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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Later career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style_and_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style_and_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Style and thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style_and_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Short_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Short stories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novella" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novella"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Novella</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novella-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Essays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lu Xun</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%89_%E1%88%A1%E1%8A%95" title="ሉ ሡን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሉ ሡን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86" title="لو شون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لو شون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%98_%DC%AB%DC%98%DC%A2" title="ܠܘ ܫܘܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܘ ܫܘܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Sin" title="Lu Sin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lu Sin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86" title="لو شون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لو شون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8" title="লু শুন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লু শুন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3%CD%98_S%C3%ACn" title="Ló͘ Sìn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ló͘ Sìn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Лу Синь – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Лу Синь" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Лу Сінь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лу Сінь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E_%D0%A1%D1%8E%D0%BD" title="Лю Сюн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лю Сюн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Sjin" title="Lu Sjin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lu Sjin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Лу Синь – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лу Синь" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_S%C3%BCn" title="Lu Sün – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lu Sün" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD" title="Λου Σιουν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λου Σιουν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86" title="لو شون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لو شون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun_(%C3%A9crivain)" title="Lu Xun (écrivain) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lu Xun (écrivain)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E8%BF%85" title="魯迅 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="魯迅" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BB-s%C3%B9n" title="Lû-sùn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lû-sùn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%89%B0" title="루쉰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루쉰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Լու Սին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լու Սին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="लु शिन् – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लु शिन्" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%95%27%D7%9F" title="לו שו'ן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לו שו'ן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Hs%C3%BCn" title="Lu Hsün – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lu Hsün" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლუ სიუნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუ სიუნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Лу Синь – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лу Синь" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Лу Синь – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лу Синь" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Sju%C5%86s" title="Lu Sjuņs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lu Sjuņs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Siunas" title="Lu Siunas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lu Siunas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Hsz%C3%BCn" title="Lu Hszün – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lu Hszün" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83_%D0%A1%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Лу Сјуен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лу Сјуен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="لو شيون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لو شيون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%AB_S%C3%A9ng" title="Lū Séng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lū Séng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D2%AF_%D0%A8%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Лү Шүнь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лү Шүнь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA" title="လူရွှင့် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူရွှင့်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun_(schrijver)" title="Lu Xun (schrijver) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lu Xun (schrijver)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8" title="लु शुन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लु शुन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E8%BF%85" title="魯迅 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="魯迅" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun_(escrivan)" title="Lu Xun (escrivan) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lu Xun (escrivan)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_sin" title="Lu sin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lu sin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8" title="ਲੂ ਸ਼ੁਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੂ ਸ਼ੁਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B4%D9%86" title="لو شن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لو شن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun_(escritor)" title="Lu Xun (escritor) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lu Xun (escritor)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Лу Синь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лу Синь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Лу Синь – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Лу Синь" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_S%C3%BCn_(spisovate%C4%BE)" title="Lu Sün (spisovateľ) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lu Sün (spisovateľ)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_%C5%A0un" title="Lu Šun – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lu Šun" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="لوو شیون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لوو شیون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83_%D0%A1%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Лу Сјуен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лу Сјуен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lu Xun" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="லூ சுன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லூ சுன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Лу Синь – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лу Синь" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%BA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="หลู่ ซฺวิ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลู่ ซฺวิ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Sin" title="Lu Sin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lu Sin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Лу Сінь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лу Сінь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B4%D9%86" title="لو شن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لو شن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EF%BB%9F%EF%AF%98%EF%BA%B7%EF%AF%9C%EF%BB%A5" title="ﻟﯘﺷﯜﻥ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ﻟﯘﺷﯜﻥ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louj_Saenq" title="Louj Saenq – 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(1881–1936)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Three Kingdoms-era general, see <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Lu Xun (Eastern Wu)">Lu Xun (Eastern Wu)</a>. For the crater on Mercury, see <a href="/wiki/Lu_Hsun_(crater)" title="Lu Hsun (crater)">Lu Hsun (crater)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Zhou_(surname)" title="Zhou (surname)">Zhou</a></i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Lu Xun</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LuXun1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lu in 1930"><img alt="Lu in 1930" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/LuXun1930.jpg/250px-LuXun1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/LuXun1930.jpg/330px-LuXun1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/LuXun1930.jpg/500px-LuXun1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3134" data-file-height="4183" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Lu in 1930</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Zhou Zhangshou<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1881-09-25</span>)</span>25 September 1881<br /><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a>, Zhejiang</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">19 October 1936<span style="display:none">(1936-10-19)</span> (aged 55)<br /><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, Republic of China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Lu_Xun" title="Tomb of Lu Xun">Tomb of Lu Xun</a>, Shanghai</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Writer</li><li>literary critic</li><li>lecturer</li><li>civil servant</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Jiangnan Naval Academy</li><li>School of Mines and Railways</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sendai" title="Sendai">Sendai</a> Medical Academy at <a href="/wiki/Tohoku_University" title="Tohoku University">Tohoku University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_story" title="Sketch story">sketch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">novella</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prose_poetry" title="Prose poetry">prose poetry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subjects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Critique of traditional Confucian values and thought</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1902–1936</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Employers</th><td class="infobox-data org" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Ministry of Education</li><li><a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Normal_University" title="Beijing Normal University">Beijing Normal University</a></li><li>Beijing Women's College</li><li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_University" title="Xiamen University">Xiamen University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Sun Yat-sen University">Sun Yat-sen University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>"<a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Madman_(Lu_Xun)" title="Diary of a Madman (Lu Xun)">Diary of a Madman</a>" (1918)</li><li>"<a href="/wiki/Kong_Yiji" title="Kong Yiji">Kong Yiji</a>" (1919)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_True_Story_of_Ah_Q" title="The True Story of Ah Q">The True Story of Ah Q</a></i> (1921)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Zhu An</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Xu_Guangping" title="Xu Guangping">Xu Guangping</a> <span class="nowrap">(1927–1936)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lu_Xun%27s_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lu_Xun%27s_Signature.svg/150px-Lu_Xun%27s_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lu_Xun%27s_Signature.svg/225px-Lu_Xun%27s_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lu_Xun%27s_Signature.svg/300px-Lu_Xun%27s_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="172" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">魯迅</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">鲁迅</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Lǔ Xùn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Lu<sup>3</sup> Hsün<sup>4</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[lù ɕŷn]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Lu Sin</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Lóuh Seun</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Lou5 Seon3</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[lɔw˩˧ sɵn˧]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Ló͘ Sìn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Lóo Sìn</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Birth name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">周樹人</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">周树人</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhōu Shùrén</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jou Shuhren</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Chou<sup>1</sup> Shu<sup>4</sup>-jen<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Jāu Syuh Yàhn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Zau1 Syu6 Jan4</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)" title="Second Revolution (Republic of China)">Second Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Coronation of Yuan Shikai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Protection_Movement" title="Constitutional Protection Movement">Constitutional Protection Movement</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Eastward_spread_of_Western_learning" title="Eastward spread of Western learning">Eastward spread of Western learning</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Indemnity_Scholarship" title="Boxer Indemnity Scholarship">Boxer Indemnity Scholarship</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism#Criticism" title="Confucianism">Anti-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New humanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practice</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East-west_cultural_debate" title="East-west cultural debate">East-west cultural debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Westernization" title="Total Westernization">Total Westernization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplification of Chinese characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization of Chinese</a> languages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Writing with vernacular Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Standard_Chinese" title="History of Standard Chinese">National Language Movement</a></li> <li>Translation of foreign literature</li> <li>Sorting out national heritages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">Feminist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_China#Modern_era" title="History of education in China">Education reforms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Schools of thought</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doubting_Antiquity_School" title="Doubting Antiquity School">Doubting Antiquity School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueheng_School" title="Xueheng School">Xueheng School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="History of the Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_Society" title="Creation Society">Creation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Moon_Society" title="Crescent Moon Society">Crescent Moon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Left-Wing_Writers" title="League of Left-Wing Writers">League of Left-Wing Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major publications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Youth" title="New Youth">New Youth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Critical_Review_(Chinese_journal)" title="The Critical Review (Chinese journal)">The Critical Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Madman_(Lu_Xun)" title="Diary of a Madman (Lu Xun)">A Madman's Diary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tiger_(political_magazine)" title="The Tiger (political magazine)">The Tiger</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Notable people</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_She" title="Lao She">Lao She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Dazhao" title="Li Dazhao">Li Dazhao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuantong" title="Qian Xuantong">Qian Xuantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Congwen" title="Shen Congwen">Shen Congwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Dafu" title="Yu