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.ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style> The Liao dynasty (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/English">/ljaʊ/</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a>: Mos Jælud; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 遼朝; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 辽朝; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Liáo cháo),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> also known as the Khitan State (Mos diau-d kitai huldʒi gur),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> officially the Great Liao (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 大遼; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Dà Liáo), was an imperial <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dynasty_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasty of China">dynasty of China</a> that existed between 916 and 1125, ruled by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yel%C3%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yelü">Yelü</a> clan of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan people">Khitan people</a>. Founded around the time of the collapse of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tang_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, at its greatest extent it ruled over <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northeast_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a>, the northern part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_Peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>, southern portions of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Far_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>, and the northern tip of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_China_Plain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North China Plain">North China Plain</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"> <div class="ib-country-names"> 大遼 Great Liao <hr><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title=""Khitan State""><img alt=""Khitan State"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B.png/70px-%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%25E5%25A5%2591%25E4%25B8%25B9%25E5%259C%258B.png/105px-%25E5%25A5%2591%25E4%25B8%25B9%25E5%259C%258B.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/%25E5%25A5%2591%25E4%25B8%25B9%25E5%259C%258B.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="45"></a> / 契丹國 Khitan State </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">916–1125</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Liao_circuits.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Liao circuits, c. 1111"><img alt="Liao circuits, c. 1111" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Liao_circuits.png/280px-Liao_circuits.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Liao_circuits.png/420px-Liao_circuits.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Liao_circuits.png/560px-Liao_circuits.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="792"></a> <div class="ib-country-map-caption"> Liao circuits, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1111 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linhuangfu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linhuangfu">Shangjing</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jurchen_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jurchen language">Jurchen</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li>Khitan <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Animism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Animism">animism</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demonym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of emperors of the Liao dynasty">Emperor</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • 907–926 </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abaoji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abaoji">Taizu</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • 926–947 </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Taizong</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • 947–951 </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Shizong of Liao">Shizong</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • 951–969 </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Muzong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Muzong of Liao">Muzong</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • 969–982 </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Jingzong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Jingzong of Liao">Jingzong</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • 982–1031 </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shengzong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shengzong">Shengzong</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • 1031–1055 </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xingzong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Xingzong">Xingzong</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • 1055–1101 </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daozong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Daozong">Daozong</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • 1101–1125 </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tianzuo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianzuo">Tianzuo</a></td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medieval_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Asia">Medieval Asia</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abaoji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abaoji">Abaoji</a> becomes khagan </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">907</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • Abaoji assumes the title of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">916</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • "Great Liao" adopted as a dynastic name </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">947</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • Signing of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chanyuan_Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chanyuan Treaty">Chanyuan Treaty</a> with Song </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">1005</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • Emergence of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">1114–1115</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Liao">Western Liao</a> established </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">1124</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Tianzuo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Tianzuo">Emperor Tianzuo</a> captured by Jin </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">1125</td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">947 <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">2,600,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty_coinage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liao dynasty coinage">Liao dynasty coinage</a>, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">cash coins</a> in the southern circuit</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"> <div id="before-after"></div>Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan people">Khitan people</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tang_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz Khaganate</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin (Five Dynasties)</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kumo_Xi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shiwei_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei people</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balhae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zubu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zubu">Zubu</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karluks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Liao">Northern Liao</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Xia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Liao">Western Liao</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khamag_Mongol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qocho?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qocho">Qocho</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> The dynasty rose from the consolidation of power among the Khitans in the 8th century and their expansionist campaigns in the latter half of the 9th century. Eventually the Yila chieftain, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abaoji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abaoji">Abaoji</a>, became the leader of the Khitans and proclaimed a Chinese-style dynastic state in 916. The Liao dynasty launched multiple military campaigns against neighboring states and peoples including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kumo_Xi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shiwei_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tatar_confederation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tatar confederation">Tatars</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zubu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zubu">Zubu</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khongirad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balhae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balhae">Balhae</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Tang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Song_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>. Its conquests include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sixteen_Prefectures?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sixteen Prefectures">Sixteen Prefectures</a> (including present-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and part of Hebei) by fueling a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxy_war?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proxy war">proxy war</a> that led to the collapse of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Tang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a> (923–936). In 1004, the Liao launched an expedition against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Song_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song dynasty">Northern Song dynasty</a>. After heavy fighting and large casualties between the two empires, both sides worked out the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chanyuan_Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chanyuan Treaty">Chanyuan Treaty</a>. Through the treaty, the Liao forced the Northern Song to recognize them as peers and heralded an era of peace and stability between the two powers that lasted approximately 120 years. It was the first state to control all of Manchuria.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Tension between traditional Khitan social and political practices and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Han_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> influence and customs was a defining feature of the dynasty. This tension led to a series of succession crises; Liao emperors favored the Han concept of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primogeniture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>, while much of the rest of the Khitan elite supported the traditional method of succession by the strongest candidate. In addition, the adoption of Han systems and the push to reform Khitan practices led Abaoji to set up two parallel governments. The Northern Administration governed Khitan areas following traditional Khitan practices, while the Southern Administration governed areas with large non-Khitan populations, adopting traditional Han governmental practices. The Liao dynasty was destroyed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jurchen_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a>-led <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> in 1125 with the capture of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Tianzuo_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Tianzuo of Liao">Emperor Tianzuo of Liao</a>. However, the remaining Liao loyalists, led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Dashi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yelü Dashi">Yelü Dashi</a> (who would become Emperor Dezong), established the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Liao">Western Liao</a> dynasty (or "Qara Khitai"), which ruled over parts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> for almost a century before <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">being conquered</a> by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongol_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. Although cultural achievements associated with the Liao dynasty are considerable, and a number of various statuary and other artifacts exist in museums and other collections, major questions remain over the exact nature and extent of the influence of the Liao culture upon subsequent developments, such as the musical and theatrical arts. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Names">1 Names</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pre-dynastic_history">2.1 Pre-dynastic history</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Origins">2.1.1 Origins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eight_tribes">2.1.2 Eight tribes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dahe_Confederation">2.1.3 Dahe Confederation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Yaonian_Confederation">2.1.4 Yaonian Confederation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rise_to_power">2.1.5 Rise to power</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Abaoji_(907%E2%80%93926)">2.2 Abaoji (907–926)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Taizong_(926%E2%80%93947)">2.3 Taizong (926–947)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Shizong_(947%E2%80%93951)">2.4 Shizong (947–951)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Muzong_(951%E2%80%93969)">2.5 Muzong (951–969)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Jingzong_(969%E2%80%93982)">2.6 Jingzong (969–982)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Shengzong_(982%E2%80%931031)">2.7 Shengzong (982–1031)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Xingzong_(1031%E2%80%931055)">2.8 Xingzong (1031–1055)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Daozong_(1055%E2%80%931101)">2.9 Daozong (1055–1101)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tianzuo_(1101%E2%80%931125)">2.10 Tianzuo (1101–1125)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Qara_Khitai">2.11 Qara Khitai</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Government">3 Government</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Enthronement_ceremonies">3.1 Enthronement ceremonies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Law_and_administration">3.2 Law and administration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Military">3.3 Military</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Society_and_culture">4 Society and culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Language">4.1 Language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Status_of_women">4.2 Status of women</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Marriage_practices">4.2.1 Marriage practices</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religion">4.3 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Burial">4.4 Burial</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cultural_legacy">4.5 Cultural legacy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historic_site">5 Historic site</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">7 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Citations">7.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources">7.2 Sources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Names">Names</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Names" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The "Great Khitan State" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 大契丹; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Dà Qìdān) was founded in 907 by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abaoji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abaoji">Abaoji</a> (Emperor Taizu of Liao). In 947, Abaoji's successor, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Emperor Taizong of Liao</a>, officially renamed the dynasty as "Great Liao" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 大遼; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Dà Liáo). This was probably due to the inclusion of non-Khitan peoples in the state. The name was changed back to "Great Khitan" in 983 during the reign of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Shengzong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Shengzong of Liao">Emperor Shengzong of Liao</a> due to a reassertion of Khitan identity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane20094-5-8">[8]</a> In 1066, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Daozong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Daozong of Liao">Emperor Daozong of Liao</a> reintroduced the dynastic name "Great Liao" and the title remained in official use until the dynasty's collapse. Both "Great Khitan" and "Great Liao" enjoyed about 100 years of usage each.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane2009162-9">[9]</a> In 1124, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qara_Khitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qara Khitai">successor state</a> established by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Dashi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yelü Dashi">Yelü Dashi</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Regions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> also officially adopted the dynastic name "Great Liao". In historiography, however, this regime is more commonly called the "Western Liao" or "Qara Khitai". Due to the dominance of the Khitans during the Liao dynasty in Northeast China and Mongolia and later the Qara Khitai in Central Asia where they were seen as Chinese, the term "Khitai" came to mean "China" to people near them in Central Asia, Russia and northwestern China. The name was then introduced to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Ages">medieval Europe</a> via Islamic and Russian sources, and became "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cathay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cathay">Cathay</a>". In the modern era, words related to Khitay are still used as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Names_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Names of China">name for China</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkic_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uyghurs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> in China's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xinjiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> region and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kazakhs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kazakhstan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and areas adjoining it, and by some Slavic peoples, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russians">Russians</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr201543-10">[10]</a> There is no consensus among historians regarding the etymology of "Liao". Some believe that "Liao" was derived from the word for "iron" in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan language">Khitan language</a>, while others believe that the name came from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liao River">Liao River</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catchment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Catchment">catchment</a> which was the traditional homeland of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan people">Khitan people</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Khitans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Khitans">History of the Khitans</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Khitans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timeline of the Khitans">Timeline of the Khitans</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Pre-dynastic_history">Pre-dynastic history</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Pre-dynastic history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Khitan_rulers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Khitan rulers">List of Khitan rulers</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Origins">Origins</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The earliest reference to a Khitan state is found in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Book_of_Wei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Book of Wei">Book of Wei</a>, a history of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Wei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei dynasty</a> (386–534) that was completed in 554.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Twitchett_and_Tietze_44-11">[11]</a> Several books written after 554 mention the Khitans being active during the late third and early fourth centuries. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Book_of_Jin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a> (648), a history of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty (266–420)</a>, refers to the Khitans in the section covering the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Murong_Sheng?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Murong Sheng">Murong Sheng</a> (398–401). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samguk_Sagi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Samguk Sagi">Samguk Sagi</a> (1145), a history of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a>, mentions a Khitan raid taking place in 378.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> According to sinologists <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denis_C._Twitchett?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Denis C. Twitchett">Denis C. Twitchett</a> and Klaus-Peter Tietze, it is generally held that the Khitans emerged from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yuwen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a> branch of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xianbei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> people. Following a defeat at the hands of another branch of the Xianbei in 345, the Yuwen split into three tribes, one of which was called the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kumo_Xi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a>. In 388 the Kumo Xi itself split, with one group remaining under the name Kumo Xi and the other group becoming the Khitans.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Twitchett_and_Tietze_44-11">[11]</a> This view is partially backed up by the Book of Wei, which describes the Khitans being of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xianbei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> origins.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Twitchett_and_Tietze_44-11">[11]</a> Beginning in the Song dynasty, some Chinese scholars suggested that the Khitans might have descended from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xiongnu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> people. While modern historians have rejected the idea that the Khitan were solely Xiongnu in origin, there is some support for the claim that they are of mixed Xianbei and Xiongnu origin. Beginning with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a> in the fourteenth century, several scholars have theorized that the Khitans were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Mongols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Mongols">Mongolic</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> in origin, and in the late 19th century, Western scholars made the claim that the Khitans were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tungusic_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic</a> in origin – modern linguistic analysis has discredited this claim.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Liao_Figure_(13969734317).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Liao_Figure_%2813969734317%29.jpg/220px-Liao_Figure_%2813969734317%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="379" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2714" data-file-height="4673"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 379px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Liao_Figure_%2813969734317%29.jpg/220px-Liao_Figure_%2813969734317%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="379" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Liao_Figure_%2813969734317%29.jpg/330px-Liao_Figure_%2813969734317%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Liao_Figure_%2813969734317%29.jpg/440px-Liao_Figure_%2813969734317%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Liao figure. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaoning_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoning Museum">Liaoning Museum</a>, Shenyang. </figcaption> </figure> After splitting from the Yuwen, the Khitans and Kumo Xi fled to the region of Songmo (modern southern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hexigten_Banner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hexigten Banner">Hexigten Banner</a> and western <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ongniud_Banner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ongniud Banner">Ongniud Banner</a>). According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a>, the territory of the Khitans rested on what is now the area south of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xar_Moron_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xar Moron River">Xar Moron River</a> and east of the Laoha. The Khitans then faced a joint invasion by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, which caused them to migrate south to the east of Bailang River (modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daling_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daling River">Daling River</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu200510-16">[16]</a> By the time the Book of Wei was written in 554, the Khitans had formed a state in what is now China's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jilin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jilin">Jilin</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaoning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> Provinces.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Twitchett_and_Tietze_44-11">[11]</a> The Khitans suffered a series of military defeats to other nomadic groups in the region, as well as to the Chinese <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Qi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a> (550–577) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sui_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a> (589–618) dynasties. Khitan tribes at various times fell under the influence of Turkic tribes such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yugur_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur people">Uighurs</a> and Chinese dynasties such as the Sui and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tang_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a>. In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Book_of_Sui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a> (Volume 84), the Khitan are described as "bellicose in plundering and raiding borders"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005145-17">[17]</a> and "the most uncourteous and arrogant among all barbarians".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005145-17">[17]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> Living in the frigid and windy Northern Desert, the Khitan people made animal husbandry, hunting and fishing their occupations, which could provide them (meat, fish and milk) for food, wool and hides for clothing. They used the horsedrawn cart for their shelters throughout the seasonal migrations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu200533-18">[18]</a> In the ancient Khitan way of life their wealth consisted of horses and their strength of soldiers. The horses were released in the open country and the soldiers were demobilized among the people. Whenever a military campaign occurred, they were called to arms. The mounted archers and armed soldiers received their orders at the hour mao and assembled at the hour chen. The horses went after water and grass and men depended on kumiss. They bent the powerful bow and shot living animals in order to provide for their daily needs. They also had dried food and fodder. Such was their way of living. On account of this, they hold the upper hand and encountered no opposition whenever they went.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu200533-18">[18]</a> <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Eight_tribes">Eight tribes</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Eight tribes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There were eight Khitan tribes: the Xiwandan, Hedahe (Adahe), Fufuyu (Jufufu), Yuling (Yuyuling), Rilian, Piqie (Pilier), Li (black), and Tuliuhan (Tuliuyu).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-chinaknowledge-19">[19]</a> The eight tribes shared power by rotating leadership triennially.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005137-20">[20]</a> The Khitan federation presented tribute to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Yan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Yan">Northern Yan</a> (409–436), which in return invested the Khitan khan as Prince Guishan. The Khitans also regularly presented tribute to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Wei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> (386–534) court in the form of horses and animal skins. Trade occurred on the border in Helong (modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chaoyang,_Liaoning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chaoyang, Liaoning">Chaoyang</a>) and Miyun. In 553, the Khitans suffered a defeat to the armies of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Qi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a> (550–577) and lost a large portion of their population as well as cattle. For a time they resided in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005105-21">[21]</a> In 584, they submitted to the Sui dynasty (581–618). In 605, they were attacked by the Türks and lost 40,000 men and women.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005105-21">[21]</a> The eight tribes of old dispersed. Only two Khitan leaders are known from this period: Hechen and Wuyu. The title of Khitan chieftains was Mofuhe or Mohefu.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005105-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Dahe_Confederation">Dahe Confederation</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Dahe Confederation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Khitan_Rebellion.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Khitan_Rebellion.png/220px-Khitan_Rebellion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="885"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Khitan_Rebellion.png/220px-Khitan_Rebellion.png" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Khitan_Rebellion.png/330px-Khitan_Rebellion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Khitan_Rebellion.png/440px-Khitan_Rebellion.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Rebellion of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Li_Jinzhong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Li Jinzhong">Li Jinzhong</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sun_Wanrong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sun Wanrong">Sun Wanrong</a> against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tang_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> in 696–697 </figcaption> </figure> Sometime during the Sui dynasty, the military organization of the Khitans became more advanced. According to the Book of Sui, "In the case of a military operation, the chieftains discussed it together. In mobilizing troops, tallies needed to be matched".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005106-22">[22]</a> In the early 7th century, the Dahe clan unified the Khitan tribes in a federation that was able to raise 34,000 troops.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-chinaknowledge-19">[19]</a> The tribal composition of the Dahe Confederation is listed as Daji, Hebian, Duhuo, Fenwen, Tubian, Ruixi, Zhuijin, and Fu. The Hedahe were the leading tribe of the Confederation, from which its name is taken from.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005110-23">[23]</a> Other tribes mentioned are: Danjieli, Yishihuo, Shihuo, Nawei, Pinmo, Nahuiji, Jijie, and Xiwa.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005110%E2%80%93111-24">[24]</a> The component tribes were largely autonomous and the Dahe were only responsible for foreign affairs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005110-23">[23]</a> After the Dahe united the Khitans, the system of rotating leadership was replaced by "Shixuan", electing a leader based on their talent and ability from the Dahe lineage.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005137-20">[20]</a> The other clans had the right to vote but not to be elected.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005129-25">[25]</a> Brothers, cousins, and nephews often succeeded rather than the son of the previous leader.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005131-26">[26]</a> No internal conflicts among the Khitan tribes are recorded after the unification of the Dahe.