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plants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Land_plants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Land plants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Land_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bryophytes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bryophytes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bryophytes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bryophytes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vascular_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vascular_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vascular plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vascular_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ferns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Ferns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lycophytes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lycophytes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Lycophytes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lycophytes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seed_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seed_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Seed plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seed_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heterospory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heterospory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Heterospory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heterospory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Gametophyte: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofiet" title="Gametofiet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gametofiet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametophyt" title="Gametophyt – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gametophyt" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نابتة عرسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نابتة عرسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamet%C3%B3fitu" title="Gametófitu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gametófitu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9" title="লিঙ্গধর দেহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিঙ্গধর দেহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гаметофит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гаметофит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofit" title="Gametofit – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gametofit" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamet%C3%B2fit" title="Gametòfit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gametòfit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofyt" title="Gametofyt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gametofyt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofyt" title="Gametofyt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gametofyt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametophyt" title="Gametophyt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gametophyt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametof%C3%BC%C3%BCt" title="Gametofüüt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gametofüüt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamet%C3%B3fito" title="Gametófito – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gametófito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofito" title="Gametofito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gametofito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofito" title="Gametofito – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gametofito" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="گامتوفیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گامتوفیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gam%C3%A9tophyte" title="Gamétophyte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gamétophyte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaim%C3%A9itif%C3%ADt" title="Gaiméitifít – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gaiméitifít" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamet%C3%B3fito" title="Gametófito – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gametófito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%EC%9A%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="배우체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="배우체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofit" title="Gametofit – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gametofit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofito" title="Gametofito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gametofito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofit" title="Gametofit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gametofit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynli%C3%B0ur" title="Kynliður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kynliður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofito" title="Gametofito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gametofito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98" title="גמטופיט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גמטופיט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofit" title="Gametofit – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gametofit" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="გამეტოფიტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გამეტოფიტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гаметофит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гаметофит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гаметофит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гаметофит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametof%C4%ABts" title="Gametofīts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gametofīts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofitas" title="Gametofitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gametofitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofit" title="Gametofit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gametofit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofyt" title="Gametofyt – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gametofyt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%81%B6%E4%BD%93" title="配偶体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="配偶体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofytt" title="Gametofytt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gametofytt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofit" title="Gametofit – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gametofit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofit" title="Gametofit – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gametofit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamet%C3%B3fito" title="Gametófito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gametófito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гаметофит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гаметофит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofit" title="Gametofit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gametofit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofit" title="Gametofit – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Gametofit" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofit" title="Gametofit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gametofit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofyytti" title="Gametofyytti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gametofyytti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametofyt" title="Gametofyt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gametofyt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Комаруст – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Комаруст" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr 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It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Hopefulgratitude" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Hopefulgratitude" data-mw-revid="1241795987"><bdi>Hopefulgratitude</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Hopefulgratitude" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Hopefulgratitude">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Hopefulgratitude" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Hopefulgratitude">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>758</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#Algae">→<bdi dir="ltr">Algae</bdi></a>: </span> c/e</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(25 intermediate revisions by 19 users not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{short description|Haploid stage in the life cycle of plants and algae}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{short description|Haploid stage in the life cycle of plants and algae}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Gametophyte2.png|thumb|Several gametophytes growing in a [[terrarium]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del>]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Gametophyte2.png|thumb|Several gametophytes growing in a [[terrarium]]]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Pinus embryo in female gametophyte.jpg|thumb|100px|Pine gametophyte (outside) surrounding the embryo (inside)]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Pinus embryo in female gametophyte.jpg|thumb|100px|Pine gametophyte (outside) surrounding the embryo (inside)]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>A '''gametophyte''' ({{IPAc-en|g|ə|ˈ|m|iː|t|ə|f|aɪ|t}}) is one of the two [[alternation of generations|alternating]] [[multicellular organism|multicellular phases]] in the life cycles of [[plant]]s and [[algae]]. It is a [[haploid]] multicellular organism that develops from a haploid [[spore]] that has one set of chromosomes.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> The gametophyte is the [[Sexual reproduction of plants|sexual phase]] in the life cycle of plants and algae. It develops sex organs that produce [[gamete]]s, haploid sex cells that participate in [[fertilization]] to form a [[diploid]] [[zygote]] which has a double set of chromosomes.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> Cell division of the zygote results in a new diploid multicellular organism, the second stage in the life cycle known as the [[sporophyte]].<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> The sporophyte can produce haploid spores by [[meiosis]] that on germination produce a new generation of gametophytes.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>A '''gametophyte''' ({{IPAc-en|g|ə|ˈ|m|iː|t|ə|f|aɪ|t}}) is one of the two [[alternation of generations|alternating]] [[multicellular organism|multicellular phases]] in the life cycles of [[plant]]s and [[algae]]. It is a [[haploid]] multicellular organism that develops from a haploid [[spore]] that has one set of chromosomes. The gametophyte is the [[Sexual reproduction of plants|sexual phase]] in the life cycle of plants and algae. It develops sex organs that produce [[gamete]]s, haploid sex cells that participate in [[fertilization]] to form a [[diploid]] [[zygote]] which has a double set of chromosomes. Cell division of the zygote results in a new diploid multicellular organism, the second stage in the life cycle known as the [[sporophyte]]. The sporophyte can produce haploid spores by [[meiosis]] that on germination produce a new generation of gametophytes.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Algae ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Algae ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In some [[multicellular]] [[green algae]] (''[[Ulva lactuca]]'' is one example), [[red algae]] and [[brown algae]], sporophytes and gametophytes may be externally indistinguishable (isomorphic). In ''[[Ulva (genus)|Ulva]]'' the gametes are [[Isogamy|isogamous]], all of one size, shape and general morphology.<ref name=Sadava>{{cite book|last1=Sadava|first1=David|last2=Hillis|first2=David|last3=Heller|first3=H. Craig|last4=Berenbaum|first4=May|title=Life: The Science of Biology, Volume 1|date=2012|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-1464141225|edition=10th}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In some [[multicellular]] [[green algae]] (''[[Ulva lactuca]]'' is one example), [[red algae]] and [[brown algae]], sporophytes and gametophytes may be externally indistinguishable (isomorphic). In ''[[Ulva (genus)|Ulva]]''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> the gametes are [[Isogamy|isogamous]], all of one size, shape and general morphology.<ref name=Sadava>{{cite book|last1=Sadava|first1=David|last2=Hillis|first2=David|last3=Heller|first3=H. Craig|last4=Berenbaum|first4=May|title=Life: The Science of Biology, Volume 1|date=2012|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-1464141225|edition=10th}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Land plants ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Land plants ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In [[embryophyte|land plants]], [[anisogamy]] is universal. As in animals, female and male gametes are called, respectively, ''eggs'' and ''sperm.'' In extant land plants, either the sporophyte or the gametophyte may be reduced (heteromorphic).