, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC386712">"Gene-culture coevolution of complex social behavior: human altruism and mate choice"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>83</b> (19): 7340–7343. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986PNAS...83.7340R">1986PNAS...83.7340R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.83.19.7340">10.1073/pnas.83.19.7340</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC386712">386712</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3463973">3463973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Gene-culture+coevolution+of+complex+social+behavior%3A+human+altruism+and+mate+choice&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=7340-7343&rft.date=1986-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC386712%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986PNAS...83.7340R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3463973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.83.19.7340&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Rushton&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Littlefield%2C+C.+H.&rft.au=Lumsden%2C+C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC386712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schulson-2022-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schulson-2022_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulson2022" class="citation news cs1">Schulson, Michael (February 16, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undark.org/2022/02/16/new-evidence-revives-old-questions-about-e-o-wilson-and-race/">"New Evidence Revives Old Questions About E.O. Wilson and Race"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Undark_Magazine" title="Undark Magazine">Undark Magazine</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Knight_Science_Journalism" title="Knight Science Journalism">Knight Science Journalism</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Undark+Magazine&rft.atitle=New+Evidence+Revives+Old+Questions+About+E.O.+Wilson+and+Race&rft.date=2022-02-16&rft.aulast=Schulson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundark.org%2F2022%2F02%2F16%2Fnew-evidence-revives-old-questions-about-e-o-wilson-and-race%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eowilsonfoundation.org/eow/a-statement-on-e-o-wilson-and-the-j-philippe-rushton-correspondence/">"E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation » A Statement on E.O. Wilson and the Rushton Correspondence"</a>. April 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=E.O.+Wilson+Biodiversity+Foundation+%C2%BB+A+Statement+on+E.O.+Wilson+and+the+Rushton+Correspondence&rft.date=2022-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feowilsonfoundation.org%2Feow%2Fa-statement-on-e-o-wilson-and-the-j-philippe-rushton-correspondence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span> The Foundation's statement was first issued in February 2022 prior to a full investigation. It was updated in April 2022, reaffirming the original statement, after reviewing the correspondence.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-npr_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuman,_Scott2021" class="citation news cs1">Neuman, Scott (December 27, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/12/27/1068238333/e-o-wilson-dead-sociobiology-entomology-ant-man">"E.O. Wilson, famed entomologist and pioneer in the field of sociobiology, dies at 92"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=E.O.+Wilson%2C+famed+entomologist+and+pioneer+in+the+field+of+sociobiology%2C+dies+at+92&rft.date=2021-12-27&rft.au=Neuman%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F12%2F27%2F1068238333%2Fe-o-wilson-dead-sociobiology-entomology-ant-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-con-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-con_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-con_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. O. Wilson, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, New York, Knopf, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wolfe2012-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wolfe2012_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe, Tom</a> (2012). "Sorry, But Your Soul Just Died". <i>Hooking Up</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. pp. <a href="//archive.org/details/hookingup0000wolf_a2k2/page/77/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:hookingup0000wolf a2k2/page/77/mode/1up">77ff</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-956588-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-956588-8"><bdi>978-0-09-956588-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/779244291">779244291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sorry%2C+But+Your+Soul+Just+Died&rft.btitle=Hooking+Up&rft.place=London&rft.pages=iarchive%3Ahookingup0000wolf+a2k2%2Fpage%2F77%2Fmode%2F1up%7C77ff&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F779244291&rft.isbn=978-0-09-956588-8&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2006/jun/e-o-wilson">"Discover Interview: E.O. Wilson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Darwin%27s+natural+heir&rft.date=2001-02-17&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2001%2Ffeb%2F17%2Fbooks.guardianreview57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grafen75-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grafen75_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrafenRidley,_Mark2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Grafen" title="Alan Grafen">Grafen, Alan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Ridley_(zoologist)" title="Mark Ridley (zoologist)">Ridley, Mark</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins:_How_a_Scientist_Changed_the_Way_We_Think" title="Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think"><i>Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think</i></a>. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/richarddawkinsho00alan/page/75">75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-929116-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-929116-0"><bdi>0-19-929116-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Dawkins%3A+How+a+Scientist+Changed+the+Way+We+Think&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-929116-0&rft.aulast=Grafen&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Ridley%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJumonville2002" class="citation journal cs1">Jumonville, Neil (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4331761">"The Cultural Politics of the Sociobiology Debate"</a>. <i>Journal of the History of Biology</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 569–593. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1021190227056">10.1023/A:1021190227056</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5010">0022-5010</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4331761">4331761</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83077910">83077910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Biology&rft.atitle=The+Cultural+Politics+of+the+Sociobiology+Debate&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=569-593&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0022-5010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83077910%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4331761%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1021190227056&rft.aulast=Jumonville&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4331761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreierRosenthalPyeritzMiller" class="citation news cs1">Schreier, Herb; Rosenthal, Miriam; Pyeritz, Reed; Miller, Larry; Madansky, Chuck; Lewontin, Richard C.; Leeds, Anthony; Inouye, Hiroshi; Hubbard, Ruth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1975/11/13/against-sociobiology/">"Against "Sociobiology"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504">0028-7504</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Against+%22Sociobiology%22&rft.issn=0028-7504&rft.aulast=Schreier&rft.aufirst=Herb&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+Miriam&rft.au=Pyeritz%2C+Reed&rft.au=Miller%2C+Larry&rft.au=Madansky%2C+Chuck&rft.au=Lewontin%2C+Richard+C.&rft.au=Leeds%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Inouye%2C+Hiroshi&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F1975%2F11%2F13%2Fagainst-sociobiology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1976" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Edward O. (March 1976). "Dialogue. The Response: Academic Vigilantism and the Political Significance of Sociobiology". <i><a href="/wiki/BioScience" title="BioScience">BioScience</a></i>. <b>26</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>: 183, 187–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1297247">10.2307/1297247</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1297247">1297247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=Dialogue.+The+Response%3A+Academic+Vigilantism+and+the+Political+Significance+of+Sociobiology&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=183%2C+187-190&rft.date=1976-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1297247&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1297247%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Edward+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWooldridge1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Wooldridge" title="Adrian Wooldridge">Wooldridge, Adrian</a> (1995). "Equality and human nature". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/measuring-the-mind/01C74BB51BFF67CB064EEA01102C3057"><i>Measuring the Mind: Education and Psychology in England c.1860-c.1990</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 369–373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39515-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39515-1"><bdi>978-0-521-39515-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Equality+and+human+nature&rft.btitle=Measuring+the+Mind%3A+Education+and+Psychology+in+England+c.1860-c.1990&rft.pages=369-373&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39515-1&rft.aulast=Wooldridge&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fmeasuring-the-mind%2F01C74BB51BFF67CB064EEA01102C3057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHull2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hull_(philosopher)" title="David Hull (philosopher)">Hull, David L.</a> (October 12, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35037645">"Activism, scientists and sociobiology"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>407</b> (6805): 673–674. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.407..673H">2000Natur.407..673H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35037645">10.1038/35037645</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142764821">142764821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Activism%2C+scientists+and+sociobiology&rft.volume=407&rft.issue=6805&rft.pages=673-674&rft.date=2000-10-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35037645&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142764821%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Natur.407..673H&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F35037645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gould_Fox-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gould_Fox_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gould_Fox_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2003" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Stephen Jay (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hedgehogfoxmagis0000goul/page/204/mode/2up"><i>The Hedgehog, the Fox, and the Magister's Pox: Mending the Gap Between Science and the Humanities</i></a>. New York: Harmony Books. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-609-60140-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-609-60140-2"><bdi>978-0-609-60140-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hedgehog%2C+the+Fox%2C+and+the+Magister%27s+Pox%3A+Mending+the+Gap+Between+Science+and+the+Humanities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Harmony+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-609-60140-2&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhedgehogfoxmagis0000goul%2Fpage%2F204%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sfchronicle.newsbank.com/doc/image/v2:142051F45F422A02@NGPA-CASFC-15343D3E57695588@2443556-153293594F0FE3C3@23-153293594F0FE3C3">"Water Poured on Harvard Professor's Head"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i>. February 16, 1978. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Water+Poured+on+Harvard+Professor%27s+Head&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1978-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsfchronicle.newsbank.com%2Fdoc%2Fimage%2Fv2%3A142051F45F422A02%40NGPA-CASFC-15343D3E57695588%402443556-153293594F0FE3C3%4023-153293594F0FE3C3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegerstråle2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ullica_Segerstr%C3%A5le" title="Ullica Segerstråle">Segerstråle, Ullica</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/segerstrale-defenders-of-the-truth-the-sociobiology-debate-2000/page/22/mode/2up"><i>Defenders of the Truth: The Battle for Science in the Sociobiology Debate and Beyond</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-850505-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-850505-1"><bdi>0-19-850505-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defenders+of+the+Truth%3A+The+Battle+for+Science+in+the+Sociobiology+Debate+and+Beyond&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-850505-1&rft.aulast=Segerstr%C3%A5le&rft.aufirst=Ullica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsegerstrale-defenders-of-the-truth-the-sociobiology-debate-2000%2Fpage%2F22%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke1978" class="citation news cs1">Cooke, Robert (February 16, 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109525538/attack-on-eo-wilson-at-1978-aaas/">"Protesters douse Harvard speaker"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Protesters+douse+Harvard+speaker&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1978-02-16&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F109525538%2Fattack-on-eo-wilson-at-1978-aaas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley1995" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Mary (1995). <i>Beast and Man: The Roots of Human Nature</i> (Rev. ed.). London [u.a.]: Routledge. p. xli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-12740-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-12740-8"><bdi>0-415-12740-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beast+and+Man%3A+The+Roots+of+Human+Nature&rft.place=London+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=xli&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-415-12740-8&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley1995" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Mary (1995). <i>Beast and man: the roots of human nature</i> (Rev. ed.). London [u.a.]: Routledge. p. xl. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-12740-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-12740-8"><bdi>0-415-12740-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beast+and+man%3A+the+roots+of+human+nature&rft.place=London+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=xl&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-415-12740-8&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson (1979), <i><a href="/wiki/On_Human_Nature" title="On Human Nature">On Human Nature</a></i>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Walsh, Bryan (August 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entertainment.time.com/2011/08/30/all-time-100-best-nonfiction-books/slide/on-human-nature-by-edward-o-wilson/">"All-Time 100 Nonfiction Books"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chicagohumanities.org&rft.atitle=Chicago+Humanities+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagohumanities.org%2FGenres%2FLiterature%2F2010-Chicago-Tribune-Heartland-Prize-Winners.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthsky.org/press/e-o-wilson-is-the-2010-earthsky-science-communicator-of-the-year/">"EarthSky Global Science Advisors select E.O. Wilson as 2010 Science Communicator of the Year"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EarthSky" class="mw-redirect" title="EarthSky">EarthSky</a>. January 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EarthSky+Global+Science+Advisors+select+E.O.+Wilson+as+2010+Science+Communicator+of+the+Year&rft.pub=EarthSky&rft.date=2011-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthsky.org%2Fpress%2Fe-o-wilson-is-the-2010-earthsky-science-communicator-of-the-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.expo-cosmos.or.jp/english/cosmos/jyusyou/2012.html">"The Prizewinner 2012"</a>. Expo '90 Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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October 28, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Museum+Celebrates+Second+Commencement+Ceremony&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnh.org%2Fexplore%2Fnews-blogs%2Fnews-posts%2Fmuseum-celebrates-second-commencement-ceremony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625085034/https://eowilsonfoundation.org/tag/harper-lee-award/">"E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation » Harper Lee Award"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eowilsonfoundation.org/tag/harper-lee-award/">the original</a> on June 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=E.O.+Wilson+Biodiversity+Foundation+%C2%BB+Harper+Lee+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feowilsonfoundation.org%2Ftag%2Fharper-lee-award%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitley2015" class="citation news cs1">Whitley, Carla Jean (December 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al.com/entertainment/2015/12/eo_wilson_biologist_and_author.html">"E.O. Wilson, biologist and author, to receive Harper Lee Award"</a>. AL.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=E.O.+Wilson%2C+biologist+and+author%2C+to+receive+Harper+Lee+Award&rft.date=2015-12-10&rft.aulast=Whitley&rft.aufirst=Carla+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al.com%2Fentertainment%2F2015%2F12%2Feo_wilson_biologist_and_author.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moncrieff-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moncrieff_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoncrieffJohnsonLaneBeck2018" class="citation journal cs1">Moncrieff, A.E.; Johnson, O.; Lane, D.F.; Beck, J.R.; Angulo, F.; Fagan, J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1642%2FAUK-17-97.1">"A new species of antbird (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) from the Cordillera Azul, San Martin, Peru"</a>. <i>Auk</i>. <b>135</b> (1): 114–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1642%2FAUK-17-97.1">10.1642/AUK-17-97.1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Auk&rft.atitle=A+new+species+of+antbird+%28Passeriformes%3A+Thamnophilidae%29+from+the+Cordillera+Azul%2C+San+Martin%2C+Peru&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=114-126&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1642%2FAUK-17-97.1&rft.aulast=Moncrieff&rft.aufirst=A.E.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+O.&rft.au=Lane%2C+D.F.&rft.au=Beck%2C+J.R.&rft.au=Angulo%2C+F.&rft.au=Fagan%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1642%252FAUK-17-97.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNhacote2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nhacote, Luis (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211228122427/https://www.moz24h.co.mz/post/descoberta-nova-esp%C3%A9cie-de-morcego-no-parque-nacional-da-gorongosa">"Moz24h | Moz24Horas | Moçambique"</a>. <i>Moz24h | Moz24Horas | Moçambique</i> (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moz24h.co.mz/post/descoberta-nova-esp%C3%A9cie-de-morcego-no-parque-nacional-da-gorongosa">the original</a> on December 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moz24h+%7C+Moz24Horas+%7C+Mo%C3%A7ambique&rft.atitle=Moz24h+%7C+Moz24Horas+%7C+Mo%C3%A7ambique&rft.date=2020-08&rft.aulast=Nhacote&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moz24h.co.mz%2Fpost%2Fdescoberta-nova-esp%25C3%25A9cie-de-morcego-no-parque-nacional-da-gorongosa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150725063703/http://ripley.si.edu/ent/nmnhtypedb/wlb/WLB_Library_Obit.htm">"William L Brown, Jr. Obituary"</a>. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ripley.si.edu/ent/nmnhtypedb/wlb/WLB_Library_Obit.htm">the original</a> on July 25, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+L+Brown%2C+Jr.+Obituary&rft.pub=Smithsonian+National+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fripley.si.edu%2Fent%2Fnmnhtypedb%2Fwlb%2FWLB_Library_Obit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_Edward_O.2020" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Edward O. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1120085214"><i>Tales from the ant world</i></a> (First ed.). New York, N.Y. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-556-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-556-4"><bdi>978-1-63149-556-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1120085214">1120085214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+from+the+ant+world&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1120085214&rft.isbn=978-1-63149-556-4&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Edward+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1120085214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/books/2020/11/15/Edward-O-Wilson-Tales-from-the-Ant-World-review/stories/202011150005">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Tales from the Ant World' is a fascinating journey"</a>. <i>post-gazette.com</i>. November 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=post-gazette.com&rft.atitle=%27Tales+from+the+Ant+World%27+is+a+fascinating+journey&rft.date=2020-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fae%2Fbooks%2F2020%2F11%2F15%2FEdward-O-Wilson-Tales-from-the-Ant-World-review%2Fstories%2F202011150005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonOttaviani2020" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Edward O.; Ottaviani, Jim (November 10, 2020). <i>Naturalist: A Graphic Adaptation</i>. Island Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61091-958-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61091-958-6"><bdi>978-1-61091-958-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naturalist%3A+A+Graphic+Adaptation&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft.isbn=978-1-61091-958-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Edward+O.&rft.au=Ottaviani%2C+Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1995" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, E. O. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturalist00wils_0"><i>Naturalist</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Warner_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Books">Warner Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59726-088-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59726-088-6"><bdi>1-59726-088-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naturalist&rft.pub=Warner+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-59726-088-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=E.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturalist00wils_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Rhodes, Richard</a> (2021). <i>E. O. Wilson: A Life in Nature</i>. Knopf Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385545563" title="Special:BookSources/9780385545563"><bdi>9780385545563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.+O.+Wilson%3A+A+Life+in+Nature&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780385545563&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journals">Journals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHölldobler2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bert_H%C3%B6lldobler" title="Bert Hölldobler">Hölldobler, Bert</a> (January 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8812546">"Edward Osborne Wilson, Naturalist (1929–2021)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a></i>. <b>119</b> (5). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PNAS..11900201H">2022PNAS..11900201H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2200201119">10.1073/pnas.2200201119</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8812546">8812546</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35064007">35064007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Edward+Osborne+Wilson%2C+Naturalist+%281929%E2%80%932021%29&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2022-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8812546%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35064007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2200201119&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PNAS..11900201H&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6lldobler&rft.aufirst=Bert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8812546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimberloff2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Simberloff" title="Daniel Simberloff">Simberloff, Daniel</a> (November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/721257">"Edward O. Wilson (1929–2021): It All Started with Ants"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Naturalist" title="The American Naturalist">The American Naturalist</a></i>. <b>200</b> (5): 621–737. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F721257">10.1086/721257</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36260849">36260849</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252995823">252995823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Edward+O.+Wilson+%281929%E2%80%932021%29%3A+It+All+Started+with+Ants&rft.volume=200&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=621-737&rft.date=2022-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252995823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36260849&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F721257&rft.aulast=Simberloff&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F721257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothstein1998" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rothstein" title="Edward Rothstein">Rothstein, Edward</a> (May 2, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/02/arts/now-a-warm-welcome-instead-of-a-cold-bath.html">"Now a Warm Welcome Instead of a Cold Bath"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Now+a+Warm+Welcome+Instead+of+a+Cold+Bath&rft.date=1998-05-02&rft.aulast=Rothstein&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F05%2F02%2Farts%2Fnow-a-warm-welcome-instead-of-a-cold-bath.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/E._O._Wilson" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/E. 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O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/mcz/files/eowilson_cv_25_aprili_2018.pdf">Curriculum vitae</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eowilsonfoundation.org/">E.O. Wilson Foundation</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins, Richard</a> (May 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019145203/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/edward-wilson-social-conquest-earth-evolutionary-errors-origin-species/">"The Descent of Edward Wilson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Prospect_(magazine)" title="Prospect (magazine)">Prospect</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/edward-wilson-social-conquest-earth-evolutionary-errors-origin-species/">the original</a> on October 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prospect&rft.atitle=The+Descent+of+Edward+Wilson&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Fmagazine%2Fedward-wilson-social-conquest-earth-evolutionary-errors-origin-species%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span> Review of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Conquest_of_Earth" title="The Social Conquest of Earth">The Social Conquest of Earth</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?55185">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/speakers/e_o_wilson">E. O. Wilson</a> at <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211029#P2611" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eowilsoncenter.org">E.O. Wilson Biophilia Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Wilson%2C%20E.%20O.%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Wilson%2C%20E.%20O%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Wilson%2C%20E%2E%20O%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22E.%20O.%20Wilson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22E.%20O%2E%20Wilson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22E%2E%20O%2E%20Wilson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Wilson%2C%20E.%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22E.%20Wilson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E.%20O.%20Wilson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E.%20O%2E%20Wilson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E%2E%20O%2E%20Wilson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E%2E%20O.%20Wilson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wilson%2C%20E.%20O.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wilson%2C%20E.%20O%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wilson%2C%20E%2E%20O%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wilson%2C%20E%2E%20O.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E.%20Wilson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wilson%2C%20E.%22%20OR%20title%3A%22E.%20O.%20Wilson%22%20OR%20title%3A%22E.%20O%2E%20Wilson%22%20OR%20title%3A%22E%2E%20O%2E%20Wilson%22%20OR%20title%3A%22E.%20Wilson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22E.%20O.%20Wilson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22E.