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005110-23">[23]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> In the early history of the Khitan, there was a man riding a white horse and a woman riding a cart drawn by a gray ox. They met on the Liao River and then became husband and wife. They had eight sons who were called by the previous histories the persons who took turns to be the supreme leader. This event was known from Zhao Zhizhong who had been an official historian of the Khitan, so that it must be true ... (Zhizhong) was asked which dynasty the Central Plain was in, when the leadership rotated among the eight (Khitan) men. Zhizhong could not answer, but he said that it probably was in the Qin/Han period. (I) am afraid that it was not true.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005130-27">[27]</a> <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>Songchao Shishi Leiyuan</cite> </div> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Khitans_eating,_tomb_mural,_Chifeng_city,_Inner_Mongolia.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg/220px-Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="2344"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 257px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg/220px-Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="257" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg/330px-Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg/440px-Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Khitans eating. Tomb mural, Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia </figcaption> </figure> In 628, the Dahe Confederation led by Mohui submitted to the Tang. In 648, they submitted to the Tang again under the leadership of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dahe_Kuge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahe Kuge">Kuge</a>. Kuge was appointed the Governor-general of Songmo and several prefectures were set up for Khitan tribes: Qiaoluo for the Daji, Tanhan for the Hebian, Wufeng for the Duhuo, Yuling for the Fenwen, Rilian for the Tubian, Tuhe for the Ruixi, Wandan for the Zhuijin, Pili for the Fu. The chieftains of the tribes were appointed as prefects.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005111-28">[28]</a> The Tang emperor bestowed the Chinese surname Li on the Dahe and appointed their leader to a governorship that was "an office specifically created for the indirect management of the Khitan tribes".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Some Khitan tribes such as the Songmo, Xuanzhou, Neiji, Yishige, and Yishihuo were not included in the Dahe Confederation. The Neiji tribe led by Sun Aocao submitted to the Tang in 619. Aocao's great-grandson <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sun_Wanrong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sun Wanrong">Sun Wanrong</a> was appointed prefect of Guicheng.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005112%E2%80%93113-30">[30]</a> Towards the turn of the century, however, Tang control of the north began to slip. The Governor-general of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chaoyang,_Liaoning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chaoyang, Liaoning">Yingzhou</a>, Zhao Wenhui, regarded the Khitan chieftains as his servants. The Khitan chieftain Sun Wanrong and his brother-in-law, the governor of Songmo, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Li_Jinzhong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Li Jinzhong">Li Jinzhong</a>, felt insulted and bullied by Zhao. In 696, a famine occurred in Khitan territory and Zhao failed to provide relief, sparking a rebellion. The Dahe leader, Li Jinzhong, captured Yingzhou and declared himself "Wushang Khagan" (paramount khagan). The Tang sent 28 generals against the Khitans but were defeated at Xiashi Gorge (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lulong_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lulong County">Lulong County</a>). The Tang troops continued to suffer defeat until Li Jinzhong died of disease. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qapaghan_Qaghan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qapaghan Qaghan">Qapaghan Qaghan</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> offered to aid the Tang in return for subdued Türkic households under Tang control. The Türks attacked the Khitans from the north while the Tang invaded from the south. The Khitans suffered a heavy defeat before Sun Wanrong rescued the situation and counterattacked, seizing Yingzhou and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/You_Prefecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="You Prefecture">Youzhou</a>. A 170,000 strong Tang army was sent against the Khitans and defeated. Another 200,000 soldiers were sent against the Khitans but failed to stop their advance. However the Khitans failed to account for the Türks sacking their capital, Xincheng, and the defection of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kumo_Xi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a> from their ranks. Sun Wanrong was killed by his servant. Although the rebellion was defeated, it took over fifteen years from 700 to 714 before the Tang were able to reassert control over the Khitans.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005242-31">[31]</a> In 720 the military chief (Yaguan) Ketuyu attacked the reigning Khitan ruler, Suogu. Suogu fled to Yingzhou seeking Chinese protection. General Xue Tai was ordered to punish Ketuyu but he failed and was captured along with Suogu and the Kumo Xi king Li Dapu. Ketuyu enthroned Suogu's cousin Yuyu as the new Khitan ruler. Ketuyu sent tribute to the Tang court but the official in charge treated him with rudeness. Ketuyu murdered the Khitan ruler Shaogu and defected to the Türks. Ketuyu suffered a defeat against the Tang in 732 and fled while his Kumo Xi allies surrendered to the Tang. In 734, Ketuyu defeated a Tang army with the support of his Türkic allies and then lost another battle against Tang forces under the command of Zhang Shougui. The Tang convinced a Khitan military official, Li Guozhe, to murder Ketuyu and the Khitan ruler Qulie, who had been enthroned by Ketuyu.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005245-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Yaonian_Confederation">Yaonian Confederation</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Yaonian Confederation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Liao_Silver_Crown.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Liao_Silver_Crown.jpg/220px-Liao_Silver_Crown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Liao_Silver_Crown.jpg/220px-Liao_Silver_Crown.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Liao_Silver_Crown.jpg/330px-Liao_Silver_Crown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Liao_Silver_Crown.jpg/440px-Liao_Silver_Crown.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Khitan crown (female), silver </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Zhangfangshan_Liao_tomb_mural_(formatted).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Zhangfangshan_Liao_tomb_mural_%28formatted%29.jpg/220px-Zhangfangshan_Liao_tomb_mural_%28formatted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3302" data-file-height="3835"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Zhangfangshan_Liao_tomb_mural_%28formatted%29.jpg/220px-Zhangfangshan_Liao_tomb_mural_%28formatted%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Zhangfangshan_Liao_tomb_mural_%28formatted%29.jpg/330px-Zhangfangshan_Liao_tomb_mural_%28formatted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Zhangfangshan_Liao_tomb_mural_%28formatted%29.jpg/440px-Zhangfangshan_Liao_tomb_mural_%28formatted%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Liao tomb mural showing Khitan men with banners, drums, and maces </figcaption> </figure> The rebellion of Ketuyu ended Dahe supremacy in 730. Li Guozhe, chief of the Yishihuo tribe, and Nieli, also from the Yishihuo tribe, founded a new confederation. Nieli enthroned Zuwu Khagan from the Yaonian clan as the supreme ruler of the Khitans, while Nieli became the military chief. Although there was a khagan, the military chief's power actually exceeded that of the khagan throughout the duration of the confederation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005116%E2%80%93117-33">[33]</a> The ten tribes of the Yaonian Confederation consisted of the Danlijie, Yishihuo, Shihuo, Nawei, Pinmo, Nahuiji, Jijie, Xiwa, Yaonian, and Yila.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005199-34">[34]</a> Other tribes are also mentioned: the Yishi, Pin, Chute, Wukui, Niela, Tulübu, and Tuju.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005120-35">[35]</a> The Tang governor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/An_Lushan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="An Lushan">An Lushan</a> launched two invasions into Khitan territory in 751 and 755. After being soundly defeated by the Khitans during the first invasion, An Lushan was successful in the second. An then led a rebellion against the Tang that included Khitan troops in his army. An had a Khitan eunuch named Li Zhuer who worked for him as a teenager but An Lushan used a sword to sever his genitals and he almost died after losing multiple pints of blood. An revived him by smearing ashes on his injury. Li Zhuer was highly trusted by An Lushan, and he and two other men served as his personal attendants. Li Zhuer was approached by conspirators who wanted to kill An when he became ill and started abusing his subordinates. An was hacked to death by Li Zhuer and another conspirator, Yan Zhuang, who was beaten by An before. An screamed "this is a thief of my own household" as he desperately shook his curtains since he could not find his sword to defend himself.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a> marked the beginning of the end of the Tang dynasty.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Rise to power" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Following the An Lushan Rebellion, the Khitans became vassals of the Uighurs while simultaneously paying tribute to the Tang, a situation that lasted from 755 until the fall of the Uighurs in 840. There were 29 recorded tribute activities to the Tang from 756 to 841.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005219-39">[39]</a> From 840 until the rise of Abaoji, the Khitans remained a tributary of the Tang dynasty.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Towards the end of that period, the Khitans began a series of major conquests. Under the reign of Xianzhi Khagan (860?–882?), the Khitans subjugated the Kumo Xi and Shiwei.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005262-41">[41]</a> Two campaigns were launched against the Kumo Xi. Xianzhi captured 700 Xi households who were later settled as the Dieladieda tribe under Abaoji's reign. Saladi, Abaoji's father, captured 7,000 Xi households and moved them to Qinghe in the region of Raole (west of modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ningcheng_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ningcheng County">Ningcheng County</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005171-42">[42]</a> During the Xiantong reign period (860–874), Xianzhi sent envoys to the Tang court twice.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005219-39">[39]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> Towards the end of Xiantong period (860–874), when Xi'er became the king (of the Khitan), their territory began to be expanded. Afterwards, when Qinde became the king, taking advantage of the turmoil in China, they frequently raided the borders. Up to the time of Abaoji who was more valiant, all of the five tribes of the Xi, the seven tribes of the Shiwei and the Tartar were subdued ... Furthermore, they invaded the Shiwei and Jurchen to the north, captured the old land of the Türks to the west, and destroyed the Xi ... All the northeastern barbarians surrendered to them.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu200572-43">[43]</a> <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Abaoji_(907–926)">Abaoji (907–926)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Abaoji (907–926)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Northeast_Asia_at_900_Khitan_Bohai_border.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Northeast_Asia_at_900_Khitan_Bohai_border.png/220px-Northeast_Asia_at_900_Khitan_Bohai_border.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="305"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Northeast_Asia_at_900_Khitan_Bohai_border.png/220px-Northeast_Asia_at_900_Khitan_Bohai_border.png" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Northeast_Asia_at_900_Khitan_Bohai_border.png/330px-Northeast_Asia_at_900_Khitan_Bohai_border.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Northeast_Asia_at_900_Khitan_Bohai_border.png/440px-Northeast_Asia_at_900_Khitan_Bohai_border.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The location of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balhae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> in the year 900 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Horse_leading,_mural(part)_from_Tomb_in_Aohan,_Liao_Dynasty.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Horse_leading%2C_mural%28part%29_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/220px-Horse_leading%2C_mural%28part%29_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 309px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Horse_leading%2C_mural%28part%29_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/220px-Horse_leading%2C_mural%28part%29_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="309" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Horse_leading%2C_mural%28part%29_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/330px-Horse_leading%2C_mural%28part%29_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Horse_leading%2C_mural%28part%29_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Khitan man in tomb painting in Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Preparing_for_hunting,_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan,_Liao_Dynasty.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Preparing_for_hunting%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/220px-Preparing_for_hunting%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="731"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 268px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Preparing_for_hunting%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/220px-Preparing_for_hunting%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="268" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Preparing_for_hunting%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/330px-Preparing_for_hunting%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Preparing_for_hunting%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/440px-Preparing_for_hunting%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Khitan tomb mural in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inner_Mongolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> – attendants holding a musical instrument, bow and arrows, boots, and a falcon </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E9%81%BC%E9%87%91%E5%85%A9%E7%A8%AE%E9%A0%AD%E7%9B%94_(51588016667).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%E9%81%BC%E9%87%91%E5%85%A9%E7%A8%AE%E9%A0%AD%E7%9B%94_%2851588016667%29.jpg/220px-%E9%81%BC%E9%87%91%E5%85%A9%E7%A8%AE%E9%A0%AD%E7%9B%94_%2851588016667%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="332"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%E9%81%BC%E9%87%91%E5%85%A9%E7%A8%AE%E9%A0%AD%E7%9B%94_%2851588016667%29.jpg/220px-%E9%81%BC%E9%87%91%E5%85%A9%E7%A8%AE%E9%A0%AD%E7%9B%94_%2851588016667%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%E9%81%BC%E9%87%91%E5%85%A9%E7%A8%AE%E9%A0%AD%E7%9B%94_%2851588016667%29.jpg/330px-%E9%81%BC%E9%87%91%E5%85%A9%E7%A8%AE%E9%A0%AD%E7%9B%94_%2851588016667%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/%E9%81%BC%E9%87%91%E5%85%A9%E7%A8%AE%E9%A0%AD%E7%9B%94_%2851588016667%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Liao or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</a> helmets and mask </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abaoji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abaoji">Abaoji</a>, posthumously Emperor Taizu of Liao, was born in 872 to the Yila chieftain, Saladi. By the time of Abaoji, the Yila had become the largest and strongest of the Khitan tribes, even though the Yaonian khans still held overall power.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199937%E2%80%9338-44">[44]</a> The Yila tribe was descended from the Yishihuo, who settled closer to Han civilization than other Khitans. In the 730s, the Yila became a tribe independent of the Yaonian. Under the influence of Han culture, Yundeshi (820s–860s?), Abaoji's grandfather, became the first Khitan to practice and teach settled agriculture. Shulan, Abaoji's uncle, was the first Khitan to practice masonry and build walled cities. To their south, the Han people of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Youzhou_Jiedushi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Youzhou Jiedushi">Youzhou Jiedushi</a> fled the rule of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liu_Rengong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liu Rengong">Liu Rengong</a>, most of them ending up in Yila territory.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005228%E2%80%93229-45">[45]</a> Han farmers were resettled by Abaoji and Han craftsman taught the Khitans how to spin and weave. The adoption of agrarian culture, Han refugees, and more advanced labor organization made the Yila tribe far richer than other Khitans.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005230%E2%80%93231-46">[46]</a> Abaoji placed Han intellectuals such as Kang Moji, Han Yanhui, and Han Zhigu into his administration. Kang Moji was responsible for legal matters between Khitans and Han. Later he supervised the building of the capital city. Han Yanhui was made an official in charge of military affairs and oversaw the subdued Han population, settling them and making sure they did not flee. Han Zhigu participated in strategy and decision making. He later took charge of the department handling Han affairs and managed protocols of foreign affairs. He also combined Han institutions and Khitan customs to make them easier to understand for Khitans.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005234%E2%80%93235-47">[47]</a> Abaoji held the title of Dama Yueshali, the commander of the khagan's personal guard, in the late 9th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005183-48">[48]</a> In 901, Abaoji was elected Yilijin (chieftain) of the Yila by the triennial council. None of the Khitans except the Yaonian used surnames at the time, but later in the 930s, Abaoji's clan adopted Yelü as their surname. At the same time their consort clan also began using the surname Xiao.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199937%E2%80%9338-44">[44]</a> After his accession as leader of the Yila, Abaoji raided the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tang_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, attacked the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jurchens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a>, and established superiority over the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shiwei_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kumo_Xi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a>. In 903, Abaoji was named Yüyue, the supreme commander of all Khitans, second only to the Yaonian Khagan. Two years later, he led 70,000 cavalry to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Datong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Datong">Datong</a> to form a blood oath with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shatuo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a> warlord <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Li_Keyong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Li Keyong">Li Keyong</a>. Abaoji and Li Keyong had a conversation about the Khitan way of succession. Abaoji was concerned that he would be replaced in three years and Keyong noted that there was also a practice of replacement for his post. He told Abaoji that he could just refuse to be replaced.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005232-49">[49]</a> In 907, Abaoji demanded that he be made Khagan, and ascended as supreme leader of the Khitans with support from seven other tribes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199938%E2%80%9339-50">[50]</a> Abaoji then slaughtered the other Khitan chieftains, alarming the Khitan elite, many of whom saw his action as a move towards Han-style emperorship. Abaoji's rule went unchallenged until 910, when he disregarded Khitan calls for another member of the family to assume the position of Khagan. In 912 and 913, members of Abaoji's family attempted armed insurrections. After the first insurrection was discovered and defeated, Abaoji pardoned the conspirators. After the second, only his brothers were pardoned, with the other conspirators suffering violent deaths. The brothers plotted rebellions in 917 and 918, both of which were easily crushed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199941-52">[52]</a> In 916, Abaoji assumed the title of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor of China">Celestial Emperor</a>, proclaimed a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_era_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese era name">Chinese era name</a>, and built a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confucian_temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian temple">Confucian temple</a>. He named his eldest son, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Bei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yelü Bei">Yelü Bei</a>, from his primary consort, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shul%C3%BC_Ping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shulü Ping">Shulü Ping</a>, as heir apparent and demanded the entire nobility to swear fealty to him. Two years later, the Liao court was moved to the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linhuangfu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linhuangfu">Supreme Capital</a>" (Shangjing), a newly built walled city with a grand park and imperial tents where the Chinese palaces would normally be located. Abaoji fostered the construction of 30 more walled cities for his captured ethnic Han subjects to inhabit. The Supreme Capital was joined by the "Eastern Capital" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaoyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaoyang">Dongjing</a>). Administration of the empire was divided between a Northern Administration overseeing steppe and tribal affairs and a Southern Establishment overseeing the settled and Han population. The two institutions were headed by chancellors, the northern one appointed by the Xiao consort clan, and the southern one appointed by the ruling Yelü clan.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199941-52">[52]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wittfogel_and_Feng_1946,_401-53">[53]</a> In 917, Abaoji received <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naphtha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a> as a gift from the state of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wuyue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wuyue">Wuyue</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> The ruler of Wu State (Li Bian) sent to Abaoji, ruler of the Qidan (Liao), a quantity of furious fiery oil (meng huoyou) which on being set alight and coming in contact with water blazed all the more fiercely. It could be used in attacking cities. Tai Zu (Abaoji) was delighted, and at once got ready a cavalry force thirty thousand strong with the intention of attacking Youzhou. But his queen, Shulü laughed and said: 'Whoever heard of attacking a country with oil? Would it not be better to take three thousand horse and lie in wait on the borders, laying waste the country, so that the city will be starved out? By that means they will be brought to straits infallibly, even though it takes a few years. So why all this haste? Take care lest you be worsted, so that the Han people mock at us, and our own people fall away.' Therefore he went no further in his design.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986f81-54">[54]</a> <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> In 920, Abaoji ordered the development of a Khitan writing system known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_large_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a>. While superficially similar to Chinese writing, it arbitrarily adds and reduces strokes to Chinese characters to compose words, making it completely unrecognizable to Han readers. In 925, the arrival of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yugur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Uyghur</a> delegation led Abaoji to order his younger brother, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Diela?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yelü Diela">Yelü Diela</a>, to study the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Uyghur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Uyghur">Old Uyghur</a> language. Uyghur influence led to the development of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_small_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a> with more phonetic elements. The Khitan script was used for memorial inscriptions on wood and stone and record keeping in the Northern Administration. Almost no extensive documents written in Khitan script have survived, suggesting that few were ever produced. In the Southern Establishment, Chinese was the administrative language, which many Khitans learned, including Abaoji's sons.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199943%E2%80%9344-55">[55]</a> In a conversation with Yao Kun, an envoy from Later Tang, Abaoji said he spoke Chinese but did not speak it in the presence of other Khitans, because he feared that they would emulate the Han and grow soft.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199947-56">[56]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> After arriving, I was granted an audience. Abaoji invited me into his great tent. Abaoji was nine chi tall [very tall!]. He was wearing a long gown of brocade with a wide sash tied at the back. He and his consort sat on facing couches. I was led forth and presented. Before I could deliver my message, Abaoji [mockingly] asked: "I have heard that in your Chinese land you now have one Son of Heaven in Henan and another in Hebei; is that true?"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199945-57">[57]</a> <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>Yao Kun</cite> </div> </blockquote> During his reign, Abaoji attacked numerous neighboring peoples and expanded Liao territory exponentially. Against the steppe nomads, he led campaigns in 908 against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shiwei_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a>, in 910 the Kumo Xi, in 912 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zubu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zubu">Zubu</a>, in 915 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khongirad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a>, and again in 919 to subdue the Khongirad.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199460-58">[58]</a> From 922 to 923, he raided the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jin_(Later_Tang_precursor)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jin (Later Tang precursor)">Jin</a> and its successor, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Tang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote200344-59">[59]</a> A year later he attacked the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tatar_confederation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tatar confederation">Tatars</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiting2002307-60">[60]</a> His campaigns continued right up until his death in 926 with the conquest of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balhae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> and the creation of the puppet Kingdom of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dongdan_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dongdan Kingdom">Dongdan</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200966-61">[61]</a> Most of Balhae's population was relocated to what is now <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaoning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>. The destruction of Balhae resulted in three independent groups beyond Khitan control: the northwestern Balhae people in modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heilongjiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, the Balhae people west of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yalu_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yalu River">Yalu River</a>, and the state of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeongan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeongan">Jeongan</a> in the upper valley of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mudan_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mudan River">Mudan River</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994102-62">[62]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> The Khitan ruler Abaoji did extend his influence onto the Mongolian Plateau in 924, but there is no indication whatsoever of any conflict with the Kyrgyz. The only information we have from Khitan (Liao) sources regarding the Kyrgyz indicates that the two powers maintained diplomatic relations. Scholars who write of a Kyrgyz "empire" from about 840 to about 924 are describing a fantasy. All available evidence suggests that despite some brief extensions of their power onto the Mongolian Plateau, the Kyrgyz did not maintain a significant political or military presence there after their victories in the 840s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>Michael Drompp</cite> </div> </blockquote> Abaoji died of typhoid fever at the age of 54 on 6 September 926.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199947-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Rest_Stop_for_the_Khan.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rest_Stop_for_the_Khan.png/1000px-Rest_Stop_for_the_Khan.png" decoding="async" width="1000" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3391" data-file-height="420"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1000px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rest_Stop_for_the_Khan.png/1000px-Rest_Stop_for_the_Khan.png" data-width="1000" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rest_Stop_for_the_Khan.png/1500px-Rest_Stop_for_the_Khan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rest_Stop_for_the_Khan.png/2000px-Rest_Stop_for_the_Khan.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Zhuoxie tu, a 10th-century painting of a rest stop for a Khitan khan </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Taizong_(926–947)">Taizong (926–947)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Taizong (926–947)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:KhitanMural.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/KhitanMural.jpg/220px-KhitanMural.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="470"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/KhitanMural.jpg/220px-KhitanMural.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/KhitanMural.jpg/330px-KhitanMural.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/KhitanMural.jpg/440px-KhitanMural.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Khitan boys and girls </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Guard,_Fresco,_Liao_Dynasty,_Chifeng_Museum.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Guard%2C_Fresco%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg/170px-Guard%2C_Fresco%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="399" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="1023"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 399px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Guard%2C_Fresco%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg/170px-Guard%2C_Fresco%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="399" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Guard%2C_Fresco%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg/255px-Guard%2C_Fresco%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Guard%2C_Fresco%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg/340px-Guard%2C_Fresco%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Khitan holding a mace </figcaption> </figure> Yelü Deguang, posthumously <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Emperor Taizong of Liao</a>, was the second son of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shul%C3%BC_Ping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shulü Ping">Shulü Ping</a> and not the first in line for the Khitan throne. His elder brother, the 26-year old heir apparent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Bei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yelü Bei">Yelü Bei</a>, was disliked by the conservative Khitan elites for his intellectual pursuits. As a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polymath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polymath">polymath</a>, Yelü Bei was skilled in painting, writing in both Khitan and Chinese languages, and possessed a large personal library. He also had a taste for Chinese culture, music, medicine, and prognostication. Chinese-style primogeniture was also not a custom among the Khitans, who had elected their leader since the time of the Dahe Confederation, which was why Abaoji had them swear allegiance to Yelü Bei when he announced him as heir apparent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mote_51-64">[64]</a> Bei's mother, Shulü Ping, who was exceptionally powerful in her own right, commanding thousands of horsemen and leading troops on campaign, took control of all military and civil affairs as regent, after having cut off her right hand to be buried with her husband. Shulü Ping herself disproved of her first son as heir due to his Chinese leanings and used all her influence to have Bei set aside for his younger brother, Deguang, who had participated in the 922–923 and 924–925 campaigns. Toward the end of 927, Bei approached his mother and formally withdrew his claim. Deguang succeeded the throne.