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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_accomplishments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable accomplishments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_accomplishments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Space_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Space sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meteorology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meteorology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Meteorology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meteorology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Materials science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Radar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactical_electronic_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactical_electronic_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Tactical electronic warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactical_electronic_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Information security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Nuclear research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Physical sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plasma_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plasma_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Plasma science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plasma_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Artificial intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Staff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_directorates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_directorates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Research directorates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_directorates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_directorates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_directorates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Support directorates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_directorates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanoscience_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanoscience_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Nanoscience Institute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanoscience_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laboratory_for_Autonomous_Systems_Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_for_Autonomous_Systems_Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_for_Autonomous_Systems_Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_years_and_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_years_and_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>World War II years and growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_years_and_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_WWII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_WWII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>After WWII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_WWII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centennial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centennial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Centennial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centennial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Environmental contamination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Naval Research Laboratory</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="معمل أبحاث البحرية الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معمل أبحاث البحرية الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llaboratoriu_d%27Investigaci%C3%B3n_Naval_de_los_Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" title="Llaboratoriu d'Investigación Naval de los Estaos Xuníos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llaboratoriu d'Investigación Naval de los Estaos Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="United States Naval Research Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%97%CE%A0%CE%91" title="Εργαστήριο Ναυτικών Ερευνών των ΗΠΑ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εργαστήριο Ναυτικών Ερευνών των ΗΠΑ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratorio_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n_Naval_de_Estados_Unidos" title="Laboratorio de Investigación Naval de Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laboratorio de Investigación Naval de Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87" title="آزمایشگاه تحقیقات نیروی دریایی ایالات متحده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزمایشگاه تحقیقات نیروی دریایی ایالات متحده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="Naval Research Laboratory – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Naval Research Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="United States Naval Research Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="United States Naval Research Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A6%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מעבדת המחקר של צי ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעבדת המחקר של צי ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="Naval Research Laboratory – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Naval Research Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="アメリカ海軍調査研究所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ海軍調査研究所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="United States Naval Research Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laborat%C3%B3rio_de_Pesquisa_Naval_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Laboratório de Pesquisa Naval dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laboratório de Pesquisa Naval dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratorul_de_Cercet%C4%83ri_Navale_al_Statelor_Unite" title="Laboratorul de Cercetări Navale al Statelor Unite – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Laboratorul de Cercetări Navale al Statelor Unite" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%9C%D0%A1_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Исследовательская лаборатория ВМС США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исследовательская лаборатория ВМС США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United States Naval Research Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Дослідницька лабораторія Військово-морського флоту США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дослідницька лабораторія Військово-морського флоту США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="美國海軍研究實驗室 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美國海軍研究實驗室" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&params=38_49_21_N_77_01_30_W_region:US-DC"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°49′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°01′30″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.82250°N 77.02500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.82250; -77.02500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. Navy research laboratory</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">U.S. Naval Research Laboratory</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Research_Laboratory_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Naval_Research_Laboratory_Logo.png/160px-Naval_Research_Laboratory_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Naval_Research_Laboratory_Logo.png/240px-Naval_Research_Laboratory_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Naval_Research_Laboratory_Logo.png/320px-Naval_Research_Laboratory_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="401" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Naval_Research_Laboratory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/US_Naval_Research_Laboratory.jpg/280px-US_Naval_Research_Laboratory.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/US_Naval_Research_Laboratory.jpg/420px-US_Naval_Research_Laboratory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/US_Naval_Research_Laboratory.jpg/560px-US_Naval_Research_Laboratory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Aerial view in 2021</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1923<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1923</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Research type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Basic and Applied Research</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">Budget</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$1.1 billion<sup id="cite_ref-Facts,_Figures_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts,_Figures-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Field of research</div></th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental science">Fundamental science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Director_(business)" title="Director (business)">Director</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrl.navy.mil/About-Us/Leadership/Director-of-Research/">Dr. Bruce Danly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,538 civilian<br />86 military (2015)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, United States<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&params=38_49_21_N_77_01_30_W_region:US-DC"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°49′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°01′30″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.82250°N 77.02500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.82250; -77.02500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">U.S. Naval Research Laboratory</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1923–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="520" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5940" data-file-height="4680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Research</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrl.navy.mil">nrl.navy.mil</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Commander</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrl.navy.mil/About-Us/Leadership/Commanding-Officer/">Capt. Jesse H. Black</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Director of Research</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrl.navy.mil/About-Us/Leadership/Director-of-Research/">Dr. Bruce Danly</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Research_Laboratory.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Naval_Research_Laboratory.png/220px-Naval_Research_Laboratory.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Naval_Research_Laboratory.png/330px-Naval_Research_Laboratory.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Naval_Research_Laboratory.png/440px-Naval_Research_Laboratory.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Naval Research Laboratory seal</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>United States Naval Research Laboratory</b> (<b>NRL</b>) is the corporate <a href="/wiki/Research_laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Research laboratory">research laboratory</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>. It was founded in 1923 and conducts basic scientific research, applied research, technological development and prototyping. The laboratory's specialties include <a href="/wiki/Plasma_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma physics">plasma physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_physics" title="Space physics">space physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, and tactical <a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">electronic warfare</a>. NRL is one of the first US government scientific <a href="/wiki/R%26D" class="mw-redirect" title="R&D">R&D</a> laboratories, having opened in 1923 at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>, and is currently under the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2016, NRL was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Working_Capital_Fund" title="United States Navy Working Capital Fund">Navy Working Capital Fund</a> activity, which means it is not a line-item in the US Federal Budget. Instead of direct funding from Congress, all costs, including overhead, were recovered through sponsor-funded research projects. NRL's research expenditures were approximately $1 billion per year.