Dafu">Yu Dafu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Ziqing" title="Zhu Ziqing">Zhu Ziqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuantong" title="Qian Xuantong">Qian Xuantong</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Culture_Movement" title="Template:New Culture Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Culture_Movement" title="Template talk:New Culture Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Culture_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Culture Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lu Xun</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">魯迅</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Lǔ Xùn</span></i>, <span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[lù ɕŷn]</a></span>; 25 September 1881 – 19 October 1936), born <b>Zhou Zhangshou</b>, was a Chinese writer, literary critic, lecturer, and state servant. He was a leading figure of modern <a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese literature</a>. Writing in <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular Chinese">vernacular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a>, he was a short story writer, editor, translator, literary critic, essayist, poet, and designer. In the 1930s, he became the titular head of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Left-Wing_Writers" title="League of Left-Wing Writers">League of Left-Wing Writers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> during <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">republican-era China</a> (1912–1949). </p><p>Lu Xun was born into a family of <a href="/wiki/Landlords_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Landlords in China">landlords</a> and government officials in <a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a>, Zhejiang; the family's financial resources declined over the course of his youth. Lu aspired to take the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial examinations">imperial examinations</a>, but due to his family's relative poverty he was forced to attend government-funded schools teaching "<a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">foreign education</a>". Upon graduation, Lu studied medicine at <a href="/wiki/Tohoku_University" title="Tohoku University">Tohoku University</a> in Japan, but later dropped out. He became interested in studying literature but was eventually forced to return to China because of his family's lack of funds. After returning to China, Lu worked for several years teaching at local secondary schools and colleges before finally finding an office at the Republic of China Ministry of Education. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> in 1919, Lu's writing began to exert a substantial influence on Chinese literature and popular culture. Like many of the movement's leaders, Lu was a leftist. After the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">proclamation of the People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) in 1949, his work received considerable acclaim from the Chinese government, with <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> being an admirer of Lu's writing throughout his life. Though he was sympathetic to socialist ideas, Lu never joined the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%BB%8D%E5%85%B4%E9%B2%81%E8%BF%85%E6%95%85%E5%B1%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%E7%BB%8D%E5%85%B4%E9%B2%81%E8%BF%85%E6%95%85%E5%B1%85.jpg/180px-%E7%BB%8D%E5%85%B4%E9%B2%81%E8%BF%85%E6%95%85%E5%B1%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%E7%BB%8D%E5%85%B4%E9%B2%81%E8%BF%85%E6%95%85%E5%B1%85.jpg/270px-%E7%BB%8D%E5%85%B4%E9%B2%81%E8%BF%85%E6%95%85%E5%B1%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%E7%BB%8D%E5%85%B4%E9%B2%81%E8%BF%85%E6%95%85%E5%B1%85.jpg/360px-%E7%BB%8D%E5%85%B4%E9%B2%81%E8%BF%85%E6%95%85%E5%B1%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Childhood residence of Lu Xun in Shaoxing</figcaption></figure> <p>Lu Xun was born in <a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a>, Zhejiang. As was common before the 20th century, Lu used several names. His birth name was "Zhou Zhangshou" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">周樟壽</span>). His <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> was "Yushan" (<span lang="zh-Hant">豫山</span>), which he later changed to "Yucai" (<span lang="zh-Hant">豫才</span>). In 1898, before he went to the Jiangnan Naval Academy, he took the given name "Shuren" (<span lang="zh-Hant">樹人</span>), which figuratively means "to be an educated man".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Lu Xun", by which he is most well known internationally, was a <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> chosen upon the initial publishing of his story "Diary of a Madman" in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time Lu Xun was born, the Zhou family had been prosperous for centuries, and had become wealthy through landowning, pawnbroking, and by having several family members promoted to government positions. His paternal grandfather, Zhou Fuqing, was appointed to the Imperial <a href="/wiki/Hanlin_Academy" title="Hanlin Academy">Hanlin Academy</a> in Beijing, the highest position possible for aspiring civil servants at that time. </p><p>Zhou's mother was a member of the same landed gentry class as Lu Xun's father, from a slightly smaller town in the countryside (Anqiaotou, Zhejiang; a part of <a href="/wiki/Tongxiang" title="Tongxiang">Tongxiang</a>). Because formal education was not considered socially appropriate for girls,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> she had not received any education, but she still taught herself how to read and write. The surname Lu (<span lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="魯">魯</a></span>) was the same as his mother's.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lu's early education was based on the <a href="/wiki/Confucian_classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian classics">Confucian classics</a>, in which he studied poetry, history, and philosophy—subjects which, he later reflected, were neither useful nor interesting to him. Instead, he enjoyed folk stories and opera, including the mythological narratives of the <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Mountains_and_Seas" title="Classic of Mountains and Seas">Classic of Mountains and Seas</a></i> and the ghost stories told to him by a servant when he was a child.<sup id="cite_ref-DEL_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time Lu was born, his family's prosperity had already been declining. His father, Zhou Boyi, had been successful at passing the <a href="/wiki/Tongsheng" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongsheng">county-level imperial examinations</a>, the route to wealth and social success in imperial China, but was unsuccessful in writing the more competitive provincial-level examinations (the <i><a href="/wiki/Juren" title="Juren">juren</a></i> exam). In 1893 Zhou Boyi was discovered attempting to bribe an examination official. Lu Xun's grandfather was implicated, and was arrested and sentenced to beheading for his son's crime. The sentence was later commuted, and he was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> instead. </p><p>After the affair, Zhou Boyi was stripped of his position in the government and forbidden to ever again write the civil service examinations.<sup id="cite_ref-DEL_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zhou family only prevented Lu's grandfather from being executed through regular, expensive bribes to authorities, until he was finally released in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovell_xv_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovell_xv-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the family's attempt at bribery was discovered, Zhou Boyi engaged in heavy drinking and opium use and his health declined. Local Chinese doctors attempted to cure him through a series of expensive quack prescriptions, including monogamous crickets, sugar cane that had survived frost three times, ink, and the skin from a drum. Despite these expensive treatments, Zhou Boyi died of an asthma attack in 1896, at the age of 35.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovell_xv_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovell_xv-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He might have suffered from <a href="/wiki/Dropsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropsy">dropsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DEL_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LuXun_-_youth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/LuXun_-_youth.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>Lu Xun in his youth</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lu Xun half-heartedly participated in the first, district-level <a href="/wiki/Civil_service_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil service examination">civil service examination</a> in 1898,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but then abandoned pursuing a traditional Confucian education or career.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovell_xv_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovell_xv-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He intended to study at a prestigious school, the "Seeking Affirmation Academy", in Hangzhou, but was forced by his family's poverty to instead study at the "Jiangnan Naval Academy", a tuition-free military school in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DWE_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a consequence of Lu's decision to attend a military school specializing in <a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Western education</a>, his mother wept, he was instructed to change his name to avoid disgracing his family,<sup id="cite_ref-Lovell_xv_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovell_xv-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some of his relatives began to look down on him. Lu attended the Jiangnan Naval Academy for half a year, and left after it became clear that he would be assigned to work in an <a href="/wiki/Engine_room" title="Engine room">engine room</a>, below deck, which he considered degrading.<sup id="cite_ref-DWE_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later wrote that he was dissatisfied with the quality of teaching at the academy.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovell_xvi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovell_xvi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After leaving the school, Lu sat for the lowest level of the civil service exams, and finished 137th of 500. He intended to sit for the next-highest level, but became upset when one of his younger brothers died, and abandoned his plans.<sup id="cite_ref-DWE_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lu Xun transferred to another government-funded school, the "<a href="/wiki/School_of_Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Mines">School of Mines</a> and Railways", and graduated from that school in 1902. The school was Lu's first exposure to foreign literature, philosophy, history, and science, and he studied English and German intensively. Some of the influential authors that he read during that period include <a href="/wiki/T._H._Huxley" class="mw-redirect" title="T. H. Huxley">T. H. Huxley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yan_Fu" title="Yan Fu">Yan Fu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a>. His later social philosophy may have been influenced by several novels about social conflict that he read during the period, including <i><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe" title="Ivanhoe">Ivanhoe</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DWE_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He did very well at the school with relatively little effort, and occasionally experienced racism directed at him from resident Manchu <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">bannermen</a>. The racism he experienced may have influenced his later sense of <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-DWE_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After graduating Lu Xun planned to become a foreign doctor.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovell_xvi_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovell_xvi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1902, Lu Xun left for Japan on a Qing government scholarship to pursue an education in foreign medicine. After arriving in Japan he attended the Kobun Institute, a preparatory language school for Chinese students attending Japanese universities. After encouragement from a classmate, he cut off his <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">queue</a> that Han Chinese were obliged to wear at the time, and practiced <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jujutsu</a> in his free time. He had an ambiguous attitude towards Chinese revolutionary politics during the period, and it is not clear whether he joined any of the revolutionary parties that were popular among Chinese expatriates in Japan at that time, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a>. He experienced <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Chinese racism">anti-Chinese racism</a>, but was simultaneously disgusted with the behaviour of some Chinese who were living in Japan. His earliest surviving essays, written in <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a>, were published while he was attending this school, and he published his first Chinese translations of famous and influential foreign novels, including <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon" title="From the Earth to the Moon">From the Earth to the Moon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Seas" title="Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas">Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DJ_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DJ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1904, Lu began studying at the <a href="/wiki/Sendai" title="Sendai">Sendai</a> Medical Academy in northern <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a>, but remained there for less than two years. He generally found his studies at the school tedious and difficult, partially due to his imperfect Japanese. While studying in Sendai he befriended one of his professors, Fujino Genkurō, who helped him prepare class notes. Because of their friendship Lu was accused by his classmates of receiving special assistance from Fujino.<sup id="cite_ref-DJ_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DJ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lu later recalled his mentor affectionately in the essay "Mr Fujino", published in <i>Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk</i>. The essay has since become one of his most widely renowned works, and is read in the Chinese middle school curriculum. Fujino later reciprocated Lu's respect in an obituary written for Lu after his death in 1937. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lu_Xun_3_beheading.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lu_Xun_3_beheading.jpg/250px-Lu_Xun_3_beheading.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lu_Xun_3_beheading.jpg/330px-Lu_Xun_3_beheading.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lu_Xun_3_beheading.jpg/500px-Lu_Xun_3_beheading.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>An execution scene, possibly viewed by Lu Xun in 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>While Lu Xun was attending medical school, the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1904–1905) broke out.<sup id="cite_ref-:Qian_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Qian-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup> Part of the war was fought on disputed Chinese land. <a href="/wiki/Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">Lantern slides</a> used in the classroom also featured news items.<sup id="cite_ref-:Qian_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Qian-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup> One news slide showed a public execution of a Chinese prisoner being executed by the Japanese military for being an alleged Russian spy.<sup id="cite_ref-:Qian_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Qian-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup> The on-lookers shown in the slide were mainly Chinese, and Lu was shocked by what he viewed as their complete apathy.