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199468%E2%80%9369-65">[65]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> "The ruler who has received the Mandate of Heaven should be attentive to Heaven and respectful to the great spirits. To those of greatest merit I should offer my veneration. Which among them ranks first?" All present replied that it should be the Buddha. Abaoji responded: "Buddhism is not a Chinese teaching." Then Prince Bei spoke: "Confucius is the great sage, revered for myriad generations. He should rank first." Abaoji was delighted. Thereupon he ordered that a Confucian temple be constructed and decreed that the heir himself should conduct the spring and autumn ritual offerings.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199981-66">[66]</a> <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> Bei was still ruler of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dongdan_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dongdan Kingdom">Dongdan Kingdom</a> in former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balhae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balhae">Balhae</a>, given to him by his father after participating in its conquest.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199949%E2%80%9351-67">[67]</a> Taizong, who still regarded him as a threat, ordered in 929 that the capital of Dongdan and all its inhabitants be moved to the Eastern Capital (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaoyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaoyang">Dongjing</a>). Dongdan lost its semi-autonomous status. In 930, Bei fled by sea to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Tang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a> court and was received by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Li_Siyuan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Li Siyuan">Li Siyuan</a> as an honored guest. In 937, he was killed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shi_Jingtang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shi Jingtang">Shi Jingtang</a>, who overthrew Later Tang and ruled <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin (Five Dynasties)</a> as a puppet of the Khitans.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199469-68">[68]</a> In 929, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khongirad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a> rebelled. In the same year, Taizong sent his younger brother, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Lihu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yelü Lihu">Yelü Lihu</a>, to attack the Later Tang at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Datong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Datong">Datong</a>. In 933, Taizong led a campaign against some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tanguts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanguts">Tangut</a> tribes. The most important expansion of Khitan territory during this period, however, came from political instability in the south. In 933, the Later Tang emperor died. His son, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Li_Conghou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Li Conghou">Li Conghou</a>, lasted only five months before his adoptive brother, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Li_Congke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Li Congke">Li Congke</a>, killed him. Li Congke ordered a powerful governor, Shi Jingtang, to be transferred for closer supervision by the court, leading to his rebellion. Hard pressed by Li Congke, Shi Jingtang sought aid from the Khitans. Taizong led a 50,000 strong cavalry force to his aid and defeated the Later Tang army near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiyuan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a>. On 28 November 936, Shi Jingtang was invested as emperor of Later Jin by the Khitans. In 938, the puppet emperor of Later Jin transferred the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sixteen_Prefectures?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sixteen Prefectures">Sixteen Prefectures</a> over to the Khitans, granting them access to the strategic fortifications of northern China and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhongyuan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199470-69">[69]</a> A new "Southern Capital" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nanjing_(Liao_dynasty)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nanjing (Liao dynasty)">Nanjing</a>) was constructed at modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199941-52">[52]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wittfogel_and_Feng_1946,_401-53">[53]</a> Shi Jingtang behaved as a vassal and even allowed Khitan envoys to cross his territory to contact <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Tang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a>, his geopolitical rival.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199471-70">[70]</a> Shi Jingtang died in 942. His nephew and successor, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shi_Chonggui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shi Chonggui">Shi Chonggui</a>, came under the influence of an anti-Khitan court led by the army commander <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jing_Yanguang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jing Yanguang">Jing Yanguang</a>. In 943, Shi Chonggui revoked the trading privileges of the Khitans in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaifeng?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a> and confiscated their property, sending their representative back to the Khitan court. Taizong invaded in the following year but suffered a defeat in 945, having to escape the battle on a camel. However, with persistence, the Khitans wore down the Jin forces, and in 946, the Jin commander in chief, Du Chongwei, surrendered. In early 947, Taizong entered Kaifeng unopposed. The Jin emperor and his family were exiled to the Supreme Capital. The Jin army was disarmed and disbanded, their horses confiscated. With this great victory, Taizong formally adopted a dynastic name, the "Great Liao".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199473-71">[71]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199940-72">[72]</a> With the conquest of Later Jin, the Liao acquired the Jade Seal of State Transmission (chuanguo yuxi). Ideologically, the Liao therefore regarded itself as the legitimate successor of the Later Jin, and the ruler of China. It hence chose the Water element, the element that follows the Metal element, the dynastic element of the Later Jin, according to the sequence of creation of the Five Elements (wuxing). It also chose the Water element's corresponding color black as its dynastic color.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-73">[73]</a> His victory did not last. Having brought inadequate supplies, the Khitans wantonly looted the city and plundered the countryside provisions, and imposed harsh levies on the local populace, causing them to become resentful and attack them. Rather than stay and govern the conquered city, the Khitans decided to ship everything of value, from Jin officials and palace women to maps and music instruments, back to the Supreme Capital. Taizong also faced another threat from Taiyuan, where <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liu_Zhiyuan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liu Zhiyuan">Liu Zhiyuan</a> announced a new <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han (Five Dynasties)</a> dynasty. The occupation of Kaifeng lasted three months before Taizong withdrew. Shortly before reaching Liao territory, Taizong suddenly fell ill and died near modern-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shijiazhuang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shijiazhuang">Shijiazhuang</a> at the age of 45 on 18 May 947.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199474-74">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Anonymous-The_King_of_Dongdan_Goes_Forth.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Anonymous-The_King_of_Dongdan_Goes_Forth.jpg/800px-Anonymous-The_King_of_Dongdan_Goes_Forth.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1929" data-file-height="420"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 800px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Anonymous-The_King_of_Dongdan_Goes_Forth.jpg/800px-Anonymous-The_King_of_Dongdan_Goes_Forth.jpg" data-width="800" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Anonymous-The_King_of_Dongdan_Goes_Forth.jpg/1200px-Anonymous-The_King_of_Dongdan_Goes_Forth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Anonymous-The_King_of_Dongdan_Goes_Forth.jpg/1600px-Anonymous-The_King_of_Dongdan_Goes_Forth.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The King of Dongdan Goes Forth (東丹王出行圖), scroll, light colors on silk. 146.8 x 77.3 cm. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Palace_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Palace Museum">National Palace Museum</a>, Taipei. Attributed to Li Zanhua (李贊華 909–946), but possibly a later artist. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Shizong_(947–951)">Shizong (947–951)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Shizong (947–951)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:MongolHuntersSong.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MongolHuntersSong.jpg/220px-MongolHuntersSong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="669"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MongolHuntersSong.jpg/220px-MongolHuntersSong.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MongolHuntersSong.jpg/330px-MongolHuntersSong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MongolHuntersSong.jpg/440px-MongolHuntersSong.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan people">Khitans</a> hunting with birds of prey, 9–10th centuries </figcaption> </figure> Yelü Ruan, posthumously <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Shizong of Liao">Emperor Shizong of Liao</a>, was the son of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Bei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yelü Bei">Yelü Bei</a>, and not the designated heir of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Emperor Taizong of Liao</a>, who was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Lihu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yelü Lihu">Yelü Lihu</a>, Taizong's younger brother. However Taizong had raised Ruan after Bei's departure in 930 and the relationship between them was as close as father and son. Ruan participated in the invasion of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a>, earning himself as a capable warrior and commander. Upon Taizong's death, Ruan declared himself emperor before "his father's coffin".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199475-75">[75]</a> Lihu attacked Ruan while he was on his way back to the Supreme Capital but was defeated. His mother, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shul%C3%BC_Ping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shulü Ping">Shulü Ping</a>, then led her own army to confront Ruan. The two armies faced each other on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xar_Moron_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xar Moron River">Xar Moron River</a>, south of the Supreme Capital, for several days. The deadlock was resolved by a royal cousin named Yelü Wuzhi and ultimately Lihu, who the Khitan nobility viewed as cruel and spoiled, was unable to gain enough support to further challenge Shizong. After a peace was brokered, Ruan formally assumed the role of emperor and the title of emperor. Shizong promptly exiled both Empress Shulü Ping and Yelü Lihu from the capital, ending their political ambitions. Shizong hoped this would secure his position but he quickly became disillusioned as the internal situation of the Liao remained unstable. In 948, the second son of Taizong, Yelü Tiande, conspired to murder the emperor. The conspiracy failed and the conspirators' lives were spared. Among them, Xiao Han, a nephew of Shulü Ping, conspired against Shizong again in the following year. Despite being spared again, Xiao Han returned to his old ways a third time, resulting in his execution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199476-76">[76]</a> In 947, a planned invasion of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> was aborted when the Khitans realized that enemy defenses were more formidable than they had thought.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994102-62">[62]</a> From 949 to 950, Shizong invaded <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a>. In late 951, Shizong decided to invade <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Zhou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a>. Before the army set off, Shizong and his entourage got drunk after making sacrifices to his father. Chage, the son of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abaoji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abaoji">Abaoji</a>'s younger brother, Anduan, took advantage of the situation to kill Shizong. Chage was executed. Shizong died at the age of 33 and had not produced a son of age to inherit the throne. Shizong's rule was characterized by a series of rebellions from within his extended family. Although ruling for only four years, Shizong oversaw the formalization of the dual government system, which brought the structure of the Southern Establishment closer to the model used by the Tang dynasty.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199476%E2%80%9381-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Muzong_(951–969)">Muzong (951–969)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Muzong (951–969)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Geyuan_Temple_1.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Geyuan_Temple_1.JPG/220px-Geyuan_Temple_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Geyuan_Temple_1.JPG/220px-Geyuan_Temple_1.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Geyuan_Temple_1.JPG/330px-Geyuan_Temple_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Geyuan_Temple_1.JPG/440px-Geyuan_Temple_1.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geyuan_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geyuan Temple">Geyuan Temple</a> Wenshu Hall built in 966 is the oldest extant Liao building </figcaption> </figure> Yelü Jing, posthumously <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Muzong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Muzong of Liao">Emperor Muzong of Liao</a>, succeeded his cousin, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Shizong of Liao">Emperor Shizong of Liao</a>. Muzong was a heavy drinker and spent most of his time either hunting or sleeping. The Chinese called him the "Sleeping Prince".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199481-78">[78]</a> The first half of his reign was marred by continued instability within his family. A younger brother of Shizong, Louguo, hatched a plot with one of his uncles to defect to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Zhou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a>. He was executed when the plot was discovered. In 953, a son of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Lihu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yelü Lihu">Yelü Lihu</a> named Wan also conspired against the emperor. Wan was spared but his co-conspirators were executed. In 959, Dilie, one of Louguo's co-conspirators, plotted rebellion. The next year, Wan's older brother, Xiyin, was arrested for plotting rebellion. Lihu was implicated and died in prison.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199481%E2%80%9382-79">[79]</a> During Muzong's reign, the Liao assisted <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Han?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Han">Northern Han</a> in fending off an attack by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Zhou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a> in 952. The Zhou attacked Han again in 954, and the Khitans once again came to their aid. The Khitans captured some Han troops by mistake and handed them back. On some occasions, Han envoys would visit the Liao to discuss strategic matters. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Later_Zhou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou">Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou</a> believed that the Liao dynasty were poised to invade the Zhou. In 958, the Han reported renewed attacks by the Zhou. In the following year, the Zhou invaded Liao territory, taking some border prefectures. Muzong headed south to confront the Zhou invasion but the Zhou emperor fell sick and had to return to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaifeng?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>. He died soon after and the Zhou invaders withdrew.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199482%E2%80%9383-80">[80]</a> In 960, the Zhou were replaced by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Song_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, which attacked Han in 963, and was repelled with the aid of the Khitans. Border skirmishes occurred between the Liao and Song in 963 and 967.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199484-81">[81]</a> There were minor troubles with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shiwei_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khongirad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a> in 965, but otherwise the northern frontier remained calm for the Liao.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199483-82">[82]</a> In 969, Muzong spent an entire month drinking and began to act violently and irrationally, butchering some of his bodyguards. On 12 March, six of his personal attendants murdered him. He was 37 years old. Muzong was the second and last Liao emperor to succeed Abaoji who was not a direct descendant of Yelü Bei.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199484-81">[81]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199952-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Jingzong_(969–982)">Jingzong (969–982)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Jingzong (969–982)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:China,_Northern,_Liao_dynasty_-_Pair_of_Boots_-_1992.349_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/China%2C_Northern%2C_Liao_dynasty_-_Pair_of_Boots_-_1992.349_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-China%2C_Northern%2C_Liao_dynasty_-_Pair_of_Boots_-_1992.349_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2997"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 194px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/China%2C_Northern%2C_Liao_dynasty_-_Pair_of_Boots_-_1992.349_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-China%2C_Northern%2C_Liao_dynasty_-_Pair_of_Boots_-_1992.349_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="194" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/China%2C_Northern%2C_Liao_dynasty_-_Pair_of_Boots_-_1992.349_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/330px-China%2C_Northern%2C_Liao_dynasty_-_Pair_of_Boots_-_1992.349_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/China%2C_Northern%2C_Liao_dynasty_-_Pair_of_Boots_-_1992.349_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/440px-China%2C_Northern%2C_Liao_dynasty_-_Pair_of_Boots_-_1992.349_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Khitan silk boots </figcaption> </figure> Yelü Xian, posthumously <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Jingzong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Jingzong of Liao">Emperor Jingzong of Liao</a>, was the son of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Shizong of Liao">Emperor Shizong of Liao</a>. During his reign, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a> came to an end with the rise of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Song_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, which replaced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Zhou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a> in 960. The Song had defeated all the competing states except for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Han?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Han">Northern Han</a> by 978. Realizing their precarious situation, the Han strengthened their ties to the Liao with monthly courtesy missions starting in 971. In 974, the Song began negotiations with Liao for a possible neutrality treaty. The diplomatic efforts ended in failure and the Song invaded Han in 976 and 977, both times being repelled by Liao intervention. With the conquest of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wuyue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wuyue">Wuyue</a> in 978, the Song concentrated all their forces on an invasion of Han. This time they intercepted Liao forces en route to Han and crushed them. In the summer of 979, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Song?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Taizong of Song">Emperor Taizong of Song</a> took <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiyuan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a> and annexed Northern Han. Taizong then made the disastrous mistake of attempting to invade Liao. His already overextended and tired troops advanced on the Supreme Capital. Initial skirmishes ended in the Song army's favor but they lost a crucial pitched battle on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Gaoliang_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Gaoliang River">Gaoliang River</a>. Taizong was wounded and fled south in a donkey cart. Capitalizing on the Liao victory, Jingzong launched a punitive expedition in 980, and defeated a Song army. In another campaign in 982, the Liao army was defeated and Jingzong was forced to retreat.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199487-84">[84]</a> Aside from conflict with the Song, the Liao also experienced trouble with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tanguts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanguts">Tanguts</a> in 973. In 975, conflict with remnants of the Balhae people led to an invasion of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeongan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeongan">Jeongan</a>, which failed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994102-62">[62]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jurchens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a> looted Liao territory in 973 and 976. In 981, captured Chinese soldiers attempted to enthrone a son of Xiyin but the plot failed, and Xiyin was forced to commit suicide.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199487-84">[84]</a> In 977, an examination hall was established outside the Southern Capital.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199492-85">[85]</a> On 13 October 982, Jingzong fell sick during a hunting trip and died in his camp. He was 34 years old. Before his death, he designated his eldest son, the 11 year old Longxu, as his successor.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199487-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Shengzong_(982–1031)">Shengzong (982–1031)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Shengzong (982–1031)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goryeo%E2%80%93Khitan_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Goryeo–Khitan Wars">Goryeo–Khitan Wars</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:993_Khitan_Goryeo_invasion.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/993_Khitan_Goryeo_invasion.png/220px-993_Khitan_Goryeo_invasion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="811"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/993_Khitan_Goryeo_invasion.png/220px-993_Khitan_Goryeo_invasion.png" data-width="220" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/993_Khitan_Goryeo_invasion.png/330px-993_Khitan_Goryeo_invasion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/993_Khitan_Goryeo_invasion.png/440px-993_Khitan_Goryeo_invasion.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_conflict_in_the_Goryeo%E2%80%93Khitan_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War">First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War</a>, 993 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Liao_and_Song_Dynasties.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Liao_and_Song_Dynasties.png/220px-Liao_and_Song_Dynasties.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="307"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 241px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Liao_and_Song_Dynasties.png/220px-Liao_and_Song_Dynasties.png" data-width="220" data-height="241" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Liao_and_Song_Dynasties.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Khitan invasion of Song in 1004 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:1018_Goryeo_Khitan_invasion.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/1018_Goryeo_Khitan_invasion.png/220px-1018_Goryeo_Khitan_invasion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="811"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/1018_Goryeo_Khitan_invasion.png/220px-1018_Goryeo_Khitan_invasion.png" data-width="220" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/1018_Goryeo_Khitan_invasion.png/330px-1018_Goryeo_Khitan_invasion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/1018_Goryeo_Khitan_invasion.png/440px-1018_Goryeo_Khitan_invasion.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Third_conflict_in_the_Goryeo%E2%80%93Khitan_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War">Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War</a>, 1018 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_06.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_06.jpg/220px-%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="490"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_06.jpg/220px-%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_06.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_06.jpg/330px-%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_06.jpg/440px-%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_06.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Liao phoenix and dragon crowns </figcaption> </figure> Yelü Longxu, posthumously <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Shengzong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Shengzong of Liao">Emperor Shengzong of Liao</a>, succeeded his father, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Jingzong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Jingzong of Liao">Emperor Jingzong of Liao</a>. He was only 11 years old at the time of his father's death so actual power fell to the regent, his mother <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xiao_Yanyan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xiao Yanyan">Xiao Yanyan</a>. Until her death in 1009, the Khitan empire was ruled by her and three ministers, two of whom were Chinese.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199487%E2%80%9388-86">[86]</a> Xiao Yanyan was an extremely capable ruler, being both astute in politics and warfare, commanding an ordo to herself capable of fielding 10,000 cavalry. According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a>, "most of his [Shengzong] success must be attributed to his mother's instruction."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199491-87">[87]</a> Under Shengzong's reign, a number of administrative advances were produced. In 983, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tang_Code?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tang Code">Tang Code</a> was ordered to be translated into Khitan for use by the Northern Administration and in 994, it was decided that any Khitan that transgressed the Ten Abominable Crimes would suffer the same punishment as a Chinese. In 1027, a revised Chinese style legal code was ordered.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199494-88">[88]</a> The first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jinshi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jinshi">jinshi</a> examination was held in 988, and they continued until the end of the dynasty.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199492-85">[85]</a> However, only two or three graduates out of ten were employed. The examinations focused on lyric-meter poetry and rhapsodies and only the Chinese took them.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley199722-89">[89]</a> In 991, the first veritable records were produced, with those of Jingzong's reign taking up 20 chapters. In 994, the Khitans produced their own calendar. Rules on what matters should be recorded were made in 1011.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199493-90">[90]</a> In 991, the Khitans conducted their first general census and in 997 another census was taken for the tribal population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199496-91">[91]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kumo_Xi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a> were completely integrated into Khitan administration by 997. The prior arrangement of vassalage and tribute had lasted since the time of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Emperor Taizong of Liao</a>, but a series of reforms between 994 and 997 discontinued that role. The Kumo Xi king became a salaried official and Chinese style administrative units were set up in Kumo Xi territory. Their former capital became the "Central Capital" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ningcheng_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ningcheng County">Zhongjing</a>), which received an inner and outer wall, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confucian_temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian temple">Confucian temple</a>, and public buildings were constructed between 1018 and 1020.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199498-92">[92]</a> Militarily, the Khitans came into conflict with both the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Song_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> and the Korean kingdom of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a>. In 986, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Song?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Taizong of Song">Emperor Taizong of Song</a> conducted a three-pronged invasion and quickly overwhelmed the Khitan border defenses, but the tide turned as they ventured deep into enemy territory. Far from their supply lines, the Song armies were surrounded and attacked from all sides, resulting in resounding victories for the Khitans on all three fronts. Despite their victory, the frontier was severely damaged and many people fled their homes. The region would not recover for years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett199499-93">[93]</a> In 986, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Li_Jiqian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Li Jiqian">Li Jiqian</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tanguts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanguts">Tanguts</a> submitted to the Khitans and three later, was given a member of the Khitan imperial family as bride and installed as "King of Xia".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 985–86, the Khitans attacked <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeongan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeongan">Jeongan</a>. In 991, they established three fortified military colonies in the lower <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yalu_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yalu River">Yalu valley</a>, and annexed Jeongan.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994102-62">[62]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BirthDeath-95">[95]</a> Resistance from Jeongan ended in 999.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBielenstein2005217-96">[96]</a> In 992, the Khitans <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_conflict_in_the_Goryeo%E2%80%93Khitan_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War">invaded Goryeo</a>, sending a force supposedly 800,000 strong, and demanded that Goryeo cede territories along the Yalu River. Goryeo appealed for assistance from the Song dynasty, with whom they had a military alliance, but no Song assistance came. After the initial battles, the Khitans made steady southward progress before reaching the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheongcheon_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongcheon River">Cheongcheon River</a>, at which point they called for negotiations with Goryeo military leadership. While the Khitans initially demanded total surrender from Goryeo, and Goryeo initially appeared willing to consider it, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C5%8F_H%C5%ADi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sŏ Hŭi">Sŏ Hŭi</a> was eventually able to convince the Khitans to accept Goryeo as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tributary_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tributary state">tributary state</a> instead. The Khitans negotiated a peace that forced Goryeo to adopt the Liao calendar and end tributary relations with Song (a violation of King Taejo’s testamentary injunction never to make peace with the Khitan).