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Naval_Research_Laboratory_2019a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/U.S._Naval_Research_Laboratory_2019a.jpg/220px-U.S._Naval_Research_Laboratory_2019a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/U.S._Naval_Research_Laboratory_2019a.jpg/330px-U.S._Naval_Research_Laboratory_2019a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/U.S._Naval_Research_Laboratory_2019a.jpg/440px-U.S._Naval_Research_Laboratory_2019a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Part of the Naval Research Laboratory main campus in Washington, D.C. The prominent dish antenna is often used as a symbol of the laboratory.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Naval Research Laboratory conducts a wide variety of basic research and applied research relevant to the US Navy. NRL scientists and engineers author<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> over 1200 openly published research papers in a wide range of conferences, symposia, and journals each year. </p><p>It has a history of scientific breakthroughs and technological achievements dating back to its foundation in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-little_book_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-little_book-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some instances the laboratory's contributions to military technology have been declassified decades after those technologies have become widely adopted. </p><p>In 2011, NRL researchers published 1,398 unclassified scientific and technical articles, book chapters and conference proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook_2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the NRL was ranked No. 3 among all U.S. institutions holding <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>-related patents, behind <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current areas of research at NRL include, for example:<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_2014_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook_2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Advanced radio, optical and infrared sensors</li> <li>Autonomous systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications Technology">Communications Technology</a> (e.g., radio, networking, optical transmission)</li> <li>Directed energy technology</li> <li>Electronic electro-optical device technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic warfare</a></li> <li>Enhanced maintainability, reliability and survivability technology</li> <li>Environmental effects on naval systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-robot_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-robot interaction">Human-robot interaction</a></li> <li>Imaging research and systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information Security</a></li> <li>Marine geosciences</li> <li>Materials</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li>Ocean acoustics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li> <li>Plasma physics</li> <li>Space systems and technology</li> <li>Surveillance and sensor technology</li> <li>Undersea technology</li></ul> <p>In 2014, the NRL was researching: armor for munitions in transport, high-powered lasers, remote explosives detection, spintronics, the dynamics of explosive gas mixtures, electromagnetic <a href="/wiki/Railgun" title="Railgun">railgun</a> technology, detection of hidden nuclear materials, <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a> devices, high-power <a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">extremely high frequency</a> (35–220 GHz) amplifiers, acoustic lensing, information-rich orbital coastline mapping, arctic weather forecasting, global aerosol analysis & prediction, high-density plasmas, <a href="/wiki/Millisecond_pulsar" title="Millisecond pulsar">millisecond pulsars</a>, broadband laser data links, virtual mission operation centers, battery technology, photonic crystals, carbon nanotube electronics, electronic sensors, mechanical nano-resonators, solid-state chemical sensors, organic opto-electronics, neural-electronic interfaces and self-assembling nanostructures.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_2014_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook_2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The laboratory includes a range of R&D facilities. 2014 additions included the NRL Nanoscience Institute's 5,000 sq ft (460 m<sup>2</sup>) Class 100 nanofabrication cleanroom;<sup id="cite_ref-NNCI_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNCI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quiet and ultra-quiet measurement labs;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research (LASR).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_accomplishments">Notable accomplishments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notable accomplishments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Naval_Research_Laboratory_2019d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/U.S._Naval_Research_Laboratory_2019d.jpg/220px-U.S._Naval_Research_Laboratory_2019d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/U.S._Naval_Research_Laboratory_2019d.jpg/330px-U.S._Naval_Research_Laboratory_2019d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/U.S._Naval_Research_Laboratory_2019d.jpg/440px-U.S._Naval_Research_Laboratory_2019d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>This building on NRL's main campus features prominent <a href="/wiki/Radome" title="Radome">radomes</a> on its roof</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_sciences">Space sciences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Space sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Naval Research Laboratory has a long history of spacecraft development. This includes the second, fifth and seventh American satellites in Earth orbit, the first solar-powered satellite, the first surveillance satellite, the first meteorological satellite and the first GPS satellite. <a href="/wiki/Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Project Vanguard</a>, the first American satellite program, tasked NRL with the design, construction and launch of an artificial satellite, which was accomplished in 1958. As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard I">Vanguard I</a> and its upper launch stage are still in orbit, making them the longest-lived man-made satellites. <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard II">Vanguard II</a> was the first satellite to observe the Earth's cloud cover and therefore the first meteorological satellite. NRL's <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Radiation_and_Background" title="Galactic Radiation and Background">Galactic Radiation and Background</a> I (GRAB I) was the first U.S. <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence satellite">intelligence satellite</a>, mapping out <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> radar networks from space. The <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) was invented at NRL and tested by NRL's <a href="/wiki/Timation" title="Timation">Timation</a> series of satellites. The first operational GPS satellite, Timation IV (NTS-II) was designed and constructed at NRL.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NRL pioneered the study of the sun Ultraviolet and X-Ray spectrum and continues to contribute to the field with satellites like <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_(satellite)" title="Coriolis (satellite)">Coriolis</a> launched in 2003. NRL is also responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Tactical_Satellite_Program" title="Tactical Satellite Program">Tactical Satellite Program</a> with spacecraft launched in 2006, 2009 and 2011. </p><p>The NRL designed the first satellite tracking system, <a href="/wiki/Minitrack" title="Minitrack">Minitrack</a>, which became the prototype for future satellite tracking networks. Prior to the success of surveillance satellites, the iconic parabolic antenna atop NRL's main headquarters in Washington, D.C. was part of <a href="/wiki/Communication_Moon_Relay" title="Communication Moon Relay">Communication Moon Relay</a>, a project that utilized signals bounced off the Moon both for long-distance communications research and surveillance of internal Soviet transmissions during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. </p><p>NRL's spacecraft development program continues today with the <a href="/wiki/TacSat-4" title="TacSat-4">TacSat-4</a> experimental tactical reconnaissance and communication satellite. In addition to spacecraft design, NRL designs and operates spaceborne research instruments and experiments, such as the Strontium Iodide Radiation Instrumentation (SIRI) and RAM Angle and Magnetic field sensor (RAMS) aboard STPSat-5,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Wide-field Imager for Solar PRobe (WISPR) aboard the <a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Large_Angle_and_Spectrometric_Coronagraph" title="Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph">Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph</a> Experiment (LASCO)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aboard the <a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">Solar and Heliospheric Observatory</a> (SOHO). NASA's <a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope</a> (FGST) [formerly called Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST)] was tested at NRL spacecraft testing facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NRL scientists have most recently contributed leading research to the study of novas<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gamma ray bursts.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meteorology">Meteorology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Meteorology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:170825-N-N0101-502_(36086497114).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/170825-N-N0101-502_%2836086497114%29.jpg/220px-170825-N-N0101-502_%2836086497114%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/170825-N-N0101-502_%2836086497114%29.jpg/330px-170825-N-N0101-502_%2836086497114%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/170825-N-N0101-502_%2836086497114%29.jpg/440px-170825-N-N0101-502_%2836086497114%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>NRL satellite image of hurricane Harvey just prior to landfall on the Texas coast, 2017.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Marine Meteorology Division (Naval Research Lab–Monterey, NRL–MRY), located in <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey, California</a>, contributes to weather forecasting in the United States and around the world by publishing imagery from 18 weather satellites. Satellite images of severe weather (e.g. hurricanes and cyclones) that are used for advanced warning often originate from NRL–MRY, as seen in 2017 during <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NRL is also involved in weather forecasting models such as the <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Weather_Research_and_Forecasting_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting model">Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting model</a> released in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials_science">Materials science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Materials science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NRL has a long history of contributions to materials science, dating back to the use of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_radiography" title="Industrial radiography">Industrial radiography</a> with gamma rays for the nondestructive inspection of metal casings and welds on Navy vessels beginning in the 1920s. Modern mechanical <a href="/wiki/Fracture_mechanics" title="Fracture mechanics">fracture mechanics</a> were pioneered at NRL and were subsequently applied to solve fracture problems in Navy vessels, commercial aircraft and Polaris missiles. That knowledge is in widespread use today in applications ranging from design of nuclear reactors to aircraft, submarines and toxic material storage tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-little_book_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-little_book-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NRL developed the synthesis of high-purity GaAs crystals used in a myriad of modern high frequency transceivers including cellular phones, satellite communication systems, commercial and military radar systems including those aboard all US combat aircraft and ARM, Phoenix, AIM-9L and AMRAAM missiles. NRL's GaAs inventions were licensed by Rockwell, Westinghouse, Texas Instruments and Hughes Research.