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bennici|first=Andrea|date=2008|title=Origin and early evolution of land plants|journal=Communicative & Integrative Biology|volume=1|issue=2|pages=212–218|issn=1942-0889|pmc=2686025|pmid=19513262|doi=10.4161/cib.1.2.6987}}</ref> No extant gametophytes have [[stoma]]ta, but they have been found on fossil species like the early Devonian ''[[Aglaophyton]]'' from the [[Rhynie chert]].<ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[https://www</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ncbi</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nlm</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nih</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">gov/pmc/articles/PMC8175006/</del> Stomata: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> holey grail of plant evolution <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NCBI]</del></ref> Other fossil gametophytes found in the Rhynie chert shows they were much more developed than present forms, resembling the sporophyte in having a well-developed conducting strand, a cortex, an epidermis and a cuticle with stomata, but were much smaller.<ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/</del>doi<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/full/</del>10.1098/rstb.2016.0495 Organs and tissues of Rhynie chert plants <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Journals]</del></ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In [[embryophyte|land plants]], [[anisogamy]] is universal. As in animals, female and male gametes are called, respectively, ''eggs'' and ''sperm.'' In extant land plants, either the sporophyte or the gametophyte may be reduced (heteromorphic).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bennici|first=Andrea|date=2008|title=Origin and early evolution of land plants|journal=Communicative & Integrative Biology|volume=1|issue=2|pages=212–218|issn=1942-0889|pmc=2686025|pmid=19513262|doi=10.4161/cib.1.2.6987}}</ref> No extant gametophytes have [[stoma]]ta, but they have been found on fossil species like the early Devonian ''[[Aglaophyton]]'' from the [[Rhynie chert]].<ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cite journal | pmc=8175006 | year=2021 | last1=McAdam | first1=S</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> A</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last2=Duckett | first2=J</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> G</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| last3=Sussmilch | first3=F. C. | last4=Pressel | first4=S. | last5=Renzaglia | first5=K. S. | last6=Hedrich | first6=R. | last7=Brodribb | first7=T. J. | last8=Merced | first8=A. | title=</ins>Stomata: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The</ins> holey grail of plant evolution <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| journal=American Journal of Botany | volume=108 | issue=3 | pages=366–371 | doi=10.1002/ajb2.1619 | pmid=33687736</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins></ref> Other fossil gametophytes found in the Rhynie chert shows they were much more developed than present forms, resembling the sporophyte in having a well-developed conducting strand, a cortex, an epidermis and a cuticle with stomata, but were much smaller.<ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cite journal | </ins>doi<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>10.1098/rstb.2016.0495 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| title=</ins>Organs and tissues of Rhynie chert plants <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| year=2018 | last1=Kerp | first1=Hans | journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume=373 | issue=1739 | pmid=29254960 | pmc=5745331</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins></ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Bryophytes ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>=== Bryophytes ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bryophytes</del>]] ([[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mosses</del>]], [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liverworts</del>]], and [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hornworts</del>]]), the gametophyte is the most visible stage of the life cycle. The bryophyte gametophyte is longer lived, nutritionally independent, and the sporophytes are attached to the gametophytes and dependent on them.<ref name=Budke>{{cite journal |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>last1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Budke |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>first1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>J.M. |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>last2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Goffinet |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>first2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>B. |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>last3<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Jones |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>first3<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>C.S. |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>year<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>2013 |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>title<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Dehydration protection provided by a maternal cuticle improves offspring fitness in the moss ''Funaria hygrometrica'' |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>journal<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Annals of Botany |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>volume<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>= <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 111</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>issue<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>= <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>pages<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>= <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 781–789</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>doi<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>10.1093/aob/mct033 |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>pmid=23471009 |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>pmc=3631323}}</ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> When a moss spore germinates it grows to produce a filament of cells (called the [[protonema]]). The mature gametophyte of mosses develops into leafy shoots that produce sex organs ([[Gametangium|gametangia]]) that produce gametes. Eggs develop in [[Archegonium|archegonia]] and sperm in [[Antheridium|antheridia]].<ref>[[Ralf Reski]] (1998): Development, genetics and molecular biology of mosses. In: Botanica Acta 111, pp 1-15.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bryophyte</ins>]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">s</ins> ([[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">moss</ins>]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">es</ins>, [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liverwort</ins>]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">s</ins>, and [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hornwort</ins>]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">s</ins>), the gametophyte is the most visible stage of the life cycle. The bryophyte gametophyte is longer lived, nutritionally independent, and the sporophytes are attached to the gametophytes and dependent on them.<ref name=Budke>{{cite journal |last1=Budke |first1=J.M. |last2=Goffinet |first2=B. |last3=Jones |first3=C.S. |year=2013 |title=Dehydration protection provided by a maternal cuticle improves offspring fitness in the moss ''Funaria hygrometrica'' |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">111</ins> |issue=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5</ins> |pages=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">781–789</ins> |doi=10.1093/aob/mct033 |pmid=23471009 |pmc=3631323<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>}}</ref> When a moss spore germinates it grows to produce a filament of cells (called the [[protonema]]). The mature gametophyte of mosses develops into leafy shoots that produce sex organs ([[Gametangium|gametangia]]) that produce gametes. Eggs develop in [[Archegonium|archegonia]] and sperm in [[Antheridium|antheridia]].<ref>[[Ralf Reski]] (1998): Development, genetics and molecular biology of mosses. In: Botanica Acta 111, pp 1-15.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In some bryophyte groups such as many liverworts of the order [[Marchantiales]], the gametes are produced on specialized structures called [[gametophore]]s (or gametangiophores).</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In some bryophyte groups such as many liverworts of the order [[Marchantiales]], the gametes are produced on specialized structures called [[gametophore]]s (or gametangiophores).</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Vascular plants ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>=== Vascular plants ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_13_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_11_0_rhs"></a>All <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>vascular plants<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins> are sporophyte dominant, and a trend toward smaller and more sporophyte-dependent female gametophytes is evident as land plants evolved reproduction by seeds.<ref name="Stewart and Rothwell">{{cite book|first1=W.N.|last1=Stewart|first2=G.W.|last2=Rothwell|title=Palaeobotany and the evolution of plants, second edition.|location=Cambridge, U.K.|publisher=Cambridge University press|isbn=0521382947 |date=1993-02-26}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_11_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_13_0_lhs"></a>All vascular plants are sporophyte dominant, and a trend toward smaller and more sporophyte-dependent female gametophytes is evident as land plants evolved reproduction by seeds.<ref name="Stewart and Rothwell">{{cite book|first1=W.N.|last1=Stewart|first2=G.W.|last2=Rothwell|title=Palaeobotany and the evolution of plants, second edition.|location=Cambridge, U.K.|publisher=Cambridge University press|isbn=0521382947 |date=1993-02-26}}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Those vascular plants, such as clubmosses and many ferns, that produce only one type of spore are said to be homosporous. They have exosporic gametophytes — that is, the gametophyte is free-living and develops outside of the spore wall. Exosporic gametophytes can either be bisexual, capable of producing both sperm and eggs in the same [[thallus]] ([[monoicous]]), or specialized into separate male and female organisms (dioicous).</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Those vascular plants, such as clubmosses and many ferns, that produce only one type of spore are said to be homosporous. They have exosporic gametophytes — that is, the gametophyte is free-living and develops outside of the spore wall. Exosporic gametophytes can either be bisexual, capable of producing both sperm and eggs in the same [[thallus]] ([[monoicous]]), or specialized into separate male and female organisms (dioicous).</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 24:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 23:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==== Ferns ====</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==== Ferns ====</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_17_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_15_0_rhs"></a>In most [[fern]]s, for example, in the [[leptosporangiate fern]] ''[[Dryopteris]]'', the gametophyte is a [[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] free living [[autotroph]]ic organism called a [[prothallus]] that produces gametes and maintains the sporophyte during its early multicellular development. However, in some groups, notably the clade that includes [[Ophioglossaceae]] and [[Psilotaceae]], the gametophytes are subterranean and subsist by forming [[mycotroph]]ic relationships with fungi. Homosporous ferns secrete a chemical called [[antheridiogen]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_15_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_17_0_lhs"></a>In most [[fern]]s, for example, in the [[leptosporangiate fern]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> ''[[Dryopteris]]'', the gametophyte is a [[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] free living [[autotroph]]ic organism called a [[prothallus]] that produces gametes and maintains the sporophyte during its early multicellular development. However, in some groups, notably the clade that includes [[Ophioglossaceae]] and [[Psilotaceae]], the gametophytes are subterranean and subsist by forming [[mycotroph]]ic relationships with fungi. Homosporous ferns secrete a chemical called [[antheridiogen]].</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==== Lycophytes ====</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==== Lycophytes ====</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Extant [[Lycopodiophyta|lycophytes]] produce two different types of gametophytes. In the homosporous families [[Lycopodiaceae]] and [[Huperziaceae]], spores germinate into bisexual free-living, subterranean and mycotrophic gametophytes that derive nutrients from symbiosis with fungi. In ''[[Isoetes]]'' and ''[[Selaginella]]'', which are heterosporous, microspores and megaspores are dispersed from sporangia either passively or by active ejection.