%20O%2E%20Wilson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22E%2E%20O%2E%20Wilson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Wilson%2C%20E.%20O.%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Wilson%2C%20E.%20O%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22E.%20Wilson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Wilson%2C%20E.%22%29%20OR%20%28%221929-2021%22%20AND%20Wilson%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about E. O. Wilson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/105484333">"DISCOVER MAGAZINE (TV series): <i>Ants, With E.O. Wilson.</i>"</a>. September 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DISCOVER+MAGAZINE+%28TV+series%29%3A+Ants%2C+With+E.O.+Wilson.&rft.date=2014-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F105484333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+O.+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethology" title="Template:Ethology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethology" title="Template talk:Ethology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Animal sexual behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_science" title="Animal welfare science">Animal welfare science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bee_learning_and_communication" title="Bee learning and communication">Bee learning and communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_ecology" title="Behavioral ecology">Behavioural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_endocrinology" title="Behavioral endocrinology">Behavioral endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioural genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">Breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_ethology" title="Cognitive ethology">Cognitive ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_behaviour_in_animals" title="Comfort behaviour in animals">Comfort behaviour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_grooming" title="Personal grooming">Grooming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">Emotion in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethogram" title="Ethogram">Ethogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feeding_behaviours" title="List of feeding behaviours">Feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hover_(behaviour)" title="Hover (behaviour)">Hover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ethology" title="Human ethology">Human ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">Instinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethology" title="Neuroethology">Neuroethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_ethology" title="Philosophical ethology">Philosophical ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy_(non-human)" title="Stereotypy (non-human)">Stereotypy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structures_built_by_animals" title="Structures built by animals">Structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beehive" title="Beehive">Hive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeycomb_structure" title="Honeycomb structure">Honeycomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nest" title="Nest">Nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesting_instinct" title="Nesting instinct">Instinct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_use_by_non-humans" title="Tool use by non-humans">Tool use by non-humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoosemiotics" title="Zoosemiotics">Zoosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bateson" title="Patrick Bateson">Patrick Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Broom" title="Donald Broom">Donald Broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Calhoun" title="John B. Calhoun">John B. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Dawkins" title="Marian Dawkins">Marian Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iren%C3%A4us_Eibl-Eibesfeldt" title="Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt">Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Fossey" title="Dian Fossey">Dian Fossey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heini_Hediger" title="Heini Hediger">Heini Hediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Morris" title="Desmond Morris">Desmond Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sebeok" title="Thomas Sebeok">Thomas Sebeok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Homan_Thorpe" title="William Homan Thorpe">William Homan Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler" title="Wolfgang Wickler">Wolfgang Wickler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solly_Zuckerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Solly Zuckerman">Solly Zuckerman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_Animal_Behaviour" title="Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour">Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Applied_Ethology" title="International Society for Applied Ethology">International Society for Applied Ethology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Behaviour_(journal)" title="Animal Behaviour (journal)">Animal Behaviour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Cognition" title="Animal Cognition">Animal Cognition</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_(journal)" title="Animal Welfare (journal)">Animal Welfare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Ecology_(journal)" title="Behavioral Ecology (journal)">Behavioral Ecology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behaviour_(journal)" title="Behaviour (journal)">Behaviour</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethology" title="Category:Ethology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eusociality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eusociality" title="Template:Eusociality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eusociality" title="Template talk:Eusociality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eusociality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eusociality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eusociality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">Eusociality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_eusociality" title="Evolution of eusociality">Evolution of eusociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presociality" class="mw-redirect" title="Presociality">Presociality</a></li> <li>Social insects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ants" title="Agriculture in ants">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(ant)" title="Gamergate (ant)">Gamergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">Group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplodiploidy" title="Haplodiploidy">Haplodiploidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_in_social_insects" title="Identity in social insects">Identity in social insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_recognition" title="Kin recognition">Kin recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethism" title="Polyethism">Polyethism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_insects" title="Sexual selection in insects">Sexual selection in insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conflict_in_ants" title="Social conflict in ants">Social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelytoky" title="Thelytoky">Thelytoky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_ants" title="War in ants">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_policing" title="Worker policing">Worker policing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ApisDorsataHive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ApisDorsataHive.jpg/70px-ApisDorsataHive.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ApisDorsataHive.jpg/105px-ApisDorsataHive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ApisDorsataHive.jpg/140px-ApisDorsataHive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">Ant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apidae" title="Apidae">Apidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crabronidae" title="Crabronidae">Crabronidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halictidae" title="Halictidae">Halictidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespidae" title="Vespidae">Vespidae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blesmol" title="Blesmol">Blesmol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_mongoose" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf mongoose">Dwarf mongoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">Meerkat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustacean</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Synalpheus" title="Synalpheus">Synalpheus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrips" title="Thrips">Thysanoptera</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kladothrips" title="Kladothrips">Kladothrips</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphididae" title="Aphididae">Aphididae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">Coleoptera</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Austroplatypus_incompertus" title="Austroplatypus incompertus">Austroplatypus incompertus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">Isoptera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_in_mythology" title="Bees in mythology">Bees in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalescent" title="Coalescent">Coalescent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers, works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> <ul><li><i>The Dancing Bees</i> 1927</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncan_Michener" title="Charles Duncan Michener">Charles Duncan Michener</a> <ul><li><i>The Bees of the World</i> 2000</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_H%C3%B6lldobler" title="Bert Hölldobler">Bert Hölldobler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">E. O. Wilson</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology:_The_New_Synthesis" title="Sociobiology: The New Synthesis">Sociobiology: The New Synthesis</a></i> 1975</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ants" title="The Ants">The Ants</a></i> 1990</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_Ants" title="Journey to the Ants">Journey to the Ants</a></i> 1994</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_psychologists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Template:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Template talk:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_psychologists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_evolutionary_psychologists" title="List of evolutionary psychologists">Evolutionary psychologists</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Biologists /<br />neuroscientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crespi" title="Bernard Crespi">Bernard Crespi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crook_(ethologist)" title="John Crook (ethologist)">John Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kinsey" title="Alfred Kinsey">Alfred Kinsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Orians" title="Gordon Orians">Gordon Orians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaak_Panksepp" title="Jaak Panksepp">Jaak Panksepp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margie_Profet" title="Margie Profet">Margie Profet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Richerson" title="Peter Richerson">Peter Richerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Rizzolatti" title="Giacomo Rizzolatti">Giacomo Rizzolatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Thornhill" title="Randy Thornhill">Randy Thornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trivers" title="Robert Trivers">Robert Trivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carel_van_Schaik" title="Carel van Schaik">Carel van Schaik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Wedekind" title="Claus Wedekind">Claus Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_West-Eberhard" title="Mary Jane West-Eberhard">Mary Jane West-Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler" title="Wolfgang Wickler">Wolfgang Wickler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Christopher_Williams" title="George Christopher Williams">George C. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sloan_Wilson" title="David Sloan Wilson">David Sloan Wilson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wrangham" title="Richard Wrangham">Richard Wrangham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Anthropologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_H._Barkow" title="Jerome H. Barkow">Jerome H. Barkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Boehm" title="Christopher Boehm">Christopher Boehm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyd_(anthropologist)" title="Robert Boyd (anthropologist)">Robert Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Brown_(anthropologist)" title="Donald Brown (anthropologist)">Donald E. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Chagnon" title="Napoleon Chagnon">Napoleon Chagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Dunbar" title="Robin Dunbar">Robin Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fessler" title="Daniel Fessler">Daniel Fessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Flinn" title="Mark Flinn">Mark Flinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Hawks" title="John D. Hawks">John D. Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henrich" title="Joseph Henrich">Joseph Henrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mace" title="Ruth Mace">Ruth Mace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nettle" title="Daniel Nettle">Daniel Nettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Shennan" title="Stephen Shennan">Stephen Shennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Symons" title="Donald Symons">Donald Symons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tooby" title="John Tooby">John Tooby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_L._van_den_Berghe" title="Pierre L. van den Berghe">Pierre van den Berghe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Psychologists /<br />cognitive scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth" title="Mary Ainsworth">Mary Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Baron-Cohen" title="Simon Baron-Cohen">Simon Baron-Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_L._Barrett" title="Justin L. Barrett">Justin L. Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Belsky" title="Jay Belsky">Jay Belsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Bering" title="Jesse Bering">Jesse Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Bjorklund" title="David F. Bjorklund">David F. Bjorklund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bloom_(psychologist)" title="Paul Bloom (psychologist)">Paul Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">John Bowlby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Boyer" title="Pascal Boyer">Pascal Boyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bulbulia" title="Joseph Bulbulia">Joseph Bulbulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Buss" title="David Buss">David Buss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Call" title="Josep Call">Josep Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Campbell_(academic)" title="Anne Campbell (academic)">Anne Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carruthers_(philosopher)" title="Peter Carruthers (philosopher)">Peter Carruthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leda_Cosmides" title="Leda Cosmides">Leda Cosmides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Daly_(professor)" title="Martin Daly (professor)">Martin Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_J._Ellis" title="Bruce J. Ellis">Bruce J. Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Fernald" title="Anne Fernald">Anne Fernald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Jos%C3%A9_Figueredo" title="Aurelio José Figueredo">Aurelio José Figueredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Fleischman" title="Diana Fleischman">Diana Fleischman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uta_Frith" title="Uta Frith">Uta Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_G._Gallup" title="Gordon G. Gallup">Gordon G. Gallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Geary" title="David C. Geary">David C. Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Gigerenzer" title="Gerd Gigerenzer">Gerd Gigerenzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gray_(psychologist)" title="Peter Gray (psychologist)">Peter Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Jonathan Haidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Rich_Harris" title="Judith Rich Harris">Judith Rich Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martie_Haselton" title="Martie Haselton">Martie Haselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_and_Stephen_Kaplan" title="Rachel and Stephen Kaplan">Stephen Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_T._Kenrick" title="Douglas T. Kenrick">Douglas T. Kenrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_M._Kirby" title="Simon M. Kirby">Simon M. Kirby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurzban" title="Robert Kurzban">Robert Kurzban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_MacWhinney" title="Brian MacWhinney">Brian MacWhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_T._McGuire" title="Michael T. McGuire">Michael T. McGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Geoffrey Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darcia_Narvaez" title="Darcia Narvaez">Darcia Narvaez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Nelson" title="Katherine Nelson">Katherine Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_M._Nesse" title="Randolph M. Nesse">Randolph M. Nesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Neuberg" title="Steven Neuberg">Steven Neuberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Perrett" title="David Perrett">David Perrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Plotkin" title="Henry Plotkin">Henry Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rozin" title="Paul Rozin">Paul Rozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Schaller" title="Mark Schaller">Mark Schaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Schmitt" title="David P. Schmitt">David P. Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Segal" title="Nancy Segal">Nancy Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_K._Shackelford" title="Todd K. Shackelford">Todd K. Shackelford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Silverman" title="Irwin Silverman">Irwin Silverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_K._Smith" title="Peter K. Smith">Peter K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Sperber" title="Dan Sperber">Dan Sperber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stevens_(Jungian_analyst)" title="Anthony Stevens (Jungian analyst)">Anthony Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sulloway" title="Frank Sulloway">Frank Sulloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" title="Michael Tomasello">Michael Tomasello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Tybur" title="Joshua Tybur">Joshua Tybur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_van_Vugt" title="Mark van Vugt">Mark van Vugt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Whiten" title="Andrew Whiten">Andrew Whiten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Wilson_(psychologist)" title="Glenn Wilson (psychologist)">Glenn Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margo_Wilson" title="Margo Wilson">Margo Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other<br />social scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Badcock" title="Christopher Badcock">Christopher Badcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bowles_(economist)" title="Samuel Bowles (economist)">Samuel Bowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Fehr" title="Ernst Fehr">Ernst Fehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gintis" title="Herbert Gintis">Herbert Gintis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_D._P._Johnson" title="Dominic D. P. Johnson">Dominic D. P. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_Saad" title="Gad Saad">Gad Saad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Literary theorists /<br />philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Carroll_(scholar)" title="Joseph Carroll (scholar)">Joseph Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Dutton" title="Denis Dutton">Denis Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_research_groups_and_centers" title="Evolutionary psychology research groups and centers">Research centers/<br />organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Evolutionary_Psychology" title="Center for Evolutionary Psychology">Center for Evolutionary Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Behavior_and_Evolution_Society" title="Human Behavior and Evolution Society">Human Behavior and Evolution Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Human_Cognitive_and_Brain_Sciences" title="Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences">Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute" title="New England Complex Systems Institute">New England Complex Systems Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adapted_Mind" title="The Adapted Mind">The Adapted Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_Human_Behavior" title="Evolution and Human Behavior">Evolution and Human Behavior</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Human_Sexuality" title="The Evolution of Human Sexuality">The Evolution of Human Sexuality</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolution,_Mind_and_Behaviour" title="Evolution, Mind and Behaviour">Evolution, Mind and Behaviour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Behavioral_Sciences" title="Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences">Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Psychology_(journal)" title="Evolutionary Psychology (journal)">Evolutionary Psychology</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Category:Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1990" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_1990" title="Template:FRS 1990"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_1990" title="Template talk:FRS 1990"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_1990" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 1990"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1990" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1990">in 1990</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Angel" title="Roger Angel">Roger Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ashburner" title="Michael Ashburner">Michael Ashburner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brown_(pharmacology_professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Brown (pharmacology professor)">David Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_H._Chisholm" title="Malcolm H. Chisholm">Malcolm H. Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Clark_(chemist)" title="Robin Clark (chemist)">Robin Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Clarricoats" title="Peter Clarricoats">Peter Clarricoats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Collier" title="John G. Collier">John G. Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Conway_Morris" title="Simon Conway Morris">Simon Conway Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Crawford_(neuroscientist)" title="Andrew Crawford (neuroscientist)">Andrew Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Dutton" title="Leslie Dutton">Leslie Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fettiplace" title="Robert Fettiplace">Robert Fettiplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Gabathuler" title="Erwin Gabathuler">Erwin Gabathuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_C._Handy" title="Nicholas C. Handy">Nicholas C. Handy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Hill_(scientist)" title="Allen Hill (scientist)">Allen Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hodgkin" title="Jonathan Hodgkin">Jonathan Hodgkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Jakeman" title="Eric Jakeman">Eric Jakeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jellicoe,_2nd_Earl_Jellicoe" title="George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe">George Jellicoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Johnson" title="Louise Johnson">Louise Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaughan_Jones" title="Vaughan Jones">Vaughan Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Jordan" title="Carole Jordan">Carole Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knott_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Knott (scientist)">John Knott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harry Kroto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_V._Ley" title="Steven V. Ley">Steven V. Ley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Mander" title="Lew Mander">Lew Mander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._McIntyre" title="Michael E. McIntyre">Michael E. McIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_W._Moore" title="Derek W. Moore">Derek W. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_James_Pennycuick" title="Colin James Pennycuick">Colin James Pennycuick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albert_Raven" title="John Albert Raven">John Albert Raven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Read_(botanist)" title="David Read (botanist)">David Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Mohan_Sharma" title="Man Mohan Sharma">Man Mohan Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Snyder" title="Allan Snyder">Allan Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stark" title="George Stark">George Stark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azim_Surani" title="Azim Surani">Azim Surani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Vaughan" title="Bob Vaughan">Bob Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Waldmann" title="Herman Waldmann">Herman Waldmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166761" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166761">William Lionel Wilkinson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams_(physicist)" title="Robin Williams (physicist)">Robert Hughes Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Williams_(immunologist)" title="Alan Williams (immunologist)">Alan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semir_Zeki" title="Semir Zeki">Semir Zeki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton_Lorenz" title="Edward Norton Lorenz">Edward Norton Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasutomi_Nishizuka" title="Yasutomi Nishizuka">Yasutomi Nishizuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_National_Medal_of_Science_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Science" title="Template:National Medal of Science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Medal_of_Science" title="Template talk:National Medal of Science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Medal_of_Science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Medal of Science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_National_Medal_of_Science_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">United States National Medal of Science</a> <a href="/wiki/Laureate" title="Laureate">laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Behavioral_and_social_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Behavioral and social science</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal Elgar Miller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anne_Anastasi" title="Anne Anastasi">Anne Anastasi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Suppes" title="Patrick Suppes">Patrick Suppes</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_J._Gibson" title="Eleanor J. Gibson">Eleanor J. Gibson</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Robert K. Merton</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger N. Shepard</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Kaye_Estes" title="William Kaye Estes">William K. Estes</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Julius_Wilson" title="William Julius Wilson">William Julius Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/R._Duncan_Luce" title="R. Duncan Luce">R. Duncan Luce</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gordon_H._Bower" title="Gordon H. Bower">Gordon H. Bower</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael I. Posner</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Mishkin" title="Mortimer Mishkin">Mortimer Mishkin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anne_Treisman" title="Anne Treisman">Anne Treisman</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Axelrod_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Axelrod (political scientist)">Robert Axelrod</a></dd> <dt>2015</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Biological_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Biological sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/C._B._van_Niel" title="C. B. van Niel">C. B. van Niel</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall W. Nirenberg</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis P. Rous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">George G. Simpson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Van_Slyke" title="Donald Van Slyke">Donald D. Van Slyke</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Knipling" title="Edward F. Knipling">Edward F. Knipling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Albert Lipmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Cumming_Rose" title="William Cumming Rose">William C. Rose</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sewall_Wright" title="Sewall Wright">Sewall Wright</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Stewart_Cole" title="Kenneth Stewart Cole">Kenneth