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In exchange, Goryeo diplomat <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C5%8F_H%C5%ADi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sŏ Hŭi">Sŏ Hŭi</a>'s negotiations gained Goryeo the incorporation of the land between the border of Liao and Goryeo up to the Yalu River, which was at the time occupied by troublesome <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jurchen_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a> tribes, citing that in the past the land belonged to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[101]</a> By 994, regular diplomatic exchanges between the Khitans and Goryeo began.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994103%E2%80%93104-102">[102]</a> After securing the border with Goryeo, the Khitans attacked the Song dynasty in 994 and laid siege to Zitong, but was repelled by its defenders with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fire_arrow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fire arrow">fire arrows</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986f148-103">[103]</a> The Khitans began a series of campaigns against the Song in 999. While generally successful on the battlefield, they failed to secure anything of value from the Song. This changed in 1004 when Shengzong and his mother led a lightning strike campaign right to the outskirts of the Song capital of Kaifeng by only taking cities that surrendered, while avoiding protracted sieges of the cities that resisted heavily. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Zhenzong_of_Song?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Zhenzong of Song">Emperor Zhenzong of Song</a> marched out and met the Khitans at Chanyuan, a small city on the Yellow River. In January 1005, the two sides signed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chanyuan_Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chanyuan Treaty">Chanyuan Treaty</a>, which stipulated that the Song would give the Liao 200,000 bolts of silk and 100,000 ounces of silver each year, that the two emperors would address each other as equals, that they would finalize the location of their disputed border, and that the two dynasties would resume cordial relations. While the sums (referred to as gifts by the Song and as tributes by the Liao) were later increased to 300,000 bolts of silk and 200,000 ounces of silver per year out of Song fears that the Khitans might form a military alliance with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Xia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a>, no major wars were fought between the Khitans and the Song for over a century following the signing of the treaty.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199969%E2%80%9371-104">[104]</a> By signing the treaty, the Song functionally renounced its claim over the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sixteen_Prefectures?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sixteen Prefectures">Sixteen Prefectures</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Part of the border demarcated by the treaty was on the barrier-less North China Plain in Hebei. To fortify these most perilous borderlands, the Song created an extensive defensive forest along the Song-Liao border to thwart potential Khitan cavalry attacks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> The caitiff government is very harsh, and [the people of ] You and Ji abhor it. The land tax designated for mulberry tree [plots] is several times that of the Central Kingdom. [Even during times of ] natural disasters such as floods, droughts, or insect infestations, there is no reduction or elimination [of the taxes]. Under these conditions, ten men from an agriculturalist family hoeing together still cannot provide refined and unmixed food for the elderly, and ten diligent sericulturalist spinning women together still cannot provide padded silken clothing for the elderly. In tax collection and in conscription, [the Kitan government] is more pressing than plunderers and robbers. What is more, the Yelü, Xiao, and Han clans are debauched and tyrannical. They periodically seek out the children of good families as wives and concubines. The parents of beautiful girls in You and Ji do not allow [their daughters] to apply their white powder; instead, they clothe them shabbily and hide them away. [After] they marry they do not [again] associate with their close relations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2005185%E2%80%93186-107">[107]</a> <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>Lu Zhen, a Song envoy to Liao in 1009, describing the conditions of Chinese subjects under Khitan rule</cite> </div> </blockquote> Four years after the Song invasion, conflict with Goryeo erupted again. In 1009, the Goryeo general <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kang_Cho?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kang Cho">Kang Cho</a> murdered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mokjong_of_Goryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mokjong of Goryeo">Mokjong of Goryeo</a> and put <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hyeonjong_of_Goryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hyeonjong of Goryeo">Hyeonjong of Goryeo</a> on the throne with the intention of serving as the boy's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regency_(government)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency (government)">regent</a>. The Khitans immediately <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_conflict_in_the_Goryeo%E2%80%93Khitan_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War">sent an army of 400,000 men to Goryeo</a> to punish Kang Cho; however, after an initial period of military success and the breakdown of several attempts at peace negotiations, Goryeo and the Khitans entered a decade of continuous warfare. In 1018 the Khitans suffered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Third_conflict_in_the_Goryeo%E2%80%93Khitan_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War">a major defeat</a> and their army was all but annihilated at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Gwiju?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gwiju">Battle of Gwiju</a> by the Goryeo forces under General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kang_Kam-ch%27an?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kang Kam-ch'an">Kang Kam-ch'an</a>. The next year, the Khitans assembled another large army to march on Goryeo. At this point both sides realized that they could not defeat each other militarily, so in 1020 King Hyeonjong resumed sending tribute, and in 1022 the Khitans officially recognized the legitimacy of King Hyeonjong's reign. In the same year, a Liao envoy was sent to invest Hyeonjong as king, and when he died in 1031, his successor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deokjong_of_Goryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deokjong of Goryeo">Wang Hŭm</a> was also invested by the Liao court as king. Goryeo broke off relations with Song and the Liao ceded territory around the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yalu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalu">Yalu</a> to Goryeo. The relationship between Liao and Goryeo would remain peaceful until the end of the Liao dynasty.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994111%E2%80%93112-108">[108]</a> However, according to historian Bielenstein, Goryeo maintained diplomatic relations with Song, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hyeonjong_of_Goryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hyeonjong of Goryeo">Hyeonjong</a> kept his own reign title, and the two states concluded peace as equals in 1022.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBielenstein2005183-183-109">[109]</a> In 1006, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guiyi Circuit">Kingdom of Guiyi</a> sent tribute to Shengzong's court, which seems to have encouraged him to attack the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ganzhou_Uyghur_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom">Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom</a>. Expeditions against the Ganzhou Uyghurs were conducted in 1008, 1009, and 1010. These achieved limited success resulting in the deportation of some of the captured population. In 1027, the Khitans laid siege to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhangye?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhangye">Ganzhou</a> but failed to take the city, and ended in disaster when they were ambushed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zubu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zubu">Zubu</a> tribes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994121-110">[110]</a> In the 1020s, the Southern Establishment tried to extend its taxation system to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balhae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> people of the defunct <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dongdan_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dongdan Kingdom">Dongdan Kingdom</a>, who formerly only had to pay a tribute. The Balhae people were ordered to build boats to transport grain to the Southern Capital. The journey was dangerous and many boats were lost, leading to resentment. In the summer of 1029, a distant descendant of Balhae royalty, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Da_Yanlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Da Yanlin">Da Yanlin</a>, rebelled at the Eastern Capital. He imprisoned minister Xiao Xiaoxian and his wife, killed the tax commissioners and chief military commander, and declared his own Xing Liao dynasty. He requested aid from Goryeo but they refused to help. Other Balhae people serving in the military also refused to join him. Instead only a handful of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jurchens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a> joined his regime. In 1030, Xingliao and its Jurchen and Goryeo allies were defeated by a Liao pincer attack led by Punu.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hershey-111">[111]</a> A year later, one of Da Yanlin's officers betrayed him and opened the Eastern Capital's gates to the Khitans. His short lived dynasty came to an end. The old Balhae nobility were resettled near the Supreme Capital while others fled to Goryeo.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994113%E2%80%93114-112">[112]</a> Shengzong died on 25 June 1031 at the age of 60. At his deathbed, he entrusted his ministers Xiao Xiaomu and Xiao Xiaoxian to enthrone his eldest son, the 15 year old <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Zongzhen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yelü Zongzhen">Yelü Zongzhen</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994114-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Xingzong_(1031–1055)">Xingzong (1031–1055)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Xingzong (1031–1055)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_08.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_08.jpg/220px-%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="392"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 216px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_08.jpg/220px-%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_08.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="216" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_08.jpg/330px-%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_08.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Liao dynasty dragon crown </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_01.jpg/220px-%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="431"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_01.jpg/220px-%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_01.jpg/330px-%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_01.jpg/440px-%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Liao dynasty crown – side </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E9%8E%8F%E9%87%91%E9%93%B6%E6%89%9E%E8%85%B006272.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%E9%8E%8F%E9%87%91%E9%93%B6%E6%89%9E%E8%85%B006272.jpg/220px-%E9%8E%8F%E9%87%91%E9%93%B6%E6%89%9E%E8%85%B006272.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7012" data-file-height="5259"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%E9%8E%8F%E9%87%91%E9%93%B6%E6%89%9E%E8%85%B006272.jpg/220px-%E9%8E%8F%E9%87%91%E9%93%B6%E6%89%9E%E8%85%B006272.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%E9%8E%8F%E9%87%91%E9%93%B6%E6%89%9E%E8%85%B006272.jpg/330px-%E9%8E%8F%E9%87%91%E9%93%B6%E6%89%9E%E8%85%B006272.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%E9%8E%8F%E9%87%91%E9%93%B6%E6%89%9E%E8%85%B006272.jpg/440px-%E9%8E%8F%E9%87%91%E9%93%B6%E6%89%9E%E8%85%B006272.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Liao dynasty crown – back </figcaption> </figure> The 15 year old Yelü Zongzhen, posthumously <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Xingzong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Xingzong of Liao">Emperor Xingzong of Liao</a>, was born to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Shengzong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Shengzong of Liao">Emperor Shengzong of Liao</a> and one of his lesser consorts, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xiao_Noujin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xiao Noujin">Xiao Noujin</a>. Despite his parentage, he was raised as the adopted son of Empress Qitian (Xiao Pusage). Noujin fabricated a plot by Qitian to rebel and had her banished and then forced to commit suicide. Noujin declared herself the regent, made her birthday a public holiday, and began holding court and conducting duties normally within the purview of the emperor. In 1034, Noujin plotted to replace Xingzong with his younger brother, Zhongyuan, whom she had brought up herself. Zhongyuan wanted no part of this and informed Xingzong of their mother's plans, resulting in Noujin's banishment to their father's mausoleum. For his part in defeating the coup, Zhongyuan was given the title of "Imperial Younger Brother" and filled a succession of high ranking posts: commander in chief, northern commissioner of military affairs, and viceroy of the Southern Capital.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994114%E2%80%93116-114">[114]</a> Noujin's relatives remained in power at court. In 1037, Xingzong attempted to reconcile with these elements by treating Noujin with great respect and paying her visits. Xingzong appointed her brother, Xiao Xiaomu, as northern chancellor. In 1039, Noujin returned to the capital and underwent a rebirth ceremony to symbolically re-establish her position. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Song_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> began sending separate envoys to pay respects to her.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994115-115">[115]</a> Xingzong's reign saw the codification of law in 1036 with the promulgation of the Xinding tiaozhi which contained 547 articles and compiled all the laws since <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abaoji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abaoji">Abaoji</a>'s reign. In 1046, all local administrators were ordered to report all legal cases to the Supreme Capital. The laws were further revised in 1051. The universal application of the law was opposed by the pro-Khitan faction of Zhongyuan. In 1043, Chinese living in the Southern Establishments were forbidden from owning bows and arrows. In 1044, at the suggestion of Zhongyuan, Khitan police inspectors were established in each of the capitals to protect Khitan interests. In 1046, Khitans were forbidden to sell slaves to Chinese.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994116-116">[116]</a> On the other hand, restrictions on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balhae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> people relaxed and they were allowed to play <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polo">polo</a>, a game regarded as a military exercise.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994116%E2%80%93117-117">[117]</a> Militarily, the Liao seemed to be in decline during Xingzong's reign. The number of wars conducted in previous decades had put a great burden on the people. In the late 1030s, Xingzong asked his ministers for advice on dealing with growing distress, impoverishment, internal discontent, and banditry due to excessive demands for corvée and military service. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confucian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> scholar, Xiao Hanjianu, advocated for withdrawing overextended garrisons from far off frontiers and the cessation of expansionist policies that incorporated useless territory. Instead, these forces should be concentrated in key areas to the south and east. In 1039, a census was conducted to provide a basis for levying manpower. The army was short on horses so the sacrifice of horses and oxen in ceremonies was banned in 1043. The army and its dependencies were organized into registries in 1046 and these registries were further revised in 1051. There was also concern about the quality of the troops' training, especially the Chinese troops that specialized in artillery and crossbows, skills that augmented the Khitans' cavalry forces.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994120-118">[118]</a> In 1042, the Khitans took advantage of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Xia_wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Yuanhao's_invasion_(1040%E2%80%931044)" title="Song–Xia wars">Li Yuanhao's invasion of Song</a> to ask for territorial concessions from the Song. Negotiations resulted in the Liao dropping their territorial claims and an increase in annual tribute from the Song to 200,000 tales of silver and 300,000 bolts of silk. When <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Li_Yuanhao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Yuanhao">Li Yuanhao</a> asked the Khitans in 1043 to join him in attacking the Song, Xingzong refused. In 1044, some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tanguts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanguts">Tanguts</a> living in Liao territory rebelled and sought refuge in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Xia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a>. The Khitans blamed Yuanhao for instigating the rebellion and immediately sent an invasion force led by Zhongyuan and the northern commissioner for military affairs Xiao Hui. Liao forces enjoyed an initial victory but failed to take the Xia capital and were brutally mauled by Yuanhao's defenders.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003185-119">[119]</a> According to Song spies, there was a succession of carts bearing Liao dead across the desert.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2015126-120">[120]</a> In 1048, the Xia emperor died and the throne passed to an infant. The Khitans saw their opportunity for vengeance and invaded in a three pronged attack. The army under Xingzong's personal command encountered little resistance but had to withdraw owing to the lack of water and pasture for its horses. Xiao Hui's army advanced on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yellow_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> with a flotilla of warships but was ambushed and defeated. The third army raided a Tangut palace in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helan_Mountains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helan Mountains">Helan Mountains</a>, capturing Yuanhao's young widow and some high-ranking officials. The Khitans invaded again the next year and plundered the Xia countryside and accepted the surrender of a Tangut general. The Western Xia agreed to become a tributary and peaceful relations were restored by 1053.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994123-121">[121]</a> In 1044, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Datong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Datong">Datong</a> formally became the "Western Capital" (Xijing), completing the five capital regions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994117-122">[122]</a> Xingzong fell sick and died on 28 August 1055. He was 39 years old.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994123-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Daozong_(1055–1101)">Daozong (1055–1101)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Daozong (1055–1101)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:The_Fugong_Temple_Wooden_Pagoda.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Fugong_Temple_Wooden_Pagoda.jpg/170px-The_Fugong_Temple_Wooden_Pagoda.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1985"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 260px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Fugong_Temple_Wooden_Pagoda.jpg/170px-The_Fugong_Temple_Wooden_Pagoda.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="260" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Fugong_Temple_Wooden_Pagoda.jpg/255px-The_Fugong_Temple_Wooden_Pagoda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Fugong_Temple_Wooden_Pagoda.jpg/340px-The_Fugong_Temple_Wooden_Pagoda.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pagoda_of_Fogong_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pagoda of Fogong Temple">Pagoda of Fogong Temple</a>, built by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Daozong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Daozong of Liao">Emperor Daozong of Liao</a> in 1056 at the site of his grandmother's family home.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-steinhardt_1997_20-123">[123]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_09.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_09.jpg/220px-%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="629"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 277px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_09.jpg/220px-%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_09.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="277" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_09.jpg/330px-%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_09.jpg/440px-%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%A0_09.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Liao dynasty gold wire phoenix crown </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Parure_fun%C3%A9raire_masculine._Liao_(907_-_1125)._Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Parure_fun%C3%A9raire_masculine._Liao_%28907_-_1125%29._Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi.jpg/220px-Parure_fun%C3%A9raire_masculine._Liao_%28907_-_1125%29._Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Parure_fun%C3%A9raire_masculine._Liao_%28907_-_1125%29._Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi.jpg/220px-Parure_fun%C3%A9raire_masculine._Liao_%28907_-_1125%29._Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Parure_fun%C3%A9raire_masculine._Liao_%28907_-_1125%29._Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi.jpg/330px-Parure_fun%C3%A9raire_masculine._Liao_%28907_-_1125%29._Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Parure_fun%C3%A9raire_masculine._Liao_%28907_-_1125%29._Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi.jpg/440px-Parure_fun%C3%A9raire_masculine._Liao_%28907_-_1125%29._Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Funerary mask and crown from the Liao dynasty </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Liao_Woman_Headwear.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Liao_Woman_Headwear.JPG/220px-Liao_Woman_Headwear.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="2576"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Liao_Woman_Headwear.JPG/220px-Liao_Woman_Headwear.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Liao_Woman_Headwear.JPG/330px-Liao_Woman_Headwear.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Liao_Woman_Headwear.JPG/440px-Liao_Woman_Headwear.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Gilt silver crown, excavated in 1986 from the tomb of Princess of Chen and her husband in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tongliao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tongliao">Tongliao</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inner_Mongolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Clevelandart_1980.24.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Clevelandart_1980.24.jpg/220px-Clevelandart_1980.24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2969"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 192px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Clevelandart_1980.24.jpg/220px-Clevelandart_1980.24.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Clevelandart_1980.24.jpg/330px-Clevelandart_1980.24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Clevelandart_1980.24.jpg/440px-Clevelandart_1980.24.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Gilt bronze statue of the six-tusked elephant holding the throne of Puxian (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a>), the Bodhisattva of Universal Virtue, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1000 Liao dynasty </figcaption> </figure> Yelü Hongji, posthumously <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Daozong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Daozong of Liao">Emperor Daozong of Liao</a>, succeeded his father, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Xingzong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Xingzong of Liao">Emperor Xingzong of Liao</a>, having already gained experience in governing while his father was alive. Unlike his father, Daozong did not face a succession crisis. While both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xiao_Noujin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xiao Noujin">Xiao Noujin</a> and Zhongyuan still held substantial power, neither disputed the succession.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994124%E2%80%93125-124">[124]</a> Daozong's reign began with increased <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinicization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinicization">sinicization</a>. In 1055 all officials, and not just the emperor and members of the Southern Establishment, were required to wear Chinese court dress at major ceremonies. Daozong himself was highly taken with Chinese learning, poetry, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confucianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. He placed greater emphasis on Chinese education and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperial_examinations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial examinations">imperial examinations</a> for selection of officials. The number of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jinshi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jinshi">jinshi</a> passed in each examination increased from 50 to 60 during Xingzong's reign to over 100 under Daozong. In 1059 prefectural and county schools were established, as well as institutions for higher learning in the capitals. In 1060, a second <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guozijian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guozijian">Guozijian</a> was set up in the Central Capital in addition to the one in the Supreme Capital. In 1070 a special palace examination called the "Examination for the worthy and good" (Xianliang ge) was established, requiring entrants to submit 100,000 characters worth of writing. In 1072 Daozong personally wrote the questions for the palace examination.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994126-125">[125]</a> In the early years, the court was dominated by two men, Xiao Ge and Xiao Ala. Xiao Ala was the son of Xiao Xiaomu and part of Xiao Noujin's extended family. He was a close friend of Xingzong and had served as state counselor and viceroy of the Eastern Capital. He was also married to an imperial princess. Upon Daozong's accession, Ala was made northern commissioner for military affairs, putting him alongside Xiao Ge as two of the most powerful men at court. The two had a falling out and Ala asked to retire. Instead he was sent to be viceroy of the Eastern Capital in 1059. In 1061 he returned to court and voiced harsh criticisms at the government. Ge denounced him to the emperor, and in spite of Empress Dowager Renyi's pleas, the emperor ordered Ala strangled. This left the court in the hands of Xiao Ge (who retired the next year), Yelü Renxian, and Yelü Yixin.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994125-126">[126]</a> Yixin grew up in poverty but rose to become a palace attendant under Xingzong and by the end of his reign, a guard commander. Under Daozong, Yixin was made southern chancellor and then transferred to the northern Chancellery in 1059. Renxian rose to prominence during negotiations with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Song_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> in 1042. In 1060 Zhongyuan tried to have Renxian, who opposed his faction, removed from the southern Chancellery, but Yixin interceded on his behalf by going directly to Daozong.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994129-127">[127]</a> In 1059 the tribal judges were ordered to refer all capital cases to the local prefect or magistrate for review. If anyone claimed that the sentence was unjust, it was to be referred to the central government for a decision. This possibly led to the rebellion of pro-Khitan elements under Zhongyuan in 1063. In 1061, Zhongyuan's son Nielugu was appointed southern commissioner for military affairs, and became a figurehead for dissident noblemen. Chief among the dissidents was Xiao Hudu, the northern commissioner for military affairs. In 1063, the dissidents ambushed Daozong while he was out on a hunting trip. Daozong was wounded when he had his horse shot out from under him by crossbowmen. He was saved by his servants while his mother, the Empress Dowager Renyi (Xiao Tali), led the guards to ward off the attackers. The battle lasted until dawn. Nielugu was killed by a stray arrow, Hudu fled and drowned himself, and Zhongyuan also fled and committed suicide. Yelü Ming, viceroy of the Southern Capital and a co-conspirator in the rebellion, did not give up when he heard of Zhongyuan's demise. He led a force of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kumo_Xi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a> into the capital and armed them with weapons to prepare for combat, but his deputy governor mobilized the Chinese garrison to resist them. When orders from the emperor arrived, Ming was executed. All the conspirators and their families, among them Xiao Ge, were executed, resulting in extensive changes in Liao leadership.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994127%E2%80%93128-128">[128]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> Vast territory, few people, only an occasional hostel stop. Mountains and scenery much unlike the splendour of the Central Kingdom. Along the road of white sands leading away from Yuanyangpo, The flowers and shrubs, though fragrant, give us no joy. Envoys of Han, nightly we sleep in the lamplight of felt tents While the rocky cliffs of these borderlands inspire the flautists. During our return I take up a mirror to view my countenance And tremble to discover more greying hair at my temples.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2005138-129">[129]</a> <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>A poem composed by Chen Xiang, a Song envoy visiting Liao in 1067</cite> </div> </blockquote> After the rebellion, Yelü Yixin and his ally Yelü Renxian jointly controlled the Northern Commission for Military Affairs for a while. In 1065, Renxian became commander in chief. For the next 15 years, Yixin exercised unrivaled influence in court and acted opportunistically to advance self-interest, selecting corrupt and worthless men for office, taking bribes, and allowing the military to do anything they wanted. Renxian tried to contain him but eventually left for the post of viceroy of the Southern Capital. Daozong remained aloof from politics, providing no real leadership, and instead opted to pursue his own scholarly interests. In 1064 he ordered a search for books lacking in the imperial collection. In 1074 the government distributed copies of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Book_of_Han?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a>. In the same year a bureau for compiling national history was established, which produced in 1085 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veritable_Records?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veritable Records">Veritable Records</a> for the first seven reigns. Daozong gathered prominent scholars around him to expound on various canonical texts and greatly patronized <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhist_monks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist monks">Buddhist monks</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994129%E2%80%93130-130">[130]</a> In 1090 a Song envoy commented on how lavishly the emperor patronized the Buddhist clergy and their all-pervasive influence on society. In the latter years of Daozong's reign, he all but abandoned his administrative duties. So ambivalent about administration was the emperor that he selected officials by having the candidates roll dice. This was how the historian who compiled the record of his reign was selected.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994137-131">[131]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:East-Hem_1100ad.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/East-Hem_1100ad.jpg/280px-East-Hem_1100ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="1903"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/East-Hem_1100ad.jpg/280px-East-Hem_1100ad.