<ref name="SelagSpore">{{cite journal |last1=Schneller |first1=Jakob |last2=Gerber |first2=Hans |last3=Zuppiger |first3=Alex |title=Speed and force of spore ejection in Selaginella martensii |journal=Botanica Helvetica |date=June 2008 |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=13–20 |doi=10.1007/s00035-008-0814-6 |hdl=20.500.11850/73669 |s2cid=21966837 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/312863/files/35_2008_Article_814.pdf |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Microspores produce microgametophytes which produce sperm. Megaspores produce reduced megagametophytes inside the spore wall. At maturity, the megaspore cracks open at the trilete suture to allow the male gametes to access the egg cells in the archegonia inside. The gametophytes of ''Isoetes'' appear to be similar in this respect to those of the extinct [[Carboniferous]] arborescent lycophytes ''Lepidodendron'' and ''Lepidostrobus''.<ref name="Brack-Hanes">{{cite journal|first=S.D.|last=Brack-Hanes|date=1978|title=On the megagametophytes of two Lepidodendracean cones.|journal=Botanical Gazette|volume=139|pages=140–146|doi=10.1086/336979|s2cid=84420384}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Extant [[Lycopodiophyta|lycophytes]] produce two different types of gametophytes. In the homosporous families [[Lycopodiaceae]] and [[Huperziaceae]], spores germinate into bisexual free-living, subterranean and mycotrophic gametophytes that derive nutrients from symbiosis with fungi. In ''[[Isoetes]]'' and ''[[Selaginella]]'', which are heterosporous, microspores and megaspores are dispersed from sporangia either passively or by active ejection.<ref name="SelagSpore">{{cite journal |last1=Schneller |first1=Jakob |last2=Gerber |first2=Hans |last3=Zuppiger |first3=Alex |title=Speed and force of spore ejection in Selaginella martensii |journal=Botanica Helvetica |date=June 2008 |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=13–20 |doi=10.1007/s00035-008-0814-6 |hdl=20.500.11850/73669 |s2cid=21966837 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/312863/files/35_2008_Article_814.pdf |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Microspores produce microgametophytes which produce sperm. Megaspores produce reduced megagametophytes inside the spore wall. At maturity, the megaspore cracks open at the trilete suture to allow the male gametes to access the egg cells in the archegonia inside. The gametophytes of ''Isoetes'' appear to be similar in this respect to those of the extinct [[Carboniferous]] arborescent lycophytes ''Lepidodendron'' and ''Lepidostrobus''.<ref name="Brack-Hanes">{{cite journal|first=S.D.|last=Brack-Hanes|date=1978|title=On the megagametophytes of two Lepidodendracean cones.|journal=Botanical Gazette|volume=139|pages=140–146|doi=10.1086/336979|s2cid=84420384}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 34:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The [[Spermatophyte|seed plant]] gametophyte life cycle is even more reduced than in basal taxa (ferns and lycophytes). Seed plant gametophytes are not independent organisms and depend upon the dominant sporophyte tissue for nutrients and water. With the exception of mature [[pollen]], if the gametophyte tissue is separated from the sporophyte tissue it will not survive. Due to this complex relationship and the small size of the gametophyte tissue—in some situations single celled—differentiating with the human eye or even a microscope between seed plant gametophyte tissue and sporophyte tissue can be a challenge. While seed plant gametophyte tissue is typically composed of mononucleate haploid cells (1 x n), specific circumstances can occur in which the [[ploidy]] does vary widely despite still being considered part of the gametophyte.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The [[Spermatophyte|seed plant]] gametophyte life cycle is even more reduced than in basal taxa (ferns and lycophytes). Seed plant gametophytes are not independent organisms and depend upon the dominant sporophyte tissue for nutrients and water. With the exception of mature [[pollen]], if the gametophyte tissue is separated from the sporophyte tissue it will not survive. Due to this complex relationship and the small size of the gametophyte tissue—in some situations single celled—differentiating with the human eye or even a microscope between seed plant gametophyte tissue and sporophyte tissue can be a challenge. While seed plant gametophyte tissue is typically composed of mononucleate haploid cells (1 x n), specific circumstances can occur in which the [[ploidy]] does vary widely despite still being considered part of the gametophyte.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">gymnosperms</del>, the male gametophytes are produced inside [[microspores]] within the [[microsporangia]] located inside male cones or [[Glossary of botanical terms#microstrobilus|microstrobili]]. In each microspore, a single gametophyte is produced, consisting of four haploid cells produced by [[meiosis|meiotic]] division of a diploid microspore mother cell.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:0</del>">{{Cite journal|last1=Fernando|first1=Danilo|last2=Quinn|last3=Bernner|last4=Owens|date=2010|title=Male Gametophyte Development and Evolution in Extant Gymnosperms|journal=International Journal of Plant Developmental Biology|volume=4|pages=47–60}}</ref> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>At maturity, each microspore-derived gametophyte becomes a pollen grain. During its development, the water and nutrients that the male gametophyte requires are provided by the sporophyte tissue until they are released for pollination. The cell number of each mature pollen grain varies between the gymnosperm orders. [[Cycad]]ophyta have 3 celled pollen grains while [[Ginkgoales|Ginkgophyta]] have 4 celled pollen grains.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:0</del>" /> [[Gnetophyta]] may have 2 or 3 celled pollen grains depending on the species, and [[Pinophyta|Coniferophyta]] pollen grains vary greatly ranging from single celled to 40 celled.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:1</del>">{{Cite journal|last1=Carmichael|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Friedman|first2=William|date=1995|title=Double Fertilization in Gnetum gnemon: The Relationship between the Cell Cycle and Sexual Reproduction|journal=The Plant Cell|volume=7|issue=12|pages=1975–1988|doi=10.2307/3870144|jstor=3870144|pmid=12242365|pmc=161055}}</ref><ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:0</del>" /> One of these cells is typically a [[germ cell]] and other cells may consist of a single tube cell which grows to form the pollen tube, sterile cells, and/or prothallial cells which are both vegetative cells without an essential reproductive function.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:0</del>" /> After [[pollination]] is successful, the male gametophyte continues to develop. If a tube cell was not developed in the microstrobilus, one is created after pollination via mitosis.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:0</del>" /> The tube cell grows into the diploid tissue of the female cone and may branch out into the [[Conifer cone|megastrobilus]] tissue or grow straight towards the egg cell.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:2</del>">{{Cite journal|last=Friedman|first=William|date=1993|title=The evolutionary history of the seed plant male gametophyte|journal=Trends in Ecology and Evolution|volume=8|issue=1|pages=15–21|doi=10.1016/0169-5347(93)90125-9|pmid=21236093}}</ref> The megastrobilus sporophytic tissue provides nutrients for the male gametophyte at this stage.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:2</del>" /> In some gymnosperms, the tube cell will create a direct channel from the site of pollination to the egg cell, in other gymnosperms, the tube cell will rupture in the middle of the megastrobilus sporophyte tissue.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:2</del>" /> This occurs because in some gymnosperm orders, the germ cell is nonmobile and a direct pathway is needed, however, in Cycadophyta and Ginkgophyta, the germ cell is mobile due to [[Flagellum|flagella]] being present and a direct tube cell path from the pollination site to the egg is not needed.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:2</del>" /> In most species the germ cell can be more specifically described as a sperm cell which mates with the egg cell during fertilization, though that is not always the case. In some Gnetophyta species, the germ cell will release two sperm nuclei that undergo a rare gymnosperm double fertilization process occurring solely with sperm nuclei and not with the fusion of developed cells.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:0</del>" /><ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:3</del>">{{Cite journal|last1=Friedman|first1=William|last2=Carmichael|first2=Jeffery|date=1996|title=Double Fertilization in Gnetales: Implications for Understanding Reproductive Diversification among Seed Plants|journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences|volume=157|issue=6|pages=77–94|doi=10.1086/297405|s2cid=86569189}}</ref> After fertilization is complete in all orders, the remaining male gametophyte tissue will deteriorate.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:1</del>" /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[gymnosperm]]s</ins>, the male gametophytes are produced inside [[microspores]] within the [[microsporangia]] located inside male cones or [[Glossary of botanical terms#microstrobilus|microstrobili]]. In each microspore, a single gametophyte is produced, consisting of four haploid cells produced by [[meiosis|meiotic]] division of a diploid microspore mother cell.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fernando-2010</ins>">{{Cite journal<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|last1=Fernando<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|first1=Danilo<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> D. </ins>|last2=Quinn<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |first2=Christina R. </ins>|last3=Bernner<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |first3=Eric D. </ins>|last4=Owens<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |first4=John N. </ins>|date=2010<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|title=Male Gametophyte Development and Evolution in Extant Gymnosperms<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |url=https://www.academia.edu/25338811 </ins>|journal=International Journal of Plant Developmental Biology<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|volume=4<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|pages=47–60}}</ref> At maturity, each microspore-derived gametophyte becomes a pollen grain. During its development, the water and nutrients that the male gametophyte requires are provided by the sporophyte tissue until they are released for pollination. The cell number of each mature pollen grain varies between the gymnosperm orders. [[Cycad]]ophyta have 3 celled pollen grains while [[Ginkgoales|Ginkgophyta]] have 4 celled pollen grains.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fernando-2010</ins>" /> [[Gnetophyta]] may have 2 or 3 celled pollen grains depending on the species, and [[Pinophyta|Coniferophyta]] pollen grains vary greatly ranging from single celled to 40 celled.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Carmichael-1995</ins>">{{Cite journal|last1=Carmichael|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Friedman|first2=William|date=1995|title=Double Fertilization in Gnetum gnemon: The Relationship between the Cell Cycle and Sexual Reproduction|journal=The Plant Cell|volume=7|issue=12|pages=1975–1988|doi=10.2307/3870144|jstor=3870144|pmid=12242365|pmc=161055}}</ref><ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fernando-2010</ins>" /> One of these cells is typically a [[germ cell]] and other cells may consist of a single tube cell which grows to form the pollen tube, sterile cells, and/or prothallial cells which are both vegetative cells without an essential reproductive function.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fernando-2010</ins>" /> After [[pollination]] is successful, the male gametophyte continues to develop. If a tube cell was not developed in the microstrobilus, one is created after pollination via mitosis.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fernando-2010</ins>" /> The tube cell grows into the diploid tissue of the female cone and may branch out into the [[Conifer cone|megastrobilus]] tissue or grow straight towards the egg cell.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Friedman-1993</ins>">{{Cite journal|last=Friedman|first=William|date=1993|title=The evolutionary history of the seed plant male gametophyte|journal=Trends in Ecology and Evolution|volume=8|issue=1|pages=15–21|doi=10.1016/0169-5347(93)90125-9|pmid=21236093}}</ref> The megastrobilus sporophytic tissue provides nutrients for the male gametophyte at this stage.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Friedman-1993</ins>" /> In some gymnosperms, the tube cell will create a direct channel from the site of pollination to the egg cell, in other gymnosperms, the tube cell will rupture in the middle of the megastrobilus sporophyte tissue.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Friedman-1993</ins>" /> This occurs because in some gymnosperm orders, the germ cell is nonmobile and a direct pathway is needed, however, in Cycadophyta and Ginkgophyta, the germ cell is mobile due to [[Flagellum|flagella]] being present and a direct tube cell path from the pollination site to the egg is not needed.