<sup id="cite_ref-:Qian_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Qian-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup> In his preface to <i>Nahan</i>, the first collection of his short stories, Lu explained how viewing this scene influenced him to quit studying <a href="/wiki/Western_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Western medicine">Western medicine</a>, and to become a literary physician to what he perceived to be China's spiritual problems instead:<sup id="cite_ref-Lovell_xvi_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovell_xvi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>At the time, I hadn't seen any of my fellow Chinese in a long time, but one day some of them showed up in a slide. One, with his hands tied behind him, was in the middle of the picture; the others were gathered around him. Physically, they were as strong and healthy as anyone could ask, but their expressions revealed all too clearly that spiritually they were calloused and numb. According to the caption, the Chinese whose hands were bound had been spying on the Japanese military for the Russians. He was about to be decapitated as a 'public example.' The other Chinese gathered around him had come to enjoy the spectacle.<sup id="cite_ref-DJ_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DJ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In March 1906, Lu Xun abruptly and secretly terminated his pursuit of the degree and left college. At the time he told no one. After arriving in Tokyo he made sure that the Chinese embassy would not cancel his scholarship and registered at the local German Institute, but was not required to take classes there. He began to read <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, and wrote a number of essays in the period that were influenced by his philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-DJ_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DJ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1906, Lu's mother heard a rumor that he had married a Japanese girl and had a child with her, and feigned illness as a pretext to ask Lu to return home, where she would then force him to take part in an arranged marriage she had agreed to several years before.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The girl, Zhu An, had little in common with Lu, was illiterate, and had been subject to <a href="/wiki/Foot_binding" title="Foot binding">foot binding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lu Xun married her, but they never had a romantic relationship. Despite that fact, Lu took care of her material needs for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-DJ_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DJ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several days after the ceremony Lu sailed back to Japan with his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Zuoren" title="Zhou Zuoren">Zhou Zuoren</a>, and left behind his new wife.<sup id="cite_ref-DJ_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DJ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After returning to Japan he took informal classes in literature and history, published several essays in student-run journals,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1907 he briefly took Russian lessons. He attempted to found a literary journal with his brother, <i>New Life</i>, but before its first publication its other writers and its financial backers all abandoned the project, and it failed. In 1909 Lu and his brother published their translations of Western fiction, including Edgar Allan Poe,<sup id="cite_ref-ruijuanhao_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruijuanhao-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <i>Tales from Abroad</i>, but the book sold only 41 copies of the 1,500 copies that were printed. The publication failed for many reasons: it was only sold in Tokyo, which did not have a large Chinese population, and in a single silk shop in Shanghai. Additionally, Lu wrote in Literary Chinese, which was very difficult for ordinary people to read.<sup id="cite_ref-DJ_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DJ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Madman%27s_Diary_-_Lu_Xun.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/A_Madman%27s_Diary_-_Lu_Xun.JPG/250px-A_Madman%27s_Diary_-_Lu_Xun.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/A_Madman%27s_Diary_-_Lu_Xun.JPG/330px-A_Madman%27s_Diary_-_Lu_Xun.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/A_Madman%27s_Diary_-_Lu_Xun.JPG/500px-A_Madman%27s_Diary_-_Lu_Xun.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>1918 printed edition of "<a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Madman_(Lu_Xun)" title="Diary of a Madman (Lu Xun)">Diary of a Madman</a>", collection of the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Lu_Xun_Museum" title="Beijing Lu Xun Museum">Beijing Lu Xun Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lu intended to study in Germany in 1909, but did not have sufficient funds, and was forced to return home. Between 1909 and 1911 he held a number of brief teaching positions at local colleges and secondary schools that he felt were unsatisfying, partly to support his brother Zuoren's studies in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-DHA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lu spent these years in traditional Chinese literary pursuits: collecting old books, researching pre-modern Chinese fiction, reconstructing ancient tombstone inscriptions,<sup id="cite_ref-Lxviii_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lxviii-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and compiling the history of his native town, Shaoxing. He explained to an old friend that his activities were not "scholarship", but "a substitute for 'wine and women'". In his personal letters he expressed disappointment about his own failure, China's political situation, and his family's continuing impoverishment. </p><p>In 1911 he returned to Japan to retrieve his brother, Zuoren, so that Zuoren could help with the family finances. Zuoren wanted to remain in Japan to study French, but Lu wrote that "French... does not fill stomachs". He encouraged another one of his brothers, Jianren, to become a botanist.<sup id="cite_ref-DHA_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began to drink heavily, a habit he continued for the rest of his life. In 1911 he wrote his first short story, <i>Nostalgia</i>, but he was so disappointed with it that he threw it away. Zuoren saved it, and had it successfully published two years later under his own name.<sup id="cite_ref-Lxviii_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lxviii-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1912, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and was followed by the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a>, Lu gained a position at the national Ministry of Education. He was hired in Nanjing, but then moved with the ministry to Beijing, where he lived from 1912 to 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-Kowallis_26_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowallis_26-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, his work consisted almost completely of copying books, but he was later appointed Section Head of the Social Education Division, and eventually to the position of Assistant Secretary. Two of his major accomplishments in office were the renovation and expansion of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_China" title="National Library of China">National Library of China</a> in Beijing, the establishment of the Natural History Museum, and the establishment of the Library of Popular Literature.<sup id="cite_ref-DHA_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with <a href="/wiki/Qian_Daosun" title="Qian Daosun">Qian Daosun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xu_Shoushang" title="Xu Shoushang">Xu Shoushang</a>, he designed the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Symbols_national_emblem" title="Twelve Symbols national emblem">Twelve Symbols national emblem</a> in 1912. </p><p>Between 1912 and 1917 he was a member of an ineffectual censorship committee, informally studied <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist sutra">Buddhist sutras</a>, lectured on fine arts, wrote and self-published a book on the history of Shaoxing, and edited and self-published a collection of folk stories from the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-DHA_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He collected and self-published an authoritative book on the work of an ancient poet, <a href="/wiki/Ji_Kang" title="Ji Kang">Ji Kang</a>, and wrote <i><a href="/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Chinese_Fiction" title="A Brief History of Chinese Fiction">A Brief History of Chinese Fiction</a></i>, a work which, because traditional scholars had not valued fiction, had little precedent in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Kowallis_26_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowallis_26-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> declared himself the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a> in 1915, Lu was briefly forced to participate in rituals honoring Confucius, which he ridiculed in his diaries.<sup id="cite_ref-DHA_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1917, an old friend of Lu's, Qian Xuantong, invited Lu to write for <i><a href="/wiki/New_Youth" title="New Youth">New Youth</a></i>, a radical populist literary magazine that had recently been founded by <a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a>, which also inspired a great number of younger writers such as <a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a>. At first Lu was skeptical that his writing could serve any social purpose. He told Qian: "Imagine an iron house without windows, absolutely indestructible, with many people fast asleep inside who will soon die of suffocation. But you know since they will die in their sleep, they will not feel the pain of death. Now if you cry aloud to wake a few of the lighter sleepers, making those unfortunate few suffer the agony of irrevocable death, do you think you are doing them a good turn?"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 134">: 134 </span></sup> Qian replied, "But if a few awake, you can't say that there is no hope of destroying the iron house."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 134–135">: 134–135 </span></sup> Shortly afterwards, in 1918 Lu wrote the first short story published in his name, "Diary of a Madman", for the April 2, 1918 magazine issue.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJin2017254–259_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJin2017254–259-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lu recounted the conversation in his short story collection, <i>Call to Arms</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 134">: 134 </span></sup> It is widely known in China as a metaphor for the traditional Chinese cultural values and norms that Lu opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 134–135">: 134–135 </span></sup> </p><p>After the publication of "Diary of a Madman", the story was praised for its anti-traditionalism, its synthesis of Chinese and foreign conventions and ideas, and its skillful narration, and Lu became recognized as one of the leading writers of the <a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lu continued writing for the magazine, and produced his most famous stories for <i>New Youth</i> between 1917 and 1921. These stories were collected and re-published in <i>Nahan</i> ("<i>Outcry</i>") in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-DMF_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMF-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, Lu moved his family from Shaoxing to a large compound in Beijing,<sup id="cite_ref-DHA_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he lived with his mother, his two brothers, and their Japanese wives. This living arrangement lasted until 1923, when Lu had a falling out with his brother, Zuoren, after which Lu moved with his wife and mother to a separate house. Neither Lu nor Zuoren ever publicly explained the reason for their disagreement, but Zuoren's wife later accused Lu of making sexual advances towards her.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some writers have speculated that their relationship may have worsened as a result of issues related to money, that Lu walked in on Zuoren's wife bathing, or that Lu had an inappropriate "relationship" with Zuoren's wife in Japan that Zuoren later discovered. After the falling out with Zuoren, Lu became depressed.<sup id="cite_ref-DMF_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMF-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920, Lu began to lecture part-time at several colleges, including <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Normal_University" title="Beijing Normal University">Beijing Normal University</a>, and Beijing Women's College, where he taught traditional fiction and literary theory. His lecture notes were later collected and published as <i>A Brief History of Chinese Fiction</i>. He was able to work part-time because he only worked at the Education Ministry three days a week for three hours a day. In 1923 he lost his front teeth in a <a href="/wiki/Rickshaw" title="Rickshaw">rickshaw</a> accident, and in 1924 he developed the first symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. In 1925 he founded a journal, <i>Wilderness</i>, and established the "Weiming Society" in order to support young writers and encourage the translation of foreign literature into Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-DMF_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMF-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20 years after the 1911 revolution there was a flowering of literary activity with dozens of journals. The goal was to reform the Chinese language to make universal education possible. Lu Xun was an active participant. His greatest works, such as "Diary of a Madman" and <i>Ah Q</i>, exemplify this style of "peasant dirt literature" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">乡土文学</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xiāngtǔ wénxué</span></i>). The language is fresh and direct. The subjects are country peasants. </p><p>In 1925, Lu began what may have been his first meaningful romantic relationship, with one of his students at the Beijing Women's College, Xu Guangping.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1926 there was a mass student protest against the warlord <a href="/wiki/Feng_Yuxiang" title="Feng Yuxiang">Feng Yuxiang</a>'s collaboration with the Japanese. The protests degenerated into <a href="/wiki/March_18_Massacre" title="March 18 Massacre">a massacre</a>, in which two of Lu's students from Beijing Women's College were killed. Lu's public support for the protesters forced him to flee from the local authorities. Later in 1926, when the warlord troops of <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zuolin" title="Zhang Zuolin">Zhang Zuolin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wu_Peifu" title="Wu Peifu">Wu Peifu</a> took over Beijing, Lu left northern China and fled to <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DMF_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMF-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After arriving in Xiamen, later in 1926, Lu began teaching at <a href="/wiki/Xiamen_University" title="Xiamen University">Xiamen University</a>, but was disappointed by the petty disagreements and unfriendliness of the university's faculty. During the short time he lived in Xiamen, Lu wrote his last collection of fiction, <i>Old Tales Retold</i>, which would not be published until several years later, and most of his autobiography, published as <i>Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk</i>. He also published a collection of prose poetry, entitled <i>Wild Grass</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DMF_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMF-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1927, he and Xu moved to <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, where he was hired as the head of the Chinese literature department at <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Sun Yat-sen University">Sun Yat-sen University</a>. His first act in his position was to hire Xu as his personal assistant, as well as Xu Shoushang, one of his old classmates from Japan, as a lecturer. While in Guangzhou, he edited numerous poems and books for publication, and served as a guest lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Whampoa_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Whampoa Academy">Whampoa Academy</a>. Through his students, he established connections within both the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP). </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre_of_1927" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai massacre of 1927">Shanghai massacre</a> in April 1927, he attempted to secure the release of several students through the university, but failed. His failure to save his students led him to resign from his position at the university, and he left for the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Shanghai International Settlement</a> in September 1927. By the time he left Guangzhou, he was one of the most famous intellectuals in China.