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/East-Hem_1100ad.jpg/420px-East-Hem_1100ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/East-Hem_1100ad.jpg/560px-East-Hem_1100ad.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Asia in 1100, showing the Khitan Empire and its neighbors </figcaption> </figure> Khitan resistance to Han influence did not disappear after the rebellion. In 1064 the private publication of books was banned, a measure that would have only impacted the urban Han elite. In 1067 Daozong underwent a traditional rebirth ceremony, while still engrossed in his studies, to re-establish his legitimacy as leader of the Khitans. In 1070 the Han were forbidden from hunting, which was considered a military exercise.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994131-132">[132]</a> Daozong recognized that the Khitan and Han customs were different, so he ordered Yixin and Renxian to revise the universal laws to take this into account. The new laws, well over 1,000 articles and twice the size of the Xinding tiaozhi of 1036, receiving further amendments between 1075 and 1085, were so out of step with actual practice that they proved unenforceable. In 1089 the new laws were abandoned and the Xinding tiaozhi was reinstated.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994131-132">[132]</a> It is clear that while Daozong had a predilection towards Han culture, he also recognized that there were limits to how far he could advance pro-Han measures while governing Khitan elites. In 1074 the scholarly official Yelü Shuzhen suggested adopting Han style surnames for all Khitan tribes, which Daozong rejected, declaring that "the old order should not be changed suddenly".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994132-133">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Epitaph_of_Empress_Xuanyi_of_Liao.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Epitaph_of_Empress_Xuanyi_of_Liao.jpg/220px-Epitaph_of_Empress_Xuanyi_of_Liao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Epitaph_of_Empress_Xuanyi_of_Liao.jpg/220px-Epitaph_of_Empress_Xuanyi_of_Liao.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Epitaph_of_Empress_Xuanyi_of_Liao.jpg/330px-Epitaph_of_Empress_Xuanyi_of_Liao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Epitaph_of_Empress_Xuanyi_of_Liao.jpg/440px-Epitaph_of_Empress_Xuanyi_of_Liao.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Epitaph of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xiao_Guanyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xiao Guanyin">Xiao Guanyin</a>, the wife of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Daozong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Daozong of Liao">Emperor Daozong of Liao</a>, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_small_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a> </figcaption> </figure> Yelü Renxian, the only man whose influence rivaled Yelü Yixin, died in 1072. In 1075, Daozong's son and heir apparent, Prince Jun, who was both well educated and skilled as a horseman and archer, emerged as a potential threat to Yixin's influence over Daozong. To remove Jun, Yixin first set in motion plans to eliminate his mother, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xiao_Guanyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xiao Guanyin">Xiao Guanyin</a>. One of her household members accused her of having an affair with a palace musician, Zhao Weiyi. In addition, Yixin and his ally, the Han scholar Zhang Xiaojie, fabricated evidence that the empress had written erotic poems to Zhao. Believing Yixin's evidence, Daozong ordered Zhao and his clan executed and the empress, Xiao Guanyin, to commit suicide. Her body was returned to her family wrapped in a mat. Yelü Jun swore revenge for her mother's death and shortly after her suicide, Yixin survived an attempted assassination. Xiao Guanyin was replaced by the sister of one of Yixin's henchmen, Xiao Xiamo, whose other sister was married to Yixin's son. After the death of Empress Dowager Renyi in 1076, the new empress, Xiao Tansi, was installed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994133%E2%80%93134-134">[134]</a> The next year, Yixin implicated a number of officials, all his enemies, with plotting a coup to replace Daozong with Jun. While the emperor was initially unmoved, Yixin fabricated a false confession by Jun, resulting in his demotion to commoner status and imprisonment. Yixin then sent emissaries to kill Jun and persuaded the viceroy of the Supreme Capital to report his death as a result of illness. Jun's wife was also killed when she was summoned to court by Daozong, who had almost immediately come to regret his actions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994133%E2%80%93134-134">[134]</a> The new empress remained barren so Daozong decided upon Jun's son, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Yanxi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yelü Yanxi">Yelü Yanxi</a>, as heir. In 1079 when the emperor was about to leave on his winter hunting trip, Yelü Yixin tried to persuade him to leave his grandson behind. Various courtiers hostile to him immediately protested this and convinced Daozong to take his grandson with him. This incident seemed to finally awaken the emperor to Yixin's true nature. In 1080 Yixin was demoted and sent to Xingzhong. A year later he was found guilty of trading prohibited goods with a foreign state and sentenced to death. Zhang Xiaojie and the new empress were both exiled from the capital, although Zhang would later be allowed to return and died peacefully in the late 1080s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994135%E2%80%93136-135">[135]</a> From then on, Yanxi was carefully groomed for the throne. In 1086 Daozong showed him the armour and weapons of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abaoji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abaoji">Abaoji</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Emperor Taizong of Liao</a>, describing to him the hardships of the campaigns on which the dynasty was founded. A few weeks later Yanxi underwent a rebirth ceremony. In 1088 he was assigned to his first office. A year later he was married and sons were born in 1089 and 1093.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994137-131">[131]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> The emperor of the Northern Court [i.e., Liao] appears to be over sixty years old, yet he remains vigorous and healthy; his appetite has not yet begun to decline. Having been on the throne so long, he has quite a good understanding of what is to [Liao's] advantage. [Liao's] friendship with our court has lasted many years, such that tribal and Han people enjoy tranquil existences, all living together in harmony, with no desire for war. Moreover, [the emperor's] grandson, the Prince of Yan, is young and fragile. In one of the past years, powerful Khitan courtiers had his father executed. Thus, he has been seeking revenge, and looks for support from Chinese and from our court to consolidate his position. North of the border [i.e., in Liao territory], even commoners speak of this. After I crossed the border with my retinue [while on a diplomatic mission], I witnessed [Liao's] wise, old officials … all speaking of our [two courts’] friendship, with a deep sigh, as something unprecedented since antiquity. They also related to me that the emperor of the Northern Court treats those in charge of southern [i.e., Song] envoys very generously. One of the reception officials was [promoted to] deputy Hanlin commissioner even before we reached the Great Tent [of the Liao emperor] … Everybody said it was in recognition of his work receiving the southern envoy. From this, we can see that, as long as the emperor of the Northern Court remains healthy, we can be certain our northern frontier [with Liao] will remain free of incidents. [The problem] is only that his grandson, the Prince of Yan, is mediocre and weak in spirit, undignified in appearance, and [so] does not live up to his grandfather. Though his heart may seem to turn to China, we do not yet know whether or not, after he attains [the throne], he will be able to suppress the conflict between tribal and Han people, and secure his position.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETackett201768%E2%80%9369-136">[136]</a> <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>Su Che, a Song envoy, reporting his findings after a 1089 mission to Liao</cite> </div> </blockquote> Economically the Liao dynasty suffered greatly from natural disasters during Daozong's reign. Starting from 1065, not a year went by without an area being struck by some natural disaster. At first it was mainly the southern agricultural regions that were effected but in the 1080s and 1090s, the tribal areas also seem to have experienced immense suffering, resulting in displaced families and vagrants. The government constantly lost revenue due to payments of relief and the granting of tax exemptions. In 1074, the Eastern Capital region was hit by severe flooding, after which orders were given to construct flood control works. This was opposed on grounds that the necessary labor levies involved would cause even greater hardship and unrest. In the winter of 1082–83, unusually heavy snowfall killed up to 60–70 per cent of tribal livestock and horses.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994132%E2%80%93133-137">[137]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> The tribal borderlands of the Liao empire were never clearly defined, constituting a zone inhabited by fragmented and unstable tribal groups who were loosely subject to the Liao court. Often some elements of the same people would be assimilated into the tribal section of the Liao empire while others of their relatives lived beyond the borders. The situation was always fluid, as groups merged and split apart and changed their allegiance. This situation was particularly complicated for two sets of peoples: the Jurchen in northern and eastern Manchuria and the Zubu tribes living in the heartlands of Mongolia, the Orkhon and Selenga valleys.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994138-138">[138]</a> <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>Denis Twitchett and Klaus-Peter Tietze</cite> </div> </blockquote> Militarily the reign of Daozong saw little conflict with other settled states. In 1074 there was a border demarcation crisis with the Song but it was resolved by peaceful diplomacy in 1076. In 1078 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a>'s king asked for territory east of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yalu_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yalu River">Yalu River</a>, which was rejected without any trouble or break in relations. The situation on the northwestern borderland was less stable and events toward the end of Daozong's reign would see the subjugation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zubu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zubu">Zubu</a> tribes, some of whom lived in Liao territory but had long resisted Khitan rule. There were outbreaks of warfare with the Zubu previously in 997–1000, 1007, 1012–23, and 1027. In 1063, 1064, and 1070, prohibitions were placed on the trade of metals to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Xia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a>, Zubu tribes, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yugur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Uyghurs</a>. In 1069, there was a renewed Zubu rebellion which was put down by Yelü Renxian. In 1086 the Zubu chieftain attended court and Daozong ordered his grandson, Yelü Yanxi, to be friendly towards him as he was a valuable ally. However, in 1089, Zubu leadership passed to Mogusi. In 1092, the Khitans attacked several tribes in the northwest neighboring the Zubu and the Zubu became involved. In 1093 Mogusi led a series of raids deep into Liao territory and drove off many of the state herds of horses. Other tribes such as the Dilie (Tiriet), who had previously rebelled in 1073, also joined Mogusi. It took until 1100 for the northern commissioner for military affairs, Yelü Wotela, to capture and kill Mogusi. His death did not end warfare with the northwestern tribes and it took another two years to defeat the remaining Zubu forces. The war against the Zubu was the last successful military campaign waged by the Liao dynasty.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994138%E2%80%93139-139">[139]</a> Daozong passed away on 12 February 1101 at the age of 68. He was succeeded by his grandson, Yelü Yanxi.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994139-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tianzuo_(1101–1125)">Tianzuo (1101–1125)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Tianzuo (1101–1125)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin–Song Wars">Jin–Song Wars</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Collapse_of_the_Liao_dynasty_1117-1124.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Collapse_of_the_Liao_dynasty_1117-1124.png/220px-Collapse_of_the_Liao_dynasty_1117-1124.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="792"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Collapse_of_the_Liao_dynasty_1117-1124.png/220px-Collapse_of_the_Liao_dynasty_1117-1124.png" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Collapse_of_the_Liao_dynasty_1117-1124.png/330px-Collapse_of_the_Liao_dynasty_1117-1124.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Collapse_of_the_Liao_dynasty_1117-1124.png/440px-Collapse_of_the_Liao_dynasty_1117-1124.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Collapse of the Liao dynasty (1117–1124) </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Anonymous_-_Eighteen_Songs_of_a_Nomad_Flute,_The_Story_of_Lady_Wenji_-_1973.120.3_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Anonymous_-_Eighteen_Songs_of_a_Nomad_Flute%2C_The_Story_of_Lady_Wenji_-_1973.120.3_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-Anonymous_-_Eighteen_Songs_of_a_Nomad_Flute%2C_The_Story_of_Lady_Wenji_-_1973.120.3_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1929"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Anonymous_-_Eighteen_Songs_of_a_Nomad_Flute%2C_The_Story_of_Lady_Wenji_-_1973.120.3_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-Anonymous_-_Eighteen_Songs_of_a_Nomad_Flute%2C_The_Story_of_Lady_Wenji_-_1973.120.3_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Anonymous_-_Eighteen_Songs_of_a_Nomad_Flute%2C_The_Story_of_Lady_Wenji_-_1973.120.3_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/330px-Anonymous_-_Eighteen_Songs_of_a_Nomad_Flute%2C_The_Story_of_Lady_Wenji_-_1973.120.3_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Anonymous_-_Eighteen_Songs_of_a_Nomad_Flute%2C_The_Story_of_Lady_Wenji_-_1973.120.3_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/440px-Anonymous_-_Eighteen_Songs_of_a_Nomad_Flute%2C_The_Story_of_Lady_Wenji_-_1973.120.3_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Depiction of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xiongnu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> cavalry in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eighteen_Songs_of_a_Nomad_Flute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute">Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute</a>, commissioned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Song?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Gaozong of Song">Emperor Gaozong of Song</a>. While the subjects are the Xiongnu, the hairstyle depicted is distinctly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a>, and likely based on northern steppe peoples contemporary to the Song. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Vaulted_cinerary_urn_engraved_with_deer_designs.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vaulted_cinerary_urn_engraved_with_deer_designs.jpg/220px-Vaulted_cinerary_urn_engraved_with_deer_designs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3831" data-file-height="3335"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 192px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vaulted_cinerary_urn_engraved_with_deer_designs.jpg/220px-Vaulted_cinerary_urn_engraved_with_deer_designs.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vaulted_cinerary_urn_engraved_with_deer_designs.jpg/330px-Vaulted_cinerary_urn_engraved_with_deer_designs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vaulted_cinerary_urn_engraved_with_deer_designs.jpg/440px-Vaulted_cinerary_urn_engraved_with_deer_designs.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Miniature model of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> tent found in the Hadatu tomb in 1973 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Fragment_of_a_tomb_mural_showing_a_Khitan_man_and_a_Khitan_boy.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fragment_of_a_tomb_mural_showing_a_Khitan_man_and_a_Khitan_boy.jpg/220px-Fragment_of_a_tomb_mural_showing_a_Khitan_man_and_a_Khitan_boy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4145" data-file-height="2913"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fragment_of_a_tomb_mural_showing_a_Khitan_man_and_a_Khitan_boy.jpg/220px-Fragment_of_a_tomb_mural_showing_a_Khitan_man_and_a_Khitan_boy.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fragment_of_a_tomb_mural_showing_a_Khitan_man_and_a_Khitan_boy.jpg/330px-Fragment_of_a_tomb_mural_showing_a_Khitan_man_and_a_Khitan_boy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fragment_of_a_tomb_mural_showing_a_Khitan_man_and_a_Khitan_boy.jpg/440px-Fragment_of_a_tomb_mural_showing_a_Khitan_man_and_a_Khitan_boy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Fragment of a tomb mural showing a Khitan boy </figcaption> </figure> The accession of Yelü Yanxi, posthumously <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Tianzuo_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Tianzuo of Liao">Emperor Tianzuo of Liao</a>, proceeded without incident. His first act upon becoming emperor was to desecrate the tomb of Yelü Yixin and all those who brought about the deaths of his grandmother and parents. The corpses of Yixin and his allies were mutilated. The deceased <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Daozong_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Daozong of Liao">Emperor Daozong of Liao</a> was interred together with the empress who had been forced to commit suicide. Tianzuo's father, Jun, was given a posthumous temple name as though he had reigned as emperor.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994140-141">[141]</a> Natural disasters continued to plague the Liao dynasty intermittently. In 1105 Tianzuo went out in disguise to see the suffering of the people, but nothing else on record hints at what he may have prescribed in policy. In the same year, merchant families were barred from taking the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jinshi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jinshi">jinshi</a> exam, which suggests continued <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinicization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinicization">sinicization</a> in the Liao mode of governance. Between 1103 and 1105, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Xia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> repeatedly requested the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan people">Khitans</a> to attack the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Song_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, but the Liao court refused. The Liao cemented its relations with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tanguts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanguts">Tanguts</a> with a marriage alliance and sent an envoy requesting the Song to stop its attacks on Western Xia. Diplomatic relations with the neighboring settled states remained cordial and even the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zubu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zubu">Zubu</a> sent embassies pledging their allegiance in 1106, 1110, and 1112.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994140-141">[141]</a> Despite international peace on several fronts, the Liao dynasty would fall to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jurchens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a> by 1125. The Jurchens were a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tungusic_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungusic people">Tungusic people</a> who lived in fragmented tribes stretching northward from the border of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a>. They had been in contact with the Khitans ever since <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abaoji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abaoji">Abaoji</a>'s rise to power. Despite their marginal status, they were militarily significant enough that the Song considered them a potential ally against the Liao, and periodically caused trouble for the Khitans. The Liao categorized the Jurchens into three groups: "civilized" Jurchens (shu nüzhi) descended from tribes captured by the Liao in the 10th century and assimilated into Khitan society, "obedient" Jurchens (shun nüzhi) subordinate to the Liao and had regular contact with the court, and "wild" Jurchens (sheng nüzhi) who inhabited the lower <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Songhua_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Songhua River">Songhua River</a> valley and the eastern mountains of modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heilongjiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>. The wild Jurchens were nominally subordinate to the Liao but were functionally independent. During the 11th century, one of the wild Jurchen clans, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wanyan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wanyan">Wanyan</a>, established dominance over their neighbors and created a semblance of Jurchen unity. The Liao court recognized this and conferred on their chieftains the title of military governor.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994141-142">[142]</a> As the Wanyan clan consolidated their control over the Jurchens, relations with the Liao also became increasingly strained. The Jurchens resented the behavior of Liao officials at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ningjiang_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ningjiang District">Ningjiang</a>, the main border trading post, who constantly cheated them. The Liao also placed on them the obligation of supplying the Liao emperor with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gyrfalcons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyrfalcons">gyrfalcons</a> called haidongqing, only bred on the coastal regions and required the Jurchens to fight across the territory of their neighbors, the Five Nations, to access. Liao envoys also habitually beat their village elders and abused their women.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994141-142">[142]</a> One of the primary causes of the Jurchen rebellion was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droit_du_seigneur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Europe" title="Droit du seigneur">custom</a> of raping married Jurchen women and Jurchen girls by Khitan envoys, which caused resentment from the Jurchens.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The custom of having sex with unmarried girls by Khitan was itself not a problem, since the practice of guest prostitution - giving female companions, food and shelter to guests – was common among Jurchens. Unmarried daughters of Jurchen families of lower and middle classes in Jurchen villages were provided to Khitan messengers for sex, as recorded by Hong Hao.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Song envoys among the Jin were similarly entertained by singing girls in Guide, Henan.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-145">[145]</a> There is no evidence that guest prostitution of unmarried Jurchen girls to Khitan men was resented by the Jurchens. It was only when the Khitans forced aristocratic Jurchen families to give up their beautiful wives as guest prostitutes to Khitan messengers that the Jurchens became resentful. This suggests that in Jurchen upper classes, only a husband had the right to his married wife while among lower class Jurchens, the virginity of unmarried girls and sex with Khitan men did not impede their ability to marry later.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The Jurchen problem reared its head in late 1112 when Tianzuo embarked on a fishing expedition to the Huntong River (modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Songhua_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Songhua River">Songhua River</a>) where the Jurchen tribes were expected to pay homage to the emperor. As a symbolic gesture of obeisance, the Jurchen chieftains were supposed to get up in turn and dance in the emperor's camp, but one of them, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Jin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Taizu of Jin">Aguda</a>, refused. Even after being bidden three times, Aguda still refused to dance. Tianzuo wanted him executed for his act of defiance but the influential chancellor, Xiao Fengxian, dissuaded him from that course and belittled the harm Aguda could do. This would prove to be a fatal mistake as Aguda was elected ruler of the Jurchens in the following year. Aguda immediately began harassing the Liao for the return of Ashu, a Jurchen chieftain who opposed Wanyan hegemony and had taken refuge in Liao territory, and when his demands were refused, began building fortifications on the Liao border. In the late autumn of 1114 Aguda attacked Ningjiang. Underestimating the Jurchen threat, Tianzuo only sent some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balhae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> detachments from the Eastern Capital, which were utterly defeated. Another force composed of Khitan and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kumo_Xi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a> troops led by Xiao Sixian, the brother of Xiao Fengxian, was also defeated on the Songhua. Despite Sixian's incompetence, he escaped punishment, leading to demoralization of Khitan generals. By the end of the year, several border prefectures had been taken by the Jurchens and some neighboring tribes had also joined them.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994142-147">[147]</a> In 1115 Tianzuo sent envoys to negotiate with the Jurchens, but Aguda had already declared himself emperor of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a>, and rejected the Liao letters because they did not address him by his new title. Aguda continued to demand the return of Ashu and the withdraw of Liao troops from Huanglong, the major administrative center of the region. Huanglong fell to the Jin in late autumn. Tianzuo assembled a massive army west of the Songhua and crossed the river in the winter of 1115. His invasion was undermined by a plot to dethrone him and install his uncle, Prince Chun. The conspirators led by Yelü Zhangnu deserted the army and sent messengers informing Chun of their plan. Chun refused to take part in the coup and beheaded Zhangnu's messengers. The rebels then went about the countryside creating havoc until they were defeated by a small group of loyal Jurchens. Zhangnu was caught trying to escape to the Jin disguised as a messenger and was executed by being cut in half at the waist. More than 200 implicated nobles were executed and their families condemned to slavery. In early 1116 another rebellion occurred at the Eastern Capital when a Balhae officer named Gao Yongchang declared himself emperor of the Yuan dynasty and requested aid from the Jin. The Jin relief troops to Yuan easily repulsed the Liao troops but then turned on the Balhae rebels and killed Gao Yongchang. With the destruction of the Yuan dynasty, the entire region east of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liao River">Liao River</a> fell to the Jin. To ensure Chun's continued loyalty, he was made commander in chief of the Liao armies and entrusted with defense operations against the Jin. Chun proved to be an awful commander. His new army, composed of Balhae refugees, inflicted more damage on the civilian population than the enemies. When the Jin attacked Chunzhou on the Songhua in early 1117, the Liao army melted away, not even offering a token resistance. At the end of the year, the Jin forces crossed the Liao River, defeated Chun's army, and conquered several prefectures.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994143%E2%80%93144-148">[148]</a> After the Jin's initial conquests, a lull in military activity followed. In 1118 Tianzuo initiated peace negotiations, but the Jin demands were so onerous, requesting half of the Liao empire in addition to payments of silk and silver, that they were impossible to meet. Aguda was unable to immediately continue military campaigns against the Liao due to stretched resources. In 1119 a rebellion against the Jin occurred at the Eastern Capital and had to be suppressed. This brief interlude was no less kind to the Liao, which was plagued by famine, local rebellions, and defections to the Jin. Hostilities renewed in the spring of 1020 when Aguda broke off negotiations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994145%E2%80%93146-149">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tianning_Temple_Pagoda.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tianning_Temple_Pagoda.jpg/170px-Tianning_Temple_Pagoda.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tianning_Temple_Pagoda.jpg/170px-Tianning_Temple_Pagoda.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tianning_Temple_Pagoda.jpg/255px-Tianning_Temple_Pagoda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tianning_Temple_Pagoda.jpg/340px-Tianning_Temple_Pagoda.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tianning_Temple_(Beijing)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tianning Temple (Beijing)">Tianning Temple Pagoda</a>, a Buddhist structure built at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_Nanjing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liao Nanjing">Liao Nanjing</a> ("Southern Capital", modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>) in 1120 during the last years of the Liao dynasty </figcaption> </figure> The Jin captured the Supreme Capital in mid-1120 and stopped its advance to escape the summer heat. In the spring of 1121, Tianzuo's second wife, Lady Wen, conspired with her brother in law, General Yelü Yudu, to depose the emperor and enthrone her son. The plot was uncovered by Xiao Fengxian, whose sister, Lady Yuan, also hoped to have her son succeed. Lady Wen was forced to commit suicide but Yudu escaped and defected to the Jin. He was allowed to remain in command of his troops and in the winter of 1121–22, he led Jin forces to capture the Central Capital. Leaving Prince Chun in charge of the Southern Capital, Tianzuo embarked on a prolonged flight from the Jin, passing through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juyong_Pass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juyong Pass">Juyong Pass</a> to the Western Capital. Shortly afterward, Tianzuo grew tired of Xiao Fengxian's manipulations, which had caused the death of his son, and had him commit suicide. Tianzuo then fled to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yin_Mountains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yin Mountains">Yin Mountains</a> where he tried to recruit fresh troops from local tribes. Following his trail, the Jin took the Western Capital in the spring of 1122. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tanguts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanguts">Tanguts</a>, fearing an invasion of their border, sent troops in support of Tianzuo and blocked the Jurchen advance. Soon after Aguda arrived, he defeated a Khitan-Tangut force near the Xia border, and turned back east to take the Southern Capital, where Prince Chun had been declared the new Liao emperor (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Liao">Northern Liao</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994148%E2%80%93149-150">[150]</a> Only three months after becoming emperor, Chun died, leaving his widowed empress in charge. In the late autumn of 1122, her commanders Guo Yaoshi and Gao Feng defected with their troops to the Song. They led Song troops in an attack on the Southern Capital, but even in the Liao's withered state, the Song army was still unable to overcome Khitan defenses and failed to take the city. In the winter, Aguda took the Southern Capital, and the remaining Khitans fled in two groups to the west. One group led by Xiao Gan fled to Western Xia where they set up a short lived Xi dynasty that lasted only five months before Gan died at the hands of his own troops. The other group, led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Dashi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yelü Dashi">Yelü Dashi</a>, joined Tianzuo at the Xia border. In the early summer of 1123, Dashi was captured by the Jin and forced to lead them to Tianzuo's camp, where the entire imperial family except for Tianzuo and one son were captured. Tianzuo sought refuge with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Chongzong_of_Western_Xia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia">Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia</a>, who while initially receptive, changed his mind after warnings from the Jurchens and declared himself a vassal of Jin in 1124. Tianzuo fled further north into the steppes where he traded his clothes for food from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khongirad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a>. In spite of all these setbacks, Tianzuo still held onto the delusion of retaking the Western and Southern Capitals, and attacked nearby prefectures. Dashi, who had rejoined Tianzuo, grew tired of his behavior and left for the west. Tianzuo was captured in early 1125 and taken to the Jin court where he held the title of "king of the seashore" (haipin wang). According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a>, Tianzuo died at the age of 54 in 1128.