<sup id="cite_ref-nrl.navy.mil_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrl.navy.mil-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-purity GaAs is also used for high-efficiency solar cells like those aboard NASA's Spirit and Opportunity rovers currently on Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NRL discovered solar-wind hydrogen in Apollo lunar soil samples provided by a NASA-funded research mission.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fundamental aspects of stealth technology were developed at NRL, including the radar absorption mechanisms in ferrite-containing materials.<sup id="cite_ref-nrl.navy.mil_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrl.navy.mil-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metal bearing surface treatments using Cr ion implantation researched at NRL nearly tripled the service life of Navy turbine engine parts and was adopted for Army helicopter parts as well.<sup id="cite_ref-nrl.navy.mil_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrl.navy.mil-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluorinated polyurethane coatings developed at NRL are used to line fuel storage tanks throughout the US Navy, reducing leakage and environmental and fuel contamination. The same polymer films are used in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles-class_submarine" title="Los Angeles-class submarine">Los Angeles-class submarine</a> radomes to repel water and enable radar operation soon after surfacing.<sup id="cite_ref-nrl.navy.mil_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrl.navy.mil-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientists at NRL frequently contribute theoretical and experimental research on novel materials,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic material">magnetic materials</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nanomaterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanomaterial">nanomaterials</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radar">Radar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Radar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first modern U.S. <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> was invented and developed at NRL in Washington, DC in 1922. By 1939, NRL installed the first operational radar aboard the USS New York, in time for radar to contribute to naval victories of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalcanal Campaign">Guadalcanal</a>. NRL then further developed over-the-horizon radar as well as radar data displays.<sup id="cite_ref-little_book_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-little_book-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NRL's Radar Division<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continues important research & development contributing to US Navy and US Department of Defense capabilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactical_electronic_warfare">Tactical electronic warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tactical electronic warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NRL's Tactical Electronic Warfare (TEW) Division<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is responsible for research and development in support of the Navy's tactical electronic warfare requirements and missions. These include electronic warfare support measures, electronic countermeasures, and supporting counter-countermeasures, as well as studies, analyses, and simulations for determining and improving the performance of Electronic Warfare systems. NRL TEW includes aerial, surface, and ground EW within its scope. NRL is responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Identification,_friend_or_foe" class="mw-redirect" title="Identification, friend or foe">identification, friend or foe</a> (IFF) system and a number of other advances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_security">Information security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Information security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Information Technology Division</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> features an information security R&D group, which is where the IETF's IP Security (<a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a>) protocols were originally developed. The Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) protocol developed at NRL is widely used for virtual private network (VPN) connections worldwide. The projects developed by the laboratory often become mainstream applications without public awareness of the developer; an example in computer science is <a href="/wiki/Onion_routing" title="Onion routing">onion routing</a>, the core principle of the anonymizing <a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor</a> software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_research">Nuclear research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nuclear research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nuclear power research was initiated at NRL as early as 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-little_book_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-little_book-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> six years before the first atomic bomb, for the purpose of powering submarines. Uranium enrichment methods sponsored by NRL over the course of World War II were adopted by the Manhattan Project<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and guided the design of <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a>'s Uranium enrichment plant. NRL is currently developing laser focusing techniques aimed at <a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">inertial confinement fusion</a> technology.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_sciences">Physical sciences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Physical sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Static_discharger" class="mw-redirect" title="Static discharger">static discharger</a> seen on trailing edges of virtually all modern aircraft was originally developed by NRL scientists during World War II. After the war, the laboratory developed modern synthetic lubricants<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> initially for use in the Navy's jet aircraft but subsequently adopted by the commercial jet industry.<sup id="cite_ref-little_book_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-little_book-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1960s, NRL researched low-temperature physics, achieving for the first time a temperature within one millionth of a degree of absolute zero in 1967. In 1985 two scientists at the laboratory, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Herbert A. Hauptman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle">Jerome Karle</a>, won the Nobel Prize for devising direct methods employing <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a> analysis in the determination of crystal structures.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their methods form the basis for the computer packages used in pharmaceutical labs and research institutions worldwide for the analysis of more than 10,000 new substances each year.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NRL has most recently published research on quantum computing,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quantum dots,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plasma shockwaves,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thermodynamics of liquids,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modeling of oil spills<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other topics. </p><p>NRL operates a small squadron of research aircraft termed <a href="/wiki/VXS-1" title="VXS-1">Scientific Development Squadron (VXS) 1</a>. Its missions include, for example, Rampant Lion, which used sophisticated airborne instrumentation (gravimeters, magnetometers and hyperspectral cameras) to collect precise 3D topography of two-thirds of Afghanistan and locate natural resources (underground gas and mineral deposits, vegetation types, etc.) there<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Iraq and Colombia.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plasma_science">Plasma science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Plasma science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Division of Plasma Physics conducts research and development into ionized matter. NRL currently holds the world record for most energetic <a href="/wiki/Railgun" title="Railgun">rail gun</a> projectile (33 MJ, 9.2 kWh)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fastest man-made projectile (2.24 million mph, 3.60 million km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial_intelligence">Artificial intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Artificial intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NRL established the Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence in 1981,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which conducts basic and applied research in artificial intelligence, cognitive science, autonomy, and human-centered computing. Among its achievements are advances in <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_architectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive architectures">cognitive architectures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human-robot_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-robot interaction">human-robot interaction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2017, the laboratory was divided into four research directorates, one financial directorate, and one executive directorate. All the directorates are headquartered in Washington, D.C. Many directorates have other facilities elsewhere, primarily at either the <i>Stennis Space Center</i> in Bay St Louis, Mississippi or in Monterey, California. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staff">Staff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most NRL staff are civilians in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">civil service</a>, with a relatively small number of Navy enlisted personnel or officers. Virtually all NRL staff are US citizens and are not dual-nationals. In addition, there are some support contractors that work on-site at NRL. As of 31 December 2015, across all NRL locations, NRL had 2540 civilian employees (i.e., not including civilian contractors).<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_2016_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same date, there were 35 military officers on-board NRL and 58 enlisted on-board NRL, most of whom are with NRL's VXS-1 Scientific Flight Detachment, which is located at the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Patuxent_River" title="Naval Air Station Patuxent River">Patuxent River ('Pax River') Naval Air Station (NAS)</a> in southern Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_2016_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NRL has special authority to use a Pay-Band pay system instead of using the traditional <i><a href="/wiki/General_Schedule_(US_civil_service_pay_scale)" title="General Schedule (US civil service pay scale)">General Schedule (GS)</a></i> pay system for its civilian employees.<sup id="cite_ref-federalregister.gov_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-federalregister.gov-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gives NRL more ability to pay employees based on performance and merit, rather than time-in-grade or some other seniority metric. There are several different pay-band groups at NRL, each being for different categories of civilian employees. As of 31 December 2015, NRL had 1615 civilian scientists/engineers in the <i>NP</i> pay system, 103 civilian technicians in the <i>NR</i> pay system, 383 civilian administrative specialists/professionals in the <i>NO</i> pay system, and 238 civilian administrative support staff in the <i>NC</i> pay system.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_2016_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NRL scientists & engineers typically are in the <i>(NP)</i> pay group in NRL's Pay Band system.