S. Cole</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry F. Harlow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heidelberger" title="Michael Heidelberger">Michael Heidelberger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sturtevant" title="Alfred Sturtevant">Alfred H. Sturtevant</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Horace_Barker" title="Horace Barker">Horace Barker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Brodie_(biochemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Brodie (biochemist)">Bernard B. Brodie</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Detlev_Bronk" title="Detlev Bronk">Detlev W. Bronk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jay_Laurence_Lush" title="Jay Laurence Lush">Jay Lush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Burrhus Frederic Skinner</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Huebner" title="Robert Huebner">Robert Huebner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert B. Sabin</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_I._Arnon" title="Daniel I. Arnon">Daniel I. Arnon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_W._Sutherland_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Earl W. Sutherland Jr.">Earl W. Sutherland Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Britton Chance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Erwin Chargaff</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_V._Neel" title="James V. Neel">James V. Neel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Augustine_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="James Augustine Shannon">James Augustine Shannon</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hallowell_Davis" title="Hallowell Davis">Hallowell Davis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gyorgy" title="Paul Gyorgy">Paul Gyorgy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sterling_B._Hendricks" title="Sterling B. Hendricks">Sterling B. Hendricks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orville_Vogel" title="Orville Vogel">Orville Alvin Vogel</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keith_Roberts_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Keith Roberts Porter">Keith Roberts Porter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Racker" title="Efraim Racker">Efraim Racker</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">E. O. Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Burris" title="Robert H. Burris">Robert H. Burris</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_C._Crosby" title="Elizabeth C. Crosby">Elizabeth C. Crosby</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_Reece_Stadtman" title="Earl Reece Stadtman">Earl Reece Stadtman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins" title="G. Ledyard Stebbins">George Ledyard Stebbins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Alfred_Weiss" title="Paul Alfred Weiss">Paul Alfred Weiss</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1981</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Handler" title="Philip Handler">Philip Handler</a></dd> <dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Benzer" title="Seymour Benzer">Seymour Benzer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Burton" title="Glenn W. Burton">Glenn W. Burton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Bachrach" title="Howard Bachrach">Howard L. Bachrach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wendell_L._Roelofs" title="Wendell L. Roelofs">Wendell L. Roelofs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berta_Scharrer" title="Berta Scharrer">Berta Scharrer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Henderson" title="Donald Henderson">Donald A. Henderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Mountcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernon Mountcastle">Vernon B. Mountcastle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Emil Palade</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joan_A._Steitz" title="Joan A. Steitz">Joan A. Steitz</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._DeBakey" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael E. DeBakey">Michael E. DeBakey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodor_O._Diener" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor O. Diener">Theodor O. Diener</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_Eagle" title="Harry Eagle">Harry Eagle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael S. Brown">Michael S. Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Norman_Cohen" title="Stanley Norman Cohen">Stanley Norman Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice R. Hilleman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric R. Kandel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Sussman Yalow</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Esau" title="Katherine Esau">Katherine Esau</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Hamburger" title="Viktor Hamburger">Viktor Hamburger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Leder" title="Philip Leder">Philip Leder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_W._Sperry" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger W. Sperry">Roger W. Sperry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harland_G._Wood" title="Harland G. Wood">Harland G. Wood</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Boyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert W. Boyer">Herbert W. Boyer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_E._Koshland_Jr." title="Daniel E. Koshland Jr.">Daniel E. Koshland Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_G._Nathan" title="David G. Nathan">David G. Nathan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Avery" title="Mary Ellen Avery">Mary Ellen Avery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Evelyn_Hutchinson" title="G. Evelyn Hutchinson">G. Evelyn Hutchinson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elvin_A._Kabat" title="Elvin A. Kabat">Elvin A. Kabat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kates" title="Robert Kates">Robert W. Kates</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marks_(scientist)" title="Paul Marks (scientist)">Paul A. Marks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Folke_K._Skoog" title="Folke K. Skoog">Folke K. Skoog</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Zamecnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Zamecnik">Paul C. Zamecnik</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Singer" title="Maxine Singer">Maxine Singer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Martin Temin</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salome_G._Waelsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Salome G. Waelsch">Salome G. Waelsch</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eisner" title="Thomas Eisner">Thomas Eisner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_F._Neufeld" title="Elizabeth F. Neufeld">Elizabeth F. Neufeld</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rich" title="Alexander Rich">Alexander Rich</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Weinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Weinberg">Robert A. Weinberg</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ames" title="Bruce Ames">Bruce Ames</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nancy_C._Andreasen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy C. Andreasen">Nancy C. Andreasen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Raven" title="Peter H. Raven">Peter H. Raven</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George F. Bass</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mario_R._Capecchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario R. Capecchi">Mario R. Capecchi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ann_Graybiel" title="Ann Graybiel">Ann Graybiel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gene_Likens" title="Gene Likens">Gene E. Likens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._McKusick" title="Victor A. McKusick">Victor A. McKusick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Varmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Varmus">Harold Varmus</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_E._Darnell" title="James E. Darnell">James E. Darnell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_M._Witkin" title="Evelyn M. Witkin">Evelyn M. Witkin</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_H._Snyder" title="Solomon H. Snyder">Solomon H. Snyder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yanofsky" title="Charles Yanofsky">Charles Yanofsky</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman E. Borlaug</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phillip_A._Sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip A. Sharp">Phillip A. Sharp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Starzl" title="Thomas Starzl">Thomas E. Starzl</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Torsten_N._Wiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Torsten N. Wiesel">Torsten N. Wiesel</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita R. Colwell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nina_Fedoroff" title="Nina Fedoroff">Nina Fedoroff</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lubert_Stryer" title="Lubert Stryer">Lubert Stryer</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert J. Lefkowitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bert_W._O%27Malley" title="Bert W. O'Malley">Bert W. O'Malley</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis S. Collins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Fuchs" title="Elaine Fuchs">Elaine Fuchs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Craig_Venter" title="Craig Venter">J. Craig Venter</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Susan_L._Lindquist" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan L. Lindquist">Susan L. Lindquist</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_L._Brinster" title="Ralph L. Brinster">Ralph L. Brinster</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jaenisch" title="Rudolf Jaenisch">Rudolf Jaenisch</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Shapiro" title="Lucy Shapiro">Lucy Shapiro</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Hood" title="Leroy Hood">Leroy Hood</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sallie_Chisholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sallie Chisholm">Sallie Chisholm</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/May_Berenbaum" title="May Berenbaum">May Berenbaum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Bruce Alberts</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rakesh_K._Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakesh K. Jain">Rakesh K. Jain</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Falkow" title="Stanley Falkow">Stanley Falkow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary-Claire_King" title="Mary-Claire King">Mary-Claire King</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simon_Levin" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Levin">Simon Levin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chemistry</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/F._Albert_Cotton" title="F. Albert Cotton">F. Albert Cotton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stork" title="Gilbert Stork">Gilbert Stork</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_C._Pimentel" title="George C. Pimentel">George C. Pimentel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Zare" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard N. Zare">Richard N. Zare</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_B._Gray" title="Harry B. Gray">Harry B. Gray</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Tseh_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Tseh Lee">Yuan Tseh Lee</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_S._Marvel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl S. Marvel">Carl S. Marvel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Westheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Westheimer">Frank H. Westheimer</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Summer_Johnson" title="William Summer Johnson">William S. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Stockmayer" title="Walter H. Stockmayer">Walter H. Stockmayer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Max_Tishler" title="Max Tishler">Max Tishler</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_O._Baker" title="William O. Baker">William O. Baker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Konrad_E._Bloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Konrad E. Bloch">Konrad E. Bloch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elias_J._Corey" class="mw-redirect" title="Elias J. Corey">Elias J. Corey</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barry_Bernstein" title="Richard Barry Bernstein">Richard B. Bernstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harden_M._McConnell" title="Harden M. McConnell">Harden M. McConnell</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elkan_Blout" title="Elkan Blout">Elkan Blout</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_Folkers" title="Karl August Folkers">Karl Folkers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_D._Roberts" title="John D. Roberts">John D. Roberts</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Breslow" title="Ronald Breslow">Ronald Breslow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ensign_Simmons_Jr." title="Howard Ensign Simmons Jr.">Howard E. Simmons Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Hackerman" title="Norman Hackerman">Norman Hackerman</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_S._Hammond" title="George S. Hammond">George S. Hammond</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Isabella_L._Karle" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella L. Karle">Isabella L. Karle</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davidson_(biologist)" title="Norman Davidson (biologist)">Norman Davidson</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Darleane_C._Hoffman" title="Darleane C. Hoffman">Darleane C. Hoffman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Johnston" title="Harold S. Johnston">Harold S. Johnston</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_W._Cahn" title="John W. Cahn">John W. Cahn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_M._Whitesides" title="George M. Whitesides">George M. Whitesides</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stuart_A._Rice" title="Stuart A. Rice">Stuart A. Rice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(chemist)" title="John Ross (chemist)">John Ross</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_D._Baldeschwieler" title="John D. Baldeschwieler">John D. Baldeschwieler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_F._Hirschmann" title="Ralph F. Hirschmann">Ralph F. Hirschmann</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernest_R._Davidson" title="Ernest R. Davidson">Ernest