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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early phase (857–862)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_phase_(857–862)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanzhao_offensive_(863)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanzhao_offensive_(863)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nanzhao offensive (863)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanzhao_offensive_(863)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tang_counterattack_(864–866)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tang_counterattack_(864–866)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tang counterattack (864–866)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tang_counterattack_(864–866)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mid-9th century Chinese military campaigns</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nam_Chi%E1%BA%BFu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nam_Chi%E1%BA%BFu.png/200px-Nam_Chi%E1%BA%BFu.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nam_Chi%E1%BA%BFu.png/300px-Nam_Chi%E1%BA%BFu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nam_Chi%E1%BA%BFu.png/400px-Nam_Chi%E1%BA%BFu.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a> Kingdom </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tang–Nanzhao conflicts in Annan</b> was a period of and warfare in <a href="/wiki/Annan_(Tang_protectorate)" title="Annan (Tang protectorate)">Annan</a> (present-day northern Vietnam) between local rebel forces, <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> that lasted from 854 to 866. It ended in the defeat of Nanzhao and the retaking of Annan by the Tang general, <a href="/wiki/Gao_Pian" title="Gao Pian">Gao Pian</a>, although the region would later become semi-independent from the Tang dynasty in 880. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude_(854–857)"><span id="Prelude_.28854.E2.80.93857.29"></span>Prelude (854–857)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang-Nanzhao_conflicts_in_Annan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude (854–857)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a> was a powerful kingdom to the southwest of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. Nanzhao expanded their empire in every direction, defeating a Tang invasion in 751,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013107_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013107-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> joining with the Tang and defeating the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetans</a> in 801,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013116_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013116-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> decimating the <a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu city-states</a> in 832, and subduing the Michen kingdom (near <a href="/wiki/Ayeyarwady_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayeyarwady River">Ayeyarwady River</a>) in the 830s. Nanzhao first raided the Tang frontier province of Annan in 846. Nanzhao then offered peace to the Tang, but in 854 the Tang suspended relations with Nanzhao and refused to receive its tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013120_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013120-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Annan_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Annan Protectorate">Annan Protectorate</a> (now northern Vietnam), with its capital city of <a href="/wiki/Songping" title="Songping">Songping</a>, was a center of commerce on the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a> and a rice basket of the Tang empire at the time. When <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhuo" title="Li Zhuo">Li Zhuo</a> became jiedushi of Annan in 854, he reduced the amount of salt traded to the Chongmo <i>Man</i> in Fengzhou (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Phú Thọ">Phú Thọ</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_B%C3%ACnh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hòa Bình Province">Hòa Bình Province</a>) in the west in exchange for horses. The mountains chiefs responded by launching raids on Tang garrisons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983240_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983240-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Li Zhuo began suffering defeats, Đỗ Tồn Thành, a military commander, allied himself with the tribal chiefs against Li.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983240_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983240-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the next year, Li Zhuo killed Đỗ Tồn Thành as well as the chieftain of the Qidong Man in Aizhou (<a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An" class="mw-redirect" title="Nghệ An">Nghệ An</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Vietnam" title="Central Vietnam">central Vietnam</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019118_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019118-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Đỗ tribe had been a powerful Viet family in <a href="/wiki/Thanh_Ho%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanh Hoá">Thanh Hoá</a> and Nghệ An since the 5–6th century. These actions provoked the natives into an alliance with Nanzhao. Fan Chuo, a Tang official in Annan reported: "…The native chiefs within the frontiers were subsequently seduced by the Man rebels…"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019118_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019118-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "again became close friends with them. As days passed and months came, we gradually had to encounter raids and sudden attacks. This caused a number of places to fall into rebel hands."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019118_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019118-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The lands to the south of the seas" [Southeast Asian trading kingdoms] and Giao Chi are expanding their influence dramatically. Moreover, the routes from the Yong and Rong prefectures pass through the aboriginal region [<i>xidong</i>] inhabited by the Nùng clan.The matters of the South require a strategy for their management. ... During the reign of the Tang Yizong [860-73], An Nam's protector-general Li Zhuo failed to pacify and control the region. The Southern Man barbarians pillaged the region and caused turmoil. General Li subsequently was forced to rely on his troops, and with these added expenditures he found it difficult to provide his tribute to the court. ... If similar events should occur today, misfortune will certainly manifest itself in chaos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson201295_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson201295-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Fanping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Fanping (page does not exist)">Zhang Fanping</a> (1007–1091)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_phase_(857–862)"><span id="Early_phase_.28857.E2.80.93862.29"></span>Early phase (857–862)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang-Nanzhao_conflicts_in_Annan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early