<sup id="cite_ref-federalregister.gov_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-federalregister.gov-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NP-II pay band is equivalent to GS-5 Step 1 through GS-10 Step 10. The NP-III pay band is equivalent to GS-11 Step 1 through GS-13 Step 10. NRL's <i>Pay Band IV</i> corresponds to the GS-14 Step 1 to GS-15 Step 10 pay grades, inclusive, while NRL's Pay Band V can pay above GS-15 Step 10 and corresponds to the <i>Senior Technologist (ST)</i> pay grade elsewhere in the civil service. </p><p>For new graduates, someone with a Bachelor of Science degree typically is hired at a salary in the GS-7 range; someone with a Master of Science degree typically is hired at a salary in the GS-11 range; someone with a PhD typically is hired at a salary in the GS-12 range. NRL has the flexibility to offer partial student loan repayments for new hires. </p><p>According to the NRL Fact Book (2016), of NRL civilian full-time permanent employees, 870 had a doctorate, 417 had a master's, and 576 had a bachelor's as their highest degree.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_2016_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The laboratory also hosts post-doctoral researchers and was voted #15 in the Best Places to Work PostDocs 2013 survey.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_directorates">Research directorates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Research directorates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The four research directorates within NRL were:<sup id="cite_ref-NRL_res_fclts_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRL_res_fclts-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <b>Systems Directorate</b> (Code 5000) is responsible for performing a range of activities from basic research through engineering development to expand the operational capabilities of the US Navy. There are four research divisions: Radar, Information Technology, Optical Sciences, and Tactical Electronic Warfare.</li> <li>The <b>Materials Science and Component Technology Directorate</b> (Code 6000) carries out a range of materials research with the aim of better understanding of the materials in order to develop improved and advanced materials for use by the US Navy. There are seven research divisions: Laboratory for the Structure of Matter, Chemistry, Material Science & Technology, Laboratory for Computational Physics and Fluid Dynamics, Plasma Physics, Electronics Science & Technology, and the Center for Biomolecular Science & Engineering.</li> <li>The <b>Ocean and Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate</b> (Code 7000) performs research in the fields of acoustics, remote sensing, oceanography, marine geosciences, marine meteorology, and space science.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are six research divisions: Acoustics, Remote Sensing, Oceanography, Marine Geosciences, Marine Meteorology, and Space Science.</li> <li>The <b>Naval Center for Space Technology</b> (Code 8000) is a focal point and integrator for NRL technologies used in space systems. It provides system engineering and technical assistance for development and acquisition of space systems. There are two research departments: Space Systems Development and Spacecraft Engineering.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_directorates">Support directorates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Support directorates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NRLP3_landing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NRLP3_landing.JPG/220px-NRLP3_landing.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NRLP3_landing.JPG/330px-NRLP3_landing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NRLP3_landing.JPG/440px-NRLP3_landing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Scientific Development Squadron ONE (<a href="/wiki/VXS-1" title="VXS-1">VXS-1</a>) <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-3_Orion" title="Lockheed P-3 Orion">NP-3D Orion</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The two support directorates were:<sup id="cite_ref-NRL_res_fclts_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRL_res_fclts-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <b>Executive Directorate</b> operations are directed by the Commander of the NRL, who typically is a US Navy Captain. Scientific Development Squadron ONE (<a href="/wiki/VXS-1" title="VXS-1">VXS-1</a>), located at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Patuxent_River" title="Naval Air Station Patuxent River">Naval Air Station Patuxent River</a>, Maryland, which provides airborne research facilities to NRL and other agencies of the US Government, is run out of the Executive Directorate.</li> <li>The <b>Business Operations Directorate</b> provides program management for the business programs which support the scientific directorates of NRL. It provides contracting, financial management and supply expertise to the scientific projects.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanoscience_Institute">Nanoscience Institute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nanoscience Institute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2001, in a departure from traditional working relationships between NRL scientists, the Institute for Nanoscience was established to conduct multidisciplinary research in the fields of materials, electronics and biology. Scientists may be part of the Nanoscience Institute while still performing research for their respective divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LASR_Tropical_High_Bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/LASR_Tropical_High_Bay.jpg/220px-LASR_Tropical_High_Bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/LASR_Tropical_High_Bay.jpg/330px-LASR_Tropical_High_Bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/LASR_Tropical_High_Bay.jpg/440px-LASR_Tropical_High_Bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1997" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research has a Tropical High Bay that is a 60-foot by 40-foot greenhouse, and it contains a re-creation of a southeast Asian rain forest. In the Tropical High Bay, temperatures average 80 degrees with 80 percent humidity year round.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory_for_Autonomous_Systems_Research">Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opened March 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research (LASR) is a 50,000 square foot facility that supports basic and applied research in autonomous systems. The facility supports a wide range of interdisciplinary basic and applied research in autonomous systems to include research in autonomous systems, intelligent autonomy, human-autonomous system interaction and collaboration, sensor systems, power and energy systems, networking and communications, and platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LASR provides unique facilities and simulated environmental high bays (littoral, desert, tropical, and forest) and instrumented reconfigurable high bay spaces to support integration of science and technology components into research prototype systems.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NavalResearchLab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/NavalResearchLab.jpg/220px-NavalResearchLab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/NavalResearchLab.jpg/330px-NavalResearchLab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/NavalResearchLab.jpg/440px-NavalResearchLab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3020" data-file-height="2159" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of the NRL complex in 2012. The area shown contains the oldest five buildings on the campus.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main campus of NRL is in Washington, D.C., near the southernmost part of the District. It is on the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> and is immediately south of (but is not part of) <a href="/wiki/Joint_Base_Anacostia-Bolling" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling">Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling</a>. This campus is immediately north of the Blue Plains site of the DC Water Authority. Exit 1 of northbound I-295 leads directly to Overlook Avenue and the NRL Main Gate. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Postal_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Postal Service">U.S. Postal Service</a> operates a post office on the NRL main campus.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, NRL operates several field sites and satellite facilities:<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_2014_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook_2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NRL_res_fclts_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRL_res_fclts-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>NRL-South is located at NASA's <a href="/wiki/Stennis_Space_Center" title="Stennis Space Center">Stennis Space Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bay_St._Louis,_Mississippi" title="Bay St. Louis, Mississippi">Bay St. Louis, Mississippi</a>, and specializes in oceanography, marine geology, geophysics, geoacoustics, and geotechnology.</li> <li>NRL-Monterey is located east of the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey, California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sharing a campus with the <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Numerical_Meteorology_and_Oceanography_Center" title="Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center">Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the San Francisco Bay Area/Monterey local forecast office of the <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a>. NRL-Monterey is dedicated to meteorology and atmospheric research.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/VXS-1" title="VXS-1">Scientific Development Squadron (VXS) 1</a> is located at the <a href="/wiki/Patuxent_River_Naval_Air_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Patuxent River Naval Air Station">Patuxent River Naval Air Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Park,_Maryland" title="Lexington Park, Maryland">Lexington Park, Maryland</a>, and operates a wide range of research aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Chesapeake Bay Detachment (CBD) in <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Beach,_Maryland" title="Chesapeake Beach, Maryland">Chesapeake Beach, Maryland</a> is 168-acre site for research in radar, electronic warfare, optical devices, materials, communications, and fire research. This facility is often used in combination with the Multiple Research Site on <a href="/wiki/Tilghman_Island,_Maryland" title="Tilghman Island, Maryland">Tilghman Island, Maryland</a> just across the Chesapeake Bay.</li> <li>The Midway Research Center in <a href="/wiki/Quantico,_Virginia" title="Quantico, Virginia">Quantico, Virginia</a>, Free Space Antenna Range in <a href="/wiki/Pomonkey,_Maryland" title="Pomonkey, Maryland">Pomonkey, Maryland</a>, and Blossom Point Satellite Tracking and Command Station in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blossom_Point,_Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blossom Point, Maryland (page does not exist)">Blossom Point, Maryland</a> are used by NRL's Naval Center for Space Technology.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Marine Corrosion Facility located on <a href="/wiki/Fleming_Key" title="Fleming Key">Fleming Key</a> at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Key_West" title="Naval Air Station Key West">Naval Air Station Key West</a> in Florida is used by the Center for Corrosion Science & Engineering.</li> <li>NRL operates several synchrotron radiation <a href="/wiki/Beamline" title="Beamline">beamlines</a> and the Extreme-Ultraviolet and X-Ray Calibration Facility at the <a href="/wiki/National_Synchrotron_Light_Source" title="National Synchrotron Light Source">National Synchrotron Light Source</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artifacts found on the NRL campus, such as <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> and ceramic shards, show that the site had been inhabited since the Late <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in North America">Archaic Period</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Calvert,_2nd_Baron_Baltimore" title="Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore">Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore</a>, granted the tract of land which includes the present NRL campus to William Middleton in 1663. It became part of the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> in 1791, and was purchased by Thomas Grafton Addison in 1795, who named the area <a href="/wiki/Bellevue_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Bellevue (Washington, D.C.)">Bellevue</a> and built a mansion on the highlands to the east. </p><p>Zachariah Berry purchased the land in 1827, who rented it out for various purposes including a <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Blue_Plains_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Blue Plains (Washington, D.C.)">Blue Plains</a>. The mansion was demolished during the Civil War to build <a href="/wiki/Fort_Greble" title="Fort Greble">Fort Greble</a>. In 1873 the land was purchased by the federal government as the Bellevue Annex to the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Gun_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Gun Factory">Naval Gun Factory</a>, and several buildings were constructed including the Commandant's house, "Quarters A", which is still in use today.