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href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">צער בעלי חיים</span>), literally "suffering of living creatures",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> commandment that bans causing <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> unnecessary<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suffering. This concept is not clearly enunciated in the written <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, but was accepted by <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> scholars as being a biblical mandate (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0109.htm#4">Genesis 9:4</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is linked in the Talmud from the biblical law requiring people to assist in unloading burdens from animals (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0223.htm#5">Exodus 23:5</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literal_meaning">Literal meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Literal meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Tza'ar</i> is an (ancient) Hebrew word for "suffering" and is used in this context with the meaning of "suffering that does not advance some legitimate human good", according to The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Ethics and Morality.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ba'alei chayim</i> is an expression literally meaning "owners of life", which is used in the Talmud for "animals".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws">Laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slaughter">Slaughter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Slaughter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shechitah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shechitah">Shechitah</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosher_foods" title="Kosher foods">Kosher foods</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">traditional Jewish law</a>, kosher animals may be eaten if killed using the slaughter method known as <i><a href="/wiki/Shechitah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shechitah">shechitah</a></i>, where the animal is killed by having its throat cut swiftly using an extremely sharp and specially designed knife.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many rabbis assert that these regulations were put in place to reduce the animal's suffering<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to ensure that the animal has the easiest possible death.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design of the kosher knives as well as regulation relating to how the cut is made have been seen to greatly reduce or completely eliminate reaction from the kosher cut.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even modern-day scientists critical of shechita agree that it greatly improved welfare at slaughter in historical periods,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though experts disagree regarding shechita's efficacy compared to modern slaughter methods.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Assembly" title="Rabbinical Assembly">Rabbinical Assembly</a> of <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>'s Committee on Jewish Law and Standards banned the common slaughter method of "shackling and hoisting" (pulling a conscious animal into the air with a chain before slaughter). Rabbis <a href="/wiki/Joel_Roth" title="Joel Roth">Joel Roth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Dorff" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliot Dorff">Elliot Dorff</a> wrote a <a href="/wiki/Responsum" class="mw-redirect" title="Responsum">responsum</a> on this topic which concluded that shackling and hoisting "unquestionably constitutes a violation of Jewish laws that forbid us to cause undue pain to animals."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_research">Animal research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Animal research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Shulkhan_Aruch" class="mw-redirect" title="Shulkhan Aruch">Shulkhan Aruch</a>, "anything that is necessary for medical purposes, or for anything else, is exempt from the prohibition of causing suffering to animals".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Jewish authorities allow medical research if it will help people in need, and if the animals do not undergo any unnecessary suffering. Reform Judaism's <a href="/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis" title="Central Conference of American Rabbis">Central Conference of American Rabbis</a>, for example, affirms that animal research is permissible if it will save human lives, so long as animals are subjected to little pain and not used in "frivolous" experiments such as cosmetic testing.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Noahide_Covenant">In the Noahide Covenant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In the Noahide Covenant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a></div> <p>A concern for suffering caused to animals is found in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a> (<i>Sheva Mitzvot B'nei Noach</i>), a set of <a href="/wiki/Universal_morality" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal morality">universal moral laws</a> which, according to the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, were given by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(Biblical)#Noahic_covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenant (Biblical)">covenant with Noah</a> and with the "<a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">sons of Noah</a>"—that is, all of <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the seven Noahide laws, <i>ever min ha chai</i>, prohibits <a href="/wiki/Eating_live_animals" title="Eating live animals">eating flesh torn from a living animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law is derived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0109.htm#4">Genesis 9:4</a>, as interpreted in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetarianism_and_veganism">Vegetarianism and veganism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vegetarianism and veganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_environmentalism" title="Judaism and environmentalism">Judaism and environmentalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Jewish vegetarianism">Jewish vegetarianism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">Abolitionism (animal rights)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Animal rights movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Veg" title="Jewish Veg">Jewish Veg</a></div> <p>A number of authorities have described tza'ar ba'alei chayim as requiring or leading to the adoption of a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">vegan</a> diet. Israeli rabbi <a href="/wiki/Asa_Keisar" title="Asa Keisar">Asa Keisar</a> has argued that the slaughter of animals in contemporary times violates tza'ar ba'alei chayim and should not be considered kosher.