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994149%E2%80%93151-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Qara_Khitai">Qara Khitai</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Qara Khitai" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qara_Khitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Western_Liao.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Western_Liao.png/220px-Western_Liao.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="905"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Western_Liao.png/220px-Western_Liao.png" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Western_Liao.png/330px-Western_Liao.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Western_Liao.png/440px-Western_Liao.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qara_Khitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> empire in 1160 </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Dashi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yelü Dashi">Yelü Dashi</a> fled northwest and established his headquarter at the military garrison of Kedun (Zhenzhou) on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orkhon_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orkhon River">Orkhon River</a>. Dashi secured the allegiance of the garrison forces numbering 20,000 and set himself as gurkhan (universal khan). In 1130, Dashi led his host further west in search of new territory. Within a year, he had established himself as suzerain of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qocho?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qocho">Qocho</a> and gained a foothold in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transoxiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>. After conquering the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karakhanid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakhanid">Karakhanid</a> city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balasaghun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Balasaghun">Balasaghun</a> (in modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyrgyzstan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>), he attempted to reclaim former Liao territory, which ended in disaster. Failing in that endeavor, Dashi established a permanent Khitan state in Central Asia known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qara_Khitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> or the Western Liao dynasty. The new Liao empire expanded to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aral_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>, defeating the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seljuk_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Qatwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Qatwan">Battle of Qatwan</a> in 1141, and establishing their dominance in the region. With several key trading cities, the Qara Khitai was a multicultural state that showed evidence of religious tolerance. "Qara," which means black, corresponds to the Liao's dynastic color black and its dynastic element water.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-73">[73]</a> Yelü Dashi's dynasty was usurped by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naimans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naimans">Naimans</a> under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuchlug?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuchlug">Kuchlug</a> in 1211 and traditional Chinese, Persian, and Arab sources consider the usurpation to be the end of the dynasty.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran20052-152">[152]</a> The empire ended with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Mongol conquest</a> in 1218.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200593-153">[153]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jurchen_Jin_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchen Jin dynasty">Jurchen Jin dynasty</a> was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Jin_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Jin China">conquered</a> by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongol_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in 1234.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-154">[154]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Government">Government</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E8%BE%BD%E2%80%9C%E6%95%95%E5%AE%9C%E9%80%9F%E2%80%9D%E9%87%91%E7%89%8C.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%E8%BE%BD%E2%80%9C%E6%95%95%E5%AE%9C%E9%80%9F%E2%80%9D%E9%87%91%E7%89%8C.jpg/220px-%E8%BE%BD%E2%80%9C%E6%95%95%E5%AE%9C%E9%80%9F%E2%80%9D%E9%87%91%E7%89%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="390" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3080" data-file-height="5456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 390px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%E8%BE%BD%E2%80%9C%E6%95%95%E5%AE%9C%E9%80%9F%E2%80%9D%E9%87%91%E7%89%8C.jpg/220px-%E8%BE%BD%E2%80%9C%E6%95%95%E5%AE%9C%E9%80%9F%E2%80%9D%E9%87%91%E7%89%8C.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="390" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%E8%BE%BD%E2%80%9C%E6%95%95%E5%AE%9C%E9%80%9F%E2%80%9D%E9%87%91%E7%89%8C.jpg/330px-%E8%BE%BD%E2%80%9C%E6%95%95%E5%AE%9C%E9%80%9F%E2%80%9D%E9%87%91%E7%89%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%E8%BE%BD%E2%80%9C%E6%95%95%E5%AE%9C%E9%80%9F%E2%80%9D%E9%87%91%E7%89%8C.jpg/440px-%E8%BE%BD%E2%80%9C%E6%95%95%E5%AE%9C%E9%80%9F%E2%80%9D%E9%87%91%E7%89%8C.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Liao <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paiza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paiza">paiza</a> authorizing an imperial decree with the utmost urgency </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Liao_dynasty_military_seal_from_near_the_Liao_Shangjing_site_(with_impression).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Liao_dynasty_military_seal_from_near_the_Liao_Shangjing_site_%28with_impression%29.jpg/220px-Liao_dynasty_military_seal_from_near_the_Liao_Shangjing_site_%28with_impression%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2313" data-file-height="3729"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 355px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Liao_dynasty_military_seal_from_near_the_Liao_Shangjing_site_%28with_impression%29.jpg/220px-Liao_dynasty_military_seal_from_near_the_Liao_Shangjing_site_%28with_impression%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="355" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Liao_dynasty_military_seal_from_near_the_Liao_Shangjing_site_%28with_impression%29.jpg/330px-Liao_dynasty_military_seal_from_near_the_Liao_Shangjing_site_%28with_impression%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Liao_dynasty_military_seal_from_near_the_Liao_Shangjing_site_%28with_impression%29.jpg/440px-Liao_dynasty_military_seal_from_near_the_Liao_Shangjing_site_%28with_impression%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Liao seal with the Chinese inscription 臨潢府軍器庫之印 "Seal of the Armoury of Linhuang Prefecture" </figcaption> </figure> At its height, the Liao dynasty controlled what is now Shanxi, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hebei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, Liaoning, Jilin, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heilongjiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inner_Mongolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> provinces in China, as well as northern portions of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_Peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean peninsula</a>, portions of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Far_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>, and much of the country of Mongolia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The peak population is estimated at 750,000 Khitans and two to three million ethnic Han Chinese.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Enthronement_ceremonies">Enthronement ceremonies</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Enthronement ceremonies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There were two ceremonies for the ascension of Khitan leaders, the Chaice Yi (Recognition Ceremony) and Zaisheng Yi (Rebirth Ceremony). These ceremonies were created during the reign of Zuwu khagan (r. 735–745) when leaders were elected.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005133-158">[158]</a> The Liao dynasty inherited these ceremonies as symbolic rituals for the enthronement of the emperor.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005136-159">[159]</a> The Rebirth Ceremony was then performed every 12 years by the emperor and confirmed his right to rule.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2009115-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Law_and_administration">Law and administration</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Law and administration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Administrative divisions of the Liao dynasty">Administrative divisions of the Liao dynasty</a> </div> The Liao employed two separate governments operating in parallel with one another: a Northern Administration in charge of Khitan and other nomadic peoples, most of whom lived in the northern side of Liao territory, and a Southern Administration in charge of the Chinese populace that lived predominantly in the southern side. When Abaoji first established the system, these two governments did not have strict territorial boundaries, but Emperor Shizong established formally delineated boundaries for the two administrations early in his reign. The newly delineated Northern Administration had large Han Chinese, Balhae, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yugur_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur people">Uighur</a> populations, and was given its own set of parallel northern and southern governments.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The governments of the Northern Administration and the Southern Administration operated very differently. The Northern Administration operated under a system which Twitchett and Tietze called "essentially a great tribal leader's personal retinue".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Twitchett_and_Tietze_78-162">[162]</a> Many of the governmental appointments dealt with tribal affairs, herds, and retainers serving the imperial house, and most powerful and high-ranking positions dealt with military affairs. The overwhelming majority of officeholders were Khitans, mainly from the imperial Yelü clan and the Xiao consort clan.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-163">[163]</a> The Southern Administration was more heavily structured, with Twitchett and Tietze calling it "designed in imitation of a T'ang model".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Twitchett_and_Tietze_78-162">[162]</a> Unlike the Northern Administration, many of the low- and medium-ranked officials in the Southern Administration were Han Chinese.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Twitchett_and_Tietze_79-164">[164]</a> Certain ethnic Han families in particular, descended from meritorious officials, played an important role in the Liao government and became powerful clans: the Han, the Zhao, the Liu and the Ma.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> The southern commissioners were usually members of the Yelü royal clan, the northern commissioners mostly members of the Xiao consort clan. The administration of the Northern Region was mainly, though not exclusively, staffed by Khitan holding traditional Khitan titles. Its most powerful officers were the Khitan commissioners for military affairs, the prime ministers of the Northern and Southern administrations (Beifu zaixiang, Nanfu zaixiang), the Northern and Southern Great Kings (Bei Dawang, Nan Dawang), both of whom were members of the royal clan, and the commander in chief (yuyue). These men controlled all military and tribal affairs, the selection of military commanders, the disposition of the tribal herds, and the allocation of pastures. Beneath them was a bewildering array of tribal officials, an office for the royal clan of the former Balhae state, and a range of offices providing services to the imperial house: artisans, physicians, huntsmen, and commissioners responsible for the royal herds, stud farms, and stables. The government of the Southern Region was designed in imitation of a Tang model. It was based, as was the government of the Northern Region, at the Supreme Capital, where it had its main offices. It had the traditional groups of elder statesmen, the Three Preceptors (san shi) and the Three Dukes (san gong) to act as imperial advisers, and a complex bureaucracy at the head of which were three ministries similar to the three central ministries (san sheng) of early Tang... but only the Secretariat played any significant role in political decisions. ... the Southern Administration was essentially an executive organization for the southern areas and their settled population. The high-sounding titles of its officers should not conceal the fact that routine decision making and all military authority (southern officials were specifically excluded from decisions on military affairs at court) were concentrated in the emperor's Khitan entourage drawn from the Northern Administration.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchettTietze199478%E2%80%9379-166">[166]</a> <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>Denis Twitchett and Klaus-Peter Tietze</cite> </div> </blockquote> The Liao dynasty was further divided into five "circuits", each with a capital city. The general idea for this system was taken from the Balhae, although no captured Balhae cities were made into circuit capitals.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The five capital cities were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linhuangfu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linhuangfu">Shangjing</a> (上京), meaning Supreme Capital, located in modern-day Inner Mongolia; Nanjing (南京), meaning Southern Capital, located near modern-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>; Dongjing (東京), meaning Eastern Capital, located near modern-day Liaoning; Zhongjing (中京), meaning Central Capital, located in modern-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hebei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> province near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Laoha_river&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Laoha river (page does not exist)">Laoha river</a>; and Xijing (西京), meaning Western Capital, located near modern-day Datong.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Each circuit was headed by a powerful viceroy who had the autonomy to tailor policies to meet the needs of the population within his circuit.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Twitchett_and_Tietze_79-164">[164]</a> Circuits were further subdivided into administrations called fu (府), which were metropolitan areas surrounding capital cities, and outside of metropolitan areas were divided into prefectures called zhou (州), which themselves were divided into counties called xian (縣).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Despite these administrative systems, important state decisions were still made by the emperor. The emperor met with officials from the Northern and Southern Administrations twice a year, but aside from that the emperor spent much of his time attending to tribal affairs outside of the capital cities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Military">Military</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Military" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg/220px-%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="388"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 122px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg/220px-%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="122" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg/330px-%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg/440px-%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Horse and Archer, believed to have been painted by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Bei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yelü Bei">Yelü Bei</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Heavily-armored_Cavalry,_Xuzhou_Museum_collection.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Heavily-armored_Cavalry%2C_Xuzhou_Museum_collection.jpg/220px-Heavily-armored_Cavalry%2C_Xuzhou_Museum_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3173" data-file-height="4000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 277px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Heavily-armored_Cavalry%2C_Xuzhou_Museum_collection.jpg/220px-Heavily-armored_Cavalry%2C_Xuzhou_Museum_collection.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="277" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Heavily-armored_Cavalry%2C_Xuzhou_Museum_collection.jpg/330px-Heavily-armored_Cavalry%2C_Xuzhou_Museum_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Heavily-armored_Cavalry%2C_Xuzhou_Museum_collection.jpg/440px-Heavily-armored_Cavalry%2C_Xuzhou_Museum_collection.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Liao dynasty cavalry armour </figcaption> </figure> The Liao army was originally just 2,000 men picked from various tribes as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abaoji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abaoji">Abaoji</a>'s personal retinue. To these 2,000 men were added captives taken from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balhae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> and the prefecture of Jingzhou. By the time it became an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orda_(organization)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orda (organization)">orda</a>, the emperor's private army, it contained 15,000 households, and could field up to 6,000 horsemen. The Liao nobles each had their own orda which the Liao government "borrowed" for campaign. According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a>, the Liao nobles treated the state as if it was their family. They provided private armies to assist the government during times of war. The larger ordas comprised up to a thousand or more horsemen while smaller ones several hundred horsemen. By the end of the dynasty, the ordas together constituted 81,000 Khitan households and 124,000 Balhae and Chinese households, which together could field up to 101,000 horsemen.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFu2018125-171">[171]</a> The Khitan were originally divided into 8 tribes (部) each led by a commander (大人) replaced once every three years. Abaoji then declared himself king to prevent the other clans from replacing him. The tribes convened for discussions for mobilisations or warfare; the Khitan custom of assemblies had military origins.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Khitan tribal manpower was still available for service both in China and in the steppe, but tribal chieftains, now living in towns became more detached from the tribal structure. The Khitan forces therefore enjoyed both the grain supply and weapon manufacturing facilities of sedentary society and the horse and livestock supply to maintain mobility and meat rations in the field. The Khitans therefore had an edge over the Turkic tribes on the steppe.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The Liao Army was composed of 3 sections: the Ordu, who were the elite personal cavalry of the Emperor, the tribal cavalry of Khitans and an auxiliary force of non-Khitan tribes, and militia infantry of Han Chinese and other sedentary peoples, who also provided the foot archers and catapult crews. Appanage territories were often granted to commanders.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-174">[174]</a> The core of the Liao army was composed of heavy armoured cavalry. In battle they arrayed light cavalry in the front and two layers of armoured cavalry in the back. Even foragers were armoured.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers2006132-175">[175]</a> Units of Khitan heavy cavalry were organized in groups of 500 to 700 men. Unlike some other empires originating from nomadic tribes, the Khitans preferred to fight in dense heavy cavalry formations rather than the wide formations of horse archers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiting2002305-176">[176]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Society and culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Liao_dynasty_silver_coin_with_Khitan_large_script_characters.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Liao_dynasty_silver_coin_with_Khitan_large_script_characters.jpg/220px-Liao_dynasty_silver_coin_with_Khitan_large_script_characters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2297" data-file-height="2265"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Liao_dynasty_silver_coin_with_Khitan_large_script_characters.jpg/220px-Liao_dynasty_silver_coin_with_Khitan_large_script_characters.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Liao_dynasty_silver_coin_with_Khitan_large_script_characters.jpg/330px-Liao_dynasty_silver_coin_with_Khitan_large_script_characters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Liao_dynasty_silver_coin_with_Khitan_large_script_characters.jpg/440px-Liao_dynasty_silver_coin_with_Khitan_large_script_characters.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Liao silver coin in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_large_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a> translated as "天朝萬順" (Heavenly Dynasty – Myriad [affairs are] Favourable). </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Chucai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yelü Chucai">Yelü Chucai</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Language">Language</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Nova_N_176_folio_9.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nova_N_176_folio_9.jpg/220px-Nova_N_176_folio_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="1964"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 280px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nova_N_176_folio_9.jpg/220px-Nova_N_176_folio_9.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="280" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nova_N_176_folio_9.jpg/330px-Nova_N_176_folio_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nova_N_176_folio_9.jpg/440px-Nova_N_176_folio_9.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The only extant manuscript in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan language">Khitan language</a>, Folio 9 of manuscript codex Nova N 176 </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan language">Khitan language</a> is closely related to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongolic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic language family</a>; some broader definitions of the Mongolic family include Khitan as a member. It is distantly related to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongolian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian language</a> with many loan words from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tungusic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic languages</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane200996-177">[177]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Prior to their conquest of north China and the establishment of the Liao dynasty, the Khitans had no written language. In 920 the first of two Khitan scripts, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_large_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a>, was developed. A second script, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_small_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a>, was developed in 925.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kane_2-3-179">[179]</a> Both scripts are based on the same spoken language, and both contain a mix of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Logogram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Logogram">logographs</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syllabary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syllabary">phonographs</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kane_167-168-180">[180]</a> Despite surface level similarities to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>, the Khitan scripts are functionally unintelligible to Chinese readers, and neither scripts have been fully deciphered to this day.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kane_2-3-179">[179]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> Early in the + 10th century the Khitan kingdom or Liao dynasty (+907–1125) created a form of writing of some 3000 characters, based on the Chinese system, in which to express its own language, and many Chinese classics, histories, and medical works were translated into Khitan and printed, though their circulation was prohibited outside Khitan territory. None of this Liao printing survives, though there is a Sung reproduction of a Liao printed glossary in Chinese, the Lung Khan Shou Chien, with prefaces dated + 997 and 1034. The most extensive Liao publication known to us is the Chhitan edition of the Tripitaka in Chinese, in some 6000 chüan in 579 cases, printed with Korean paper and ink in Peking in 1031–64; but nothing of it survives today.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsien1985169-181">[181]</a> <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien Tsuen-hsuin</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> Only a single manuscript text in the Khitan large script is known (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nova_N_176?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nova N 176">Nova N 176</a>), and no manuscripts in the Khitan small script are known.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Most <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Khitan_inscriptions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Khitan inscriptions">surviving specimens of both Khitan scripts</a> are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epitaph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epitaph">epitaph</a> inscriptions on stone tablets, as well as a number of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inscription?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Inscription">inscriptions</a> on coins, mirrors and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seal_(emblem)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seal (emblem)">seals</a>. The Liao emperors could read Chinese, and while there were some Chinese works translated into Khitan during the Liao dynasty, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confucian_classics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian classics">Confucian classics</a>, which served as the core guide to the administration of government in China, are not known to have been translated into Khitan.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Status_of_women">Status of women</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Status of women" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Parure_fun%C3%A9raire_f%C3%A9minine._Liao_(907_-_1125)._Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Parure_fun%C3%A9raire_f%C3%A9minine._Liao_%28907_-_1125%29._Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi.jpg/220px-Parure_fun%C3%A9raire_f%C3%A9minine._Liao_%28907_-_1125%29._Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="369" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1772"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 369px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Parure_fun%C3%A9raire_f%C3%A9minine._Liao_%28907_-_1125%29._Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi.jpg/220px-Parure_fun%C3%A9raire_f%C3%A9minine._Liao_%28907_-_1125%29._Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="369" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Parure_fun%C3%A9raire_f%C3%A9minine._Liao_%28907_-_1125%29._Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi.jpg/330px-Parure_fun%C3%A9raire_f%C3%A9minine._Liao_%28907_-_1125%29._Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Parure_fun%C3%A9raire_f%C3%A9minine._Liao_%28907_-_1125%29._Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi.jpg/440px-Parure_fun%C3%A9raire_f%C3%A9minine._Liao_%28907_-_1125%29._Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Liao <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Funerary_mask?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Funerary mask">funerary mask</a> and crown (female) </figcaption> </figure> The status of women in the Liao dynasty varied greatly, with the Khitan Liao (like many other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nomadic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> societies) having a much more egalitarian view towards women than the Han Chinese did. Khitan women were taught how to hunt, and managed family herds, flocks, finances, and property when their husbands were at war.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson201133%E2%80%9334-184">[184]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mote_76-186">[186]</a> Upper-class women were able to hold governmental and military posts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mote_76-186">[186]</a> Han Chinese living under the Liao dynasty were not forced to adopt Khitan practices, and while some Han Chinese did, many did not.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Marriage_practices">Marriage practices</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Marriage practices" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Women among the Khitan elite had arranged marriages, in some cases for political purposes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Johnson_85%E2%80%9387-188">[188]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Men from the elite classes tended to marry women from the generation their senior. While this did not necessarily mean that there would be a large gap in ages between husband and wife, it was often the case. Among the ruling Yelü clan, the average age that boys married was sixteen, while the average age that girls married was between sixteen and twenty-two. Although rare, ages as young as twelve were recorded, for both boys and girls.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-190">[190]</a> A special variety of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polygamy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> known as sororate, in which a man would marry two or more women who were sisters, was practiced among the Liao elite.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mote_76-186">[186]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Johnson_99%E2%80%93100-191">[191]</a> Polygamy was not restricted only to sororate, with some men having three or more wives, only some of whom were sisters. Sororate continued throughout the length of the Liao dynasty, despite laws banning the practice.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Johnson_99%E2%80%93100-191">[191]</a> Over the course of the dynasty, the Khitan elite moved away from having several wives and towards the Han Chinese system of having one wife and one or more <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concubine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubines</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Johnson_99%E2%80%93100-191">[191]</a> This was done largely to smooth over the process of inheritance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mote_76-186">[186]</a> Lower class Khitan women in the Liao dynasty did not have arranged marriages and would attract suitors by singing and dancing in the streets. The songs served as self-advertisements, with the women telling of their beauty, familial status, and domestic skills. Virginity was not a requirement for marriage among the Khitans.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Johnson_85%E2%80%9387-188">[188]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Betrothal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Betrothal">Betrothal</a> was seen in Khitan society as being equally serious to, if not more serious than, marriage itself, and was difficult to annul. The groom would pledge to work for three years for the bride's family, pay a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bride_price?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bride price">bride price</a>, and lavish the bride's family with gifts. After the three years, the groom would be allowed to take the bride back to his home, and the bride would usually cut off all ties with her family.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Abduction of marriage-age women was common during the Liao dynasty. Khitan men of all social classes participated in the activity, and the abductees included both Khitan and Han Chinese. In some cases, this was a step in the courtship process, where the woman would agree to the abduction and the resulting sexual intercourse, and then the abductor and abductee would return to the woman's home to announce their intention to marry. This process was known as baimen (拜門). In other cases, the abduction would be non-consensual and would result in a rape.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Khitan women had the right to divorce their husbands and were able to remarry after being divorced.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mote_76-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bars-Hot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bars-Hot">Bars-Hot</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eight_Great_Architectures_of_the_Liao_Dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eight Great Architectures of the Liao Dynasty">Eight Great Architectures of the Liao Dynasty</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg/220px-Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg/220px-Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg/330px-Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg/440px-Liao_Dynasty_Avalokitesvara_Statue_Clear.