phase (857–862)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Phú Thọ">Phú Thọ</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_B%C3%ACnh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hòa Bình Province">Hòa Bình Province</a> on the western frontier of the protectorate, the local general <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Do_%C4%90%E1%BB%99c" title="Lý Do Độc">Lý Do Độc</a> who led an army of 6,000 and was assisted by seven commanders called "Lords of the Ravines", submitted to <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983240_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983240-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nanzhao king Meng Shilong (蒙世隆) sent a Trustee of the East to deliver a letter to Do Độc soliciting his submission. Lý Do Độc and the Lords of the Ravine accepted the offer of vassalage by the Nanzhao king, who sent the Trustee one of his daughters to marry Lý Do Độc's eldest son. In 858, Nanzhao dispatched military forces to the region. In the meantime, local chiefs led raids that brought warfare to villages in the heart of the protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983241_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983241-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 857, Song Ya was sent to Annan to deal with the situation, but was recalled to deal with another rebellion after only two months. His replacement, Li Hongfu, only had nominal control over the protectorate, which was actually controlled by La Hanh Cung, who commanded 2,000 well trained soldiers. By 858, the Nanzhao army had joined with Lý Do Độc's force and raided Annan's capital Songping.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013121_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013121-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 858, the Tang court sent a new jiedushi, Wang Shi, to protect Annan. He banished La Hanh Cung, saw off a Nanzhao reconnaissance force, and defeated an invasion by the mountain tribes. The Tang garrisons were upgraded with heavy-armored cavalry and infantry and <a href="/wiki/Songping" title="Songping">Songping</a> was fortified with a reed palisade. In the same year, a serious rebellion broke out in <a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Yongzhou</a>. The situation in Yongzhou threatened land communication between Annan and the empire, so a special army was established there to deal with rebels and to insure communications. This army was called the Yellow Head Army, for the soldiers wore yellow bands around their heads. In early autumn, local people were agitated by a rumor that the Yellow Head Army had embarked to attack them by surprise. One evening they surrounded Songping and demanded that Wang Shi return north and allow them to fortify the city against the Yellow Head Army. Shi was eating his evening meal when this commotion broke out. It is reported that, paying no heed to the mutineers, he leisurely finished his meal. Then, dressed in his battle gear, he appeared on the wall with his generals and admonished the crowd of rebels, who dispersed. The next morning, Shi's troops captured and beheaded some ringleaders of the affair.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983241–242_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983241–242-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 860, Wang Shi was recalled to deal with a rebellion elsewhere. The new jiedushi, Li Hu, arrived at <a href="/wiki/Songping" title="Songping">Songping</a> and executed Đỗ Tồn Thành's son, Đỗ Thủ Trừng, who according to Chinese sources was involved in a mutiny years earlier, probably due to the death of his father at the hands of Li Zhuo four years earlier. This alienated many of the powerful local clans of Annan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983243_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983243-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-Tang Viets allied with highland people, who appealed to Nanzhao for help, and as a result invaded the area in 860, briefly taking Songping before being driven out by a Tang army the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019118_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019118-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201342_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201342-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to Li Hu's arrival, Nanzhao had already seized <a href="/wiki/Zunyi" title="Zunyi">Bozhou</a>. When Li Hu led an army to retake Bozhou, the Đỗ family gathered 30,000 men, including contingents from Nanzhao to attack the Tang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983243_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983243-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Li Hu returned, he learned that Annan had been lost to Đỗ. On 17 January 861, Songping fell and Li Hu fled to <a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Yongzhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983243_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983243-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Li Hu retook Songping<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013123_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013123-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 21 July but Nanzhao's forces moved around and seized Yongzhou. Li Hu was banished to <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> island and was replaced by Wang Kuan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman200736_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman200736-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983243_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983243-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wang Kuan and the Tang court sought local cooperation by recognizing the power of the Đỗ family, granting a posthumous title to Đỗ Tồn Thành along with an apology for the deaths of him and his son and an admission that Li Hu had exceeded his authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983243_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983243-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A relief army of 30,000 men was sent to Songping but soon left the city when rivalry broke out between Cai Xi, the military governor, and Cai Jing, an administrative and military official of <a href="/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan">Lingnan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013123_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013123-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cai Xi was then left responsible for holding Songping against an imminent Nanzhao offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019120_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019120-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was surrounded by 4 miles (6,344 meters) of moated rampart–some parts seven to eight meters high. East of the city was the <a href="/wiki/Hong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong River">Red River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurton2009106_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2009106-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the information about the battle was written by <a href="/wiki/Fan_Chuo_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Fan Chuo (Tang dynasty)">Fan Chuo</a>, a Tang official who wrote