<sup id="cite_ref-DMTTL_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMTTL-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1927 Lu was considered for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>, for the short story <i><a href="/wiki/The_True_Story_of_Ah_Q" title="The True Story of Ah Q">The True Story of Ah Q</a></i>, despite a poor English translation and annotations that were nearly double the size of the text.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lu rejected the possibility of accepting the nomination. Later, he renounced writing fiction or poetry in response to China's deteriorating political situation and his own poor emotional state, and restricted himself to writing argumentative essays.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_career">Later career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lu_Xun_1_with_Xu_Guanping_and_Haiying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Lu_Xun_1_with_Xu_Guanping_and_Haiying.jpg/220px-Lu_Xun_1_with_Xu_Guanping_and_Haiying.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Lu_Xun_1_with_Xu_Guanping_and_Haiying.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Lu Xun with <a href="/wiki/Xu_Guangping" title="Xu Guangping">Xu Guangping</a> and their son, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Haiying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Haiying (page does not exist)">Zhou Haiying</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%B5%B7%E5%A9%B4" class="extiw" title="zh:周海婴">zh</a>]</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Fengs_and_the_Lu-s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Fengs_and_the_Lu-s.jpg/220px-The_Fengs_and_the_Lu-s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Fengs_and_the_Lu-s.jpg/330px-The_Fengs_and_the_Lu-s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/The_Fengs_and_the_Lu-s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Lu Xun (right) sat in the front, and Xu Guangping sat behind him, their son (Zhou Haiying) in Lu Xun's arms.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1929, he visited his mother, and reported that she was pleased at the news of Guangping's pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-DMTTL_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMTTL-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xu Guangping gave birth to a son named Haiying on 27 September. She was in labor with the baby for 27 hours. The child's name meant simply "Shanghai infant". His parents chose the name thinking that he could change it himself later, but he never did so. Haiying was Lu Xun's only child.<sup id="cite_ref-McDougall_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDougall-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After moving to Shanghai, Lu rejected all regular teaching positions (though he sometimes gave guest lectures at different campuses), and for the first time was able to make a living solely as a professional writer, with a monthly income of roughly 500 yuan. He was also appointed by the government as a "specially appointed writer" by the national Ministry of Higher Education, which secured him an additional 300 yuan per month. </p><p>He began to study and identify with <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> politics, made contact with local CCP members, and became involved in literary disputes with other leftist writers in the city. In 1930 Lu became one of the co-founders of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Left-Wing_Writers" title="League of Left-Wing Writers">League of Left-Wing Writers</a>, but shortly after he moved to Shanghai other leftist writers accused him of being "an evil feudal remnant", the "best spokesman of the bourgeoisie", and "a counterrevolutionary split personality". The League continued in various forms until 1936, when the constant disputes among its members led the CCP to dissolve it.<sup id="cite_ref-DMTTL_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMTTL-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1931, the Kuomintang (KMT) passed new, stricter censorship laws, allowing for writers producing literature deemed "endangering the public" or "disturbing public order" to be imprisoned for life or executed. Later that month he went into hiding. In early February, less than a month later, the KMT executed twenty-four local writers (including five who belonged to the League) whom they had arrested under this law. </p><p>After the execution of the "24 Longhua Martyrs"<sup id="cite_ref-DMTTL_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMTTL-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in addition to other students, friends, and associates),<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lu's political views became distinctly anti-KMT. In 1933 Lu met <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Snow" title="Edgar Snow">Edgar Snow</a>. Snow asked Lu whether there were any Ah Q's left in China. Lu responded, "It's worse now. Now it's Ah Q's who are running the country."<sup id="cite_ref-DMTTL_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMTTL-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lu Xun wrote a classical Chinese poem, <i>A Lament for Ms. Ding</i>, to commemorate <a href="/wiki/Ding_Ling" title="Ding Ling">Ding Ling</a>, who on 14 May 1933 had been kidnapped from her residence in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Shanghai international settlement</a> by the KMT.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </p><p>Despite the unfavorable political climate, Lu Xun contributed regularly to a variety of periodicals in the 1930s, including <a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin Yutang</a>'s humor magazine <i>The Analects Fortnightly</i>, and corresponded with writers in Japan as well as China.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he had renounced writing fiction years before, in 1934 he published his last collection of short stories, <i>Old Tales Retold</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DMTTL_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMTTL-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935, he sent a telegram to CCP forces in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> congratulating them on the recent completion of their <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>. The CCP requested that he write a novel about the communist revolution set in rural China, but he declined, citing his lack of background and understanding of the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lu_Xun_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lu_Xun_1936.jpg/250px-Lu_Xun_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lu_Xun_1936.jpg/330px-Lu_Xun_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lu_Xun_1936.jpg/500px-Lu_Xun_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Lu Xun 11 days before his death. Photograph by <a href="/wiki/Sha_Fei" title="Sha Fei">Sha Fei</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lu_Xun%27s_remains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lu_Xun%27s_remains.jpg/220px-Lu_Xun%27s_remains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lu_Xun%27s_remains.jpg/330px-Lu_Xun%27s_remains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lu_Xun%27s_remains.jpg/440px-Lu_Xun%27s_remains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>The remains of Lu Xun in Shanghai on October 19, 1936. Photograph by Sha Fei.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Move_Lu_Xun%27s_casket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Move_Lu_Xun%27s_casket.jpg/250px-Move_Lu_Xun%27s_casket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Move_Lu_Xun%27s_casket.jpg/330px-Move_Lu_Xun%27s_casket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Move_Lu_Xun%27s_casket.jpg/500px-Move_Lu_Xun%27s_casket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Lu's casket being transferred, 1956</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanghai_-_Lu_Xun%27s_tomb_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Shanghai_-_Lu_Xun%27s_tomb_2.jpg/250px-Shanghai_-_Lu_Xun%27s_tomb_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Shanghai_-_Lu_Xun%27s_tomb_2.jpg/330px-Shanghai_-_Lu_Xun%27s_tomb_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Shanghai_-_Lu_Xun%27s_tomb_2.jpg/500px-Shanghai_-_Lu_Xun%27s_tomb_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Lu's tomb in Shanghai, 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Lu was a heavy smoker, which may have contributed to the deterioration of his health throughout his last year. By 1936 he had developed chronic tuberculosis, and in March of that year he was stricken with bronchial asthma and a fever. The treatment for this involved draining 300 grams of fluid in the lungs through a puncture. </p><p>From June to August, he was again sick, and his weight dropped to only 83 pounds (38 kg). He recovered somewhat, and wrote two essays in the fall reflecting on mortality. These included "Death", and "This Too Is Life".<sup id="cite_ref-Jenner_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenner-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A month before his death, he wrote: "Hold the funeral quickly... do not stage any memorial services. Forget about me, and care about your own life – you're a fool if you don't." Regarding his son, he wrote: "On no account let him become a good-for-nothing writer or artist."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At 3:30 am on the morning of 18 October 1936, the author woke having great difficulty breathing. Dr. Sudo, his physician, was summoned, and Lu Xun was given injections to relieve the pain. His wife was with him throughout that night. Lu Xun died at 5:11 am the next morning, 19 October.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenner_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenner-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lu's remains were interred in a mausoleum within <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun_Park_(Shanghai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu Xun Park (Shanghai)">Lu Xun Park</a> in Shanghai. <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> later made the calligraphic inscription above his tomb. </p><p>He was survived by his son, Zhou Haiying. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lu_Xun_Kisk%C5%91r%C3%B6s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Lu_Xun_Kisk%C5%91r%C3%B6s.JPG/250px-Lu_Xun_Kisk%C5%91r%C3%B6s.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Lu_Xun_Kisk%C5%91r%C3%B6s.JPG/330px-Lu_Xun_Kisk%C5%91r%C3%B6s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Lu_Xun_Kisk%C5%91r%C3%B6s.JPG/500px-Lu_Xun_Kisk%C5%91r%C3%B6s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Lu Xun in <a href="/wiki/Kisk%C5%91r%C3%B6s" title="Kiskőrös">Kiskőrös</a>, Hungary</figcaption></figure> <p>Lu Xun has been described by Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a> as "the greatest writer Asia produced in the 20th century."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after Lu Xun's death, Mao Zedong called him "the saint of modern China", but used his legacy selectively to promote his own political goals. In <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Rectification_Movement" title="Yan'an Rectification Movement">1942</a>, he quoted Lu out of context to tell his audience to be "a willing ox" like Lu Xun was, but told writers and artists who believed in freedom of expression that, because CCP areas were already liberated, they did not need to be like Lu Xun. After the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, CCP literary theorists portrayed his work as orthodox examples of communist literature, yet every one of Lu's close disciples from the 1930s was purged. Mao admitted that, had Lu survived until the 1950s, he would "either have gone silent or gone to prison".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luxunguju_zhengfang.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Luxunguju_zhengfang.JPG/220px-Luxunguju_zhengfang.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Luxunguju_zhengfang.JPG/330px-Luxunguju_zhengfang.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Luxunguju_zhengfang.JPG/440px-Luxunguju_zhengfang.JPG 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Lu Xun Museum in Beijing</figcaption></figure> <p>Party leaders depicted him as "drawing the blueprint of the communist future" and Mao Zedong defined him as the "chief commander of China's Cultural Revolution," although Lu did not join the party. During the 1920s and 1930s Lu Xun and his contemporaries often met informally for free-wheeling intellectual discussions, but after the founding of the People's Republic in 1949 the Party sought more control over intellectual life in China, and this type of intellectual independence was suppressed, often violently. </p><p>Finally, Lu Xun's satirical and ironic writing style itself was discouraged, ridiculed, then as often as possible destroyed. In 1942, Mao wrote that "the style of the essay should not simply be like Lu Xun's. [In a Communist society] we can shout at the top of our voices and have no need for veiled and round-about expressions, which are hard for the people to understand."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, some of his bleaker works were removed from school textbooks. <a href="/wiki/Julia_Lovell" title="Julia Lovell">Julia Lovell</a>, who has translated Lu Xun's writing, speculated that "perhaps also it was an attempt to discourage the youth of today from Lu Xun's inconveniently fault-finding habits."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Cultural Revolution, the CCP both hailed Lu Xun as one of the fathers of communism in China, yet ironically suppressed the very intellectual culture and style of writing that he represented. Some of his essays and writings are now part of the primary school and middle school compulsory curriculum in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lu completed volumes of translations, notably from Russian. He particularly admired <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a> and made a translation of <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Souls" title="Dead Souls">Dead Souls</a></i>. His own first story's title, "Diary of a Madman", was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Madman_(Nikolai_Gogol)" title="Diary of a Madman (Nikolai Gogol)">Gogol's story of the same name</a>. As a left-wing writer, Lu played an important role in the development of modern Chinese literature. His books were and remain highly influential and popular today, both in China and internationally. Lu Xun's works appear in high school textbooks in both China and Japan. He is known to Japanese by the name Rojin (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ロジン</span></span>; <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">魯迅</span></span>). </p><p>Because of his leftist political involvement and the role his works played in the subsequent history of the People's Republic of China, Lu Xun's works were banned in Taiwan until the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was among the early supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> movement in China. </p><p>Lu Xun's importance to modern Chinese literature lies in the fact that he contributed significantly to nearly every modern literary medium during his lifetime. He wrote in a clear lucid style, which was to influence many generations, in stories, prose poems and essays. Lu Xun's two short story collections, <i>Nahan</i> (<i>Call to Arms</i>) and <i>Panghuang</i> (<i>Wandering</i>), are often acclaimed as classics of modern Chinese literature. Lu Xun's translations were important at a time when foreign literature was seldom read, and his literary criticisms remain acute and persuasively argued. </p><p>Lu Xun was also a leader of the Woodcut Movement in China (1930–1950) and widely recognized as a pioneer of the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> print in China.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After encountering new printmaking techniques in Japan, Lu embraced the art form, envisioning it as a medium to promote social change and "an alternative socialist road to art."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through writings, lectures, and woodcut print publications, Lu Xun was instrumental in inspiring a generation in China towards the black-and-white woodcut.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work of Lu Xun has also received attention outside China. In 1986, Fredric Jameson cited "Diary of a Madman" as the "supreme example" of the "national allegory" form that all <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> literature takes.<sup id="cite_ref-Jameson_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jameson-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gloria Davies compares Lu Xun to Nietzsche, saying that both were "trapped in the construction of a modernity which is fundamentally problematic".<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Leonardo Vittorio Arena, Lu Xun cultivated an ambiguous standpoint towards Nietzsche, a mixture of attraction and repulsion, the latter because of Nietzsche's excesses in style and content.