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A Liao dynasty polychrome wood-carved statue depicting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guanyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a> in the Water Moon pose, which raises the right knee and rests the right arm on top of it, symbolizing the divinity of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pure_land?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pure land">Pure land</a>, Guanyin's personal paradise, which Guanyin puts off going to until she has saved humanity. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:LiaoDynastySancaiLuohanCirca1000.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/LiaoDynastySancaiLuohanCirca1000.jpg/220px-LiaoDynastySancaiLuohanCirca1000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 257px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/LiaoDynastySancaiLuohanCirca1000.jpg/220px-LiaoDynastySancaiLuohanCirca1000.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="257" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/LiaoDynastySancaiLuohanCirca1000.jpg/330px-LiaoDynastySancaiLuohanCirca1000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/LiaoDynastySancaiLuohanCirca1000.jpg/440px-LiaoDynastySancaiLuohanCirca1000.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> One of the famous set of lifesize <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yixian_glazed_pottery_luohans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yixian glazed pottery luohans">Yixian glazed pottery luohans</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sancai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sancai">sancai</a>, early 12th century </figcaption> </figure> Religion in Liao society was a synthesis of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confucianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daoism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoism</a>, and Khitan tribal religion. During Abaoji's reign, temples of all three major religions were constructed, but afterwards, imperial patronage was restricted mainly to Buddhism, which by the early tenth century, the majority of Khitans had adopted.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199943-194">[194]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> was considered a protective deity by the Khitans, who named him "The Benevolent King Who Guards the Country." They invoked Buddhism whenever they went to war and made massive offerings to placate the souls of fallen soldiers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199984-195">[195]</a> The Liao began printing Buddhist texts in the 990s and an entire copy of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tripitaka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripitaka">Tripitaka</a> was completed in 1075. Portions of it have been found in a pagoda built in 1056.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199985-196">[196]</a> Buddhist scholars living during the time of the Liao dynasty predicted that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mapp%C5%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappō">mofa</a> (末法), an age in which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Jewels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Jewels">the three treasures of Buddhism</a> would be destroyed, was to begin in the year 1052. Previous dynasties, including the Sui and Tang, were also concerned with the mofa, although their predictions for when the mofa would start were different from the one selected by the Liao. As early as the Sui dynasty, efforts were made to preserve Buddhist teachings by carving them into stone or burying them. These efforts continued into the Liao dynasty, with Emperor Xingzong funding several projects in the years immediately preceding 1052.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Some elements of traditional Khitan tribal religion continued to be observed. The Khitans worshiped the sun and the ritual position for the emperor was to face the east where the sun rose, unlike Han Chinese emperors, who faced south. Royal dwellings also faced the east. Khitans worshiped spirits of the Muye Mountain, the legendary home of the Khitans' ancestors, and a "Black Mountain."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199982%E2%80%9383-198">[198]</a> When a Khitan nobleman died, burnt offerings were sacrificed at the full and new moons. The body was exposed for three years in the mountains, after which the bones would be cremated. The Khitan believed that the souls of the dead rested at the Black Mountain, near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rehe_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rehe Province">Rehe Province</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldick201232%E2%80%9333-199">[199]</a> Liao burial sites indicate that animistic or shamanistic practices coexisted with Buddhism in marriage and burial ceremonies. Both animal and human sacrifices have been found in Liao tombs alongside indications of Buddhist influence. Khitan hunters offered a sacrifice to the spirit of the animal they were hunting and wore a pelt from the same animal during the hunt. There were festivals to mark the catching of the first fish and wild goose, and annual sacrifices of animals to the sky, earth, ancestors, mountains, rivers, and others. Every male Khitan would sacrifice a white horse, white sheep, and white goose during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winter_solstice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldick201232-200">[200]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-201">[201]</a> In warfare, they practiced a form of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Divination">divination</a> where the decision to carry out war was determined by whether or not the shoulder blade of a white sheep cracked while being heated (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scapulimancy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scapulimancy">scapulimancy</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldick201232-200">[200]</a> Many elite Khitans, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobility">noblemen</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Refugee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Refugee">refugees</a> who became the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qara_Khitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> after the defeat by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</a>, converted to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confucianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, which they believed had the power to appease nature through power of traditional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confucian_ritual_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confucian ritual religion">Confucian rites</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 210px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Luohan_(arhat),_Yixian_cave,_Hebei_Province,_China,_Liao_Dynasty,_11th_century_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09807.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Luohan statue, Liao dynasty, 11th century"> <noscript> <img alt="Luohan statue, Liao dynasty, 11th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Luohan_%28arhat%29%2C_Yixian_cave%2C_Hebei_Province%2C_China%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_11th_century_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09807.JPG/135px-Luohan_%28arhat%29%2C_Yixian_cave%2C_Hebei_Province%2C_China%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_11th_century_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09807.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 135px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Luohan_%28arhat%29%2C_Yixian_cave%2C_Hebei_Province%2C_China%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_11th_century_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09807.JPG/135px-Luohan_%28arhat%29%2C_Yixian_cave%2C_Hebei_Province%2C_China%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_11th_century_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09807.JPG" data-alt="Luohan statue, Liao dynasty, 11th century" data-width="135" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Luohan_%28arhat%29%2C_Yixian_cave%2C_Hebei_Province%2C_China%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_11th_century_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09807.JPG/202px-Luohan_%28arhat%29%2C_Yixian_cave%2C_Hebei_Province%2C_China%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_11th_century_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09807.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Luohan_%28arhat%29%2C_Yixian_cave%2C_Hebei_Province%2C_China%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_11th_century_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09807.JPG/270px-Luohan_%28arhat%29%2C_Yixian_cave%2C_Hebei_Province%2C_China%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_11th_century_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09807.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luohan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Luohan">Luohan</a> statue, Liao dynasty, 11th century </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 210px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:1090-1110_Buddha_Sakyamuni_anagoria_IMG7142.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Liao era bronze figure of Gautama Buddha"> <noscript> <img alt="Liao era bronze figure of Gautama Buddha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/1090-1110_Buddha_Sakyamuni_anagoria_IMG7142.JPG/128px-1090-1110_Buddha_Sakyamuni_anagoria_IMG7142.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="3316"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 128px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/1090-1110_Buddha_Sakyamuni_anagoria_IMG7142.JPG/128px-1090-1110_Buddha_Sakyamuni_anagoria_IMG7142.JPG" data-alt="Liao era bronze figure of Gautama Buddha" data-width="128" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/1090-1110_Buddha_Sakyamuni_anagoria_IMG7142.JPG/193px-1090-1110_Buddha_Sakyamuni_anagoria_IMG7142.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/1090-1110_Buddha_Sakyamuni_anagoria_IMG7142.JPG/257px-1090-1110_Buddha_Sakyamuni_anagoria_IMG7142.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Liao era bronze figure of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gautama_Buddha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 210px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Bronze_Guanyin_statue_from_Liao_Shangjing.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze Guanyin statue from the Chinese section of the Supreme Capital"> <noscript> <img alt="Bronze Guanyin statue from the Chinese section of the Supreme Capital" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bronze_Guanyin_statue_from_Liao_Shangjing.jpg/124px-Bronze_Guanyin_statue_from_Liao_Shangjing.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3009" data-file-height="4361"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 124px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bronze_Guanyin_statue_from_Liao_Shangjing.jpg/124px-Bronze_Guanyin_statue_from_Liao_Shangjing.jpg" data-alt="Bronze Guanyin statue from the Chinese section of the Supreme Capital" data-width="124" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bronze_Guanyin_statue_from_Liao_Shangjing.jpg/186px-Bronze_Guanyin_statue_from_Liao_Shangjing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bronze_Guanyin_statue_from_Liao_Shangjing.jpg/248px-Bronze_Guanyin_statue_from_Liao_Shangjing.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Bronze <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guanyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a> statue from the Chinese section of the Supreme Capital </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 210px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E8%BE%BD%E5%BD%A9%E7%BB%98%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95%E8%A7%82%E9%9F%B3%E7%AB%8B%E5%83%8F.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Liao era painted wooden statue of Guanyin"> <noscript> <img alt="Liao era painted wooden statue of Guanyin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%E8%BE%BD%E5%BD%A9%E7%BB%98%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95%E8%A7%82%E9%9F%B3%E7%AB%8B%E5%83%8F.jpg/120px-%E8%BE%BD%E5%BD%A9%E7%BB%98%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95%E8%A7%82%E9%9F%B3%E7%AB%8B%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3310" data-file-height="4972"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%E8%BE%BD%E5%BD%A9%E7%BB%98%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95%E8%A7%82%E9%9F%B3%E7%AB%8B%E5%83%8F.jpg/120px-%E8%BE%BD%E5%BD%A9%E7%BB%98%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95%E8%A7%82%E9%9F%B3%E7%AB%8B%E5%83%8F.jpg" data-alt="Liao era painted wooden statue of Guanyin" data-width="120" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%E8%BE%BD%E5%BD%A9%E7%BB%98%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95%E8%A7%82%E9%9F%B3%E7%AB%8B%E5%83%8F.jpg/180px-%E8%BE%BD%E5%BD%A9%E7%BB%98%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95%E8%A7%82%E9%9F%B3%E7%AB%8B%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%E8%BE%BD%E5%BD%A9%E7%BB%98%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95%E8%A7%82%E9%9F%B3%E7%AB%8B%E5%83%8F.jpg/239px-%E8%BE%BD%E5%BD%A9%E7%BB%98%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95%E8%A7%82%E9%9F%B3%E7%AB%8B%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Liao era painted wooden statue of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guanyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 210px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Bodhisattva_Guanyin_Liao_China_10th_century_CE_Penn_Museum_03.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze statue of Guanyin, Liao dynasty, 10th century"> <noscript> <img alt="Bronze statue of Guanyin, Liao dynasty, 10th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bodhisattva_Guanyin_Liao_China_10th_century_CE_Penn_Museum_03.jpg/135px-Bodhisattva_Guanyin_Liao_China_10th_century_CE_Penn_Museum_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 135px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bodhisattva_Guanyin_Liao_China_10th_century_CE_Penn_Museum_03.jpg/135px-Bodhisattva_Guanyin_Liao_China_10th_century_CE_Penn_Museum_03.jpg" data-alt="Bronze statue of Guanyin, Liao dynasty, 10th century" data-width="135" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bodhisattva_Guanyin_Liao_China_10th_century_CE_Penn_Museum_03.jpg/202px-Bodhisattva_Guanyin_Liao_China_10th_century_CE_Penn_Museum_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bodhisattva_Guanyin_Liao_China_10th_century_CE_Penn_Museum_03.jpg/270px-Bodhisattva_Guanyin_Liao_China_10th_century_CE_Penn_Museum_03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Bronze statue of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guanyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>, Liao dynasty, 10th century </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Burial">Burial</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Burial" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Liao_Tomb_(13969771387).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Liao_Tomb_%2813969771387%29.jpg/217px-Liao_Tomb_%2813969771387%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="3399"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 217px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Liao_Tomb_%2813969771387%29.jpg/217px-Liao_Tomb_%2813969771387%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="217" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Liao_Tomb_%2813969771387%29.jpg/326px-Liao_Tomb_%2813969771387%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Liao_Tomb_%2813969771387%29.jpg/434px-Liao_Tomb_%2813969771387%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Liao_Metal_Net_Burial_Dress_(14176487663).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Liao_Metal_Net_Burial_Dress_%2814176487663%29.jpg/217px-Liao_Metal_Net_Burial_Dress_%2814176487663%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 217px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Liao_Metal_Net_Burial_Dress_%2814176487663%29.jpg/217px-Liao_Metal_Net_Burial_Dress_%2814176487663%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="217" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Liao_Metal_Net_Burial_Dress_%2814176487663%29.jpg/326px-Liao_Metal_Net_Burial_Dress_%2814176487663%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Liao_Metal_Net_Burial_Dress_%2814176487663%29.jpg/434px-Liao_Metal_Net_Burial_Dress_%2814176487663%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow" style="display:flex"> <div class="thumbcaption"> Liao tomb and sarcophagus, and burial dress made of metal wire </div> </div> </div> </div> The Khitans buried their elite dead with metal masks and woven-wire suits. The masks were personalized to the face of the deceased and made from bronze, silver, or gold depending on their status. The Princess of Chen and her husband were found in a silver wire-suit with gold masks and a gold headdress. Sometimes earrings are depicted on the masks as well. The Khitans believed a metal mask and suit would preserve the body and prevent decay. Some remains were cremated.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-funerary-203">[203]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-khan-204">[204]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-chen-205">[205]</a> The Khitans, from the 920s, adopted Tang dynasty-style tomb architecture very quickly and in increasingly elaborate forms. Liao mausoleums were based on Tang-style cultural influences, rather than the newer Song dynasty-style.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cultural_legacy">Cultural legacy</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cultural legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Chen_Juzhong_-_The_Autumn_Hunt_-_1930.314_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Chen_Juzhong_-_The_Autumn_Hunt_-_1930.314_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Chen_Juzhong_-_The_Autumn_Hunt_-_1930.314_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6075" data-file-height="5760"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 209px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Chen_Juzhong_-_The_Autumn_Hunt_-_1930.314_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Chen_Juzhong_-_The_Autumn_Hunt_-_1930.314_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Chen_Juzhong_-_The_Autumn_Hunt_-_1930.314_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Chen_Juzhong_-_The_Autumn_Hunt_-_1930.314_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Chen_Juzhong_-_The_Autumn_Hunt_-_1930.314_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Chen_Juzhong_-_The_Autumn_Hunt_-_1930.314_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> hunters in a painting by Chen Juzhong, 1196 </figcaption> </figure> The influence of the Liao dynasty on subsequent culture includes a large legacy of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sculpture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sculpture">statuary art</a> works, with important surviving examples in painted wood, metal, and three-color glazed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sancai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sancai">sancai</a> ceramics. The music and songs of the Liao dynasty are also known to have indirectly or directly influenced Mongol, Jurchen, and Chinese musical traditions. The rhythmic and tonal pattern of the ci (詞) form of poetry, an important part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Song_poetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Song poetry">Song dynasty poetry</a>, uses a set of poetic meters and is based upon certain definitive musical song tunes. The specific origin of these various original tunes and musical modes is not known, but the influence of Liao dynasty lyrics both directly and indirectly through the music and lyrics of the Jurchen Jin dynasty appears likely. At least one Han Chinese source considered the Liao (and Jurchen) music to be the vigorous and powerful music of horse-mounted warriors, diffused through border warfare.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Liao_Gold_Ornaments_(19835545761).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Liao_Gold_Ornaments_%2819835545761%29.jpg/220px-Liao_Gold_Ornaments_%2819835545761%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Liao_Gold_Ornaments_%2819835545761%29.jpg/220px-Liao_Gold_Ornaments_%2819835545761%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Liao_Gold_Ornaments_%2819835545761%29.jpg/330px-Liao_Gold_Ornaments_%2819835545761%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Liao_Gold_Ornaments_%2819835545761%29.jpg/440px-Liao_Gold_Ornaments_%2819835545761%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Liao gold waist ornament </figcaption> </figure> Another influence of the Liao cultural tradition is seen in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yuan_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zaju?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zaju">zaju</a> (雜劇) theater, its associated orchestration, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qu_(poetry)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qu (poetry)">qu</a> (曲) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Sanqu_poetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Sanqu poetry">sanqu</a> (散曲) forms of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_Chinese_poetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical Chinese poetry">Classical Chinese poetry</a>. One documented way in which this influence occurred was through the incorporation of Khitan officers and men into the service of the Mongol forces during the first Mongol invasion of 1211 to 1215.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-209">[209]</a> This northern route of cultural transmission of the legacy of Liao culture was then returned to China during the Yuan dynasty. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> Khita is the finest country in the world in respect of cultivation, for there is no place in its whole extent which is uncultivated. The inhabitants or their neighbours are responsible for paying the land tax. Orchards, villages and cultivated fields are ranged on both sides of the river from the city of Khansa to the city of Khan Baliq, which is sixty-four days' travel.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1994905-210">[210]</a> <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ibn_Battuta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> describing northern China on his way to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khanbaliq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Historic_site">Historic site</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Historic site" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Bars_Hota_Mongolia.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bars_Hota_Mongolia.jpg/220px-Bars_Hota_Mongolia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="954"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 282px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bars_Hota_Mongolia.jpg/220px-Bars_Hota_Mongolia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="282" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bars_Hota_Mongolia.jpg/330px-Bars_Hota_Mongolia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bars_Hota_Mongolia.jpg/440px-Bars_Hota_Mongolia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A brick <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stupa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stupa">stupa</a> in the Khitan city of Hedong (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bars-Hot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bars-Hot">Bars-Hot</a>) </figcaption> </figure> The Chinese state news agency <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xinhua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua">Xinhua</a> announced in January 2018 that the ruins in Duolun County, Inner Mongolia, of an ancient palace that served as the summer retreat for the royal family and retinue of the Liao dynasty, had been discovered. They would move each year from mid-April to mid-July to avoid the heat. The site includes foundations of 12 buildings of more than 2,500 square feet that have been recorded and artifacts, such as glazed tiles, pottery and copper nails that were used to date the site.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-211">[211]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 31px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="31" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:History?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Liao">Eastern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(middle)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liao_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (middle)">Emperors family tree</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fashion in the Liao dynasty">Fashion in the Liao dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Later Liao">Later Liao</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of emperors of the Liao dynasty">List of emperors of the Liao dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Liao">Northern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qara_Khitai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qara Khitai">Western Liao</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> Turchin, Adams, and Hall (2006), 222.</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly 41 (3): 475–504.</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/liao">"Liao"</a>. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liao&rft.btitle=Random+House+Webster%27s+Unabridged+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fliao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAisin-Gioro_Ulhicun2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aisin-Gioro_Ulhicun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun">Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun</a> (2009). <bdi lang="zh">愛新覚羅烏拉熙春女真契丹学研究</bdi> [Research into Jurchen and Khitan Studies by Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun] (in Chinese). Shōkadō.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E7%86%99%E6%98%A5%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pub=Sh%C5%8Dkad%C5%8D&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Aisin-Gioro+Ulhicun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.apu.ac.jp/~yoshim/B4.pdf">Chapter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613011727/http://www.apu.ac.jp/~yoshim/B4.pdf">Archived</a> 13 June 2013 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: 『遼朝國號非「哈喇契丹(遼契丹)」考：兼擬契丹大字<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Khitan_large_E2BB.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khitan_large_E2BB.png/16px-Khitan_large_E2BB.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="73"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khitan_large_E2BB.png/16px-Khitan_large_E2BB.png" data-width="16" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khitan_large_E2BB.png/24px-Khitan_large_E2BB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khitan_large_E2BB.png/32px-Khitan_large_E2BB.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>及契丹小字<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Khitan_small_E8DE.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Khitan_small_E8DE.png/16px-Khitan_small_E8DE.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="63"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Khitan_small_E8DE.png/16px-Khitan_small_E8DE.png" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Khitan_small_E8DE.png/24px-Khitan_small_E8DE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Khitan_small_E8DE.png/32px-Khitan_small_E8DE.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>的音値 [The State Name of the Liao dynasty was not "Qara Khitai (Liao Khitai)": with Presumptions of Phonetic Values of Khitai Large Script <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Khitan_large_E2BB.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khitan_large_E2BB.png/16px-Khitan_large_E2BB.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="73"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khitan_large_E2BB.png/16px-Khitan_large_E2BB.png" data-width="16" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khitan_large_E2BB.png/24px-Khitan_large_E2BB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khitan_large_E2BB.png/32px-Khitan_large_E2BB.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> and Khitai Small Script <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Khitan_small_E8DE.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Khitan_small_E8DE.png/16px-Khitan_small_E8DE.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="63"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Khitan_small_E8DE.png/16px-Khitan_small_E8DE.png" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Khitan_small_E8DE.png/24px-Khitan_small_E8DE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Khitan_small_E8DE.png/32px-Khitan_small_E8DE.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAisin-Gioro_Ulhicun2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019140519/http://www.apu.ac.jp/~yoshim/B2.pdf"><bdi lang="zh">契丹文dan gur與「東丹國」國號：兼評劉浦江「再談“東丹國”國号問題」</bdi></a> [Original Meaning of Dan gur in the Khitai Scripts: with a Discussion of the State Name of the Dongdanguo] (PDF). <bdi lang="zh">愛新覚羅烏拉熙春女真契丹学研究</bdi> [Research into Jurchen and Khitan Studies by Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun] (in Chinese). Shōkadō. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.apu.ac.jp/~yoshim/B2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E6%96%87dan+gur%E8%88%87%E3%80%8C%E6%9D%B1%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B%E3%80%8D%E5%9C%8B%E8%99%9F%EF%BC%9A%E5%85%BC%E8%A9%95%E5%8A%89%E6%B5%A6%E6%B1%9F%E3%80%8C%E5%86%8D%E8%AB%87%E2%80%9C%E6%9D%B1%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B%E2%80%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B7%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E3%80%8D&rft.btitle=%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E7%86%99%E6%98%A5%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pub=Sh%C5%8Dkad%C5%8D&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Aisin-Gioro+Ulhicun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apu.ac.jp%2F~yoshim%2FB2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> Ledyard, 1983, 323</li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson1999" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Mark James (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DeTFMPO5NdKgC%26dq%3DRuins%2Bof%2BIdentity:%2BEthnogenesis%2Bin%2Bthe%2BJapanese%2BIslands%2Bcontrol%2Ball%2Bof%2Bmanchuria%26pg%3DPA227">Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands</a>. University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824821562?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824821562"><bdi>978-0824821562</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruins+of+Identity%3A+Ethnogenesis+in+the+Japanese+Islands&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0824821562&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Mark+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeTFMPO5NdKgC%26dq%3DRuins%2Bof%2BIdentity%3A%2BEthnogenesis%2Bin%2Bthe%2BJapanese%2BIslands%2Bcontrol%2Ball%2Bof%2Bmanchuria%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane20094-5-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane20094-5_8-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKane2009">Kane 2009</a>, p. 4-5.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane2009162-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane2009162_9-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKane2009">Kane 2009</a>, p. 162.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr201543-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr201543_10-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFStarr2015">Starr 2015</a>, p. 43.</li> <li id="cite_note-Twitchett_and_Tietze_44-11">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Twitchett_and_Tietze_44_11-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Twitchett_and_Tietze_44_11-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Twitchett_and_Tietze_44_11-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Twitchett_and_Tietze_44_11-3">d</a> Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 44.</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> Xu (2005), 6.</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, Rene (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou">The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia</a>. Rutgers University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/228">228</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813506272?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780813506272"><bdi>9780813506272</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes%3A+A+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780813506272&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppes00grou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkaff2012" class="citation book cs1">Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DqTm6Yka5GigC%26pg%3DPA38">Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and ...</a> Oup USA. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199734139?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780199734139"><bdi>9780199734139</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sui-Tang+China+and+Its+Turko-Mongol+Neighbors%3A+Culture%2C+Power%2C+and+...