an eyewitness account about the southern barbarians (people of Annan and Yunnan) during the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019115_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019115-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nanzhao_offensive_(863)"><span id="Nanzhao_offensive_.28863.29"></span>Nanzhao offensive (863)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang-Nanzhao_conflicts_in_Annan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nanzhao offensive (863)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Songping" title="Siege of Songping">Siege of Songping</a></div> <p>In mid-January of 863, Nanzhao returned with an invasion force numbering 50,000 led by Duan Qiuqian and Yang Sijin and besieged Annan's capital <a href="/wiki/Songping" title="Songping">Songping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer196767_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer196767-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983244_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983244-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nanzhao's army included an assortment of <i>Man</i> tribes. There were 5–6,000 local Taohua forces, 2–3,000 <i>Mang</i> Man from west of the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong River">Mekong River</a> who wore blue trousers and canes and strips of bamboo on their waists, Luoxing <i>Man</i> who wore no clothes except tree bark, He <i>Man</i> from the borderlands, Xunjuan <i>Man</i> who went barefoot but could tread on brambles and thorns and wore wicker helmets, and Wangjuzi <i>Man</i> whose menfolk and womenfolk alike were nimble and good with the lance on horseback.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019120–121_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019120–121-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 January, the defenders led by Cai Xi killed a hundred of the besiegers. Five days later, Cai Xi captured, tortured, and killed a group of enemies known as the Puzi <i>Man</i>. A local official named Liang Ke (V. Lương Cảo, belonged to the Puzi tribe) who was related to them recognized their dead bodies by their distinctive helmets and belts unique to each tribe, and defected. The troops of the Jiangxi General took the corpses of the besiegers and broiled them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019120_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019120-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983245_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983245-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 January, a naked <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist monk">Buddhist monk</a>, possibly <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a>, was wounded in the breast by an arrow shot by Cai Xi while strutting to and fro outside the southern walls. He was carried back to the camp by lots of <i>Man</i>. On 14 February, Cai Xi shot down 200 of the Wangjuzi and over 30 horses using a mounted crossbow from the walls. By 28 February, most of Cai Xi's followers had perished, and he himself had been wounded several times by arrows and stones. The enemy commander, Yang Sijin, penetrated the inner city. Cai Xi tried to escape by boat, but it capsized midstream, drowning him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983245_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983245-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019121_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019121-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fan Chuo escaped east via the <a href="/wiki/Hong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong River">Red River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019122_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019122-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 400 remaining defenders wanted to flee as well, but could not find any boats, so they chose to make a last stand at the eastern gate. Ambushing a group of enemy cavalry, they killed over 2,000 enemy troops and 300 horses before Yang sent reinforcements from the inner city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983245_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983245-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After taking Songping, on 20 June Nanzhao laid siege to Junzhou (modern <a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Haiphong</a>). A Nanzhao and rebel fleet of 4,000 men led by a chieftain named <a href="/wiki/Chu_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_C%E1%BB%95" title="Chu Đạo Cổ">Chu Đạo Cổ</a> (Zhu Daogu, 朱道古) was attacked by a local commander, who rammed their vessels and sank 30 boats, drowning them. In total, the invasion destroyed Tang armies in Annan numbering over 150,000. Although initially welcomed by the local <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> in ousting Tang control, Nanzhao turned on them, ravaging the local population and countryside. Both Chinese and Vietnamese sources note that the Viets fled to the mountains to avoid destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983244_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983244-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Government-in-exile" title="Government-in-exile">government-in-exile</a> for the protectorate was established in Haimen (near modern-day <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1_Long" title="Hạ Long">Hạ Long</a>) with Song Rong in charge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer196768_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer196768-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten thousand soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> and all other armies of the empire were called and concentrated at <a href="/wiki/Halong_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Halong Bay">Halong Bay</a> for reconquering Annan. A supply fleet of 1,000 ships from <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> was organized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983246_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983246-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tang_counterattack_(864–866)"><span id="Tang_counterattack_.28864.E2.80.93866.29"></span>Tang counterattack (864–866)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang-Nanzhao_conflicts_in_Annan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tang counterattack (864–866)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tang launched a counterattack in 864 under <a href="/wiki/Gao_Pian" title="Gao Pian">Gao Pian</a>, a general who had made his reputation fighting the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Türks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tanguts</a> in the north. In September 865, Gao's 5,000 troops surprised a Nanzhao army of 50,000 while they were collecting rice from the villages and routed them. Gao captured large quantities of rice, which he used to feed his army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983246_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983246-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A jealous governor, Li Weizhou, accused Gao of stalling to meet the enemy, and reported him to the throne. The court sent another general named Wang Yanqian to replace Gao. In the meantime, Gao had been reinforced by 7,000 men who arrived overland under the command of Wei Zhongzai.