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Friedman-1993</ins>" /> In most species the germ cell can be more specifically described as a sperm cell which mates with the egg cell during fertilization, though that is not always the case. In some Gnetophyta species, the germ cell will release two sperm nuclei that undergo a rare gymnosperm double fertilization process occurring solely with sperm nuclei and not with the fusion of developed cells.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fernando-2010</ins>" /><ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Friedman-1996</ins>">{{Cite journal|last1=Friedman|first1=William|last2=Carmichael|first2=Jeffery|date=1996|title=Double Fertilization in Gnetales: Implications for Understanding Reproductive Diversification among Seed Plants|journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences|volume=157|issue=6|pages=77–94|doi=10.1086/297405|s2cid=86569189}}</ref> After fertilization is complete in all orders, the remaining male gametophyte tissue will deteriorate.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Carmichael-1995</ins>" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Seed Plant Female Gametophyte Variations.png|thumb|227x227px|Multiple examples of the variation of cell number in mature seed plant female gametophytes prior to fertilization. Each cell contains one nucleus unless depicted otherwise. A: Typical 7 celled, 8 nucleate angiosperm female gametophyte (ex. ''[[Tilia americana]]''). B: Typical gymnosperm female gametophyte with many haploid somatic cells illustrated with a honeycomb grid and two haploid germ cells (ex. ''[[Ginkgo biloba]]''). C: Abnormally large 10 celled, 16 nucleate angiosperm female gametophyte (ex. ''[[Peperomia|Peperomia dolabriformis]]''). D: Abnormally small 4 celled, 4 nucleate angiosperm female gametophyte (ex. ''[[Amborella|Amborella trichopoda]]''). E: Unusual gymnosperm female gametophyte that is singled celled with many free nuclei surrounding a pictured central vacuole (ex. ''[[Gnetum gnemon]]''). Blue: egg cell. Dark orange: synergid cell. Yellow: accessory cell. Green: antipodal cell. Peach: central cell. Purple: individual nuclei.]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Seed Plant Female Gametophyte Variations.png|thumb|227x227px|Multiple examples of the variation of cell number in mature seed plant female gametophytes prior to fertilization. Each cell contains one nucleus unless depicted otherwise. A: Typical 7 celled, 8 nucleate angiosperm female gametophyte (ex. ''[[Tilia americana]]''). B: Typical gymnosperm female gametophyte with many haploid somatic cells illustrated with a honeycomb grid and two haploid germ cells (ex. ''[[Ginkgo biloba]]''). C: Abnormally large 10 celled, 16 nucleate <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>angiosperm<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins> female gametophyte (ex. ''[[Peperomia|Peperomia dolabriformis]]''). D: Abnormally small 4 celled, 4 nucleate angiosperm female gametophyte (ex. ''[[Amborella|Amborella trichopoda]]''). E: Unusual gymnosperm female gametophyte that is singled celled with many free nuclei surrounding a pictured central vacuole (ex. ''[[Gnetum gnemon]]''). Blue: egg cell. Dark orange: synergid cell. Yellow: accessory cell. Green: antipodal cell. Peach: central cell. Purple: individual nuclei.]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The female gametophyte in gymnosperms differs from the male gametophyte as it spends its whole life cycle in one organ, the [[ovule]] located inside the megastrobilus or female cone.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:4</del>">{{Cite journal|last1=Friedman|first1=William|last2=Carmichael|first2=Jeffrey|date=1998|title=Heterochrony and Developmental Innovation: Evolution of Female Gametophyte Ontogeny in Gnetum, a Highly Apomorphic Seed Plant|journal=Evolution|volume=52|issue=4|pages=1016–1030|doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01830.x|pmid=28565210|s2cid=32439439|doi-access=free}}</ref> Similar to the male gametophyte, the female gametophyte normally is fully dependent on the surrounding sporophytic tissue for nutrients and the two organisms cannot be separated. However, the female gametophytes of ''[[Ginkgo biloba]]'' do contain chlorophyll and can produce some of their own energy, though, not enough to support itself without being supplemented by the sporophyte.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Friedman|first1=William|last2=Goliber|first2=Thomas|date=1986|title=Photosynthesis in the female gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=73|issue=9|pages=1261–1266|doi=10.1002/j.1537-2197.1986.tb10867.x}}</ref> The female gametophyte forms from a diploid megaspore that undergoes meiosis and starts being singled celled.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams, Claire G.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/405547163|title=Conifer reproductive biology|date=2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-9602-0|location=Dordrecht|oclc=405547163}}</ref> The size of the mature female gametophyte varies drastically between gymnosperm orders. In Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta, and some Gnetophyta, the single celled female gametophyte undergoes many cycles of mitosis ending up consisting of thousands of cells once mature. At a minimum, two of these cells are egg cells and the rest are haploid [[somatic cell]]s, but more egg cells may be present and their ploidy, though typically haploid, may vary.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:4</del>" /><ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:6</del>">{{Cite journal|last1=Baroux|first1=Célia|last2=Spillane|first2=Charles|last3=Grossniklaus|first3=Ueli|date=2002|title=Evolutionary origins of the endosperm in flowering plants|journal=Genome Biology|volume=3|issue=9|pages=1026.1–1026.5|doi=10.1186/gb-2002-3-9-reviews1026|pmid=12225592|pmc=139410}}</ref> In select Gnetophyta, the female gametophyte stays singled celled. Mitosis does occur, but no cell divisions are ever made.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:3</del>" /> This results in the mature female gametophyte in some Gnetophyta having many free nuclei in one cell. Once mature, this single celled gametophyte is 90% smaller than the female gametophytes in other gymnosperm orders.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:4</del>" /> After fertilization, the remaining female gametophyte tissue in gymnosperms serves as the nutrient source for the developing [[zygote]] (even in Gnetophyta where the diploid zygote cell is much smaller <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">then</del>, and for a while lives within the single celled gametophyte).<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:4</del>" /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The female gametophyte in gymnosperms differs from the male gametophyte as it spends its whole life cycle in one organ, the [[ovule]] located inside the megastrobilus or female cone.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Friedman-1998</ins>">{{Cite journal|last1=Friedman|first1=William|last2=Carmichael|first2=Jeffrey|date=1998|title=Heterochrony and Developmental Innovation: Evolution of Female Gametophyte Ontogeny in Gnetum, a Highly Apomorphic Seed Plant|journal=Evolution|volume=52|issue=4|pages=1016–1030|doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01830.x|pmid=28565210|s2cid=32439439|doi-access=free}}</ref> Similar to the male gametophyte, the female gametophyte normally is fully dependent on the surrounding sporophytic tissue for nutrients and the two organisms cannot be separated. However, the female gametophytes of ''[[Ginkgo biloba]]'' do contain chlorophyll and can produce some of their own energy, though, not enough to support itself without being supplemented by the sporophyte.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Friedman|first1=William|last2=Goliber|first2=Thomas|date=1986|title=Photosynthesis in the female gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=73|issue=9|pages=1261–1266|doi=10.1002/j.1537-2197.1986.tb10867.x}}</ref> The female gametophyte forms from a diploid megaspore that undergoes meiosis and starts being singled celled.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams, Claire G.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/405547163|title=Conifer reproductive biology|date=2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-9602-0|location=Dordrecht|oclc=405547163}}</ref> The size of the mature female gametophyte varies drastically between gymnosperm orders. In Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta, and some Gnetophyta, the single celled female gametophyte undergoes many cycles of mitosis ending up consisting of thousands of cells once mature. At a minimum, two of these cells are egg cells and the rest are haploid [[somatic cell]]s, but more egg cells may be present and their ploidy, though typically haploid, may vary.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Friedman-1998</ins>" /><ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Baroux-2002</ins>">{{Cite journal|last1=Baroux|first1=Célia|last2=Spillane|first2=Charles|last3=Grossniklaus|first3=Ueli|date=2002|title=Evolutionary origins of the endosperm in flowering plants|journal=Genome Biology|volume=3|issue=9|pages=1026.1–1026.5|doi=10.1186/gb-2002-3-9-reviews1026|pmid=12225592|pmc=139410<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |doi-access=free </ins>}}</ref> In select Gnetophyta, the female gametophyte stays singled celled. Mitosis does occur, but no cell divisions are ever made.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Friedman-1996</ins>" /> This results in the mature female gametophyte in some Gnetophyta having many free nuclei in one cell. Once mature, this single celled gametophyte is 90% smaller than the female gametophytes in other gymnosperm orders.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Friedman-1998</ins>" /> After fertilization, the remaining female gametophyte tissue in gymnosperms serves as the nutrient source for the developing [[zygote]] (even in Gnetophyta where the diploid zygote cell is much smaller <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at that stage</ins>, and for a while lives within the single celled gametophyte).<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Friedman-1998</ins>" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The precursor to the male angiosperm gametophyte is a diploid microspore mother cell located inside the [[anther]]. Once the microspore undergoes meiosis, 4 haploid cells are formed, each of which is a singled celled male gametophyte. The male gametophyte will develop via one or two rounds of mitosis inside the anther. This creates a 2 or 3 celled male gametophyte which becomes known as the pollen grain once [[dehiscing]] occurs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mascarenhas|first=Joseph|date=1989|title=The Male Gametophyte of Flowering Plants|journal=The Plant Cell|volume=1|issue=7|pages=657–664|doi=10.2307/3868955|jstor=3868955|pmid=12359904|pmc=159801}}</ref> One cell is the tube cell, and the remaining cell/cells are the sperm cells.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan, Aisha S.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/972290397|title=Angiosperms Structure and Important Products from Flowers in Industry.|date=2017|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated|isbn=978-1-119-26278-7|location=Somerset|oclc=972290397}}</ref> The development of the three celled male gametophyte prior to dehiscing has evolved multiple times and is present in about a third of angiosperm species allowing for faster fertilization after pollination.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brewbaker|first=James|date=1967|title=The distribution and phylogenetic significance of binucleate and trinucleate pollen grains in the angiosperms|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=54|issue=9|pages=1069–1083|doi=10.1002/j.1537-2197.1967.tb10735.x}}</ref> Once pollination occurs, the tube cell grows in size and if the male gametophyte is only 2 cells at this stage, the single sperm cell undergoes mitosis to create a second sperm cell.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:7</del>">{{Cite book|last=Singh, V.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/909120404|title=Plant anatomy and embryology of angiosperms|date=2009–2010|publisher=Global Media|others=Pande, P. C., Jain, D. K., ebrary, Inc.|isbn=978-81-7133-723-1|edition=1st|location=Meerut, India|oclc=909120404}}</ref> Just like in gymnosperms, the tube cell in angiosperms obtains nutrients from the sporophytic tissue, and may branch out into the pistil tissue or grow directly towards the ovule.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Borg|first1=Michael|last2=Brownfield|first2=Lynette|last3=Twell|first3=David|date=2009|title=Male gametophyte development: a molecular perspective|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=60|issue=5|pages=1465–1478|doi=10.1093/jxb/ern355|pmid=19213812|doi-access=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">free</del>}}</ref><ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:5</del>">{{Cite journal|last=Maheshwari|first=Panchanan|date=1949|title=The male gametophyte of angiosperms|journal=Botanical Review|volume=15|issue=1|pages=1–75|doi=10.1007/BF02861752|s2cid=32158532}}</ref> Once double fertilization is completed, the tube cell and other vegetative cells, if present, are all that remains of the male gametophyte and soon degrade.