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_1923.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_1923.png/220px-US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_1923.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_1923.png/330px-US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_1923.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_1923.png/440px-US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_1923.png 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>NRL in 1923, the year it was founded, showing the first five buildings on its campus</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Naval Research Laboratory</i> came into existence from an idea that originated from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>. In a May 1915 editorial piece in the <i>New York Times Magazine</i>, Edison wrote; "The Government should maintain a great research laboratory... In this could be developed...all the technique of military and <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">naval</a> progression without any vast expense."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This statement addressed concerns about World War I in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-modern_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modern-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edison then agreed to serve as the head of the Naval Consulting Board that consisted of civilians who had achieved expertise. The focus of the Naval Consulting Board was as advisor to the U.S. Navy pertaining to science and technology. The board brought forward a plan to create a modern facility for the Navy. In 1916 Congress allocated $1.5 million for implementation. However, construction was delayed until 1920 because of the war and internal disagreements within the board.<sup id="cite_ref-modern_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modern-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, the first modern research institution created within the United States Navy, began operations at 1100 on 2 July 1923. The Laboratory's two original divisions – Radio and Sound – performed research in the fields of high-frequency radio and underwater sound propagation. They produced communications equipment, direction-finding devices, sonar sets, and the first practical radar equipment built in the United States. They performed basic research, participating in the discovery and early exploration of the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>. The NRL gradually worked towards its goal of becoming a broadly based research facility. By the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, five new divisions had been added: Physical Optics, Chemistry, Metallurgy, Mechanics and Electricity, and Internal Communications.<sup id="cite_ref-modern_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modern-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_years_and_growth">World War II years and growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: World War II years and growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_1944.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_1944.png/220px-US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_1944.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_1944.png/330px-US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_1944.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_1944.png/440px-US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_1944.png 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>NRL in 1944, after significant wartime growth</figcaption></figure> <p>Total employment at the NRL jumped from 396 in 1941 to 4400 in 1946, expenditures from $1.7 million to $13.7 million, the number of buildings from 23 to 67, and the number of projects from 200 to about 900. During World War II, scientific activities necessarily were concentrated almost entirely on applied research. Advances were made in <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>. Countermeasures were devised. New lubricants were produced, as were antifouling paints, luminous identification tapes, and a marking dye to help locate survivors of disasters at sea. A thermal diffusion process was conceived and used to supply some of the U-235 isotope needed for one of the first atomic bombs. Also, many new devices that developed from booming wartime industry were type tested and then certified as reliable for the Fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-modern_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modern-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_WWII">After WWII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: After WWII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of the scientific accomplishments of the WWII, the United States emerged into the postwar era determined to consolidate its wartime gains in science and technology and to preserve the working relationship between its armed forces and the scientific community. While the Navy was establishing the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a> (ONR) in 1946 as a liaison with and supporter of basic and applied scientific research, the Navy encouraged NRL to broaden its scope since it was the Navy Department's corporate research laboratory. NRL was placed under the administrative oversight of ONR after ONR was created. NRL's Commanding Officer reports to the Navy's <i>Chief of Naval Research (CNR)</i>. The Chief of Naval Research leads the Office of Naval Research, which primarily is located in the Ballston area of Arlington, Virginia. The reorganization also caused a parallel shift of the Laboratory's emphasis to one of long-range basic and applied research in the full range of the physical sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_2014_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook_2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, rapid expansion during the war had left NRL improperly structured to address long-term Navy requirements. One major task – neither easily nor rapidly accomplished – was that of reshaping and coordinating research. This was achieved by transforming a group of largely autonomous scientific divisions into a unified institution with a clear mission and a fully coordinated research program. The first attempt at reorganization vested power in an executive committee composed of all the division superintendents. This committee was impracticably large, so in 1949, a civilian director of research was named and given full authority over the program. Positions for associate directors were added in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_2014_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook_2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_2001.jpg/220px-US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_2001.jpg/330px-US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_2001.jpg/440px-US_Naval_Research_Laboratory_in_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>NRL in 2001</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1992, the previously separate <i>Naval Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NOARL)</i>, with centers in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, and Monterey, California, was merged into NRL. Since then, NRL is also the lead Navy center for research in Oceanographic and Atmospheric Sciences, with special strengths in physical oceanography, marine geosciences, ocean acoustics, marine meteorology, and remote oceanic and atmospheric sensing.<sup id="cite_ref-modern_78-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modern-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centennial">Centennial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Centennial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commissioned July 2, 1923, as the Naval Experimental and Research Laboratory — later shortened to the Naval Research Laboratory (c.1926) — the laboratory began operations seven years after inventor Thomas Edison suggested that the Government establish "a great research laboratory." </p><p>Throughout the past century, NRL has changed the way the U.S. military fights, improved its capabilities, prevented technological surprise, transferred vital technology to industry, and tilted the world’s balance of power on at least three occasions; with the first U.S. radar, world’s first intelligence satellite, and first operational satellite of the Global Positioning System (GPS).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>July 2, 2023, the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory celebrates 100 years of service as the Navy's corporate laboratory with a rich history of performing advanced scientific research and making significant contributions to U.S. military forces on, under, and above the seas.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_contamination">Environmental contamination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Environmental contamination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Navy’s environmental investigations began in 1984. NRL was not listed on the National Priorities List as a <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> and the Maryland Department of the Environment has regulatory oversight. Since the early 2010s, the Navy and MDE have coordinated their activities at NR. In 2017 groundwater investigation <a href="/wiki/Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances" title="Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances">PFAS</a> were present on-base in the shallow aquifer. As of 2022, there are 6 active IRP sites (Photo-processing Waste Discharge, fire testing area etc) and 3 active munition response sites at former small arms ranges with lead contamination in the Chesapeake Bay Detachment.<sup id="cite_ref-navfac_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navfac-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An online <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Advisory_Board" title="Restoration Advisory Board">Restoration Advisory Board</a> (RAB) meeting in May 2021 alarmed residents because of extremely high PFAS levels in the soil at the CBD's fire training facility.