CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '927af7365ab4f930',cH: 'nKyLppM_HzuWrbv0s5KNVjewBjrWTHeg9DKkd4DUT8g-1743205154-1.2.1.1-YSOXJUMuXNlk21NhRKWNVrx6a9SBRGrdV2VssROKak9JjjrhQzshqPqjZLKjXrl5',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Islamic%20banking&__cf_chl_tk=O2iVlR8fEFH4jp.a_1sVRd8_Hjmj8DoktEXQHiZHc0E-1743205154-1.0.1.1-EcEr2Klge69_vmwuz2siFKlTOQ5iFEayV5R9k6Qhj1o",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1743205154',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Islamic%20banking&__cf_chl_f_tk=O2iVlR8fEFH4jp.a_1sVRd8_Hjmj8DoktEXQHiZHc0E-1743205154-1.0.1.1-EcEr2Klge69_vmwuz2siFKlTOQ5iFEayV5R9k6Qhj1o",md: "bwVpVfthXBb5UJFr6VQJFFb4XdU7474EjjazldbWQik-1743205154-1.2.1.1-U.2GCPTm0kEEzkIwsaT6aqVtq8U_0LojT9qLwMxTSksa4naHX1PgQW0Jmhmtb_9YuclYv5LVqFX_fPvcfEUXWs1pFQfM9vh6eqYU5lgJ9DqPM5RInn6gZ4RtgWKHueZFrFwj3zatC2r82HFqnC8apdOhs2VKEEJVNRubAbEqBx.jd1H364bDLi8PPUcE64BeiahCFdN.uz4N.any5DH3gdl22.imk_.bRwgO7QbJh6NFUbiurtdPLcAKE6geOEyeAIoGeoGgSAWCkKQEjzAiuhldbHc0.cn_DIHJ3ftzIPvAQNm1E0hWx0gippoTkT1xMjvnUYT2J1lPDoHEecLn2F_4VKwEZOPI8fTlCwKD0cScDT1cJ3JzOQ6oxQFWQBKP36_lrvz3pzf.D.Lv8RY6VBGfo..cM4KtXXlqKUnBdTGyGoB.AN2eEkgtQv69MswTrXbnT2VKIetdt05J_23uK7ogE.MUBJZilWwZZSKxts74sswr9OBAc4ZblcGBbpJ8yiMmPRtTnPNWsrjzgz0.bj3IQ7ZNAE3eLncrngxKZNbSYVxbc5KCQOn8A2whuhgCgWSVMRzxU0LbjY6B7JeuKyFKANaWtQRK4Q7vDXNbMh9jhgdkUL6qC8tQvJA1ykIj.ClECAue3wSDEGkh6Wcp78Vq8ixUV2Lt3yth9WOVojSHg_IZaldgzRqb1qptiu81ulnrKH7PW19jbC_h8qXJ5.R0Rep8L7prHEZ07wEOIcmCS3R4fyw0S00aLzZvChBhsphNXqaoQ9MIpy6NxxCZ2g3XZfwCbLU3I8F2YR.ZAOfKltD6If_2sCI8kpPkDjscwcDeUJwpI6JWW6.ssje7kcBmfSChHNYZVfiN7rcS7k6F2S7GCV8yq61p1POW.PgPJwRzeoEjOXg1byW.IU_bcFu2uMjxwAMXdzUS_EsMdUmbU0vNMx05vv574SRpf8Ylahx_3Cz0XneXKTsKlszxAmvImAjyEYbYKLzyqXBxsXEd.7PypnTeZ72CJLX4Jg2Wfp3gs.lZT0e52N3QzOlOa8rpMkCqZ7scngw0z2gopRQGL1BXa.oACWFxsFRLszLMUdBEqChs_bnAwlIZO4z7l94avgwhYC8zX4m7IgNkPX5Kk8cgYuxlXlXeWRvVt7Jn8SwVImB5oTfOUDlj7Ol4kbrUGJeHy65yMhzm6m1VaR2WBQpXwR9c25kWJDDHFa_jIZYQeOrI.QVN9_hEHf0f1UAOXxs8TcbuSOoT7PRaWF_TU2ukV6tDFjRYBwgRCC3oEQD22sHipQQtsbCD48_MTA",mdrd: ".aJrH7LLnK9D12QIH4ZP1Pu81aup2IT8ReANSScbmpc-1743205154-1.2.1.1-FAeZ0cSi.3igwCR85zup7xm0m_QZD8F4jSKnzJhqWNxntX7iafmv.ZDbRenhJm5Hsfn0hIERRSE032nYmnxgyK56n0CeE0ae680n6nD5tkb69C95etbHiYvz7TXJnJOYAdMX5J2nP.dDJDn2eY2Z9qYaPeBwuKRo.xnYxZM97Bm5NxNb14Kq9e79PYlqsD0wwat6tosnlxGpUnrsxBFBA3BAokkP9R0vW8F_7AR3SDcGpmzZVqxmncjbPuv8qK4.bWjL2jiEULw0nQiD8G.7cKVv6icZqJQ6W7d_ZKpGI6s995Ose4TQVyrnQI2T354t9TKE8_HOee3tRqrvmowYvLC8N_1E9ueOM3qkA67QanysR0WvBKmo6WxM954KfcuBu2xNYGnEUcQyxTs2M8jKGBqSsn.JuzeU1HGiEJRBr9lFy5v3VAhQ7jeXeAfr3.k_g5MfMwfarT5hYcXf.WYGDCdskj1i_gxzGtv7eN3rokovXrGZOoNJ_exA4MN7OxgMNrFHqZrTWA5tri5KgbK2FZqqDJctBccKRXk6mDPhZeBVdGzQd2oU31zF0PXNkvDoronIKY6enKSutPqKq3vhdOEHRM8v49BQlVv0pZTJDK1fH_HKf8rHbeT9pjjRyjWx51JyRYEgzZz2fBSs.Vdz9W5Oct6ZQQ8Mr7w.SlNHP.WmlyiSGEKXZROpSQTQHW3BTCEj6ES712VkWK7bmM4.eTi_Z2nWN6dSXlUpK2QwoejLdRIbU4ZDzE.5aisRn4xU67yrGOwcxL272DubobQncdWuisdPN.Jd6zhtBCJtbnwmXZXZur8Ngayx5bN97G5WKCKDL.uV67L7HzKQ63B9SOU7rgbnpI_ZkC8jDFctgtVpEVq0IDE8IZLHpdCaM23cGe4X4tGSt4.Gr8NCWoYTA_zMO7xj9QJDOX3edTfxlQcKatb3UtVQLnmhekTw3Ja3IYk7ZJxtbfv6s_HGkLjoHnlwYqahLc6NJARQVYKrpwu29_t2cZ1ENofaBssucdMzN95AFl4FuvNeYlvcEjJjctG8g7XL6.HRLyURRA75u.P04fr7ZZq.VcplmA1fJG1QFaLQbMZ2tPS.odr1JEErF7O3UC91eiHZZS4LVgXTpwSOlNeSOWVnF7xJWf4uijvesNIVv9qjzjnZVsGmrT2BfdDtxiwTrxn4s6xFeffTqnqgAzJP6AuMF.aRgKhTUMtFEQMqDJviKz30UQxhYZJiRAwlLQKGpoXTyNTB1RR2uG5S8HrNjIVFtG_e4bSAXLOxO8TEe_wbHVQBk1nQNJa1FD92juHuhD4MYvf8H6uLw117OiUwyynOF_7mutqvsOqPnajtchiVlR2RbllWR1cPhUp96ViRq1SInnzeJnbrN9AHOI3AXAQGOReDFPH9wgtId46tM0Zhqne9w9sQpR6lJuVugjO7KZGOzkRQVtLabxLfVYDZ8NX91OvJaddU9ERQHdh4bMAj2rLRO9p8.LERXr79LpiAtsnThzpaSa3s5srqmdMFTsQGxYXQP62FTddf7xxzB7uUMybnS1ajPF3RqqEw8cyMxbTjWa9cusxZ1g8SDAR66QRV8rHEl4alKZg1NRIA.oknemlTbG7dYzuo.JcxUC_wIqEXLT6R0yo9lH8onHx1ftL.QlxNUgGt800kK6Ii30SO8aoytzsqBlqHHRC3lRRKy1O4fVw2HEIVsXyQpvAqGzbXFwu_YTbsm4q14vja3pTHuoEiB2ff.o9c9mYcHicKWega82nD6O6bzCK2Bt6EAGOERmkyD7f5NrTo06YgV3497XqBb_RCACm1ALGIiYfpPc2xzGt1WKrHKk3J3lIQH5utBRpcE3T2ZoyP0Yhowp0Uf3cqM1qmwWJxUq.emB3l1nZFHw5aOPFVCqph.V.8Kd8y95wfl1OoA1.S4pY6lF6g.P9NX5Bkuk044WzQU0uX5ypb.M0B.pFNPACot2aaNkPKl7y3nDPDmMy.kstE0b94pPbnF4L0Js.0ZkYM4HqxAeZ3rHU.g.z8IpQ7ijiqFkETm0WSZqfxw9lhkd3mlzAGYfdfFB6SKftA9Q"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=927af7365ab4f930';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Islamic%20banking&__cf_chl_rt_tk=O2iVlR8fEFH4jp.a_1sVRd8_Hjmj8DoktEXQHiZHc0E-1743205154-1.0.1.1-EcEr2Klge69_vmwuz2siFKlTOQ5iFEayV5R9k6Qhj1o" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>