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:5</del>" /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The precursor to the male angiosperm gametophyte is a diploid microspore mother cell located inside the [[anther]]. Once the microspore undergoes meiosis, 4 haploid cells are formed, each of which is a singled celled male gametophyte. The male gametophyte will develop via one or two rounds of mitosis inside the anther. This creates a 2 or 3 celled male gametophyte which becomes known as the pollen grain once [[dehiscing]] occurs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mascarenhas|first=Joseph|date=1989|title=The Male Gametophyte of Flowering Plants|journal=The Plant Cell|volume=1|issue=7|pages=657–664|doi=10.2307/3868955|jstor=3868955|pmid=12359904|pmc=159801}}</ref> One cell is the tube cell, and the remaining cell/cells are the sperm cells.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan, Aisha S.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/972290397|title=Angiosperms Structure and Important Products from Flowers in Industry.|date=2017|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated|isbn=978-1-119-26278-7|location=Somerset|oclc=972290397}}</ref> The development of the three celled male gametophyte prior to dehiscing has evolved multiple times and is present in about a third of angiosperm species allowing for faster fertilization after pollination.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brewbaker|first=James|date=1967|title=The distribution and phylogenetic significance of binucleate and trinucleate pollen grains in the angiosperms|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=54|issue=9|pages=1069–1083|doi=10.1002/j.1537-2197.1967.tb10735.x}}</ref> Once pollination occurs, the tube cell grows in size and if the male gametophyte is only 2 cells at this stage, the single sperm cell undergoes mitosis to create a second sperm cell.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Singh, V.-2010</ins>">{{Cite book|last=Singh, V.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/909120404|title=Plant anatomy and embryology of angiosperms|date=2009–2010|publisher=Global Media|others=Pande, P. C., Jain, D. K., ebrary, Inc.|isbn=978-81-7133-723-1|edition=1st|location=Meerut, India|oclc=909120404}}</ref> Just like in gymnosperms, the tube cell in angiosperms obtains nutrients from the sporophytic tissue, and may branch out into the pistil tissue or grow directly towards the ovule.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Borg|first1=Michael|last2=Brownfield|first2=Lynette|last3=Twell|first3=David|date=2009|title=Male gametophyte development: a molecular perspective|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=60|issue=5|pages=1465–1478|doi=10.1093/jxb/ern355|pmid=19213812|doi-access=}}</ref><ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Maheshwari-1949</ins>">{{Cite journal|last=Maheshwari|first=Panchanan|date=1949|title=The male gametophyte of angiosperms|journal=Botanical Review|volume=15|issue=1|pages=1–75|doi=10.1007/BF02861752|s2cid=32158532}}</ref> Once double fertilization is completed, the tube cell and other vegetative cells, if present, are all that remains of the male gametophyte and soon degrade.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Maheshwari-1949</ins>" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The female gametophyte of angiosperms develops in the ovule (located inside the female or [[hermaphrodite]] [[flower]]). Its precursor is a diploid megaspore that undergoes meiosis which produces four haploid daughter cells. Three of these independent gametophyte cells degenerate and the one that remains is the gametophyte mother cell which normally contains one nucleus.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:8</del>">{{Cite journal|last1=Yadegari|first1=Yadegari|last2=Drews|first2=Gary|date=2004|title=Female Gametophyte Development|journal=The Plant Cell|volume=16|pages=133–141|doi=10.1105/tpc.018192|pmid=15075395|pmc=2643389}}</ref> In general, it will then divide by mitosis until it consists of 8 nuclei separated into 1 egg cell, 3 [[antipodal cell]]s, 2 [[Synergid|synergid cells]], and a [[central cell]] that contains two nuclei.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:8</del>" /><ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:7</del>" /> In select angiosperms, special cases occur in which the female gametophyte is not 7 celled with 8 nuclei.{{clarification needed|reason=garbled description|date=January 2022}}<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:6</del>" /> On the small end of the spectrum,{{clarification needed|reason=what does this mean?|date=January 2022}} some species have mature female gametophytes with only 4 cells, each with one nuclei.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rudall|first=Paula|date=2006|title=How many nuclei make an embryo sac in flowering plants?|journal=BioEssays|volume=28|issue=11|pages=1067–1071|doi=10.1002/bies.20488|pmid=17041880}}</ref> Conversely, some species have 10-celled mature female gametophytes consisting of 16 total nuclei.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Madrid|first1=Eric|last2=Friedman|first2=William|date=2010|title=Female gametophyte and early seed development in Peperomia (Piperaceae)|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=97|issue=1|pages=1–14|doi=10.3732/ajb.0800423|pmid=21622362}}</ref> Once [[double fertilization]] occurs, the egg cell becomes the zygote which is then considered sporophyte tissue. Scholars still disagree on whether the fertilized central cell is considered gametophyte tissue. Some botanists consider this endospore as gametophyte tissue with typically 2/3 being female and 1/3 being male, but as the central cell before double fertilization can range from 1n to 8n in special cases, the fertilized central cells range from 2n (50% male/female) to 9n (1/9 male, 8/9th female).<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:7</del>" /> However, other botanists consider the fertilized endospore as sporophyte tissue. Some believe it is neither.<ref name="<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:7</del>" /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The female gametophyte of angiosperms develops in the ovule (located inside the female or [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Hermaphrodite#Plants|</ins>hermaphrodite]] [[flower]]). Its precursor is a diploid megaspore that undergoes meiosis which produces four haploid daughter cells. Three of these independent gametophyte cells degenerate and the one that remains is the gametophyte mother cell which normally contains one nucleus.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Yadegari-2004</ins>">{{Cite journal|last1=Yadegari|first1=Yadegari|last2=Drews|first2=Gary|date=2004|title=Female Gametophyte Development|journal=The Plant Cell|volume=16<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|issue=Suppl </ins>|pages=133–141|doi=10.1105/tpc.018192|pmid=15075395|pmc=2643389}}</ref> In general, it will then divide by mitosis until it consists of 8 nuclei separated into 1 egg cell, 3 [[antipodal cell]]s, 2 [[Synergid|synergid cells]], and a [[central cell]] that contains two nuclei.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Yadegari-2004</ins>" /><ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Singh, V.-2010</ins>" /> In select angiosperms, special cases occur in which the female gametophyte is not 7 celled with 8 nuclei.{{clarification needed|reason=garbled description|date=January 2022}}<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Baroux-2002</ins>" /> On the small end of the spectrum,{{clarification needed|reason=what does this mean?|date=January 2022}} some species have mature female gametophytes with only 4 cells, each with one nuclei.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rudall|first=Paula|date=2006|title=How many nuclei make an embryo sac in flowering plants?|journal=BioEssays|volume=28|issue=11|pages=1067–1071|doi=10.1002/bies.20488|pmid=17041880}}</ref> Conversely, some species have 10-celled mature female gametophytes consisting of 16 total nuclei.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Madrid|first1=Eric|last2=Friedman|first2=William|date=2010|title=Female gametophyte and early seed development in Peperomia (Piperaceae)|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=97|issue=1|pages=1–14|doi=10.3732/ajb.0800423|pmid=21622362}}</ref> Once [[double fertilization]] occurs, the egg cell becomes the zygote which is then considered sporophyte tissue. Scholars still disagree on whether the fertilized central cell is considered gametophyte tissue. Some botanists consider this endospore as gametophyte tissue with typically 2/3 being female and 1/3 being male, but as the central cell before double fertilization can range from 1n to 8n in special cases, the fertilized central cells range from 2n (50% male/female) to 9n (1/9 male, 8/9th female).<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Singh, V.-2010</ins>" /> However, other botanists consider the fertilized endospore as sporophyte tissue. Some believe it is neither.<ref name="<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Singh, V.-2010</ins>" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Heterospory==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Heterospory==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 53:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 50:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In gymnosperms, the megagametophyte consists of several thousand cells and produces one to several [[archegonia]], each with a single egg cell. The gametophyte becomes a food storage tissue in the seed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digimuse.nmns.edu.tw/Default.aspx?Domin=b&tabid=268&Field=v0&ContentType=Study&FieldName=&ObjectId=&Subject=&Language=ENG |title=Vascular Plants :: Description |publisher=Digimuse.nmns.edu.tw |access-date=2014-07-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522044106/http://digimuse.nmns.edu.tw/Default.aspx?Domin=b&tabid=268&Field=v0&ContentType=Study&FieldName=&ObjectId=&Subject=&Language=ENG |archive-date=2014-05-22 }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In gymnosperms, the megagametophyte consists of several thousand cells and produces one to several [[archegonia]], each with a single egg cell. The gametophyte becomes a food storage tissue in the seed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digimuse.nmns.edu.tw/Default.aspx?Domin=b&tabid=268&Field=v0&ContentType=Study&FieldName=&ObjectId=&Subject=&Language=ENG |title=Vascular Plants :: Description |publisher=Digimuse.nmns.edu.tw |access-date=2014-07-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522044106/http://digimuse.nmns.edu.tw/Default.aspx?Domin=b&tabid=268&Field=v0&ContentType=Study&FieldName=&ObjectId=&Subject=&Language=ENG |archive-date=2014-05-22 }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In angiosperms, the megagametophyte is reduced to only a few cells, and is sometimes called the [[embryo sac]]. A typical embryo sac contains seven cells and eight nuclei, one of which is the egg cell. Two nuclei fuse with a sperm nucleus to form the [[triploid]] [[endosperm]], which becomes the food storage tissue in the seed.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In angiosperms, the megagametophyte is reduced to only a few cells, and is sometimes called the [[embryo sac]]. A typical embryo sac contains seven cells and eight nuclei, one of which is the egg cell. Two nuclei fuse with a sperm nucleus to form the<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> primary endospermic nucleus which develops to form</ins> [[triploid]] [[endosperm]], which becomes the food storage tissue in the seed.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==See also==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==See also==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 65:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 62:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Further reading==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Further reading==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* Roig-Villanova<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Irma<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;&nbsp;</del>Bou<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Jordi<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;&nbsp;</del>Sorin<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Céline<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;&nbsp;</del>Devlin<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Paul F.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;&nbsp;</del>Martínez-García<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Jaime F.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">«[http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/141/1/85</del> Identification of Primary Target Genes of Phytochrome Signaling. Early Transcriptional Control during Shade Avoidance Responses in Arabidopsis<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]».</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>Plant Physiology<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'',&nbsp;</del>141<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,&nbsp;</del>1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,&nbsp;</del>2006-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">05,&nbsp;pàg.&nbsp;85–96.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">DOI:</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>doi<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:</del>10.1104/pp.105.076331|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10.1104/pp.105.076331]].</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ISSN:</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0032–0889.