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Warfighting_Laboratory" title="United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory">United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory</a> (MCWL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a> (ONR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a> (AFRL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research,_Development_and_Engineering_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Research, Development and Engineering Command">United States Army Research, Development and Engineering Command</a> (RDECOM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Research_Laboratory_Flyrt" title="Naval Research Laboratory Flyrt">Naval Research Laboratory Flyrt</a> — Flying Radar Target</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radar" title="History of radar">History of radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_Page" title="Robert Morris Page">Robert Morris Page</a> — One of the main American radar scientists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_Scenario_Builder" title="Interactive Scenario Builder">Interactive Scenario Builder</a> — 3-D modeling and simulation application for studying the radio frequency (RF) environment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRLMSISE-00" title="NRLMSISE-00">NRLMSISE-00</a> — Model of the Earth's atmosphere from ground to space</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIMDIS" title="SIMDIS">SIMDIS</a> — 3-D Analysis and Display Toolset</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementine spacecraft">Clementine spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_Libraries_Alliance" title="National Research Libraries Alliance">National Research Libraries Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Electronic_Warfare_Center_(FEWC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Electronic Warfare Center (FEWC)">Fleet Electronic Warfare Center (FEWC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University-National_Oceanographic_Laboratory_System" title="University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System">University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System</a> (UNOLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auxiliaries_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy">List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransApps" title="TransApps">TransApps</a> – rapid development and fielding of secure mobile apps in the battlefield</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrl.navy.mil">United States Navy</a> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.navfac.navy.mil&rft.atitle=Naval+Research+Laboratory%2C+Chesapeake+Bay+Detachment+Site+Descriptions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navfac.navy.mil%2FBusiness-Lines%2FEnvironmental%2FProducts-and-Services%2FEnvironmental-Restoration%2FWASHINGTON%2FNaval-Research-Laboratory-CBD%2FSite-Descriptions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Naval+Research+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPat_Elder2021" class="citation web cs1">Pat Elder (20 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.militarypoisons.org/latest-news/state-acknowledges-massive-contamination-in-chesapeake-beach-md">"State Acknowledges "Massive Contamination" in Chesapeake Beach, MD"</a>. <i>Military Poisons</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+Poisons&rft.atitle=State+Acknowledges+%22Massive+Contamination%22+in+Chesapeake+Beach%2C+MD&rft.date=2021-05-20&rft.au=Pat+Elder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.militarypoisons.org%2Flatest-news%2Fstate-acknowledges-massive-contamination-in-chesapeake-beach-md&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Naval+Research+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>Sterling, Christopher H. 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on Seapower and Projection Forces">House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Seapower" title="United States Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower">Senate Subcommittee on Seapower</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/80px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/160px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Structure of the United States Navy">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">Navy Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force" title="Fleet Marine Force">Fleet Marine Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Expeditionary_Combat_Command" title="Navy Expeditionary Combat Command">Expeditionary Combat Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_units_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of units of the United States Navy">Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">Active ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_United_States_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Future of the United States Navy">Future ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_aircraft_wings" title="List of United States Navy aircraft wings">Aircraft wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_aircraft_squadrons" title="List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons">Aircraft squadrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_strike_group" title="Carrier strike group">Carrier strike group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_installations" title="List of United States Navy installations">Installations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory">Naval Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_jet_base" title="Master jet base">Master jet base</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operating<br />forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Forces_Command" title="United States Fleet Forces Command">Fleet Forces Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander,_U.S._Fleet_Forces_Command" title="Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command">Commander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">Pacific Fleet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander,_U.S._Pacific_Fleet" title="Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet">Commander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Forces_Europe-Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval Forces Europe-Africa">Naval Forces Europe – Naval Forces Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Forces_Central_Command" title="United States Naval Forces Central Command">Naval Forces Central Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Forces_Southern_Command" title="United States Naval Forces Southern Command">Naval Forces Southern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Special_Warfare_Command" title="United States Naval Special Warfare Command">Naval Special Warfare Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">Naval Reserve Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Force" title="Operational Test and Evaluation Force">Operational Test and Evaluation Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Network_Warfare_Command" title="Naval Network Warfare Command">Naval Network Warfare Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Sealift_Command" title="Military Sealift Command">Military Sealift Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Shore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Sea_Systems_Command" title="Naval Sea Systems Command">Naval Sea Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Systems_Command" title="Naval Air Systems Command">Naval Air Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Facilities_Engineering_Systems_Command" title="Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command">Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Supply_Systems_Command" title="Naval Supply Systems Command">Naval Supply Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Information_Warfare_Systems_Command" title="Naval Information Warfare Systems Command">Naval Information Warfare Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Fleet_Cyber_Command" title="U.S. Fleet Cyber Command">Fleet Cyber Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Education_and_Training_Command" title="Naval Education and Training Command">Naval Education and Training Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Meteorology_and_Oceanography_Command" title="Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command">Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">Office of Naval Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Aviation_Warfighting_Development_Center" title="Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center">Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Legal_Service_Command" title="Naval Legal Service Command">Naval Legal Service Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory">Naval Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Safety_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Safety Center">Naval Safety Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Naval_Personnel" title="Bureau of Naval Personnel">Bureau of Naval Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Personnel" title="Chief of Naval Personnel">Chief of Naval Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Medicine_and_Surgery" title="Bureau of Medicine and Surgery">Bureau of Medicine and Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander,_Navy_Installations_Command" title="Commander, Navy Installations Command">Navy Installations Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Working_Capital_Fund" title="United States Navy Working Capital Fund">Navy Working Capital Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Fleets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Second_Fleet" title="United States Second Fleet">Second Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Third_Fleet" title="United States Third Fleet">Third Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fourth_Fleet" title="United States Fourth Fleet">Fourth Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Fleet" title="United States Fifth Fleet">Fifth Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sixth_Fleet" title="United States Sixth Fleet">Sixth Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet" title="United States Seventh Fleet">Seventh Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Tenth_Fleet" title="United States Tenth Fleet">Tenth Fleet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships" title="List of United States Navy ships">Ships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_A%E2%80%93B" title="List of United States Navy ships: A–B">A–B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_C" title="List of United States Navy ships: C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_D%E2%80%93F" title="List of United States Navy ships: D–F">D–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_G%E2%80%93H" title="List of United States Navy ships: G–H">G–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_I%E2%80%93K" title="List of United States Navy ships: I–K">I–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_L" title="List of United States Navy ships: L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_M" title="List of United States Navy ships: M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_N%E2%80%93O" title="List of United States Navy ships: N–O">N–O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_P" title="List of United States Navy ships: P">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_Q%E2%80%93R" title="List of United States Navy ships: Q–R">Q–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_S" title="List of United States Navy ships: S">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_T%E2%80%93V" title="List of United States Navy ships: T–V">T–V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_W%E2%80%93Z" title="List of United States Navy ships: W–Z">W–Z</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carriers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of airships of the United States Navy">Airships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_amphibious_warfare_ships" title="List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships">Amphibious warfare ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auxiliaries_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of battleships of the United States Navy">Battleships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cruisers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of cruisers of the United States Navy">Cruisers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of destroyers of the United States Navy">Destroyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyer_escorts_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of destroyer escorts of the United States Navy">Destroyer escorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_escort_carriers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of escort carriers of the United States Navy">Escort carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of frigates of the United States Navy">Frigates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mine_warfare_vessels_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of mine warfare vessels of the United States Navy">Mine warfare vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monitors_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of monitors of the United States Navy">Monitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_patrol_vessels_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of patrol vessels of the United States Navy">Patrol vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_patrol_craft" title="Section patrol craft">Registered civilian vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sailing_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of sailing frigates of the United States Navy">Sailing frigates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steam_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of steam frigates