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983247_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983247-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 866, Gao's 12,000 men defeated a fresh Nanzhao army and chased them back to the mountains. He then laid siege to Songping but had to leave command due to the arrival of Li Weizhou and Wang Yanqian. He was later reinstated after sending his aid, Zeng Gun, to the capital and he returned with a reinstatement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013124_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013124-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gao completed the retaking of Annan in fall 866, executing the enemy general, Duan Qiuqian, and beheading 30,000 of his men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer196768_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer196768-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang-Nanzhao_conflicts_in_Annan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gao Pian rebuilt the capital citadel, repairing 5,000 meters of damaged wall, reconstructing 400,000 bays for its residents, and named it <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_La" title="Đại La">Đại La</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013124_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013124-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also renamed Annan to <a href="/wiki/T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n" title="Tĩnh Hải quân">Jinghai Jun</a> (<i>Tĩnh Hải quân</i>, lit. Peaceful Sea Army).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019120–123_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019120–123-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cxiv_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cxiv-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than half of local rebels fled into the mountains at this time. This may well have sealed the separation of <a href="/wiki/Muong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Muong language">Muong</a> from <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, which historians such as <a href="/wiki/Henri_Maspero" title="Henri Maspero">Henri Maspero</a> suggest based on linguistic evidence took place at the end of Tang rule in Annan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983248_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983248-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaspero191210_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaspero191210-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The war ended with the formal reassertion of Tang rule over Vietnam. But Tang was already far down the road to collapse, and the regime that emerged from the postwar reconstruction was the first of a number of transitional regimes that finally led to the establishment of an independent Vietnamese monarchy. If Tang had failed to win the war, it is difficult to imagine how Vietnamese society would have developed. As it happened, the outcome of the Nanzhao War affirmed Vietnam's long-standing ties to Chinese civilization. This was as much a decision of the Vietnamese as it was of Tang, for many Vietnamese seem to have viewed Gao Pian as a liberator who freed them from Nanzhao's reign of plunder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983197_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983197-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Keith Weller Taylor</cite></div></blockquote> <p>A campaign against local population in Annan was conducted from 874 to 879.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019124_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019124-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 877, troops deployed from Annan in <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> mutined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019124_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019124-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 880, the army in Annan mutinied, took the city of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_La" title="Đại La">Đại La</a>, and forced the military commissioner Zeng Gun to flee, ending de facto Chinese control in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019124_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019124-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang-Nanzhao_conflicts_in_Annan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/48px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino%E2%80%93Cham_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino–Cham war">Sino–Cham war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Pian" title="Gao Pian">Gao Pian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang-Nanzhao_conflicts_in_Annan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013107-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013107_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2013">Wang 2013</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013116-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013116_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2013">Wang 2013</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013120-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013120_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2013">Wang 2013</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983240-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983240_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983240_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983240_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019118-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019118_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019118_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019118_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019118_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson201295-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson201295_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2012">Anderson 2012</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983241-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983241_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013121-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013121_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2013">Wang 2013</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983241–242-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983241–242_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, pp. 241–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983243-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983243_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983243_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983243_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983243_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983243_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201342-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201342_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor 2013</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013123-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013123_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013123_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2013">Wang 