<sup id="cite_ref-Arena_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arena-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A major literature prize in China, the <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun_Literary_Prize" title="Lu Xun Literary Prize">Lu Xun Literary Prize</a> is named after him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/233547_Luxun" class="mw-redirect" title="233547 Luxun">Asteroid (233547) 2007 JR27</a> was named after him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Hsun_(crater)" title="Lu Hsun (crater)">A crater on Mercury</a> is named after him.</li> <li>The artist <a href="/wiki/Shi_Lu" title="Shi Lu">Shi Lu</a> chose the second half of his pen name to reflect his admiration for Lu Xun.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_and_thought">Style and thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Style and thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lu Xun was a versatile writer. He wrote using both traditional Chinese conventions and 19th century European literary forms. His style has been described in equally broad terms, conveying both "sympathetic engagement" and "ironic detachment" at different moments.<sup id="cite_ref-Hesford_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hesford-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly in his early novellas, Lu wrote about characters who were weak, indecisive, frustrated, and largely the victims of oppressive Chinese culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 125">: 125 </span></sup> </p><p>His essays are often very incisive in his societal commentary, and in his stories his mastery of the vernacular language and tone make some of his literary works (like "The True Story of Ah Q") hard to convey through translation. In them, he frequently treads a fine line between criticizing the follies of his characters and sympathizing with those very follies. Lu Xun was a master of <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a> and satire (as can be seen in "The True Story of Ah Q") and yet could also write impressively direct prose ("My Old Home", "A Little Incident"). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Peasant_ca_1909._-_1090198~3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chinese_Peasant_ca_1909._-_1090198~3.jpg/250px-Chinese_Peasant_ca_1909._-_1090198~3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chinese_Peasant_ca_1909._-_1090198~3.jpg/330px-Chinese_Peasant_ca_1909._-_1090198~3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chinese_Peasant_ca_1909._-_1090198~3.jpg/500px-Chinese_Peasant_ca_1909._-_1090198~3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2206" data-file-height="3582" /></a><figcaption>Chinese peasant in Tianjin <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1909</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Lu Xun is typically regarded by Mao Zedong as the most influential Chinese writer who was associated with the May Fourth Movement. He produced harsh criticism of social problems in China, particularly in his analysis of the "Chinese national character". He was sometimes called a "champion of common humanity".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (February 2011)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Lu Xun felt that the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 had been a failure. In 1925 he opined, "I feel the so-called Republic of China has ceased to exist. I feel that, before the revolution, I was a slave, but shortly after the revolution, I have been cheated by slaves and have become their slave." He even recommended that his readers heed the critique of Chinese culture in <i>Chinese Characteristics</i> by the missionary writer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson_Smith" title="Arthur Henderson Smith">Arthur Smith</a>. His disillusionment with politics led him to conclude in 1927 that "revolutionary literature" alone could not bring about radical change. Rather, "revolutionary men" needed to lead a revolution using force.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, he experienced profound disappointment with the new Nationalist government, which he viewed as ineffective and even harmful to China. </p><p>Lu contended that "[i]f <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> are not exterminated, there can be no doubt that China will perish."<sup id="cite_ref-:Mullaney_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Mullaney-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lu Xun's works became known to English readers as early as 1926 with the publication in Shanghai of <i>The True Story of Ah Q</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/George_Kin_Leung" title="George Kin Leung">George Kin Leung</a>, and more widely beginning in 1936 with an anthology edited by Edgar Snow and <a href="/wiki/Nym_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Nym Wales">Nym Wales</a> <i>Living China, Modern Chinese Short Stories,</i> in which Part One included seven of Lu Xun's stories and a short biography based on Snow's talks with Lu Xun.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there was not a complete translation of the fiction until the four-volume set of his writings, which included <i><a href="/wiki/Selected_Stories_of_Lu_Hsun" title="Selected Stories of Lu Hsun">Selected Stories of Lu Hsun</a></i> translated by <a href="/wiki/Yang_Hsien-yi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang Hsien-yi">Yang Hsien-yi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Yang" title="Gladys Yang">Gladys Yang</a>. Another full selection was William A. Lyell's <i>Diary of a Madman and Other Stories</i> (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990). In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a> published a complete translation by Julia Lovell of his fiction, <i>The Real Story of Ah-Q and Other Tales of China: The Complete Fiction of Lu Xun</i>, which the scholar Jeffrey Wasserstrom<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> said "could be considered the most significant Penguin Classic ever published."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Lyrical Lu Xun: a Study of his Classical-style Verse</i>—a book by Jon Eugene von Kowallis (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1996) – includes a complete introduction to Lu Xun's poetry in the classical style, with Chinese characters, literal and verse translations, and a biographical introduction which summarizes his life in relation to his poetry. </p><p>In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a> published a book of his essays translated by Eileen J. Cheng, titled <i>Jottings under Lamplight</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_stories">Short stories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Short stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Nostalgia (1913) <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">吶喊</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Nàhǎn</span></i>),1923, translated as <i>Call to Arms</i> (Yang and Yang), <i>Cheering from the Sidelines</i> (Lyell) and <i>Outcry</i> (Lovell):</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Madman_(Lu_Xun)" title="Diary of a Madman (Lu Xun)">Diary of a Madman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">狂人日記</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Kuángrén Rìjì</span></i>), 1918</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Yiji" title="Kong Yiji">Kong Yiji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">孔乙己</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Kǒng Yǐjǐ</span></i>), 1918<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 125">: 125 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_(Lu_Hsun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine (Lu Hsun)">Medicine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">藥</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yào</span></i>), 1919<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 125">: 125 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selected_Stories_of_Lu_Hsun#Tomorrow" title="Selected Stories of Lu Hsun">Tomorrow</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">明天</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Míngtiān</span></i>), 1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selected_Stories_of_Lu_Hsun#An_Incident" title="Selected Stories of Lu Hsun">An Incident</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">一件小事</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yījiàn Xiǎoshì</span></i>), 1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Hair" title="The Story of Hair">The Story of Hair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">頭髮的故事</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Tóufà de gùshì</span></i>), 1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Storm_in_a_Teacup_(Lu_Xun)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Storm in a Teacup (Lu Xun)">A Storm in a Teacup</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">風波</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Fēngbō</span></i>), 1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selected_Stories_of_Lu_Hsun#My_Old_Home" title="Selected Stories of Lu Hsun">My Old Home</a>, also translated as "Hometown" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">故鄉</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Gùxiāng</span></i>), 1921<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 125">: 125 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Dragon_Boat_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Dragon Boat Festival (page does not exist)">The Dragon Boat Festival</a>, also translated as "The Double Fifth Festival"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">端午節</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Duānwǔjié</span></i>), 1922</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_White_Light&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The White Light (page does not exist)">The White Light</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">白光</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Báiguāng</span></i>), 1922</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rabbits_and_the_Cat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Rabbits and the Cat (page does not exist)">The Rabbits and the Cat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">兔和貓</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Tù hé Māo</span></i>), 1922</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Comedy_of_the_Ducks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Comedy of the Ducks (page does not exist)">The Comedy of the Ducks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">鴨的喜劇</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yā de Xǐjù</span></i>), 1922</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selected_Stories_of_Lu_Hsun#Village_Opera" title="Selected Stories of Lu Hsun">Village Opera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">社戲</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shèxì</span></i>), 1922</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selected_Stories_of_Lu_Hsun#Preface_to_Call_to_Arms" title="Selected Stories of Lu Hsun">Preface to <i>Call to Arms</i></a>, 1922</li></ul> <p><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">徬徨</span></span>, 1926, translated as <i>Wandering</i> (Yang and Yang), <i>Wondering Where to Turn</i> (Lyell) and <i>Hesitation</i> (Lovell): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selected_Stories_of_Lu_Hsun#The_New_Year_Sacrifice" title="Selected Stories of Lu Hsun">The New Year's Sacrifice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">祝福</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhùfú</span></i>), 1924</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selected_Stories_of_Lu_Hsun#In_the_Wine_Shop" title="Selected Stories of Lu Hsun">In the Wine Shop</a>, also translated as "In the Drinking House" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">在酒楼上</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zài Jiǔlóu shàng</span></i>), 1924</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selected_Stories_of_Lu_Hsun#A_Happy_Family" title="Selected Stories of Lu Hsun">A Happy Family</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">幸福的家庭</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xìngfú de Jiātíng</span></i>), 1924</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selected_Stories_of_Lu_Hsun#Soap" title="Selected Stories of Lu Hsun">Soap</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">肥皂</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Féizào</span></i>), 1924</li> <li>The Eternal Flame, 1924</li> <li>Public Exhibition, 1925</li> <li>Old Mr. Gao, 1925</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selected_Stories_of_Lu_Hsun#The_Misanthrope" title="Selected Stories of Lu Hsun">The Misanthrope</a>, also translated as "The Loner" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">孤獨者</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Gūdú Zhě</span></i>), 1925</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selected_Stories_of_Lu_Hsun#Regret_for_the_Past" title="Selected Stories of Lu Hsun">Regret for the Past</a>, also translated as "Sadness", or "Regrets for the Past" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">傷逝</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">Shāngshì</span>), 1925</li> <li>Brothers, 1925<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selected_Stories_of_Lu_Hsun#Divorce" title="Selected Stories of Lu Hsun">Divorce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">離婚</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Líhūn</span></i>), 1925</li></ul> <p><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">故事新編</span></span> (1935), translated as <i>Old Tales Retold</i> (Yang and Yang) and <i>Old Stories Retold</i> (Lovell): </p> <ul><li>Mending Heaven, 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selected_Stories_of_Lu_Hsun#The_Flight_to_the_Moon" title="Selected Stories of Lu Hsun">The Flight to the Moon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">奔月</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Bēn Yuè</span></i>), 1926</li> <li>Curbing the Flood, 1935</li> <li>Gathering Vetch, 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selected_Stories_of_Lu_Hsun#Forging_the_Swords" title="Selected Stories of Lu Hsun">Forging the Swords</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">鑄劍</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhù Jiàn</span></i>), 1926</li> <li>Leaving the Pass, 1935</li> <li>Opposing Aggression, 1934</li> <li>Resurrect the Dead, 1935</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novella">Novella</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Novella"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_True_Story_of_Ah_Q" title="The True Story of Ah Q">The True Story of Ah Q</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">阿Q正傳</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Ā Q Zhèngzhuàn</span></i>), 1921</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essays">Essays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Essays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"My Views on Chastity", 1918</li> <li>"What Is Required to Be a Father Today", 1919</li> <li>"Knowledge Is a Crime", 1919</li> <li>"What Happens After Nora Walks Out?" Based on a talk given at the Beijing Women's Normal College, 26 December 1923. In Ding Ling and Lu Hsun, <i>The Power of Weakness</i>. The Feminist Press (2007), pp. 84–93.