</del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cite journal | last1=</ins>Roig-Villanova <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| first1=</ins>Irma<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last2=</ins>Bou <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| first2=</ins>Jordi<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last3=</ins>Sorin <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| first3=</ins>Céline<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last4=</ins>Devlin <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| first4=</ins>Paul F.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | last5=</ins>Martínez-García <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| first5=</ins>Jaime F. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| title=</ins>Identification of Primary Target Genes of Phytochrome Signaling. Early Transcriptional Control during Shade Avoidance Responses in Arabidopsis <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| journal=</ins>Plant Physiology<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | volume=</ins>141<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | issue=</ins>1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | date=</ins>2006-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">03-24</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| issn=1532-2548 |</ins> doi<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>10.1104/pp.105.076331<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>| <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pages=85–96|</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pmid=16565297 | pmc=1459307 }}</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* Cucinotta<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Mara<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del> Colombo<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Lucia<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del> Roig-Villanova<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> Irma <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(2014). "[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2014.00117/full</del> Ovule development, a new model for lateral organ formation<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]".</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>Frontiers in Plant Science<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''.</del> 5<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Doi</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(identifier)</del>|doi<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]:</del>10.3389/fpls.2014.00117<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[ISSN</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(identifier)</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ISSN]]&nbsp;1664-462X.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[PMC</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(identifier)</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PMC]]&nbsp;3973900.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[PMID</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;24723934.</del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cite journal | last1=</ins>Cucinotta <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| first1=</ins>Mara <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| last2=</ins>Colombo <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| first2=</ins>Lucia <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| last3=</ins>Roig-Villanova <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| first3=</ins>Irma <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">title=</ins>Ovule development, a new model for lateral organ formation <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| journal=</ins>Frontiers in Plant Science <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| publisher=Frontiers Media SA | volume=</ins>5 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| date=2014-03-27</ins> |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> page=117 | issn=1664-462X | </ins>doi<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>10.3389/fpls.2014.00117<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pmid=24723934</ins> | <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pmc=3973900</ins> | <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">doi-access=free</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Botany}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Botany}}</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 05:27, 23 August 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Haploid stage in the life cycle of plants and algae</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gametophyte2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gametophyte2.png/220px-Gametophyte2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gametophyte2.png/330px-Gametophyte2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gametophyte2.png/440px-Gametophyte2.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Several gametophytes growing in a <a href="/wiki/Terrarium" title="Terrarium">terrarium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_embryo_in_female_gametophyte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pinus_embryo_in_female_gametophyte.jpg/100px-Pinus_embryo_in_female_gametophyte.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pinus_embryo_in_female_gametophyte.jpg/150px-Pinus_embryo_in_female_gametophyte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pinus_embryo_in_female_gametophyte.jpg/200px-Pinus_embryo_in_female_gametophyte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>Pine gametophyte (outside) surrounding the embryo (inside)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>gametophyte</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is one of the two <a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">alternating</a> <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular phases</a> in the life cycles of <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> multicellular organism that develops from a haploid <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spore</a> that has one set of chromosomes. The gametophyte is the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction_of_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual reproduction of plants">sexual phase</a> in the life cycle of plants and algae. It develops sex organs that produce <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a>, haploid sex cells that participate in <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a> to form a <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a> which has a double set of chromosomes. Cell division of the zygote results in a new diploid multicellular organism, the second stage in the life cycle known as the <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophyte</a>. The sporophyte can produce haploid spores by <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> that on germination produce a new generation of gametophytes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Algae">Algae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gametophyte&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Algae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some <a href="/wiki/Multicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular">multicellular</a> <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ulva_lactuca" title="Ulva lactuca">Ulva lactuca</a></i> is one example), <a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown_algae" title="Brown algae">brown algae</a>, sporophytes and gametophytes may be externally indistinguishable (isomorphic). In <i><a href="/wiki/Ulva_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulva (genus)">Ulva</a></i>, the gametes are <a href="/wiki/Isogamy" title="Isogamy">isogamous</a>, all of one size, shape and general morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadava_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadava-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land_plants">Land plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gametophyte&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Land plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">land plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anisogamy" title="Anisogamy">anisogamy</a> is universal. As in animals, female and male gametes are called, respectively, <i>eggs</i> and <i>sperm.</i> In extant land plants, either the sporophyte or the gametophyte may be reduced (heteromorphic).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No extant gametophytes have <a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">stomata</a>, but they have been found on fossil species like the early Devonian <i><a href="/wiki/Aglaophyton" title="Aglaophyton">Aglaophyton</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Rhynie_chert" title="Rhynie chert">Rhynie chert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other fossil gametophytes found in the Rhynie chert shows they were much more developed than present forms, resembling the sporophyte in having a well-developed conducting strand, a cortex, an epidermis and a cuticle with stomata, but were much smaller.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bryophytes">Bryophytes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gametophyte&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bryophytes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverwort" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverwort">liverworts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">hornworts</a>), the gametophyte is the most visible stage of the life cycle. The bryophyte gametophyte is longer lived, nutritionally independent, and the sporophytes are attached to the gametophytes and dependent on them.<sup id="cite_ref-Budke_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a moss spore germinates it grows to produce a filament of cells (called the <a href="/wiki/Protonema" title="Protonema">protonema</a>). The mature gametophyte of mosses develops into leafy shoots that produce sex organs (<a href="/wiki/Gametangium" title="Gametangium">gametangia</a>) that produce gametes. Eggs develop in <a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">archegonia</a> and sperm in <a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">antheridia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some bryophyte groups such as many liverworts of the order <a href="/wiki/Marchantiales" title="Marchantiales">Marchantiales</a>, the gametes are produced on specialized structures called <a href="/wiki/Gametophore" title="Gametophore">gametophores</a> (or gametangiophores). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vascular_plants">Vascular plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gametophyte&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vascular plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular plants">vascular plants</a> are sporophyte dominant, and a trend toward smaller and more sporophyte-dependent female gametophytes is evident as land plants evolved reproduction by seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart_and_Rothwell_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart_and_Rothwell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those vascular plants, such as clubmosses and many ferns, that produce only one type of spore are said to be homosporous. They have exosporic gametophytes — that is, the gametophyte is free-living and develops outside of the spore wall. Exosporic gametophytes can either be bisexual, capable of producing both sperm and eggs in the same <a href="/wiki/Thallus" title="Thallus">thallus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monoicous" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoicous">monoicous</a>), or specialized into separate male and female organisms (dioicous). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Heterospory" title="Heterospory">heterosporous</a> vascular plants (plants that produce both microspores and megaspores), the gametophytes develop endosporically (within the spore wall). These gametophytes are <a href="/wiki/Dioicous" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioicous">dioicous</a>, producing either sperm or eggs but not both.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ferns">Ferns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gametophyte&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ferns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>, for example, in the <a href="/wiki/Leptosporangiate_fern" title="Leptosporangiate fern">leptosporangiate fern</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dryopteris" title="Dryopteris">Dryopteris</a></i>, the gametophyte is a <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthetic</a> free living <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">autotrophic</a> organism called a <a href="/wiki/Prothallus" title="Prothallus">prothallus</a> that produces gametes and maintains the sporophyte during its early multicellular development. However, in some groups, notably the clade that includes <a href="/wiki/Ophioglossaceae" title="Ophioglossaceae">Ophioglossaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psilotaceae" title="Psilotaceae">Psilotaceae</a>, the gametophytes are subterranean and subsist by forming <a href="/wiki/Mycotroph" title="Mycotroph">mycotrophic</a> relationships with fungi. Homosporous ferns secrete a chemical called <a href="/wiki/Antheridiogen" title="Antheridiogen">antheridiogen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lycophytes">Lycophytes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gametophyte&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lycophytes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Extant <a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">lycophytes</a> produce two different types of gametophytes. In the homosporous families <a href="/wiki/Lycopodiaceae" title="Lycopodiaceae">Lycopodiaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huperziaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Huperziaceae">Huperziaceae</a>, spores germinate into bisexual free-living, subterranean and mycotrophic gametophytes that derive nutrients from symbiosis with fungi. In <i><a href="/wiki/Isoetes" title="Isoetes">Isoetes</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Selaginella" title="Selaginella">Selaginella</a></i>, which are heterosporous, microspores and megaspores are dispersed from sporangia either passively or by active ejection.