R. Davidson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_A._Somorjai" title="Gábor A. Somorjai">Gábor A. Somorjai</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_I._Brauman" class="mw-redirect" title="John I. Brauman">John I. Brauman</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Lippard" title="Stephen J. Lippard">Stephen J. Lippard</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tobin_J._Marks" title="Tobin J. Marks">Tobin J. Marks</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marvin_H._Caruthers" title="Marvin H. Caruthers">Marvin H. Caruthers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dervan" title="Peter Dervan">Peter B. Dervan</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_El-Sayed" title="Mostafa El-Sayed">Mostafa A. El-Sayed</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Fowler" title="Joanna Fowler">Joanna Fowler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Stubbe" title="JoAnne Stubbe">JoAnne Stubbe</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Benkovic" title="Stephen J. Benkovic">Stephen J. Benkovic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marye_Anne_Fox" title="Marye Anne Fox">Marye Anne Fox</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_K._Barton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline K. Barton">Jacqueline K. Barton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Stang" title="Peter J. Stang">Peter J. Stang</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Bard" title="Allen J. Bard">Allen J. Bard</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/M._Frederick_Hawthorne" title="M. Frederick Hawthorne">M. Frederick Hawthorne</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Judith_P._Klinman" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith P. Klinman">Judith P. Klinman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Meinwald" title="Jerrold Meinwald">Jerrold Meinwald</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_L._Richmond" title="Geraldine L. Richmond">Geraldine L. Richmond</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/A._Paul_Alivisatos" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Paul Alivisatos">A. Paul Alivisatos</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Engineering_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Engineering sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1962</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></dd> <dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_Pierce" class="mw-redirect" title="John Robinson Pierce">John Robinson Pierce</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Draper" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles S. Draper">Charles S. Draper</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Ammann" title="Othmar Ammann">Othmar H. Ammann</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Dryden">Hugh L. Dryden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clarence_L._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence L. Johnson">Clarence L. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_K._Lewis" title="Warren K. Lewis">Warren K. Lewis</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Claude_E._Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude E. Shannon">Claude E. Shannon</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Land" title="Edwin H. Land">Edwin H. Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igor_I._Sikorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor I. Sikorsky">Igor I. Sikorsky</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nathan_M._Newmark" title="Nathan M. Newmark">Nathan M. Newmark</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_St._Clair_Kilby" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack St. Clair Kilby">Jack St. Clair Kilby</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_E._Mueller" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Mueller">George E. Mueller</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Edgerton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold E. Edgerton">Harold E. Edgerton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Whitcomb" title="Richard T. Whitcomb">Richard T. Whitcomb</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kompfner" title="Rudolf Kompfner">Rudolf Kompfner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Brazelton_Peck" title="Ralph Brazelton Peck">Ralph Brazelton Peck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abel_Wolman" title="Abel Wolman">Abel Wolman</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manson_Benedict" title="Manson Benedict">Manson Benedict</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Hayward_Pickering" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hayward Pickering">William Hayward Pickering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Terman" title="Frederick Terman">Frederick E. Terman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(scientist)" title="Morris Cohen (scientist)">Morris Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Goldmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Goldmark">Peter C. Goldmark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Wilhelm_M%C3%BCller" title="Erwin Wilhelm Müller">Erwin Wilhelm Müller</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Emmett_N._Leith" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmett N. Leith">Emmett N. Leith</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raymond_D._Mindlin" title="Raymond D. Mindlin">Raymond D. Mindlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Noyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert N. Noyce">Robert N. Noyce</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_R._Parker" title="Earl R. Parker">Earl R. Parker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Heinemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward H. Heinemann">Edward H. Heinemann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Katz" title="Donald L. Katz">Donald L. Katz</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hewlett" title="Bill Hewlett">Bill Hewlett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_G._Trump" title="John G. Trump">John G. Trump</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wolfgang_Liepmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Wolfgang Liepmann">Hans Wolfgang Liepmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tung-Yen_Lin" title="Tung-Yen Lin">Tung-Yen Lin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernard_M._Oliver" title="Bernard M. Oliver">Bernard M. Oliver</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byron_Bird" title="Robert Byron Bird">Robert Byron Bird</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Bolton_Seed" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Bolton Seed">H. Bolton Seed</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Weber_(engineer)" title="Ernst Weber (engineer)">Ernst Weber</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Willis_M._Hawkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis M. Hawkins">Willis M. Hawkins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_W._Housner" title="George W. Housner">George W. Housner</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_George_Drickamer" title="Harry George Drickamer">Harry George Drickamer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Grier" title="Herbert E. Grier">Herbert E. Grier</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Holonyak Jr.">Nick Holonyak Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luna_B._Leopold" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna B. Leopold">Luna B. Leopold</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Guyford_Stever" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Guyford Stever">H. Guyford Stever</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calvin_F._Quate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvin F. Quate">Calvin F. Quate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Roy_Whinnery" title="John Roy Whinnery">John Roy Whinnery</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Y._Cho" title="Alfred Y. Cho">Alfred Y. Cho</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ray_W._Clough" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray W. Clough">Ray W. Clough</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hermann_A._Haus" title="Hermann A. Haus">Hermann A. Haus</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_L._Flanagan" title="James L. Flanagan">James L. Flanagan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C._Kumar_N._Patel" title="C. Kumar N. Patel">C. Kumar N. Patel</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eli_Ruckenstein" title="Eli Ruckenstein">Eli Ruckenstein</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_N._Stevens" title="Kenneth N. Stevens">Kenneth N. Stevens</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yuan-Cheng_Fung" title="Yuan-Cheng Fung">Yuan-Cheng B. Fung</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Acrivos" title="Andreas Acrivos">Andreas Acrivos</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leo_Beranek" title="Leo Beranek">Leo Beranek</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Prausnitz" title="John Prausnitz">John M. Prausnitz</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_N._Lightfoot" title="Edwin N. Lightfoot">Edwin N. Lightfoot</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jan_D._Achenbach" title="Jan D. Achenbach">Jan D. Achenbach</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">David J. Wineland</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_E._K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n" title="Rudolf E. Kálmán">Rudolf E. Kálmán</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amnon_Yariv" title="Amnon Yariv">Amnon Yariv</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shu_Chien" title="Shu Chien">Shu Chien</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kailath" title="Thomas Kailath">Thomas Kailath</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mathematical,_statistical,_and_computer_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Lefschetz" title="Solomon Lefschetz">Solomon Lefschetz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marston_Morse" title="Marston Morse">H. Marston Morse</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Zariski" title="Oscar Zariski">Oscar Zariski</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Milnor" title="John Milnor">John Milnor</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cohen" title="Paul Cohen">Paul Cohen</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Neyman" title="Jerzy Neyman">Jerzy Neyman</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Feller" title="William Feller">William Feller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brauer" title="Richard Brauer">Richard Brauer</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_W._Backus" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Backus">John W. Backus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurt_O._Friedrichs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt O. Friedrichs">Kurt Otto Friedrichs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hassler_Whitney" title="Hassler Whitney">Hassler Whitney</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Doob" title="Joseph L. Doob">Joseph L. Doob</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald E. Knuth</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_H._Stone" title="Marshall H. Stone">Marshall H. Stone</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Herman Goldstine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Isadore_Singer" title="Isadore Singer">Isadore Singer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lax" title="Peter Lax">Peter Lax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Zygmund" title="Antoni Zygmund">Antoni Zygmund</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Bott" title="Raoul Bott">Raoul Bott</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freedman" title="Michael Freedman">Michael Freedman</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Gomory" title="Ralph E. Gomory">Ralph E. Gomory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Keller" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph B. Keller">Joseph B. Keller</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Karlin" title="Samuel Karlin">Samuel Karlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saunders_Mac_Lane" title="Saunders Mac Lane">Saunders Mac Lane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Spencer" title="Donald C. Spencer">Donald C. Spencer</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_F._Carrier" title="George F. Carrier">George F. Carrier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cole_Kleene" title="Stephen Cole Kleene">Stephen Cole Kleene</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Alberto Calderón">Alberto Calderón</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_David_Kruskal" title="Martin David Kruskal">Martin David Kruskal</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Cocke_(computer_scientist)" title="John Cocke (computer scientist)">John Cocke</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louis_Nirenberg" title="Louis Nirenberg">Louis Nirenberg</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Karp" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Karp">Richard Karp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smale" title="Stephen Smale">Stephen Smale</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Shing-Tung Yau</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cathleen_Synge_Morawetz" title="Cathleen Synge Morawetz">Cathleen Synge Morawetz</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Felix_Browder" title="Felix Browder">Felix Browder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coifman" title="Ronald Coifman">Ronald R. Coifman</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Griggs_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Griggs Thompson">John Griggs Thompson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karen_Uhlenbeck" title="Karen Uhlenbeck">Karen Uhlenbeck</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calyampudi_Radhakrishna_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao">Calyampudi R. Rao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elias_M._Stein" title="Elias M. Stein">Elias M. Stein</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Glimm" title="James Glimm">James G. Glimm</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_R._de_Boor" title="Carl R. de Boor">Carl R. de Boor</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Sullivan" title="Dennis Sullivan">Dennis P. Sullivan</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Efron" title="Bradley Efron">Bradley Efron</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hyman_Bass" title="Hyman Bass">Hyman Bass</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew J. Viterbi</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_B._Mumford" class="mw-redirect" title="David B. Mumford">David B. Mumford</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Tapia" title="Richard