2013</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman200736-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman200736_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerman2007">Herman 2007</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019120-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019120_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019120_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2009106-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurton2009106_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurton2009">Purton 2009</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019115-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019115_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer196767-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer196767_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchafer1967">Schafer 1967</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983244-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983244_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983244_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019120–121-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019120–121_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983245-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983245_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983245_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983245_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019121-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019121_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019122-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019122_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer196768-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer196768_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer196768_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchafer1967">Schafer 1967</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983246-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983246_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983246_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983247-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983247_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013124-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013124_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013124_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2013">Wang 2013</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019120–123-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019120–123_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, pp. 120–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cxiv-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cxiv_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXiong2009">Xiong 2009</a>, p. cxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983248-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983248_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaspero191210-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaspero191210_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaspero1912">Maspero 1912</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983197-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983197_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019124-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019124_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019124_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019124_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang-Nanzhao_conflicts_in_Annan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2012" class="citation cs2">Anderson, James A. (2012) [2007], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AWLMQFiNh3oC&q=The%20Rebel%20Den%20of%20Nung%20Tr%20Cao%3A%20Loyalty%20and%20Identity%20along%20the%20Sino-Vietnamese&pg=PA173"><i>The Rebel Den of Nung Tri Cao: Loyalty and Identity Along the Sino-Vietnamese Frontier</i></a>, University of Washington Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80077-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80077-6"><bdi>978-0-295-80077-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rebel+Den+of+Nung+Tri+Cao%3A+Loyalty+and+Identity+Along+the+Sino-Vietnamese+Frontier&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-295-80077-6&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAWLMQFiNh3oC%26q%3DThe%2520Rebel%2520Den%2520of%2520Nung%2520Tr%2520Cao%253A%2520Loyalty%2520and%2520Identity%2520along%2520the%2520Sino-Vietnamese%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang-Nanzhao+conflicts+in+Annan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton2012" class="citation cs2">Dutton, George E. (2012), <i>Sources of Vietnamese Tradition</i>, Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Vietnamese+Tradition&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang-Nanzhao+conflicts+in+Annan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2007" class="citation cs2">Herman, John E. (2007), <i>Amid the Clouds and Mist China's Colonization of Guizhou, 1200–1700</i>, Harvard University Asia Center, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02591-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02591-2"><bdi>978-0-674-02591-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amid+the+Clouds+and+Mist+China%27s+Colonization+of+Guizhou%2C+1200%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02591-2&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang-Nanzhao+conflicts+in+Annan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2019" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Ben (2019). <i>Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Time to the Present</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190053796" title="Special:BookSources/9780190053796"><bdi>9780190053796</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%3A+A+History+from+Earliest+Time+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780190053796&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang-Nanzhao+conflicts+in+Annan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaspero1912" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maspero, Henri (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1912_num_12_1_2713">"Études sur la phonétique historique de la langue annamite"</a> [Studies on the phonetic history of the Annamite language]. <i>Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient</i> (in French). <b>12</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.1912.2713">10.3406/befeo.1912.2713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=%C3%89tudes+sur+la+phon%C3%A9tique+historique+de+la+langue+annamite&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefeo.1912.2713&rft.aulast=Maspero&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fbefeo_0336-1519_1912_num_12_1_2713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang-Nanzhao+conflicts+in+Annan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurton2009" class="citation book cs1">Purton, Peter Fraser (2009). <i>A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 450-1220</i>. Boydell & Brewer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Late+Medieval+Siege%2C+450-1220&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Purton&rft.aufirst=Peter+Fraser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang-Nanzhao+conflicts+in+Annan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchafer1967" class="citation