&rft.pub=Oup+USA&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199734139&rft.aulast=Skaff&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Karam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqTm6Yka5GigC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a> Xu (2005), 85–87.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu200510-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu200510_16-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFXu2005">Xu 2005</a>, p. 10.</li> <li 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinaknowledge.de&rft.atitle=The+Khitans+%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9+%28www.chinaknowledge.de%29&rft.aulast=Theobald&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaknowledge.de%2FHistory%2FSong%2Fkhitans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005137-20">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu2005137_20-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu2005137_20-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFXu2005">Xu 2005</a>, p. 137.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005105-21">^ <a 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu2005129_25-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFXu2005">Xu 2005</a>, p. 129.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005131-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu2005131_26-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFXu2005">Xu 2005</a>, p. 131.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005130-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu2005130_27-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFXu2005">Xu 2005</a>, p. 130.</li> <li 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu2005242_31-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFXu2005">Xu 2005</a>, p. 242.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005245-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu2005245_32-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFXu2005">Xu 2005</a>, p. 245.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005116–117-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu2005116%E2%80%93117_33-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFXu2005">Xu 2005</a>, pp. 116–117.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005199-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu2005199_34-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFXu2005">Xu 2005</a>, p. 199.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005120-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu2005120_35-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFXu2005">Xu 2005</a>, p. 120.</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu1960" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a 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University of California Press. pp. 42, 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biography+of+An+Lu-shan%2C+Issue+8&rft.pages=42%2C+43&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Xu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-gLJ47GlBUgC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamney2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Chamney, Lee (Fall 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105051102/https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi%3D10.1.1.978.1069%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf">The An Shi Rebellion and Rejection of the Other in Tang China, 618–763</a> (A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History and Classics). Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta. p. 41. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi%3D10.1.1.978.1069">10.1.1.978.1069</a>. Archived from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+An+Shi+Rebellion+and+Rejection+of+the+Other+in+Tang+China%2C+618%E2%80%93763&rft.inst=University+of+Alberta&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.978.1069%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Chamney&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.978.1069%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite thesis">cite thesis</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 48–49.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005219-39">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu2005219_39-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu2005219_39-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFXu2005">Xu 2005</a>, p. 219.</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 50–53.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu2005262-41"><a 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New York : Columbia University Press – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbia+chronologies+of+Asian+history+and+culture&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000-03-06&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=John+Stewart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiachronolo00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-BirthDeath-95"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BirthDeath_95-0">^</a> 據《渤海国记》：“定安国王大氏、乌氏迭见其理不可晓。渤海亡，始建国，下讫淳化二年，凡六十四年。”</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBielenstein2005217-96"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBielenstein2005217_96-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBielenstein2005">Bielenstein 2005</a>, p. 217.</li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHyun2013">Hyun 2013</a>, p. 106: "the Khitan army attacked Goryeo, who was forced to accept the status of a Liao tributary in 994."</li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTwitchettTietze1994">Twitchett & Tietze 1994</a>, p.103: "The Korean king was invested with his title by the Liao emperor."</li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2014" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Djun Kil (30 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DIgxvBAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522He%2Bargued%2Btwo%2Breasons%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bclaim%253A%2B%25281%2529%2BGoryeo%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bgenuine%2Bsuccessor%2Bof%2BGoguryeo%2522">The History of Korea, 2nd Edition</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 66. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610695824?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781610695824"><bdi>9781610695824</bdi></a>. 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Journal of Chinese History. 2 (2): 313–334. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252Fjch.2018.7">10.1017/jch.2018.7</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2059-1632">2059-1632</a>.</cite><span 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Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/empireqarakhitai00bira/page/n81">147</a>–148. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521842263?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0521842263"><bdi>0521842263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Qara+Khitai+in+Eurasian+History%3A+Between+China+and+the+Islamic+World&rft.pages=147-148&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0521842263&rft.au=Michal+Biran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireqarakhitai00bira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers2006132-175"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers2006132_175-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFPeers2006">Peers 2006</a>, p. 132.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiting2002305-176"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiting2002305_176-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWhiting2002">Whiting 2002</a>, p. 305.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane200996-177"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane200996_177-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKane2009">Kane 2009</a>, p. 96.</li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DBnsZjpIa-cYC">The Kitan Language and Script</a>. Brill. 2009. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004168299?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004168299"><bdi>978-9004168299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kitan+Language+and+Script&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9004168299&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBnsZjpIa-cYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Kane_2-3-179">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Kane_2-3_179-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Kane_2-3_179-1">b</a> Kane (2009), 2–3.</li> <li id="cite_note-Kane_167-168-180"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Kane_167-168_180-0">^</a> Kane (2009), 167–168.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsien1985169-181"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsien1985169_181-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTsien1985">Tsien 1985</a>, p. 169.</li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaytsev2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zaytsev, Viacheslav P. 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Письменные памятники Востока (Written Monuments of the Orient) (in Russian). 2 (15): 130–150. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1811-8062">1811-8062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0+%28Written+Monuments+of+the+Orient%29&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=130-150&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1811-8062&rft.aulast=Zaytsev&rft.aufirst=Viacheslav+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forientalstudies.ru%2Feng%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_publications%26Itemid%3D75%26pub%3D1411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-183">^</a> Franke and Twitchett (1994), 31–36.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson201133–34-184"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson201133%E2%80%9334_184-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFJohnson2011">Johnson 2011</a>, pp. 33–34.</li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-185">^</a> Wittfogel and Feng (1946), 199.</li> <li id="cite_note-Mote_76-186">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Mote_76_186-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Mote_76_186-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Mote_76_186-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Mote_76_186-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Mote_76_186-4">e</a> Mote (1999), 76.</li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-187">^</a> Johnson (2011), xvii–xviii.</li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_85–87-188">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Johnson_85%E2%80%9387_188-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Johnson_85%E2%80%9387_188-1">b</a> Johnson (2011), 85–87.</li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-189">^</a> Johnson (2011), 97.</li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-190">^</a> Johnson (2011), 98.</li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_99–100-191">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Johnson_99%E2%80%93100_191-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Johnson_99%E2%80%93100_191-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Johnson_99%E2%80%93100_191-2">c</a> Johnson (2011), 99–100.</li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-192">^</a> Johnson (2011), 90–92.</li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-193">^</a> Johnson (2011), 86–88.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199943-194"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote199943_194-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMote1999">Mote 1999</a>, p. 43.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199984-195"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote199984_195-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMote1999">Mote 1999</a>, p. 84.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199985-196"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote199985_196-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMote1999">Mote 1999</a>, p. 85.</li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-197">^</a> Shen (2001), 266–269.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote199982–83-198"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote199982%E2%80%9383_198-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMote1999">Mote 1999</a>, pp. 82–83.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldick201232–33-199"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldick201232%E2%80%9333_199-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBaldick2012">Baldick 2012</a>, pp. 32–33.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldick201232-200">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldick201232_200-0">a</a> <a 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(2006). The Desk Encyclopedia of World History. New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 373. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7809-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7809-7"><bdi>978-0-7394-7809-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Desk+Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-funerary-203"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-funerary_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/322022">"Funerary Mask"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Funerary+Mask&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilamuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2F322022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-khan-204"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-khan_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/imperial-china/liao-dynasty/a/murals-in-two-liao-dynasty-tombs">"Murals in two Liao Dynasty tombs (Article)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Murals+in+two+Liao+Dynasty+tombs+%28Article%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Fart-asia%2Fimperial-china%2Fliao-dynasty%2Fa%2Fmurals-in-two-liao-dynasty-tombs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-chen-205"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-chen_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/15/content_39499.htm">"Tomb of Princess of Chen State in Liao Dynasty"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tomb+of+Princess+of+Chen+State+in+Liao+Dynasty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.chinaculture.org%2Flibrary%2F2008-01%2F15%2Fcontent_39499.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_C._Johnson2011" class="citation book cs1">Linda C. Johnson (2011). Women of the Conquest Dynasties: Gender and Identity in Liao and Jin China. University of Hawaii Press. p. 174. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824860240?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824860240"><bdi>978-0824860240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Conquest+Dynasties%3A+Gender+and+Identity+in+Liao+and+Jin+China&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0824860240&rft.au=Linda+C.+Johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-207">^</a> Crump (1990), 25–26</li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinese_Academy_of_Opera_(中国戲曲研究院)1959" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chinese Academy of Opera (中国戲曲研究院), ed. (1959). 《中国古典戲曲論著集成》 [Collection of Reviews of Classical Chinese Drama] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Drama Publishing House. p. 241.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%88%B2%E6%9B%B2%E8%AB%96%E8%91%97%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E3%80%8B&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=China+Drama+Publishing+House&rft.date=1959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-209">^</a> Crump (1990), 12–13</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1994905-210"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb1994905_210-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGibb1994">Gibb 1994</a>, p. 905.</li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-211">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/ancient-china-1000-year-old-royal-palace-discovered/ar-AAuA2zC?li%3DBBnb7Kz">https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/ancient-china-1000-year-old-royal-palace-discovered/ar-AAuA2zC?li=BBnb7Kz</a> Retrieved, January 12, 2018.</li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldick2012" class="citation book cs1">Baldick, Julian (2012). Animal and Shaman: Ancient Religions of Central Asia. NYU Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7165-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7165-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-7165-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+and+Shaman%3A+Ancient+Religions+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-7165-5&rft.aulast=Baldick&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBielenstein2005" class="citation cs2">Bielenstein, Hans (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DvdJ7DwAAQBAJ">Diplomacy and Trade in the Chinese World, 589–1276</a>, Brill, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9047407614?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-9047407614"><bdi>978-9047407614</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diplomacy+and+Trade+in+the+Chinese+World%2C+589%E2%80%931276&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9047407614&rft.aulast=Bielenstein&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdJ7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiran2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michal_Biran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michal Biran">Biran, Michal</a> (2005). The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521842263?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0521842263"><bdi>0521842263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Qara+Khitai+in+Eurasian+History%3A+Between+China+and+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Islamic+Civilization&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0521842263&rft.aulast=Biran&rft.aufirst=Michal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.academia.edu/23276848/_Legitimation_Discourse_and_the_Theory_of_the_Five_Elements_in_Imperial_China._Journal_of_Song-Yuan_Studies_44_2014_325-364">Chen Yuan (2014), "Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China," Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 44: 325–364</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1353%252Fsys.2014.0000">10.1353/sys.2014.0000</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pamela_Kyle_Crossley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pamela Kyle Crossley">Crossley, Pamela Kyle</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/manchus00cros">The Manchus</a>. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1557865604?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1557865604"><bdi>1557865604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manchus&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1557865604&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Pamela+Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanchus00cros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrump1980" class="citation book cs1">Crump, James Irving (1980). Chinese Theater in the Days of Kublai Khan. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89264-093-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-89264-093-6"><bdi>0-89264-093-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Theater+in+the+Days+of+Kublai+Khan&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=Center+for+Chinese+Studies%2C+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-89264-093-6&rft.aulast=Crump&rft.aufirst=James+Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbrey1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patricia_Buckley_Ebrey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patricia Buckley Ebrey">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre_0">The Cambridge Illustrated History of China</a> (1st pbk. ed.). 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(2003), Imperial China: 900–1800, Harvard University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674012127?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674012127"><bdi>978-0674012127</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China%3A+900%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0674012127&rft.aulast=Mote&rft.aufirst=F.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1986a" class="citation cs2"><a 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilization+in+China%3A+Volume+5%2C+Chemistry+and+Chemical+Technology%2C+Part+1%2C+Paper+and+Printing&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=Caves+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1986e" class="citation cs2">—— (1986e), Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 4, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts, Taipei: Caves Books</cite><span 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Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 36: 1–752. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F1005570">10.2307/1005570</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005570">1005570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=History+of+Chinese+Society+Liao+%28907%E2%80%931125%29&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=1-752&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1005570&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1005570%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wittfogel&rft.aufirst=Karl+A.&rft.au=Feng+Chia-Sheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2005" class="citation cs2">Wright, David (2005), From War to Diplomatic Parity in Eleventh Century China, Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+War+to+Diplomatic+Parity+in+Eleventh+Century+China&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiong2000" class="citation cs2">Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000), Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies), U of M Center for Chinese Studies, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0892641371?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0892641371"><bdi>0892641371</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sui-Tang+Chang%27an%3A+A+Study+in+the+Urban+History+of+Late+Medieval+China+%28Michigan+Monographs+in+Chinese+Studies%29&rft.pub=U+of+M+Center+for+Chinese+Studies&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0892641371&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Victor+Cunrui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiong2009" class="citation cs2">Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States: Scarecrow Press, Inc., <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810860537?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810860537"><bdi>978-0810860537</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Medieval+China&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0810860537&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Victor+Cunrui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu2005" class="citation book cs1">Xu, Elina-Qian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/19205">Historical development of the pre-dynastic Khitan</a>. Helsinki: University of Helsinki. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9521004983?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9521004983"><bdi>9521004983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+development+of+the+pre-dynastic+Khitan&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=University+of+Helsinki&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9521004983&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Elina-Qian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelda.helsinki.fi%2Fhandle%2F10138%2F19205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYun1998" class="citation thesis cs1">Yun, Peter I. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D77iJygAACAAJ">Rethinking the Tribute System: Korean States and northeast Asian Interstate Relations, 600-1600</a> (Ph.D. thesis). University of California, Los Angeles. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780599031203?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780599031203"><bdi>9780599031203</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Rethinking+the+Tribute+System%3A+Korean+States+and+northeast+Asian+Interstate+Relations%2C+600-1600&rft.degree=Ph.D.&rft.inst=University+of+California%2C+Los+Angeles&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780599031203&rft.aulast=Yun&rft.aufirst=Peter+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D77iJygAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiao+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Liao_Dynasty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Liao Dynasty">Liao Dynasty</a>. </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_the_Liao_Dynasty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of the Liao Dynasty">Maps of the Liao Dynasty</a>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501011827/http://www.asiasociety.org/arts/liao/">"Gilded Splendor" – Liao dynasty art at Asiasociety.org</a></li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tang_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties</a> </div></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Dynasties in Chinese history</a> 907–1125</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Liao">Northern Liao</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Liao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Liao">Western Liao</a> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DLiao_dynasty%26oldid%3D1255667058">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&oldid=1255667058</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liao_dynasty&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 6 November 2024, at 01:52 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao-dinastie" title="Liao-dinastie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Liao-dinastie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%2583%25D8%25A9_%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588" title="مملكة لياو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة لياو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%25C3%25ADa_Liao" title="Dinastía Liao – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dinastía Liao" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%25C3%25ADa_Liao" title="Dinastía Liao – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Liao" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyao_s%25C3%25BClal%25C9%2599si" title="Lyao sülaləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lyao sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%25C3%25A2u" title="Liâu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Liâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D1%258F%25D0%25BE" title="Ляо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ляо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Liao" title="Dinastia Liao – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Liao" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%2598%25C3%25AD%25C5%25A1e_Liao" title="Říše Liao – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říše Liao" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao-Dynastie" title="Liao-Dynastie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liao-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%25C3%25ADa_Liao" title="Dinastía Liao – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Liao" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Li%25C3%25A1o" title="Dinastio Liáo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinastio Liáo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_dinastia" title="Liao dinastia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Liao dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D9%2588" title="دودمان لیائو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان لیائو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Liao" title="Dynastie Liao – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Liao" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%259A%2594%25EB%2582%2598%25EB%259D%25BC" title="요나라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2593_%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B6" title="लियाओ राजवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लियाओ राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Liao" title="Dinastija Liao – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Liao" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Liao" title="Dinasti Liao – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Liao" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Liao" title="Dinastia Liao – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Liao" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259D" title="ლიაო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიაო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D1%258F%25D0%25BE" title="Ляо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ляо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_dinastija" title="Liao dinastija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Liao dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2589%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BE_(%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0)" title="Љао (династија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Љао (династија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Liao" title="Dinasti Liao – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Liao" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryo_(dinasti_Cino)" title="Ryo (dinasti Cino) – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ryo (dinasti Cino)" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%25C3%25A8u-gu%25C3%25B3k" title="Lièu-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lièu-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25A3%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581" title="Хидан Улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хидан Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao-dynastie" title="Liao-dynastie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Liao-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%2581%25BC" title="遼 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="遼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaodynastiet" title="Liaodynastiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liaodynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Liao" title="Dinastia Liao – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dinastia Liao" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A4_%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC%25D9%25B9%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1" title="لیاؤ راجٹبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیاؤ راجٹبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D9%2588_%25D9%2584%25DA%2593%25DB%258D" title="لیائو لړۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لیائو لړۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%2587%25E1%259E%259C%25E1%259E%2584%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259E%259B%25E1%259F%2580%25E1%259E%259C" title="រាជវង្សលៀវ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជវង្សលៀវ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Liao" title="Dynastia Liao – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Liao" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Liao" title="Dinastia Liao – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Liao" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Liao" title="Dinastia Liao – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Liao" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D1%258F%25D0%25BE" title="Ляо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ляо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Liao dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25DB%2586%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DB%2595%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C%25DB%258C_%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25DB%2586" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی لیاوۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی لیاوۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0_%25D0%2589%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BE" title="Династија Љао – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Династија Љао" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Liao" title="Dinastija Liao – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Liao" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao-dynastia" title="Liao-dynastia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liao-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaodynastin" title="Liaodynastin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Liaodynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AF%258B_%25E0%25AE%2585%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581" title="லியாவோ அரசமரபு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லியாவோ அரசமரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25A7" title="ราชวงศ์เหลียว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์เหลียว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_Hanedan%25C4%25B1" title="Liao Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Liao Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%2596%25D1%258F_%25D0%259B%25D1%258F%25D0%25BE" title="Династія Ляо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Ляо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A4_%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25DB%2581%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25DB%2581" title="لیاؤ شاہی سلسلہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیاؤ شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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