A. Tapia">Richard A. Tapia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_W._Golomb" title="Solomon W. Golomb">Solomon W. Golomb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mazur" title="Barry Mazur">Barry Mazur</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Chorin" title="Alexandre Chorin">Alexandre Chorin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell">David Blackwell</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Artin" title="Michael Artin">Michael Artin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physical_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physical sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis W. Alvarez</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Rubey" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rubey">William Rubey</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes">Jacob Bjerknes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyring_(chemist)" title="Henry Eyring (chemist)">Henry Eyring</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_H._Van_Vleck" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Van Vleck">John H. Van Vleck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Beams" title="Jesse Beams">Jesse Beams</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Birch_(geophysicist)" title="Francis Birch (geophysicist)">Francis Birch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Breit" title="Gregory Breit">Gregory Breit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hammett" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Hammett">Louis Hammett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doughty_Bartlett" title="Paul Doughty Bartlett">Paul Bartlett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Panofsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang Panofsky">Wolfgang Panofsky</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dicke" title="Robert H. Dicke">Robert H. Dicke</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allan_R._Sandage" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan R. Sandage">Allan R. Sandage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_C._Slater" title="John C. Slater">John C. Slater</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wheeler" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Wheeler">John A. Wheeler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saul_Winstein" title="Saul Winstein">Saul Winstein</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ewing" title="Maurice Ewing">Maurice Ewing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arie_Jan_Haagen-Smit" title="Arie Jan Haagen-Smit">Arie Jan Haagen-Smit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Haensel" title="Vladimir Haensel">Vladimir Haensel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rathbun_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Rathbun Wilson">Robert Rathbun Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William Alfred Fowler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linus_Carl_Pauling" class="mw-redirect" title="Linus Carl Pauling">Linus Carl Pauling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Sanborn_Pitzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer">Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_A._Bethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans A. Bethe">Hans A. Bethe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_O._Hirschfelder" title="Joseph O. Hirschfelder">Joseph O. Hirschfelder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Sarett" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Sarett">Lewis Sarett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bright_Wilson" title="Edgar Bright Wilson">Edgar Bright Wilson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit">Samuel Goudsmit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Gutowsky" title="Herbert S. Gutowsky">Herbert S. Gutowsky</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Rossini" title="Frederick Rossini">Frederick Rossini</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Verner_Suomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verner Suomi">Verner Suomi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Feynman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard P. Feynman">Richard P. Feynman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Mark">Herman Mark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Purcell" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward M. Purcell">Edward M. Purcell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Sinfelt" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sinfelt">John Sinfelt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Weisskopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Weisskopf">Victor F. Weisskopf</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip W. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._Margaret_Burbidge" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Margaret Burbidge">E. Margaret Burbidge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Landsberg" title="Helmut Landsberg">Helmut Landsberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Munk" title="Walter Munk">Walter Munk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruno_B._Rossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruno B. Rossi">Bruno B. Rossi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Schrieffer" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Robert Schrieffer">J. Robert Schrieffer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_J._Buchsbaum" title="Solomon J. Buchsbaum">Solomon J. Buchsbaum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Crane" title="H. Richard Crane">H. Richard Crane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Robert Hofstadter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Chen-Ning Yang</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Abelson" title="Philip Abelson">Philip Abelson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elsasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Elsasser">Walter Elsasser</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Lauterbur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Lauterbur">Paul C. Lauterbur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Pake" title="George Pake">George Pake</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_A._Van_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Van Allen">James A. Van Allen</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/D._Allan_Bromley" title="D. Allan Bromley">D. Allan Bromley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chu_Ching-wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu Ching-wu">Paul Ching-Wu Chu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arnold_O._Beckman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold O. Beckman">Arnold O. Beckman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Eugene Parker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Sharp" title="Robert P. Sharp">Robert Sharp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stommel" title="Henry Stommel">Henry Stommel</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Allan M. Cormack</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._McMillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. McMillan">Edwin M. McMillan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pound" title="Robert Pound">Robert Pound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Schawlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur L. Schawlow">Arthur L. Schawlow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Stone" title="Edward C. Stone">Ed Stone</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_M._Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene M. Shoemaker">Eugene M. Shoemaker</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Vera Rubin</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Overhauser" title="Albert Overhauser">Albert Overhauser</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_Dehmelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Dehmelt">Hans Dehmelt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Goldreich" title="Peter Goldreich">Peter Goldreich</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wallace_S._Broecker" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace S. Broecker">Wallace S. Broecker</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Rosenbluth" title="Marshall Rosenbluth">Marshall Rosenbluth</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Wetherill" title="George Wetherill">George Wetherill</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Don_L._Anderson" title="Don L. Anderson">Don L. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_N._Bahcall" title="John N. Bahcall">John N. Bahcall</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">James Cronin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Willis_E._Lamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis E. Lamb">Willis E. Lamb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_P._Ostriker" title="Jeremiah P. Ostriker">Jeremiah P. Ostriker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_F._White" title="Gilbert F. White">Gilbert F. White</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Cohen" title="Marvin L. Cohen">Marvin L. Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Keeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Keeling">Charles Keeling</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Garwin" title="Richard Garwin">Richard Garwin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/W._Jason_Morgan" title="W. Jason Morgan">W. Jason Morgan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Brent_Dalrymple" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Brent Dalrymple">G. Brent Dalrymple</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Clayton" title="Robert N. Clayton">Robert N. Clayton</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._Alpher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph A. Alpher">Ralph A. Alpher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Thompson" title="Lonnie Thompson">Lonnie Thompson</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kleppner" title="Daniel Kleppner">Daniel Kleppner</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fay_Ajzenberg-Selove" title="Fay Ajzenberg-Selove">Fay Ajzenberg-Selove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pence_Slichter" title="Charles Pence Slichter">Charles P. Slichter</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berni_Alder" title="Berni Alder">Berni Alder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_E._Gunn_(astronomer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Gunn (astronomer)">James E. Gunn</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esther_M._Conwell" title="Esther M. Conwell">Esther M. Conwell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Washington" title="Warren M. Washington">Warren M. Washington</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Drell" title="Sidney Drell">Sidney Drell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Faber" title="Sandra Faber">Sandra Faber</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates" title="Sylvester James Gates">Sylvester James Gates</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sean_Solomon" title="Sean Solomon">Sean C. Solomon</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Nonfiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Nonfiction" title="Template:Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Nonfiction" title="Template talk:Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Nonfiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Nonfiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Nonfiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction">Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1962–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_President_1960" title="The Making of the President 1960">The Making of the President 1960</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_H._White" title="Theodore H. White">Theodore White</a> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guns_of_August" title="The Guns of August">The Guns of August</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_W._Tuchman" title="Barbara W. Tuchman">Barbara W. Tuchman</a> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism_in_American_Life" title="Anti-intellectualism in American Life">Anti-intellectualism in American Life</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Strange_New_World" title="O Strange New World">O Strange New World</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Mumford_Jones" title="Howard Mumford Jones">Howard Mumford Jones</a> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wandering_Through_Winter" title="Wandering Through Winter">Wandering Through Winter</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Way_Teale" title="Edwin Way Teale">Edwin Way Teale</a> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Slavery_in_Western_Culture" title="The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture">The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Brion_Davis" title="David Brion Davis">David Brion Davis</a> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rousseau_and_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau and Revolution">Rousseau and Revolution</a></i>, vol. 10 of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Civilization" title="The Story of Civilization">The Story of Civilization</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Durant" title="Ariel Durant">Ariel Durant</a> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/So_Human_an_Animal" title="So Human an Animal">So Human an Animal</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Dubos" title="René Dubos">René Dubos</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/The_Armies_of_the_Night" title="The Armies of the Night">The Armies of the Night</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%27s_Truth" title="Gandhi's Truth">Gandhi's Truth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rising_Sun" title="The Rising Sun">The Rising Sun</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Toland_(historian)" title="John Toland (historian)">John Toland</a> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stilwell_and_the_American_Experience_in_China,_1911%E2%80%9345" title="Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45">Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_W._Tuchman" title="Barbara W. Tuchman">Barbara W. Tuchman</a> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fire_in_the_Lake" title="Fire in the Lake">Fire in the Lake</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Frances_FitzGerald_(journalist)" title="Frances FitzGerald (journalist)">Frances FitzGerald</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Crisis" title="Children of Crisis">Children of Crisis</a></i> vols. 2 and 3 by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coles_(psychiatrist)" title="Robert Coles (psychiatrist)">Robert Coles</a> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Denial_of_Death" title="The Denial of Death">The Denial of Death</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Becker" title="Ernest Becker">Ernest Becker</a> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_at_Tinker_Creek" title="Pilgrim at Tinker Creek">Pilgrim at Tinker Creek</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Dillard" title="Annie Dillard">Annie Dillard</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1101" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Survive%3F_Being_Old_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Why Survive? Being Old in America">Why Survive?