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"My Moustache", 1924</li> <li>"Thoughts Before the Mirror", 1925</li> <li>"On Deferring Fair Play" (1925)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">中國小說史略</span></span> (1925), based on lectures from 1920, translated as <i><a href="/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Chinese_Fiction" title="A Brief History of Chinese Fiction">A Brief History of Chinese Fiction</a></i> (Yang and Yang, 1959)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">野草</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yěcǎo</span></i>), 1927, prose poems, translated as <i>Wild Grass</i> (Yang and Yang, 2003); <i>Weeds</i> (Turner, 2019); and <i>Wild Grass</i> (Cheng, 2022)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">唐宋傳奇集</span></span>,1927–28, editor of an anthology of <a href="/wiki/Chuanqi_(short_story)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuanqi (short story)">chuanqi</a>, translated as <i>Anthology of Tang and Song Tales: The Tang Song Chuanqi Ji of Lu Xun</i> (World Scientific, 2020)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">朝花夕拾</span></span>, 1932, a collection of essays about his youth, translated as <i>Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk</i> (Yang and Yang, 1976) and <i>Morning Blossoms Gathered at Dusk</i> (Cheng, 2022)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">熱風</span></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">華蓋集</span></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">華蓋集続編</span></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">墳</span></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">而已集</span></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">三閑集</span></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">二心集</span></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">偽自由書</span></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">南腔北調集</span></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">准風月談</span></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">花邊文學</span></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">且介亭雑文</span></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">且介亭雑文二集</span></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">且介亭雑文末編</span></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">集外集</span></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">集外集拾遺</span></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">集外集拾遺補編</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jianren" title="Zhou Jianren">Zhou Jianren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun_Literary_Institute" title="Lu Xun Literary Institute">Lu Xun Literary Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun_Literary_Prize" title="Lu Xun Literary Prize">Lu Xun Literary Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun_Native_Place" title="Lu Xun Native Place">Lu Xun Native Place</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZhou_Zuoren2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Zuoren" title="Zhou Zuoren">Zhou Zuoren</a> (2002). <bdi lang="zh">魯迅的青年時代</bdi> [<i>Lu Xun's youth</i>]. Hebei Education Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5434-4391-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5434-4391-4"><bdi>978-7-5434-4391-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%AD%AF%E8%BF%85%E7%9A%84%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&rft.pub=Hebei+Education+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-7-5434-4391-4&rft.au=Zhou+Zuoren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALu+Xun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kowallis 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kowallis 11–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DEL-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DEL_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DEL_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DEL_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Denton "Early Life"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lovell_xv-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lovell_xv_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovell_xv_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovell_xv_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovell_xv_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovell 2009 xv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee1977" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Leo Ou-fan (1977). Goldman, Merle (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ECUYCdnb2oC&dq=civil+examination+lu+xun+1898&pg=PA169"><i>Modern Chinese Literature in the May Fourth Era</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-57911-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-57911-8"><bdi>978-0-674-57911-8</bdi></a>. <q>Lu Xun was lured back briefly to take the first-level district examination in 1898.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Chinese+Literature+in+the+May+Fourth+Era&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-674-57911-8&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Leo+Ou-fan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ECUYCdnb2oC%26dq%3Dcivil%2Bexamination%2Blu%2Bxun%2B1898%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALu+Xun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWE-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DWE_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DWE_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DWE_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DWE_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DWE_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Denton "WESTERN EDUCATION: 1898–1902"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lovell_xvi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lovell_xvi_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovell_xvi_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovell_xvi_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovell 2009 xvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DJ-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DJ_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DJ_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DJ_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DJ_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DJ_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DJ_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DJ_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Denton "JAPAN: 1902–09"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Qian-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Qian_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Qian_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Qian_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Qian_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQian2024" class="citation book cs1">Qian, Ying (2024). <i>Revolutionary Becomings: Documentary Media in Twentieth-Century China</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231204477" title="Special:BookSources/9780231204477"><bdi>9780231204477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Becomings%3A+Documentary+Media+in+Twentieth-Century+China&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780231204477&rft.aulast=Qian&rft.aufirst=Ying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALu+Xun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kowallis 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Veg</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kowallis 20–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruijuanhao-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ruijuanhao_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHao2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hao, Ruijuan (Winter 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41506373">"Edgar Allan Poe in Contemporary China"</a>. <i>The Edgar Allan Poe Review</i>. <b>10</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">117–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41506373">10.2307/41506373</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41506373">41506373</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Edgar+Allan+Poe+Review&rft.atitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe+in+Contemporary+China&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F41506373&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41506373%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hao&rft.aufirst=Ruijuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41506373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALu+Xun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DHA-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DHA_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DHA_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DHA_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DHA_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DHA_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DHA_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Denton "HOME AGAIN"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lxviii-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lxviii_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lxviii_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovell 2009 xviii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kowallis_26-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kowallis_26_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowallis_26_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kowallis 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShi2023" class="citation book cs1">Shi, Song (2023). <i>China and the Internet: Using New Media for Development and Social Change</i>. New Brunswick, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781978834736" title="Special:BookSources/9781978834736"><bdi>9781978834736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+the+Internet%3A+Using+New+Media+for+Development+and+Social+Change&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781978834736&rft.aulast=Shi&rft.aufirst=Song&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALu+Xun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovell 2009 xx</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJin2017254–259-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJin2017254–259_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJin2017">Jin 2017</a>, pp. 254–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovell 2009 xxi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DMF-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DMF_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMF_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMF_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMF_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMF_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Denton "MAY FOURTH: 1917–26"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovell 2009 xxv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovell 2009 xxvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DMTTL-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DMTTL_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMTTL_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMTTL_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMTTL_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMTTL_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMTTL_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Denton "MOVE TO THE LEFT: 1927–1936"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kowallis 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovell 2006 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDougall-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McDougall_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lu & Xu 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovell 2009 xxviii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWang2025" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Xian (2025). <i>Gendered Memories: An Imaginary Museum for Ding Ling and Chinese Female Revolutionary Martyrs</i>. China Understandings Today series. 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"Chinese Literary Studies and Post-Structuralist Positions: What Next?". <i>The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs</i>. <b>28</b> (28). Contemporary China Center, Australian National University: <span class="nowrap">67–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2950055">10.2307/2950055</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2950055">2950055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155250111">155250111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian+Journal+of+Chinese+Affairs&rft.atitle=Chinese+Literary+Studies+and+Post-Structuralist+Positions%3A+What+Next%3F&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=1992-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155250111%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2950055%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2950055&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALu+Xun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arena-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arena_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArena2012" class="citation book cs1">Arena, Leonardo Vittorio (2012). <i><span></span></i>Nietzsche in China in the XXth Century<i><span></span></i>. ebook.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nietzsche+in+China+in+the+XXth+Century&rft.pub=ebook&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Arena&rft.aufirst=Leonardo+Vittorio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALu+Xun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKing2010" class="citation book cs1">King, Richard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_VLkX4tjAMC&pg=PA62"><i>Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966–76</i></a>. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9888028641" title="Special:BookSources/978-9888028641"><bdi>978-9888028641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+in+Turmoil%3A+The+Chinese+Cultural+Revolution%2C+1966%E2%80%9376&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9888028641&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy_VLkX4tjAMC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALu+Xun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hesford-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hesford_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHesford1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hesford, Walter (April 1992). "Overt Appropriation". <i><a href="/wiki/College_English" title="College English">College English</a></i>. <b>54</b> (4). National Council of Teachers of English: <span class="nowrap">406–</span>417. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F377832">10.2307/377832</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/377832">377832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+English&rft.atitle=Overt+Appropriation&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E406-%3C%2Fspan%3E417&rft.date=1992-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F377832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F377832%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hesford&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALu+Xun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Laikwan-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaikwan2024" class="citation book cs1">Laikwan, Pang (2024). <i>One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty</i>. Stanford, CA: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781503638815" title="Special:BookSources/9781503638815"><bdi>9781503638815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+and+All%3A+The+Logic+of+Chinese+Sovereignty&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781503638815&rft.aulast=Laikwan&rft.aufirst=Pang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALu+Xun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee1976" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Leo Ou-Fan (July 1976). "Literature on the Eve of Revolution: Reflections on Lu Xun's Leftist Years, 1927–1936". <i>Modern China</i>. <b>2</b> (3). Sage Publications, Inc.: <span class="nowrap">277–</span>326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009770047600200302">10.1177/009770047600200302</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/189028">189028</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220736707">220736707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Literature+on+the+Eve+of+Revolution%3A+Reflections+on+Lu+Xun%27s+Leftist+Years%2C+1927%E2%80%931936&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E326&rft.date=1976-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220736707%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F189028%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009770047600200302&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Leo+Ou-Fan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALu+Xun" class="Z3988"></span>; Lydia Liu,"Translating National Character: Lu Xun and Arthur Smith," Ch 2, <i>Translingual Practice: Literature, National Culture, and Translated Modernity: China 1900–1937</i> (Stanford 1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Mullaney-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Mullaney_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMullaney2024" class="citation book cs1">Mullaney, Thomas S. (2024). <i>The Chinese Computer: a Global History of the Information Age</i>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/The_MIT_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The MIT Press">The MIT Press</a>. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262047517" title="Special:BookSources/9780262047517"><bdi>9780262047517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Computer%3A+a+Global+History+of+the+Information+Age&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780262047517&rft.aulast=Mullaney&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALu+Xun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1937. Reprinted: Westport, CT: Hyperion Press, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/088355092X" title="Special:BookSources/088355092X">088355092X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faculty.uci.edu/profile.cfm?faculty_id=5310">Jeffrey Wasserstrom</a>, UC Irvine, Department of History</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWasserstrom2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Wasserstrom, Jeffrey (7 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1943086,00.html">"China's Orwell"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=China%27s+Orwell&rft.date=2009-12-07&rft.aulast=Wasserstrom&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1943086%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALu+Xun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://u.osu.edu/mclc/2017/10/19/what-happens-after-nora-walks-out/">"What Happens after Nora Walks Out"</a>. <i>MCLC Resource Center</i>. 