cs2">Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967), <i>The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South</i>, Los Angeles: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520011458" title="Special:BookSources/9780520011458"><bdi>9780520011458</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vermilion+Bird%3A+T%27ang+Images+of+the+South&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780520011458&rft.aulast=Schafer&rft.aufirst=Edward+Hetzel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang-Nanzhao+conflicts+in+Annan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShing2004" class="citation cs2">Shing, Müller (2004), <i>Archäologie und Frühe Texte</i>, Harrassowitz, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447050609" title="Special:BookSources/9783447050609"><bdi>9783447050609</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arch%C3%A4ologie+und+Fr%C3%BChe+Texte&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9783447050609&rft.aulast=Shing&rft.aufirst=M%C3%BCller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang-Nanzhao+conflicts+in+Annan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1983" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Keith Weller (1983), <i>The Birth of the Vietnam</i>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520074170" title="Special:BookSources/9780520074170"><bdi>9780520074170</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Vietnam&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780520074170&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Keith+Weller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang-Nanzhao+conflicts+in+Annan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2013" class="citation cs2">Taylor, K.W. (2013), <i>A History of the Vietnamese</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520074170" title="Special:BookSources/9780520074170"><bdi>9780520074170</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vietnamese&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780520074170&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=K.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang-Nanzhao+conflicts+in+Annan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThich2007" class="citation cs2">Thich, Quang Minh (2007), <i>Vietnamese Buddhism in America</i>, United States of America: The Florida State University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnamese+Buddhism+in+America&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pub=The+Florida+State+University&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Thich&rft.aufirst=Quang+Minh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang-Nanzhao+conflicts+in+Annan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2013" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Zhenping (2013). <i>Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War</i>. University of Hawaii Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tang+China+in+Multi-Polar+Asia%3A+A+History+of+Diplomacy+and+War&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Zhenping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang-Nanzhao+conflicts+in+Annan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiong2009" class="citation cs2">Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), <i>Historical Dictionary of Medieval China</i>, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810860537" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810860537"><bdi>978-0810860537</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Medieval+China&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0810860537&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Victor+Cunrui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang-Nanzhao+conflicts+in+Annan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xueyantuo" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo">Tang–Xueyantuo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Goguryeo–Tang War">Goguryeo–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baekje%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Baekje–Tang War">Baekje–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silla%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Silla–Tang War">Silla–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Tang–Tibet relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">Tang–Western Turks War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_oasis_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang campaign against the oasis states">Oasis states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Karakhoja" title="Tang campaign against Karakhoja">Karakhoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_Karasahr" title="Tang campaigns against Karasahr">Karasahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Kucha" title="Tang campaign against Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Western_Turks" title="Conquest of the Western Turks">Conquest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_rebellion" title="An Lushan rebellion">An Lushan rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty_between_China_and_Tibet_(783)" title="Peace treaty between China and Tibet (783)">Qingshui Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niu%E2%80%93Li_factional_strife" title="Niu–Li factional strife">Niu–Li factional strife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changqing_Treaty" title="Changqing Treaty">Changqing Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Dew_incident" title="Sweet Dew incident">Sweet Dew incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanzhao#Territorial_expansion" title="Nanzhao">Tang-Nanzhao conflicts</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Annan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Songping" title="Siege of Songping">Songping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Chao_Rebellion" title="Huang Chao Rebellion">Huang Chao Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A ceramic female polo player"><img alt="A ceramic female polo player" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg/120px-Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg/180px-Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg/240px-Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Tang dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Li" title="House of Li">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(middle)#Tang_and_Wu_Zhou_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (middle)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Chancellor of the Tang dynasty">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_system" title="Jimi system">Jimi system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanzhen" title="Fanzhen">Fanzhen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Fanzhen_of_Hebei" title="Three Fanzhen of Hebei">Hebei</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination#Tang_dynasty_(618–907)" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_official_headwear" title="Tang official headwear">Official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Military history of the Tang dynasty">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Tang dynasty)">Imperial guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shence_Army" title="Shence Army">Shence Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Military_Affairs" title="Bureau of Military Affairs">Shumiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Tang_military" title="Turks