<sup id="cite_ref-SelagSpore_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SelagSpore-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microspores produce microgametophytes which produce sperm. Megaspores produce reduced megagametophytes inside the spore wall. At maturity, the megaspore cracks open at the trilete suture to allow the male gametes to access the egg cells in the archegonia inside. The gametophytes of <i>Isoetes</i> appear to be similar in this respect to those of the extinct <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> arborescent lycophytes <i>Lepidodendron</i> and <i>Lepidostrobus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brack-Hanes_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brack-Hanes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seed_plants">Seed plants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gametophyte&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Seed plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">seed plant</a> gametophyte life cycle is even more reduced than in basal taxa (ferns and lycophytes). Seed plant gametophytes are not independent organisms and depend upon the dominant sporophyte tissue for nutrients and water. With the exception of mature <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>, if the gametophyte tissue is separated from the sporophyte tissue it will not survive. Due to this complex relationship and the small size of the gametophyte tissue—in some situations single celled—differentiating with the human eye or even a microscope between seed plant gametophyte tissue and sporophyte tissue can be a challenge. While seed plant gametophyte tissue is typically composed of mononucleate haploid cells (1 x n), specific circumstances can occur in which the <a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">ploidy</a> does vary widely despite still being considered part of the gametophyte. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a>, the male gametophytes are produced inside <a href="/wiki/Microspores" class="mw-redirect" title="Microspores">microspores</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">microsporangia</a> located inside male cones or <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#microstrobilus" title="Glossary of botanical terms">microstrobili</a>. In each microspore, a single gametophyte is produced, consisting of four haploid cells produced by <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiotic</a> division of a diploid microspore mother cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernando-2010_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernando-2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At maturity, each microspore-derived gametophyte becomes a pollen grain. During its development, the water and nutrients that the male gametophyte requires are provided by the sporophyte tissue until they are released for pollination. The cell number of each mature pollen grain varies between the gymnosperm orders. <a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycadophyta</a> have 3 celled pollen grains while <a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgophyta</a> have 4 celled pollen grains.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernando-2010_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernando-2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a> may have 2 or 3 celled pollen grains depending on the species, and <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Coniferophyta</a> pollen grains vary greatly ranging from single celled to 40 celled.<sup id="cite_ref-Carmichael-1995_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carmichael-1995-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fernando-2010_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernando-2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these cells is typically a <a href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">germ cell</a> and other cells may consist of a single tube cell which grows to form the pollen tube, sterile cells, and/or prothallial cells which are both vegetative cells without an essential reproductive function.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernando-2010_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernando-2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a> is successful, the male gametophyte continues to develop. If a tube cell was not developed in the microstrobilus, one is created after pollination via mitosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernando-2010_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernando-2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tube cell grows into the diploid tissue of the female cone and may branch out into the <a href="/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">megastrobilus</a> tissue or grow straight towards the egg cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-1993_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-1993-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The megastrobilus sporophytic tissue provides nutrients for the male gametophyte at this stage.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-1993_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-1993-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some gymnosperms, the tube cell will create a direct channel from the site of pollination to the egg cell, in other gymnosperms, the tube cell will rupture in the middle of the megastrobilus sporophyte tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-1993_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-1993-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurs because in some gymnosperm orders, the germ cell is nonmobile and a direct pathway is needed, however, in Cycadophyta and Ginkgophyta, the germ cell is mobile due to <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagella</a> being present and a direct tube cell path from the pollination site to the egg is not needed.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-1993_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-1993-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most species the germ cell can be more specifically described as a sperm cell which mates with the egg cell during fertilization, though that is not always the case. In some Gnetophyta species, the germ cell will release two sperm nuclei that undergo a rare gymnosperm double fertilization process occurring solely with sperm nuclei and not with the fusion of developed cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernando-2010_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernando-2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-1996_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After fertilization is complete in all orders, the remaining male gametophyte tissue will deteriorate.<sup id="cite_ref-Carmichael-1995_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carmichael-1995-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seed_Plant_Female_Gametophyte_Variations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Seed_Plant_Female_Gametophyte_Variations.png/227px-Seed_Plant_Female_Gametophyte_Variations.png" decoding="async" width="227" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Seed_Plant_Female_Gametophyte_Variations.png/341px-Seed_Plant_Female_Gametophyte_Variations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Seed_Plant_Female_Gametophyte_Variations.png/454px-Seed_Plant_Female_Gametophyte_Variations.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Multiple examples of the variation of cell number in mature seed plant female gametophytes prior to fertilization. Each cell contains one nucleus unless depicted otherwise. A: Typical 7 celled, 8 nucleate angiosperm female gametophyte (ex. <i><a href="/wiki/Tilia_americana" title="Tilia americana">Tilia americana</a></i>). B: Typical gymnosperm female gametophyte with many haploid somatic cells illustrated with a honeycomb grid and two haploid germ cells (ex. <i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo biloba</a></i>). C: Abnormally large 10 celled, 16 nucleate <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperm</a> female gametophyte (ex. <i><a href="/wiki/Peperomia" title="Peperomia">Peperomia dolabriformis</a></i>). D: Abnormally small 4 celled, 4 nucleate angiosperm female gametophyte (ex. <i><a href="/wiki/Amborella" title="Amborella">Amborella trichopoda</a></i>). E: Unusual gymnosperm female gametophyte that is singled celled with many free nuclei surrounding a pictured central vacuole (ex. <i><a href="/wiki/Gnetum_gnemon" title="Gnetum gnemon">Gnetum gnemon</a></i>). Blue: egg cell. Dark orange: synergid cell. Yellow: accessory cell. Green: antipodal cell. Peach: central cell. Purple: individual nuclei.</figcaption></figure> <p>The female gametophyte in gymnosperms differs from the male gametophyte as it spends its whole life cycle in one organ, the <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovule</a> located inside the megastrobilus or female cone.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-1998_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to the male gametophyte, the female gametophyte normally is fully dependent on the surrounding sporophytic tissue for nutrients and the two organisms cannot be separated. However, the female gametophytes of <i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo biloba</a></i> do contain chlorophyll and can produce some of their own energy, though, not enough to support itself without being supplemented by the sporophyte.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female gametophyte forms from a diploid megaspore that undergoes meiosis and starts being singled celled.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of the mature female gametophyte varies drastically between gymnosperm orders. In Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta, and some Gnetophyta, the single celled female gametophyte undergoes many cycles of mitosis ending up consisting of thousands of cells once mature. At a minimum, two of these cells are egg cells and the rest are haploid <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell" title="Somatic cell">somatic cells</a>, but more egg cells may be present and their ploidy, though typically haploid, may vary.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-1998_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baroux-2002_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baroux-2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In select Gnetophyta, the female gametophyte stays singled celled. Mitosis does occur, but no cell divisions are ever made.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-1996_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This results in the mature female gametophyte in some Gnetophyta having many free nuclei in one cell. Once mature, this single celled gametophyte is 90% smaller than the female gametophytes in other gymnosperm orders.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-1998_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After fertilization, the remaining female gametophyte tissue in gymnosperms serves as the nutrient source for the developing <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a> (even in Gnetophyta where the diploid zygote cell is much smaller at that stage, and for a while lives within the single celled gametophyte).<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-1998_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The precursor to the male angiosperm gametophyte is a diploid microspore mother cell located inside the <a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">anther</a>. Once the microspore undergoes meiosis, 4 haploid cells are formed, each of which is a singled celled male gametophyte. The male gametophyte will develop via one or two rounds of mitosis inside the anther. This creates a 2 or 3 celled male gametophyte which becomes known as the pollen grain once <a href="/wiki/Dehiscing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehiscing">dehiscing</a> occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One cell is the tube cell, and the remaining cell/cells are the sperm cells.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of the three celled male gametophyte prior to dehiscing has evolved multiple times and is present in about a third of angiosperm species allowing for faster fertilization after pollination.