19 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MCLC+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=What+Happens+after+Nora+Walks+Out&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fu.osu.edu%2Fmclc%2F2017%2F10%2F19%2Fwhat-happens-after-nora-walks-out%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALu+Xun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Arena, Leonardo Vittorio. <i>Nietzsche in China in the XXth Century</i>. 2012.</li> <li>Davies, Goria. <i>Lu Xun's Revolution: Writing in a Time of Violence.</i> Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674072640" title="Special:BookSources/9780674072640">9780674072640</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2">Denton, Kirk (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://u.osu.edu/mclc/online-series/lu-xun/"><i>Lu Xun Biography</i></a>, MCLC Resource Center</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lu+Xun+Biography&rft.pub=MCLC+Resource+Center&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Denton&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fu.osu.edu%2Fmclc%2Fonline-series%2Flu-xun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALu+Xun" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved 24 July 2014.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W.J.F_Jenner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W.J.F Jenner (page does not exist)">Jenner, W.J.F.</a> "Lu Xun's Last Days and after". <i>The China Quarterly</i>. 91. (September 1982). 424–445.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJin2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jin, Ha (2017). "Zhou Yucai writes ʽʽA Madman's Diaryʻʻ under the Pen Name Lu Xin". In <a href="/wiki/David_Der-wei_Wang" title="David Der-wei Wang">Wang, David Der-wei</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f1WsDwAAQBAJ"><i>A New Literary History of Modern China</i></a>. Harvard, Ma: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">254–</span>259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97887-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97887-4"><bdi>978-0-674-97887-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zhou+Yucai+writes+%CA%BD%CA%BDA+Madman%27s+Diary%CA%BB%CA%BB+under+the+Pen+Name+Lu+Xin&rft.btitle=A+New+Literary+History+of+Modern+China&rft.place=Harvard%2C+Ma&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-674-97887-4&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Ha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df1WsDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALu+Xun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kowallis, Jon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DLjW2p4ojP8C"><i>The Lyrical Lu Xun</i></a>. United States of America: University of Hawai'i Press. 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1511-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1511-4">0-8248-1511-4</a></li> <li>Lee, Leo Ou-Fan. <i>Lu Xun and His Legacy.</i> Berkeley: University of California Press. 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520051580" title="Special:BookSources/0520051580">0520051580</a>.</li> <li>Lee, Leo Ou-Fan. <i>Voices from the Iron House: A Study of Lu Xun.</i> Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253362636" title="Special:BookSources/0253362636">0253362636</a>.</li> <li>Lovell, Julia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r2YebvLcwSgC&pg=PA81"><i>The Politics of Cultural Capital: China's Quest for a Nobel Prize in Literature</i></a>. United States of America: University of Hawai'i Press. 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2962-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2962-X">0-8248-2962-X</a></li> <li>Lovell, Julia. "Introduction". In <i>Lu Xun: The Real story of Ah-Q and Other Tales of China, The Complete Fiction of Lu Xun.</i> England: Penguin Classics. 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-140-45548-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-140-45548-9">978-0-140-45548-9</a>.</li> <li>Lu Xun and Xu Guangping. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wrq5R6GZJswC&pg=PP1"><i>Love-letters and Privacy in Modern China: The Intimate Lives of Lu Xun and Xu Guangping</i></a>. Ed. McDougall, Bonnie S. Oxford University Press. 2002.</li> <li>Lyell, William A. <i>Lu Hsün's Vision of Reality.</i> Berkeley: University of California Press. 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520029402" title="Special:BookSources/0520029402">0520029402</a>.</li> <li>Pollard, David E. <i>The True Story of Lu Xun.</i> Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9629960605" title="Special:BookSources/9629960605">9629960605</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sze" title="Arthur Sze">Sze, Arthur</a> (Ed.) <i>Chinese Writers on Writing</i>. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sze" title="Arthur Sze">Arthur Sze</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trinity_University_(Texas)#Trinity_University_Press" title="Trinity University (Texas)">Trinity University Press</a>. 2010.</li> <li>Veg, Sebastian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/794">"David Pollard, The True Story of Lu Xun"</a>. <i>China Perspectives</i>. 51. January–February 2004. Retrieved 23 July 2014.</li> <li>Kaldis, Nicholas A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SbfungEACAAJ&q=lu+xun+kaldis"><i>The Chinese Prose Poem: A Study of Lu Xun's Wild Grass (Yecao)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambria_Press" title="Cambria Press">Cambria Press</a>. 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604978636" title="Special:BookSources/9781604978636">9781604978636</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Lu Xun</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Lu+Xun">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Lu+Xun&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Lu Xun</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Lu+Xun">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Lu+Xun&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div><link 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun" class="extiw" title="commons:Lu Xun"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Lu Xun</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lu_Xun" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lu Xun">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/120px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lu_Xun" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Author:Lu_Xun" class="extiw" title="s:en:Author:Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.bureau.tohoku.ac.jp/manabi/manabi6/mm6-3.htm">Special Issue about Lu Xun</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span> at web.bureau.tohoku.ac.jp</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://u.osu.edu/mclc/online-series/lu-xun/">Lu Xun bibliography</a> at u.osu.edu/mclc/</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xys.org/pages/luxun.html">Lu Xun webpage</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teacher.whsh.tc.edu.tw/huanyin/mofa/l/mofa_lushung.htm">Selected works by Lu Xun</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/lx.html">A Brief Biography of Lu Xun with Many Pictures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lu-xun/index.htm">Reference Archive: Lu Xun (Lu Hsun)</a> at www.marxists.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinyin.info/readings/lu_xun/writing.html"><i>An Outsider's Chats about Written Language</i></a>, a long essay by Lu Xun on the difficulties of Chinese characters</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/26193">Works by Xun Lu</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Xun%2C%20Lu%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lu%20Xun%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Xun%2C%20Lu%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lu%20Xun%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Xun%2C%20L%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Lu%20Xun%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Xun%2C%20Lu%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lu%20Xun%22%29%20OR%20%28%221881-1936%22%20AND%20Xun%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Lu Xun</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/2654">Works by Lu Xun</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_by_Lu_Xun80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lu_Xun" title="Template:Lu Xun"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lu_Xun" title="Template talk:Lu Xun"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lu_Xun" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lu Xun"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_Lu_Xun80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lu Xun</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stories and novellas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Madman_(Lu_Xun)" title="Diary of a Madman (Lu Xun)">Diary of a Madman</a>" (1918)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kong_Yiji" title="Kong Yiji">Kong Yiji</a>" (1919)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Medicine_(short_story)" title="Medicine (short story)">Medicine</a>" (1919)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Hair" title="The Story of Hair">The Story of Hair</a>" (1920)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Storm_in_a_Teacup_(short_story)" title="Storm in a Teacup (short story)">Storm in a Teacup</a>" (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_True_Story_of_Ah_Q" title="The True Story of Ah Q">The True Story of Ah Q</a></i> (1921-22)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_New_Year%27s_Sacrifice" title="The New Year's Sacrifice">The New Year's Sacrifice</a>" (1924)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Selected_Stories_of_Lu_Hsun" title="Selected Stories of Lu Hsun">Selected Stories of Lu Hsun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Chinese_Fiction" title="A Brief History of Chinese Fiction">A Brief History of Chinese Fiction</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/What_happens_after_Nora_leaves_home" title="What happens after Nora leaves home">What happens after Nora leaves home</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_True_Story_of_Ah_Q_(film)" title="The True Story of Ah Q (film)">The True Story of Ah Q</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Cub_Village" title="Wolf Cub Village">Wolf Cub Village</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_philosophy88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#f3c7b0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_philosophy" title="Template:Chinese philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_philosophy" title="Template talk:Chinese philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_philosophy88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_learning" title="Han learning">Han learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang%E2%80%93Lao" title="Huang–Lao">Huang–Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Marxist_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Marxist Philosophy">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Diplomacy" title="School of Diplomacy">School of Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">School of Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taoist_philosophy" title="Taoist philosophy">Daoxue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Xuanxue</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Syncretism (Chinese philosophy)">Mixed School</a></li></ul> <i><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Schools_of_Thought" title="Nine Schools of Thought">Nine Schools of Thought</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Hundred Schools of Thought</a></li></ul></div></i> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_philosophers" title="List of Chinese philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bu_Shang" title="Bu Shang">Bu Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunyu_Kun" title="Chunyu Kun">Chunyu Kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xi" title="Deng Xi">Deng Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duanmu_Ci" title="Duanmu Ci">Duanmu Ci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaozi" title="Gaozi">Gaozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongsun_Long" title="Gongsun Long">Gongsun Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong">Guan Zhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_Shi" title="Hui Shi">Hui Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Kui_(legalist)" title="Li Kui (legalist)">Li Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Si" title="Li Si">Li Si</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_Yukou" title="Lie Yukou">Lie Yukou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Buhai" title="Shen Buhai">Shen Buhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Dao" title="Shen Dao">Shen Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Qin" title="Su Qin">Su Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Qi" title="Wu Qi">Wu Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ximen_Bao" title="Ximen Bao">Ximen Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xing_(philosopher)" title="Xu Xing (philosopher)">Xu Xing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhu" title="Yang Zhu">Yang Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Xian" title="Yuan Xian">Yuan Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yi_(Warring_States_period)" title="Zhang Yi (Warring States period)">Zhang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuang Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zichan" title="Zichan">Zichan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zisi" title="Zisi">Zisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Yan" title="Zou Yan">Zou Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Zhao" title="Ban Zhao">Ban Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu">Dong Zhongshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfang_Shuo" title="Dongfang Shuo">Dongfang Shuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dou_Wu" title="Dou Wu">Dou Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Tan" title="Huan Tan">Huan Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Yi" title="Jia Yi">Jia Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Kui_(scholar)" title="Jia Kui (scholar)">Jia Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Fang" title="Jing Fang">Jing Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Anguo" title="Kong Anguo">Kong Anguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_An" title="Liu An">Liu An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jia_(Western_Han)" title="Lu Jia (Western Han)">Lu Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiang_(scholar)" title="Liu Xiang (scholar)">Liu Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rong" title="Ma Rong">Ma Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chong" title="Wang Chong">Wang Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fu_(Han_dynasty)" title="Wang Fu (Han dynasty)">Wang Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Yue" title="Xun Yue">Xun Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiong_(author)" title="Yang Xiong (author)">Yang Xiong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Jingyan" title="Bao Jingyan">Bao Jingyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zhen" title="Fan Zhen">Fan Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Ye_(historian)" title="Fan Ye (historian)">Fan Ye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Xiang" title="Guo Xiang">Guo Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Xuan" title="Fu Xuan">Fu Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Yan" title="He Yan">He Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyuan_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huiyuan (Buddhist)">Huiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Kang" title="Ji Kang">Ji Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengzhao" title="Sengzhao">Sengzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Su_(Cao_Wei)" title="Wang Su (Cao Wei)">Wang Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bi" title="Wang Bi">Wang Bi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiahou_Xuan" title="Xiahou Xuan">Xiahou Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Daoyun" title="Xie Daoyun">Xie Daoyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Can" title="Xun Can">Xun Can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Zhitui" title="Yan Zhitui">Yan Zhitui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi_Dun" title="Zhi Dun">Zhi