of the United States Navy">Steam frigates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steam_gunboats_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of steam gunboats of the United States Navy">Steam gunboats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of ships of the line of the United States Navy">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sloops_of_war_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of sloops of war of the United States Navy">Sloops of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of submarines of the United States Navy">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_torpedo_boats_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of torpedo boats of the United States Navy">Torpedo boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_torpedo_retrievers" title="United States Navy torpedo retrievers">Torpedo retrievers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_miscellaneous_vessels_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of unclassified miscellaneous vessels of the United States Navy">Unclassified miscellaneous vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yard_and_district_craft_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of yard and district craft of the United States Navy">Yard and district craft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel<br />and<br />training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_people" title="List of United States Navy people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Navy officer rank insignia">Insignia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Naval_officer_designators" title="List of United States Naval officer designators">Designators</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Enlisted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_enlisted_rates" title="List of United States Navy enlisted rates">Rates</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ratings" title="List of United States Navy ratings">Ratings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Navy_Enlisted_Classification" title="Navy Enlisted Classification">Classification</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Chaplain_Corps" title="United States Navy Chaplain Corps">Chaplain Corps</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy">Chief</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Chaplain of the United States Marine Corps">Deputy Chief</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Explosive_ordnance_disposal_(United_States_Navy)" title="Explosive ordnance disposal (United States Navy)">Explosive ordnance disposal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Medical_Corps_(United_States_Navy)" title="Medical Corps (United States Navy)">Medical Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Dental_Corps" title="United States Navy Dental Corps">Dental Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Nurse_Corps" title="United States Navy Nurse Corps">Nurse Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Navy_Medical_Service_Corps" title="Navy Medical Service Corps">Medical Service Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Navy_Supply_Corps" title="Navy Supply Corps">Supply Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Civil_Engineer_Corps" title="Civil Engineer Corps">Civil Engineer Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="United States Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps">JAG Corps</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General_of_the_Navy" title="Judge Advocate General of the Navy">JAG</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Judge_Advocate_General_of_the_Navy" title="Deputy Judge Advocate General of the Navy">DJAG</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Criminal_Investigative_Service" title="Naval Criminal Investigative Service">NCIS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Boatswain%27s_mate_(United_States_Navy)" title="Boatswain's mate (United States Navy)">Boatswain's mates</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hospital_corpsman" title="Hospital corpsman">Hospital corpsman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval Aviator">Naval Aviator</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">SEALs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seabee" title="Seabee">Seabees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Master-at-arms_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master-at-arms (United States Navy)">Master-at-arms</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operations_specialist_(United_States_Navy)" title="Operations specialist (United States Navy)">Operations specialist</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Special_warfare_combatant-craft_crewmen" title="Special warfare combatant-craft crewmen">SWCCs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_the_United_States_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Navy">Hispanic sailors</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Recruit_Training_Command,_Great_Lakes,_Illinois" title="Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois">Recruit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Navy)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Navy)">Officer Candidate School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/STA-21" title="STA-21">STA-21</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps" title="Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps">NROTC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_University_System" title="Naval University System">Naval University System</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College" title="Naval War College">Naval War College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Naval Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Community_College" title="United States Naval Community College">Naval Community College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_University" title="Marine Corps University">Marine Corps University</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Basic_Enlisted_Submarine_School" title="Basic Enlisted Submarine School">BESS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_Force_Tactical_Training" title="Battle Force Tactical Training">BFTT</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Center_For_Naval_Aviation_Technical_Training_Unit_Keesler" title="Center For Naval Aviation Technical Training Unit Keesler">CNATT</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Composite_Training_Unit_Exercise" title="Composite Training Unit Exercise">COMPTUEX</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center_Training_Systems_Division" title="Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division">NAWCTSD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Authoring_Instructional_Materials" title="Authoring Instructional Materials">AIM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Chaplain_Corps#Naval_Chaplaincy_School_and_Center" title="United States Navy Chaplain Corps">Naval Chaplaincy School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Hospital_Corps_School" title="Naval Hospital Corps School">Naval Hospital Corps School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Justice_School" title="Naval Justice School">Naval Justice School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces_School_of_Music" title="United States Armed Forces School of Music">United States Armed Forces School of Music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Senior_Enlisted_Academy" title="United States Navy Senior Enlisted Academy">Navy Senior Enlisted Academy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Navy_Supply_Corps_School" title="Navy Supply Corps School">Navy Supply Corps School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Power_School" title="Nuclear Power School">Nuclear Power School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joint_Maritime_Training_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Maritime Training Center">JMTC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Strike_Fighter_Tactics_Instructor_program" title="United States Navy Strike Fighter Tactics Instructor program">TOPGUN</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Test_Pilot_School" title="United States Naval Test Pilot School">USNTPS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences" title="Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences">Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of equipment of the United States Navy">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Uniforms of the United States Navy">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Navy">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Badges of the United States Navy">Badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">Current fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_United_States_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Future of the United States Navy">Future fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_reserve_fleets" title="United States Navy reserve fleets">Reserve fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_naval_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of currently active United States naval aircraft">Current aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_weapons" title="List of United States Navy weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_naval_reactors" title="United States naval reactors">Naval reactors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History and <br /> traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">History</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Anchors_Aweigh" title="Anchors Aweigh">Anchors Aweigh</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Angels" title="Blue Angels">Blue Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_of_the_United_States" title="Ensign of the United States">Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Band_Activities" title="Fleet Band Activities">Fleet bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Week" title="Fleet Week">Fleet Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_of_the_United_States" title="Jack of the United States">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line-crossing_ceremony" title="Line-crossing ceremony">Line-crossing ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="National Museum of the United States Navy">National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Band" title="United States Navy Band">Navy Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Ceremonial_Guard" title="United States Navy Ceremonial Guard">Ceremonial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Flag of the United States Navy">Navy Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Father,_Strong_to_Save" title="Eternal Father, Strong to Save">Navy Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Memorial" title="United States Navy Memorial">Navy Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Navy)" title="Service number (United States Navy)">Navy service numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Weeks" title="Navy Weeks">Navy Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Admirals" title="Revolt of the Admirals">Revolt of the Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor%27s_Creed" title="Sailor's Creed">Sailor's Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_commissioning" title="Ship commissioning">Ship commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_commissioning#Ship_decommissioning" title="Ship commissioning">Ship decommissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ship_naming_conventions" title="United States ship naming conventions">Ship naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingey_House" title="Tingey House">Tingey House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS <i>Constitution</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAVES" title="WAVES">WAVES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetting-down" title="Wetting-down">Wetting-down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_battleship_retirement_debate" title="United States battleship retirement debate">United States battleship retirement debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_research_and_development_agencies_of_the_United_States_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_research_agencies" title="Template:United States research agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_research_agencies" title="Template talk:United States research agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_research_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States research agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_research_and_development_agencies_of_the_United_States_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Federal <a href="/wiki/Science_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Science policy of the United States">research and development agencies</a> of the United States (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_research_and_development_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States research and development agencies">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> Office of Research and Development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Advanced_Research_Projects_Activity" title="Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity">Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity</a> (IARPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution#Smithsonian_research_centers_and_programs" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution research centers and programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a> (ARS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="National Institute of Food and Agriculture">National Institute of Food and Agriculture</a> (NIFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Research_Service" title="Economic Research Service">Economic Research Service</a> (ERS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service#Research_Stations_and_Research_Work_Units" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service Research and Development</a> (R&D)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command" title="United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command">Army Combat Capabilities Development Command</a> (CCDCOM) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Army Research Laboratory">Army Research Laboratory</a> (ARL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command_Soldier_Center" title="Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center">Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center</a> (CCDCSC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_CCDC_Armaments_Center" title="United States Army CCDC Armaments Center">CCDC Armaments Center</a> (CCDCAC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picatinny_Arsenal" title="Picatinny Arsenal">Picatinny Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben%C3%A9t_Laboratories" title="Benét Laboratories">Benét Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watervliet_Arsenal" title="Watervliet Arsenal">Watervliet Arsenal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Test_and_Evaluation_Command" title="United States Army Test and Evaluation Command">Test and Evaluation Command</a> (ATEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Medical_Research_and_Development_Command" title="United States Army Medical Research and Development Command">United States Army Medical Research and Development Command</a> (USAMRDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer_Research_and_Development_Center" title="Engineer Research and Development Center">Engineer Research and Development Center</a> (ERDC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marine Corps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Combat_Development_Command" title="Marine Corps Combat Development Command">Marine Corps Combat Development Command</a> (MCCDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Warfighting_Laboratory" title="United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory">Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory</a> (MCWL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Activity" title="Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity">Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity</a> (MCOTEA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a> (ONR) <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naval Research Laboratory</a> (NRL)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Medical_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Medical Research Center">Naval Medical Research Center</a> (NMRC)</li> <li>Naval Warfare Centers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Air Warfare Center">Air</a> (NAWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Surface_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Surface Warfare Center">Surface</a> (NSWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Undersea_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Undersea Warfare Center">Undersea</a> (NUWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Command,_Control_and_Ocean_Surveillance_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center">Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance</a> (NCCOSC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Weapons_Station_China_Lake" title="Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake">Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake</a> (NAWS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a> (NPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Force" title="Operational Test and Evaluation Force">Operational Test and Evaluation Force</a> (OPTEVFOR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Materiel_Command" title="Air Force Materiel Command">Air Force Materiel Command</a> (AFMC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Armament_Center" title="Air Armament Center">Air Armament Center</a> (AAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a> (AFRL)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Life_Cycle_Management_Center" title="Air Force Life Cycle Management Center">Air Force Life Cycle Management Center</a> (AFLCMC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Nuclear_Weapons_Center" title="Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center">Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center</a> (NWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Institute_of_Technology" title="Air Force Institute of Technology">Air Force Institute of Technology</a> (AFIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Center" title="Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center">Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center</a> (AFOTEC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Command" title="Space Systems Command">Space Systems Command</a> (SSC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences" title="Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences">Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences</a> (USU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Education_Sciences" title="Institute of Education Sciences">Institute of Education Sciences</a> (IES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Disability,_Independent_Living,_and_Rehabilitation_Research" title="National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research">National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research</a> (NIDILRR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science" title="Office of Science">Office of Science</a> (DOE SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARPA-E" title="ARPA-E">Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy</a> (ARPA-E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_National_Laboratories" title="United States Department of Energy National Laboratories">National Laboratories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Health and<br />Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration#Science_and_research_programs" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration science and research programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality" title="Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality</a> (AHRQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority" title="Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority">Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority</a> (BARDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Medicare_and_Medicaid_Innovation" title="Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation">Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation</a> (CMMI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DHS_Science_and_Technology_Directorate" title="DHS Science and Technology Directorate">Science and Technology Directorate</a> (S&T)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Research_and_Development_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Coast Guard Research and Development Center">Coast Guard Research and Development Center </a> (CG RDC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice" title="National Institute of Justice">National Institute of Justice</a> (NIJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Science_and_Technology_Branch" title="FBI Science and Technology Branch">FBI Science and Technology Branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Innovative_Technology_Administration" title="Research and Innovative Technology Administration">Research and Innovative Technology Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> Research, Engineering, and Development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> Research and Technology</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Financial_Research" title="Office of Financial Research">Office of Financial Research</a> (OFR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Health_Administration_Office_of_Research_and_Development" title="Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development">Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development</a> (ORD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office<br />of the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a> (OSTP) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">U.S. Global Change Research Program</a> (USGCRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_and_Information_Technology_Research_and_Development" title="Networking and Information Technology Research and Development">Networking and Information Technology Research and Development</a> Program (NITRD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nanotechnology_Initiative" title="National Nanotechnology Initiative">National Nanotechnology Initiative</a> (NNI)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Science,_Space,_and_Technology" title="United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology">House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology Assessment">Office of Technology Assessment</a> (OTA) <i>(defunct)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_military_installations_in_Washington,_D.C." style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DCMilitary" title="Template:DCMilitary"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DCMilitary" title="Template talk:DCMilitary"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DCMilitary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DCMilitary"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_military_installations_in_Washington,_D.C." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current <a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">military installations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Fort" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Fort</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lesley_J._McNair" title="Fort Lesley J. McNair">McNair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Washington,_D.C.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/85px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/128px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/170px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Support_Facility_Anacostia" title="Naval Support Facility Anacostia">Naval Support Facility Anacostia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Observatory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory">Naval Observatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Yard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div 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style="width:10em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_stations" title="List of United States Coast Guard stations">Station</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Station_Washington,_D.C." title="Coast Guard Station Washington, D.C.">Coast Guard Station Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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