</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Butler" title="Robert N. Butler">Robert N. Butler</a> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Swimmers" title="Beautiful Swimmers">Beautiful Swimmers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_W._Warner" title="William W. Warner">William W. Warner</a> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dragons_of_Eden" title="The Dragons of Eden">The Dragons of Eden</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Human_Nature" title="On Human Nature">On Human Nature</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">E. O. Wilson</a> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del,_Escher,_Bach" title="Gödel, Escher, Bach">Gödel, Escher, Bach</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fin-de-si%C3%A8cle_Vienna" title="Fin-de-siècle Vienna">Fin-de-siècle Vienna</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Emil_Schorske" title="Carl Emil Schorske">Carl Emil Schorske</a> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Soul_of_a_New_Machine" title="The Soul of a New Machine">The Soul of a New Machine</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tracy_Kidder" title="Tracy Kidder">Tracy Kidder</a> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Is_There_No_Place_on_Earth_for_Me%3F" title="Is There No Place on Earth for Me?">Is There No Place on Earth for Me?</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sheehan" title="Susan Sheehan">Susan Sheehan</a> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Transformation_of_American_Medicine" title="The Social Transformation of American Medicine">The Social Transformation of American Medicine</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Starr" title="Paul Starr">Paul Starr</a> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_War" title="The Good War">The Good War</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Studs_Terkel" title="Studs Terkel">Studs Terkel</a> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Ground_(Lukas_book)" title="Common Ground (Lukas book)">Common Ground</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/J._Anthony_Lukas" title="J. Anthony Lukas">J. Anthony Lukas</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Move_Your_Shadow" title="Move Your Shadow">Move Your Shadow</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lelyveld" title="Joseph Lelyveld">Joseph Lelyveld</a> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arab_and_Jew:_Wounded_Spirits_in_a_Promised_Land" title="Arab and Jew: Wounded Spirits in a Promised Land">Arab and Jew</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_K._Shipler" title="David K. Shipler">David K. Shipler</a> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Atomic_Bomb" title="The Making of the Atomic Bomb">The Making of the Atomic Bomb</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Richard Rhodes</a> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Bright_Shining_Lie" title="A Bright Shining Lie">A Bright Shining Lie</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Sheehan" title="Neil Sheehan">Neil Sheehan</a> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/And_Their_Children_After_Them_(Maharidge_and_Williamson_book)" title="And Their Children After Them (Maharidge and Williamson book)">And Their Children After Them</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Dale_Maharidge" title="Dale Maharidge">Dale Maharidge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Williamson_(photographer)" title="Michael Williamson (photographer)">Michael Williamson</a> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ants" title="The Ants">The Ants</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bert_H%C3%B6lldobler" title="Bert Hölldobler">Bert Hölldobler</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">E. O. Wilson</a> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prize:_The_Epic_Quest_for_Oil,_Money,_and_Power" title="The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power">The Prize</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Yergin" title="Daniel Yergin">Daniel Yergin</a> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_at_Gettysburg" title="Lincoln at Gettysburg">Lincoln at Gettysburg</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Garry_Wills" title="Garry Wills">Garry Wills</a> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Tomb:_The_Last_Days_of_the_Soviet_Empire" title="Lenin's Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire">Lenin's Tomb</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Remnick" title="David Remnick">David Remnick</a> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beak_of_the_Finch" title="The Beak of the Finch">The Beak of the Finch</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Weiner" title="Jonathan Weiner">Jonathan Weiner</a> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Haunted_Land" title="The Haunted Land">The Haunted Land</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tina_Rosenberg" title="Tina Rosenberg">Tina Rosenberg</a> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashes_to_Ashes_(Kluger_book)" title="Ashes to Ashes (Kluger book)">Ashes to Ashes</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kluger" title="Richard Kluger">Richard Kluger</a> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guns,_Germs,_and_Steel" title="Guns, Germs, and Steel">Guns, Germs, and Steel</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Former_World" title="Annals of the Former World">Annals of the Former World</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_McPhee" title="John McPhee">John McPhee</a> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Embracing_Defeat" title="Embracing Defeat">Embracing Defeat</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">John W. Dower</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2025</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan" title="Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan">Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_P._Bix" title="Herbert P. Bix">Herbert P. Bix</a> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carry_Me_Home_(book)" title="Carry Me Home (book)">Carry Me Home</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Problem_from_Hell" title="A Problem from Hell">"A Problem from Hell"</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Samantha Power</a> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gulag:_A_History" title="Gulag: A History">Gulag: A History</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Anne Applebaum</a> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Wars" title="Ghost Wars">Ghost Wars</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Steve Coll</a> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Reckoning" title="Imperial Reckoning">Imperial Reckoning</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Elkins" title="Caroline Elkins">Caroline Elkins</a> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Looming_Tower" title="The Looming Tower">The Looming Tower</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wright" title="Lawrence Wright">Lawrence Wright</a> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Extermination" title="The Years of Extermination">The Years of Extermination</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer">Saul Friedländer</a> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slavery_by_Another_Name" title="Slavery by Another Name">Slavery by Another Name</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Blackmon" title="Douglas A. Blackmon">Douglas A. Blackmon</a> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dead_Hand" title="The Dead Hand">The Dead Hand</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_E._Hoffman" title="David E. Hoffman">David E. Hoffman</a> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_of_All_Maladies" title="The Emperor of All Maladies">The Emperor of All Maladies</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Mukherjee" title="Siddhartha Mukherjee">Siddhartha Mukherjee</a> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Swerve" title="The Swerve">The Swerve</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Greenblatt" title="Stephen Greenblatt">Stephen Greenblatt</a> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_the_Grove" title="Devil in the Grove">Devil in the Grove</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_King_(author)" title="Gilbert King (author)">Gilbert King</a> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toms_River_(book)" title="Toms River (book)">Toms River</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Dan_Fagin" title="Dan Fagin">Dan Fagin</a> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sixth_Extinction:_An_Unnatural_History" title="The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History">The Sixth Extinction</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Kolbert" title="Elizabeth Kolbert">Elizabeth Kolbert</a> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Flags:_The_Rise_of_ISIS" title="Black Flags: The Rise of ISIS">Black Flags</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joby_Warrick" title="Joby Warrick">Joby Warrick</a> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evicted:_Poverty_and_Profit_in_the_American_City" title="Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City">Evicted</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Desmond" title="Matthew Desmond">Matthew Desmond</a> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locking_Up_Our_Own" title="Locking Up Our Own">Locking Up Our Own</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Forman_Jr." title="James Forman Jr.">James Forman Jr.</a> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amity_and_Prosperity:_One_Family_and_the_Fracturing_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Amity and Prosperity: One Family and the Fracturing of America">Amity and Prosperity</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Griswold" title="Eliza Griswold">Eliza Griswold</a> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_Myth" title="The End of the Myth">The End of the Myth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Greg_Grandin" title="Greg Grandin">Greg Grandin</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/The_Undying_(book)" title="The Undying (book)">The Undying</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boyer" title="Anne Boyer">Anne Boyer</a> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilmington%27s_Lie" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington's Lie">Wilmington's Lie</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Zucchino" title="David Zucchino">David Zucchino</a> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Child:_Poverty,_Survival_%26_Hope_in_an_American_City" title="Invisible Child: Poverty, Survival & Hope in an American City">Invisible Child</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Elliott" title="Andrea Elliott">Andrea Elliott</a> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/His_Name_Is_George_Floyd" title="His Name Is George Floyd">His Name Is George Floyd</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Samuels_(journalist)" title="Robert Samuels (journalist)">Robert Samuels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toluse_Olorunnipa" title="Toluse Olorunnipa">Toluse Olorunnipa</a> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Day_in_the_Life_of_Abed_Salama" class="mw-redirect" title="A Day in the Life of Abed Salama">A Day in the Life of Abed Salama</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Thrall" title="Nathan Thrall">Nathan Thrall</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211029#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211029#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211029#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121462544">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/104215813">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/31223/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvRVjmJRdJxjQkQFYT8md">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119010674">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79018099">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119292647">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119292647">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00461115">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wilson, Edward O."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV039186">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35612219">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990009175&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX985977">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/48615">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068275951">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90071576">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000249187&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000046878&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000464001">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=83383">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199630213">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810575263105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007275911205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515065106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14156739">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00097691?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=139021">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7403309625">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:wilson.edward-o">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/1067550">MathSciNet</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/edward-o-wilson/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/43ecf549-943f-4022-915a-f4ba047e390c">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/248727">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119010674.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119010674">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027197956">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6km3rmm">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&oldid=1257903953">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&oldid=1257903953</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1929_births" title="Category:1929 births">1929 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