Dun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Yi" title="Fu Yi">Fu Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Tong_(philosopher)" title="Wang Tong (philosopher)">Wang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhihe" title="Zhang Zhihe">Zhang Zhihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao_(philosopher)" title="Li Ao (philosopher)">Li Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuxi" title="Liu Yuxi">Liu Yuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongyuan" title="Liu Zongyuan">Liu Zongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Five Dynasties</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Ten Kingdoms</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Hao" title="Cheng Hao">Cheng Hao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yi_(philosopher)" title="Cheng Yi (philosopher)">Cheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zhongyan" title="Fan Zhongyan">Fan Zhongyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hong" title="Hu Hong">Hu Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiuyuan" title="Lu Jiuyuan">Lu Jiuyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Yong" title="Shao Yong">Shao Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang Anshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chongyang" title="Wang Chongyang">Wang Chongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chuyi" title="Wang Chuyi">Wang Chuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Shi" title="Ye Shi">Ye Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zai" title="Zhang Zai">Zhang Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Dunyi" title="Zhou Dunyi">Zhou Dunyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jiru" title="Chen Jiru">Chen Jiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Zongxi" title="Huang Zongxi">Huang Zongxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Zicheng" title="Hong Zicheng">Hong Zicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_Hong" title="Jiao Hong">Jiao Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_Yu" title="Jiao Yu">Jiao Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Zhide" title="Lai Zhide">Lai Zhide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhi_(philosopher)" title="Li Zhi (philosopher)">Li Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bowen" title="Liu Bowen">Liu Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongzhou" title="Liu Zongzhou">Liu Zongzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Rufang_(Ming_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo Rufang (Ming dynasty)">Luo Rufang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Dehong" title="Qian Dehong">Qian Dehong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ji_(philosopher)" title="Wang Ji (philosopher)">Wang Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Gen" title="Wang Gen">Wang Gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng_(philosopher)" title="Wu Cheng (philosopher)">Wu Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Ai" title="Xu Ai">Xu Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhan_Ruoshui" title="Zhan Ruoshui">Zhan Ruoshui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Hongmou" title="Chen Hongmou">Chen Hongmou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Menglei" title="Chen Menglei">Chen Menglei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhen" title="Dai Zhen">Dai Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Bao" title="Fang Bao">Fang Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lanfen" title="Fang Lanfen">Fang Lanfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Quan" title="Fang Quan">Fang Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Guifen" title="Feng Guifen">Feng Guifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Zizhen" title="Gong Zizhen">Gong Zizhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Yanwu" title="Gu Yanwu">Gu Yanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Liangji" title="Hong Liangji">Hong Liangji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Yun" title="Ji Yun">Ji Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qixi" title="Ma Qixi">Ma Qixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Zexu" title="Lin Zexu">Lin Zexu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yiming" title="Liu Yiming">Liu Yiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Pingge" title="Pan Pingge">Pan Pingge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Sitong" title="Tan Sitong">Tan Sitong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Zhen" title="Tang Zhen">Tang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fuzhi" title="Wang Fuzhi">Wang Fuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yuan" title="Wei Yuan">Wei Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Yuan_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Yan Yuan (Qing dynasty)">Yan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Yue" title="Yu Yue">Yu Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zhengxie" title="Yu Zhengxie">Yu Zhengxie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xuecheng" title="Zhang Xuecheng">Zhang Xuecheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Cunyu" title="Zhuang Cunyu">Zhuang Cunyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Yuanpei" title="Cai Yuanpei">Cai Yuanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Carsun Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._C._Chang" title="P. C. Chang">P. C. Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Daqi" title="Chen Daqi">Chen Daqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung-ying_Cheng" title="Chung-ying Cheng">Chung-ying Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%27ien_Mu" title="Ch'ien Mu">Ch'ien Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Anping" title="Chu Anping">Chu Anping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Keli" title="Fang Keli">Fang Keli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Youlan" title="Feng Youlan">Feng Youlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Yang" title="Gan Yang">Gan Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Su" title="Gu Su">Gu Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Zhun" title="Gu Zhun">Gu Zhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Guanghu" title="He Guanghu">He Guanghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qiaomu" title="Hu Qiaomu">Hu Qiaomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Gang" title="Hua Gang">Hua Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Huang" title="Ray Huang">Ray Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing_(Confucian)" title="Jiang Qing (Confucian)">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Yuelin" title="Jin Yuelin">Jin Yuelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Shui-chuen" title="Lee Shui-chuen">Lee Shui-chuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shicen" title="Li Shicen">Li Shicen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zehou" title="Li Zehou">Li Zehou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Shuming" title="Liang Shuming">Liang Shuming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin Yutang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaofeng_(academic)" title="Liu Xiaofeng (academic)">Liu Xiaofeng</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mou_Zongsan" title="Mou Zongsan">Mou Zongsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Renzong" title="Qiu Renzong">Qiu Renzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Chun-i" title="Tang Chun-i">Tang Chun-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Yijie" title="Tang Yijie">Tang Yijie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsang_Lap_Chuen" title="Tsang Lap Chuen">Tsang Lap Chuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Shili" title="Xiong Shili">Xiong Shili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fuguan" title="Xu Fuguan">Xu Fuguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Changji" title="Yang Changji">Yang Changji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Haiguang" title="Yin Haiguang">Yin Haiguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Dunkang" title="Yu Dunkang">Yu Dunkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dongsun" title="Zhang Dongsun">Zhang Dongsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shenfu" title="Zhang Shenfu">Zhang Shenfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Guoping" title="Zhou Guoping">Zhou Guoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Zuoren" title="Zhou Zuoren">Zhou Zuoren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa_(philosophy)" title="Fa (philosophy)">Fa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozi#Philosophy" title="Mozi">Jian'ai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_zuo" title="Jing zuo">Jing zuo</a></i></li> <li><i>Li</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Neo-Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Neo-Confucianism)">Neo-Confucianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ming_yun" title="Ming yun">Ming yun</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qing_(philosophy)" title="Qing (philosophy)">Qing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_teachings" title="Three teachings">Three teachings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Si_(philosophy)" title="Si (philosophy)">Si</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ti_(philosophy)" title="Ti (philosophy)">Ti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">Wu wei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xin_(heart-mind)" title="Xin (heart-mind)">Xin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)#East_Asian_philosophies" title="Nature (philosophy)">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin and yang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Essence-Function" class="mw-redirect" title="Essence-Function">Yong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhengming" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengming">Zhengming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ziran" title="Ziran">Ziran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_China" title="Logic in China">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics#Classical_China" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy#Ancient_China" title="Political philosophy">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_consequentialism" title="State consequentialism">State consequentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_wash_painting#Philosophy" title="Ink wash painting">Ink wash</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_shui#Concepts" title="Shan shui">Shan shui</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_Chinese_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy of Chinese philosophy">Legitimacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23114#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata5188" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23114#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata5188" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23114#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lỗ, Tấn"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368682186">ISNI</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lou, Siun"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000036868224X">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ro, Jin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368682282">3</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lou, Sin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368682258">4</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Luxun"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121258156">5</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29537230">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/16398/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyxcBcMRqT6cwvv6WWhpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118574647">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50047988">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11913415x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11913415x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00312767">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lu Xun"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV054089">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36592739">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0003681&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1104836">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/106675">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p140099344">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90748529">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=000623250&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000170287&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000024930&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=138328">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000055632">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200105283">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/20dgb85l150psb6">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810679949005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007264609505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000173574">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058524013606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00316310?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500321773">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/60fb92ed-fc59-476e-8683-b205f471b0b2">MusicBrainz</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d464f606-7e66-4a1a-9250-719cf60ac27c">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118574647">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1310614">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118574647.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118574647">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026995255">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wd67qm">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/20px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/40px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/40px-Book_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/60px-Book_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="238" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Novels" title="Portal:Novels">Novels</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&oldid=1283174207">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xun&oldid=1283174207</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lu_Xun" title="Category:Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1881_births" title="Category:1881 births">1881 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1936_deaths" title="Category:1936 deaths">1936 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Chinese_male_writers" title="Category:20th-century Chinese male writers">20th-century Chinese male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Chinese_short_story_writers" title="Category:20th-century Chinese short story writers">20th-century Chinese short story writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Chinese_novelists" title="Category:20th-century Chinese novelists">20th-century Chinese novelists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Chinese_poets" title="Category:20th-century Chinese poets">20th-century Chinese poets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Chinese_translators" title="Category:20th-century Chinese translators">20th-century Chinese translators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Chinese_historians" title="Category:20th-century Chinese historians">20th-century Chinese historians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_pseudonymous_writers" title="Category:20th-century pseudonymous writers">20th-century pseudonymous writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Peking_University" title="Category:Academic staff of Peking University">Academic staff of Peking University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Beijing_Normal_University" title="Category:Academic staff of Beijing Normal University">Academic staff of Beijing Normal University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Xiamen_University" title="Category:Academic staff of Xiamen University">Academic staff of Xiamen University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Category:Academic staff of Sun Yat-sen University">Academic staff of Sun Yat-sen University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_literary_critics" title="Category:Chinese literary critics">Chinese literary critics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scholars_of_Chinese_literature" title="Category:Scholars of Chinese literature">Scholars of Chinese literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_magazine_writers" title="Category:Chinese magazine writers">Chinese magazine writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_magazine_editors" title="Category:Chinese 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