in the Tang military">Turkic generals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Three_Departments" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Affairs">Department of State Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menxia_Sheng" title="Menxia Sheng">Chancellery</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Secretariat-Chancellery" title="Secretariat-Chancellery">Secretariat-Chancellery</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Personnel" title="Ministry of Personnel">Ministry of Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Justice (imperial China)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Works</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Protectorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang dynasty in Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Protectorate General to Pacify the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the South">Protectorate General to Pacify the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Protectorate General to Pacify the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ungjin_Commandery" title="Ungjin Commandery">Ungjin Commandery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyerim_Territory_Area_Command" title="Gyerim Territory Area Command">Gyerim Territory Area Command</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_art" title="Tang dynasty art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancai" title="Sancai">Sancai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_poetry" title="Tang poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Hundred_Tang_Poems" title="Three Hundred Tang Poems">Three Hundred Tang Poems</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_card#China" title="Playing card">Playing card</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Palace_Concert" title="A Palace Concert">A Palace Concert</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_Receiving_the_Tibetan_Envoy" title="Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy">Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huaisu%27s_Autobiography" title="Huaisu's Autobiography">Huaisu's Autobiography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night-Shining_White" title="Night-Shining White">Night-Shining White</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_statues:_Kashyapa_and_Ananda" title="Companion statues: Kashyapa and Ananda">Kashyapa & Ananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Steeds_of_Zhao_Mausoleum" title="Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum">Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Dew" title="Autumn Dew">Autumn Dew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazu_Rock_Carvings" title="Dazu Rock Carvings">Dazu Rock Carvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_Giant_Buddha" title="Leshan Giant Buddha">Leshan Giant Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongxian_Giant_Buddha" title="Rongxian Giant Buddha">Rongxian Giant Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand-Buddha_Cliff" title="Thousand-Buddha Cliff">Thousand-Buddha Cliff</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daoxuan" title="Daoxuan">Daoxuan</a> (596–667) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Design_for_Buddhist_Temple_Construction" title="Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction">Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhangsun" title="Empress Zhangsun">Empress Zhangsun</a> (601–636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bianji" title="Bianji">Bianji</a> (7th c.) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Tang_Records_on_the_Western_Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tang Records on the Western Regions">Great Tang Records on the Western Regions</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Huan" title="Du Huan">Du Huan</a> (751–762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Xingjian" title="Bai Xingjian">Bai Xingjian</a> (776–826) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Li_Wa" title="The Tale of Li Wa">The Tale of Li Wa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Yu" title="Lu Yu">Lu Yu</a> (733–804) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Classic_of_Tea" title="The Classic of Tea">The Classic of Tea</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Guangting" title="Du Guangting">Du Guangting</a> (850–933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yunsong" title="Yang Yunsong">Yang Yunsong</a> (9th c.) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_Satchel_Classic" title="Green Satchel Classic">Green Satchel Classic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Hundred_Tang_Poems#Poets" title="Three Hundred Tang Poems">Poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Binwang" title="Luo Binwang">Luo Binwang</a> (619–684)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Shenyan" title="Du Shenyan">Du Shenyan</a> (645–708)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bo_(poet)" title="Wang Bo (poet)">Wang Bo</a> (650–676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zi%27ang" title="Chen Zi'ang">Chen Zi'ang</a> (656–702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhizhang" title="He Zhizhang">He Zhizhang</a> (659–744)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jiuling" title="Zhang Jiuling">Zhang Jiuling</a> (673–740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Haoran" title="Meng Haoran">Meng Haoran</a> (689–740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qi_(poet)" title="Li Qi (poet)">Li Qi</a> (690–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Changling" title="Wang Changling">Wang Changling</a> (698–756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Wei_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Wang Wei (Tang dynasty)">Wang Wei</a> (699–759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bai" title="Li Bai">Li Bai</a> (701–762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Shi" title="Gao Shi">Gao Shi</a> (704–765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhangqing" title="Liu Zhangqing">Liu Zhangqing</a> (709–785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Fu" title="Du Fu">Du Fu</a> (712–770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ji_(poet_from_Hubei)" title="Zhang Ji (poet from Hubei)">Zhang Ji</a> (712–779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cen_Shen" title="Cen Shen">Cen Shen</a> (715–770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bi" title="Li Bi">Li Bi</a> (722–789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yingwu" title="Wei Yingwu">Wei Yingwu</a> (737–792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Lun" title="Lu Lun">Lu Lun</a> (739–799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a> (768–824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuxi" title="Liu Yuxi">Liu Yuxi</a> (772–842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Juyi" title="Bai Juyi">Bai Juyi</a> (772–846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongyuan" title="Liu Zongyuan">Liu Zongyuan</a> (773–819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Zhen" title="Yuan Zhen">Yuan Zhen</a> (779–831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ye_(poet)" title="Li Ye (poet)">Li Ye</a> (d. 784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_He" title="Li He">Li He</a> (790–817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niu_Yingzhen" title="Niu Yingzhen">Niu Yingzhen</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xu" title="Zhang Xu">Zhang Xu</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Mu" title="Du Mu">Du Mu</a> (803–852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Tingyun" title="Wen Tingyun">Wen Tingyun</a> (812–866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shangyin" title="Li Shangyin">Li Shangyin</a> (813–858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Xuanqing" title="Mo Xuanqing">Mo Xuanqing</a> (834-?