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once pollination occurs, the tube cell grows in size and if the male gametophyte is only 2 cells at this stage, the single sperm cell undergoes mitosis to create a second sperm cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh,_V.-2010_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh,_V.-2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just like in gymnosperms, the tube cell in angiosperms obtains nutrients from the sporophytic tissue, and may branch out into the pistil tissue or grow directly towards the ovule.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maheshwari-1949_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maheshwari-1949-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once double fertilization is completed, the tube cell and other vegetative cells, if present, are all that remains of the male gametophyte and soon degrade.<sup id="cite_ref-Maheshwari-1949_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maheshwari-1949-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The female gametophyte of angiosperms develops in the ovule (located inside the female or <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite#Plants" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodite</a> <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a>). Its precursor is a diploid megaspore that undergoes meiosis which produces four haploid daughter cells. Three of these independent gametophyte cells degenerate and the one that remains is the gametophyte mother cell which normally contains one nucleus.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadegari-2004_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadegari-2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, it will then divide by mitosis until it consists of 8 nuclei separated into 1 egg cell, 3 <a href="/wiki/Antipodal_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipodal cell">antipodal cells</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Synergid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synergid">synergid cells</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Central_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Central cell">central cell</a> that contains two nuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadegari-2004_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadegari-2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singh,_V.-2010_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh,_V.-2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In select angiosperms, special cases occur in which the female gametophyte is not 7 celled with 8 nuclei.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="garbled description (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baroux-2002_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baroux-2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the small end of the spectrum,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what does this mean? (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> some species have mature female gametophytes with only 4 cells, each with one nuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, some species have 10-celled mature female gametophytes consisting of 16 total nuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once <a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">double fertilization</a> occurs, the egg cell becomes the zygote which is then considered sporophyte tissue. Scholars still disagree on whether the fertilized central cell is considered gametophyte tissue. Some botanists consider this endospore as gametophyte tissue with typically 2/3 being female and 1/3 being male, but as the central cell before double fertilization can range from 1n to 8n in special cases, the fertilized central cells range from 2n (50% male/female) to 9n (1/9 male, 8/9th female).<sup id="cite_ref-Singh,_V.-2010_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh,_V.-2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other botanists consider the fertilized endospore as sporophyte tissue. Some believe it is neither.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh,_V.-2010_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh,_V.-2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heterospory">Heterospory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gametophyte&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Heterospory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dioicous" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioicous">Dioicous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heterospory" title="Heterospory">Heterospory</a></div> <p>In heterosporic plants, there are two distinct kinds of gametophytes. Because the two gametophytes differ in form and function, they are termed <i>heteromorphic</i>, from <i>hetero</i>- "different" and <i>morph</i> "form". The egg-producing gametophyte is known as a <b>megagametophyte</b>, because it is typically larger, and the sperm producing gametophyte is known as a <b>microgametophyte</b>. Species which produce egg and sperm on separate gametophytes plants are termed <a href="/wiki/Dioicy" title="Dioicy">dioicous</a>, while those that produce both eggs and sperm on the same gametophyte are termed <a href="/wiki/Monoicy" title="Monoicy">monoicous</a>. </p><p>In heterosporous plants (water ferns, some lycophytes, as well as all gymnosperms and angiosperms), there are two distinct types of <a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">sporangia</a>, each of which produces a single kind of spore that germinates to produce a single kind of gametophyte. However, not all heteromorphic gametophytes come from heterosporous plants. That is, some plants have distinct egg-producing and sperm-producing gametophytes, but these gametophytes develop from the same kind of spore inside the same sporangium; <i><a href="/wiki/Sphaerocarpos" title="Sphaerocarpos">Sphaerocarpos</a></i> is an example of such a plant. </p><p>In seed plants, the microgametophyte is called pollen. Seed plant microgametophytes consists of several (typically two to five) cells when the pollen grains exit the sporangium. The megagametophyte develops within the megaspore of extant seedless vascular plants and within the megasporangium in a cone or flower in seed plants. In seed plants, the microgametophyte (pollen) travels to the vicinity of the egg cell (carried by a physical or animal vector) and produces two sperm by mitosis. </p><p>In gymnosperms, the megagametophyte consists of several thousand cells and produces one to several <a href="/wiki/Archegonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Archegonia">archegonia</a>, each with a single egg cell. The gametophyte becomes a food storage tissue in the seed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In angiosperms, the megagametophyte is reduced to only a few cells, and is sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Embryo_sac" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryo sac">embryo sac</a>. A typical embryo sac contains seven cells and eight nuclei, one of which is the egg cell. Two nuclei fuse with a sperm nucleus to form the primary endospermic nucleus which develops to form <a href="/wiki/Triploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Triploid">triploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a>, which becomes the food storage tissue in the seed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gametophyte&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a> – Diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a plant or alga</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a> – Reproductive cycle of plants and algae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a> – Organ of the gametophyte of certain plants, producing and containing the ovum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a> – Part of a plant producing and containing male gametes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gametophyte&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sadava-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sadava_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSadavaHillisHellerBerenbaum2012" class="citation book cs1">Sadava, David; Hillis, David; Heller, H. 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"How many nuclei make an embryo sac in flowering plants?". <i>BioEssays</i>. <b>28</b> (11): 1067–1071. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20488">10.1002/bies.20488</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17041880">17041880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioEssays&rft.atitle=How+many+nuclei+make+an+embryo+sac+in+flowering+plants%3F&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1067-1071&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.20488&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17041880&rft.aulast=Rudall&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGametophyte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadridFriedman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Madrid, Eric; Friedman, William (2010). "Female gametophyte and early seed development in Peperomia (Piperaceae)". <i>American Journal of Botany</i>. <b>97</b> (1): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.0800423">10.3732/ajb.0800423</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21622362">21622362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Female+gametophyte+and+early+seed+development+in+Peperomia+%28Piperaceae%29&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.0800423&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21622362&rft.aulast=Madrid&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Friedman%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGametophyte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140522044106/http://digimuse.nmns.edu.tw/Default.aspx?Domin=b&tabid=268&Field=v0&ContentType=Study&FieldName=&ObjectId=&Subject=&Language=ENG">"Vascular Plants :: Description"</a>. Digimuse.nmns.edu.tw. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digimuse.nmns.edu.tw/Default.aspx?Domin=b&tabid=268&Field=v0&ContentType=Study&FieldName=&ObjectId=&Subject=&Language=ENG">the original</a> on 2014-05-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vascular+Plants+%3A%3A+Description&rft.pub=Digimuse.nmns.edu.tw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigimuse.nmns.edu.tw%2FDefault.aspx%3FDomin%3Db%26tabid%3D268%26Field%3Dv0%26ContentType%3DStudy%26FieldName%3D%26ObjectId%3D%26Subject%3D%26Language%3DENG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGametophyte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gametophyte&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoig-VillanovaBouSorinDevlin2006" class="citation journal cs1">Roig-Villanova, Irma; Bou, Jordi; Sorin, Céline; Devlin, Paul F.; Martínez-García, Jaime F. (2006-03-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1459307">"Identification of Primary Target Genes of Phytochrome Signaling. Early Transcriptional Control during Shade Avoidance Responses in Arabidopsis"</a>. <i>Plant Physiology</i>. <b>141</b> (1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 85–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.105.076331">10.1104/pp.105.076331</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1532-2548">1532-2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1459307">1459307</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16565297">16565297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&rft.atitle=Identification+of+Primary+Target+Genes+of+Phytochrome+Signaling.+Early+Transcriptional+Control+during+Shade+Avoidance+Responses+in+Arabidopsis&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-96&rft.date=2006-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1459307%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1532-2548&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16565297&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.105.076331&rft.aulast=Roig-Villanova&rft.aufirst=Irma&rft.au=Bou%2C+Jordi&rft.au=Sorin%2C+C%C3%A9line&rft.au=Devlin%2C+Paul+F.&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Garc%C3%ADa%2C+Jaime+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1459307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGametophyte" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCucinottaColomboRoig-Villanova2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cucinotta, Mara; Colombo, Lucia; Roig-Villanova, Irma (2014-03-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3973900">"Ovule development, a new model for lateral organ formation"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Plant Science</i>. <b>5</b>. Frontiers Media SA: 117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2014.00117">10.3389/fpls.2014.00117</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-462X">1664-462X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3973900">3973900</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24723934">24723934</a>.</cite><span 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Botany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;;background: #90EE90;"><link 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Botany" title="Template:Botany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Botany" title="Template talk:Botany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Botany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Botany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Botany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_botany" title="Outline of botany">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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