CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9133f8d16eda406a',cH: '8.2KZo2d.j_.inBPWtwRxkRVUg0l3oapbZisGrn4uTI-1739776376-1.2.1.1-rxTxmktgkNqM4fQITMpm.bBhqGFFPuV_14ZKFQSKhcNPxafrn1TEwAcq24hxptY.',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=information%20technology%20education&__cf_chl_tk=91zEZzn9r5pGTro9h972umpQ02xdrfsd.7DXeYwkVG8-1739776376-1.0.1.1-3zRgJqbZR33kDjXbpsUzCi5SphFrUofZg2pK2nbX9J0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739776376',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/search?q=information%20technology%20education&__cf_chl_f_tk=91zEZzn9r5pGTro9h972umpQ02xdrfsd.7DXeYwkVG8-1739776376-1.0.1.1-3zRgJqbZR33kDjXbpsUzCi5SphFrUofZg2pK2nbX9J0",md: "ESCXqbUqUbNqDMTJAGqLAXVT84L9fCxNGghKoqkL9ms-1739776376-1.2.1.1-5V0bHpjQHOaSn2dje1dMJtkeoOQ3ZY9a7T7mimBF9d1lFKApiv6CYQlkDQB0O2jz2Soz_wJJtzVE9tFNOKuEEz61T36k_qwW5HdvBgizVRbP4CahykkPkhZv68Gm8xQGTNZUuW14XZsAYE2CGQXy5HKZvprfeFBVJSwfqzthgTmqtLiAZnNjyYnNlsklPGc4YbUWOv4zAY2y7oeDyIgZvuQurWHgU0vHluw_OhjXhAjWZgOp.GM.FRoZfI4.N1clHNWOVx.Jh6eRjDhOqKdGk1CBh_8TdxNO39k6LfYpkmvclXRQxvZKkF.e8J95jCEL6A6_VkRRR3mlmSvmqzq9bTdYNOJeK2M34HnDMSrpMRu1ehNmjmJfQYWDtGt_QY08sU5CvGojZKdShRDAnWKAvUOBT4tfCgDyRxEBUxmC9QPzg7I38pNYNka0rSn.PeO0AdT88ls3cqTF2CN3fVLIYI_DjmcgPew1zW1ZV85G402IASdqlx_A6srVytWSGlPd5hblzVVUv1lapI0CFm4KribetMl.1paup.WI0qvHMRm0B9SaaNcVeiAs5rocmnDFovC_JA08ifeaWl11VniB3bNAswHFQPDBreX_S0KMf6fcy5O4yZZ7yxqZKY1jk1XiS6OJiZdYd9Z7cyABiAZC9KuY2hLzSlkhKPW_iZQgrJCNSkB5y.vdIJmN0NOu24_0JV72CtBpLdxdSL3GstHZ7jAtQfWfnNAqF6Tn0nyPCgjA2_zne8IOvebuleYWsT1JSRwxoaG0_01oceHx_s0G6SGmP0WUdo4P4vV8HMaJJFgGs_16hWI3WJ3A1cobV7xGkvxichCr_GxKUv1VnQaiOEn3HkXhbq2GEBVOaFZxlpSaUx1oFRA65B5E3wVmjYw4P.VmXeN3cqrRNYOZNJGWT2rg22dldcso3FHEjr8KgvuDHsF_eRuFvAgvsFA0l0iZNI29_hsCP_30P4GzBpfjPDALgtc_FTjQZqwEEiwkPn_Sk8sHYcD5hglPyD8AKZzDggR4JXRMjLYtJA40PvKEvMJzUwS.1.QZTJ9UhwsuE5QNzyrpPrrz.jju5j6vQLtThN.dnVT5xhjE4Rs0Mo1OO1y0FUI3HLxo_5SeUk_s7ucMAowDADfMElIaqjq4Gqxcp.ugQkjLUwHvF2vK2jyMSH8kbc4Bi1IMBmG9pPAetAygZgUtwOqsJXNGelcjO_ox6EDn4Q79rEY.EXO_V6vC3kP0gSfUNhFqyc07SR4JqTVmwCU682n_TXWmcdm3mqZrJeiD_DKEpUKy5aUHVgez.X2xfBPhWspfKvRHbgHQTJTF5Egv2eoqD0zeBC6fVKVlv4v296HkY1J6TlyK9ZRjb6VKuR.xW39bjnuYevkJKQ_K32VsO6wsv..PPKwwPNKQnPREeTLS0wfpqj52vzEh5XUeT3S3.hKF7wm7lsUh3YyJvTCItfsohlZDVSk.s2jj1TeqJ9QzIKhQzFWyfyl6LZCjmrl28QSIYRjKlU56Vy.DtleyjKbGWfIPZshiPJHJqX5c30BVWiryEK8q.2NNaDkaJ9W.EG3yhLIHD5jzgxUPQQJ95F89KiWe8g2GNsbLcVgRi5tllWebCBPKSLCBDRj.EtqLXZUgSBr.MCJ17BNhVDVXnoj.MkVEL7eas0VbLwJUlERpSNJTO_.R4fLgSqlMwpP6dq5U7yQ4neBaSCquYCA.EInM0TGQ1iHnbjbl.aXu6vI3wi9D2x7gSl8u.on9G2qsRz5Ylj9oCk3FM85Nrg_0LYvDhdy_S3pQbdnnty88U_60aZjiNMjUFXV__pOFS0vMPCAG39Yljgs07VbAtzRRxLC9lOcJEygrCF1YcBE14Slo0ilUtQIRKEmbBTZ3EGA3nswpAz8FoGpVqNu3ggIWA_8rvjTW5jeS15NASu4nD8hE_BTfht9TtVjqrO43jHGECQtjxrlQoHyVa0Oc_lTdR0DySkE38pK3AW9B",mdrd: "2wBfZp6erzfoWMdDn9CP6AXoPiGxrrOFXMeZo.N9dds-1739776376-1.2.1.1-olpPwpsHJOEa6otuAM7rjmUsRGldUzF3Wh.XaiPIZI5v8CToL9Vh9mXw6omLgNeqdPr7IZORK0pM9tnEsYDcOL58cp9d9JGyP2d65GIvKrBNZqDZRV8qOKac1YjPYZidlB1DqG44lk1KyOJ5RHx88hCbre3senqBxiC49vcEwGyGsorbo0_T6PR.jKfpgafSlW9HK6t4HZmD4g6V3YnZuJXeav_Fmq4oGuESmNQASaNIloDA8V2aZ98KxbeFt9vpiL7R8SI.W6P1v56eY..c.FQSVP.V77M66bcNljSgeyQhp5Yg6KgZzG2aKAHh7FxVEEHugbN3suqL_Et5bZe13kK_G_YXIorN.SKg9jQvpeeBc7IbiLhA06N.1IxuHZ_suf7L9oEz10dgiyw8idai0YK2GFZsCGmIM_cRv_lVKgoQlZOjPbHBiN6kw20QpxQxD6fn2vp6Lgi0Bi4DIE9J50uii4v8OQRbMiZQIUGe1VnWNPICdBizmVpNzX53U8AhXBlVfBE_aM4q6XPHJ2SbC9v3X1cLcfoITdep4qyRWyrtMQRHG1rUPohMWUdr90J88LtyZVidH2ny_TpOF4rhiRVN8Oe26K.EdTTGq0acrWqbKkmdp4nOYKvYWSpZTk4UuGLu_rvwOZO8r_YwEUPgS8bSoffb77FVTJOt.HNNdEfOuHVmGAI_foxT9wVcucOP9Zj5WLc7EO5UqVVnMQ8pG2gIKC01cNB9rkTzQant8r4UNv20NELs4o57eZ2rgTpZvYG18U5CD7e2g1gwfL7bNyujK2rlVMPyuIr2aG9QO7aKaDVDWvBJrSpqPDiCtXfVXdvVTBjHOcmvjGQ0MA.._Qd73BCRcdjF1_2oH6x7GUOJru9gX82rQ3kSaS9LwnOW9AxLxW6hd8V_Yrd1_TJYvIfAU06cHSiAn4F_8NXEEXf74gqajC.VycjcEl5gtdRgOFfCP28tlYxMt3W550rPwE9_91Wk5PUa2neakOaCVtfipYHMlVNxEiQEMK3GRjxKyFbZNqIm3OQFBv2cq6NYn1iUo07vFbxXucFX6JyYbcDFwwcSG7wxzI9YftzWnpjQJp8H63nWczt3wntJBYS0ILK.zNt8ykRH3bIBgX1E8aRlbZjisdkE4S7vpx.foGS5L74h737tK8eXhU73UnaivnmwIsAS05la6n15IG8HEU.Q1Gdx01H.lfIqt_5MwGWFB_4hrWDEzXGs2fY1XN0uk.VR1ptD2MTt6zZcuTLKzte2_1TaggRM3mnUk.DQDzyEpMUy5yldoVP5spTQqN8awrQ0yqEi7k0X83UzgdzJKwcW8_F7xsz5dGKf11aNVeDQRTkWTnXpDCfY8HJlBevsb3sRpOY2t45oVF1cKyJIwCnWraAaWLl9QQ_XE_MVzdlTV4saz.RlL4p6TFTc51ifxZlkkwurR0VP4K8T4zXrClLtAR_Y0X942i2VGIau_21NOJYHY9mxi6WgakmxF03Ds2ZKnWQlA8PKIKdBjXi0Iv9Z5SL.QiYy8qx4C.dd5Ac9utfR78iNb7BnRKPGPFadPHW.3yzjGUumuMoECJYm5v2nfLifwQ5X1CXupn5n.MFDAu6AfU.D6cKrHcOkcrnro8eruxb7rq6GGdxo9sLZryUDID0xVN54yAZMU_Kb_ngxg79BBmS8QklVCyr_p0DbmFiBNvTiikBWTGDRxp2kKW7LvEt59mvcNyzNCIHtkDoSszxlfoYNRI49Z7Eok.nO.dhVps1MRUMayxWLuyuZZsXC7X2aJj0c2CnuATabNk.4qENRN1xypRyUYRlOx6USayTabdaiWX3xdoBRGiBSSRqa4vdX_kooD.Fq8kTbv9w9IDczC6yizOXkqU8.5Mz5eg3FcJpQG_QjHzukO7LfHu9PMQ6GNo69pZfCnzMeR8CS0onAxQ.wmAQdm1Bo4rpPqJ9Wamo4.32zkunNnCJaaOncJZ9G1EcG71v3ThkVgtQd"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9133f8d16eda406a';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=information%20technology%20education&__cf_chl_rt_tk=91zEZzn9r5pGTro9h972umpQ02xdrfsd.7DXeYwkVG8-1739776376-1.0.1.1-3zRgJqbZR33kDjXbpsUzCi5SphFrUofZg2pK2nbX9J0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>