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Xuanji" title="Yu Xuanji">Yu Xuanji</a> (840–868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Qiuniang" title="Du Qiuniang">Du Qiuniang</a> (9th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%AAu_H%E1%BB%AFu_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Liêu Hữu Phương">Liêu Hữu Phương</a> (9th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_painting" title="Tang dynasty painting">Painters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Liben" title="Yan Liben">Yan Liben</a> (600–673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Daozi" title="Wu Daozi">Wu Daozi</a> (680–760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Wei_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Wang Wei (Tang dynasty)">Wang Wei</a> (699–759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%9Ba_%C4%AArasang%C3%A4" title="Viśa Īrasangä">Viśa Īrasangä</a> (7th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Gan" title="Han Gan">Han Gan</a> (706–783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xuan" title="Zhang Xuan">Zhang Xuan</a> (713–755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Huang" title="Han Huang">Han Huang</a> (723–787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fang_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Zhou Fang (Tang dynasty)">Zhou Fang</a> (730–780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanxiu" title="Guanxiu">Guanxiu</a> (832–912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Hao" title="Jing Hao">Jing Hao</a> (855–915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Wei_(painter)" title="Sun Wei (painter)">Sun Wei</a> (9th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism#Tang_Dynasty_(618–907_CE)" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a> (549–623)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daochuo" title="Daochuo">Daochuo</a> (562–645)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a> (613–681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> (fl 602–664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiji" title="Kuiji">Kuiji</a> (632–682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a> (635–713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faru_(monk)" title="Faru (monk)">Faru</a> (638–689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrabodhi" title="Vajrabodhi">Vajrabodhi</a> (671–741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhen" title="Jianzhen">Jianzhen</a> (688–763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a> (705–774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a> (709–788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizhang_Huaihai" title="Baizhang Huaihai">Baizhang Huaihai</a> (720–814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wukong_(monk)" title="Wukong (monk)">Wukong</a> (730–790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoshan_Weiyan" title="Yaoshan Weiyan">Yaoshan Weiyan</a> (745–827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiguo" title="Huiguo">Huiguo</a> (746–805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhua" title="Puhua">Puhua</a> (770–860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaozhou_Congshen" title="Zhaozhou Congshen">Zhaozhou Congshen</a> (778–897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhisheng" title="Zhisheng">Zhisheng</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie</a> (807–869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen Wenyan</a> (862–949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gik%C5%AB" title="Gikū">Gikū</a> (9th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taoism#Tang_Dynasty_(618–907)" title="History of Taoism">Taoism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Xuanying" title="Cheng Xuanying">Cheng Xuanying</a> (fl 631–655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Dongbin" title="Lü Dongbin">Lü Dongbin</a> (796-?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a> (768–824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao_(philosopher)" title="Li Ao (philosopher)">Li Ao</a> (772–841)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Yingda" title="Kong Yingda">Kong Yingda</a> (574–648)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">Church of the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Stele" title="Xi'an Stele">Xi'an Stele</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Islam during the Tang dynasty">Islam during the Tang dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Tang dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaotong" title="Wang Xiaotong">Wang Xiaotong</a> (580–640) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jigu_Suanjing" title="Jigu Suanjing">Jigu Suanjing</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jingzong" title="Xu Jingzong">Xu Jingzong</a> (592-672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Lingzan" title="Liang Lingzan">Liang Lingzan</a> <ul><li><i>The Five-Planet and Twenty-eight Constellation Deities</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Chunfeng" title="Li Chunfeng">Li Chunfeng</a> (602–670) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Computational_Canons" title="Ten Computational Canons">Ten Computational Canons</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Su Jing <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinxiu_bencao" title="Xinxiu bencao">Xinxiu bencao</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Simiao" title="Sun Simiao">Sun Simiao</a> (d. 682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Xing" title="Yi Xing">Yi Xing</a> (683–727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Siddha" title="Gautama Siddha">Gautama Siddha</a> (fl 714–724) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Astrology_of_the_Kaiyuan_Era" title="Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era">Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Dan" title="Jia Dan">Jia Dan</a> (730–805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothbrush" title="Toothbrush">Toothbrush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwu_Qi" title="Diwu Qi">Diwu Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yan_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Liu Yan (Tang dynasty)">Liu Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan_Tongbao" title="Kaiyuan Tongbao">Kaiyuan Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Commission" title="Salt Commission">Salt Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_cash" title="Flying cash">Flying cash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tang-Nanzhao_conflicts_in_Annan&oldid=1243445517">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tang-Nanzhao_conflicts_in_Annan&oldid=1243445517</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Yunnan" title="Category:History of Yunnan">History of Yunnan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th_century_in_Vietnam" title="Category:9th 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