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli rabbi <a href="/wiki/Simchah_Roth" title="Simchah Roth">Simchah Roth</a> has argued that contemporary slaughter "constitutes cruelty to animals [tza'ar ba'alei chayim] which is forbidden by the Torah."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American rabbi <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Claussen" title="Geoffrey Claussen">Geoffrey Claussen</a> has written that considering tza'ar ba'alei chayim may lead to "committing to a vegan diet and boycotting the animal agriculture industry."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American author <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Schwartz" title="Richard H. Schwartz">Richard H. Schwartz</a> has claimed that tza'ar ba'alei chayim is a central reason for Jews to become vegetarians.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_areas_of_concern_for_animals_in_Jewish_law">Other areas of concern for animals in Jewish law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other areas of concern for animals in Jewish law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Israel" title="Animal welfare and rights in Israel">Animal welfare and rights in Israel</a></div> <p>Resting on the Sabbath also meant providing rest for the working animals, and people are instructed to feed their animals before they sit down to eat.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At harvest time, the working animals must not be muzzled, so that they can eat of the harvest as they work.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A prohibition against using two different kinds of animals teamed together, such as ploughing or doing other work, is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0522.htm#10">Deuteronomy 22:10</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kil%27ayim_(Talmud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kil'ayim (Talmud)">tractate Kila'yim</a> elaborates upon this prohibition. The underlying concern is for the welfare of the animals, particularly the weaker of the pair.<sup id="cite_ref-EJ2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJ2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SoncinoKilayim_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoncinoKilayim-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sports like bullfighting are forbidden by most authorities. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Ovadia_Yosef" title="Ovadia Yosef">Ovadia Yosef</a> has characterized bullfighting as "a culture of sinful and cruel people" which is opposed by Torah values.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Narrative_traditions">Narrative traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Narrative traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One <i><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a></i> declares compassion for animals to have been the merit of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> that made him the shepherd of <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">his people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <i>midrash</i> has sometimes been linked with the commandment of <i>tza'ar ba'alei chayim</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one narrative in the Talmud, <a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Judah ha-Nasi">Judah ha-Nasi</a> saw in his own ailment the punishment for having once failed to show compassion for a frightened calf.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <i>midrash</i> has sometimes also been linked with the commandment of <i>tza'ar ba'alei chayim</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Shamayim_V'Aretz_Institute"><span id="The_Shamayim_V.27Aretz_Institute"></span>The Shamayim V'Aretz Institute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Shamayim V'Aretz Institute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shamayimvaretz.org/">The Shamayim V'Aretz Institute</a> is a Jewish animal protection group that educates leaders, trains advocates, and leads campaigns for the humane treatment of animals.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shamyim V'Aretz is led by rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shmuly_Yanklowitz" title="Shmuly Yanklowitz">Shmuly Yanklowitz</a> and has run campaigns which seek to end: kosher certification of <a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">veal</a>, the practice of <i><a href="/wiki/Kapparot" title="Kapparot">kapparot</a></i>, and the kosher certifying of cattle that are killed using <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/news/12666/shackle-and-hoist-kosher-slaughter-comes-under-01274/">shackle and hoist</a> techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magen_Tzedek">Magen Tzedek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Magen Tzedek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enforcing a commitment to <i>tza'ar ba'alei chayim</i> in food production has been part of the effort of <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Magen_Tzedek" title="Magen Tzedek">Magen Tzedek</a> commission, formerly known as Hekshher Tzedek. The Magen Tzedek commission sees compliance with the <a href="/wiki/Humane_Farm_Animal_Care" title="Humane Farm Animal Care">Humane Farm Animal Care</a> Standards (HFAC) as sufficiently preventing unnecessary suffering to animals.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amid disputed claims of Orthodox opposition<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Magen Tzedek commission has not been successful in recruiting any food producers into its certification program.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Jewish_Initiative_For_Animals">The Jewish Initiative For Animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Jewish Initiative For Animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jewish Initiative For Animals (JIFA) supports innovative programs that seek to turn the Jewish value of tza'ar ba'alei chayim into action and build Jewish American communities in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2016 JIFA partnered with kosher meat distributors KOL Foods and Grow and Behold to bring a run of kosher certified <a href="/wiki/Heritage_breed" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritage breed">heritage breed</a> chickens to market for the first time in approximately 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heritage breed chickens and turkeys are able to achieve highest possible welfare outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the renewed availability of heritage chicken to kosher consumer has helped expand values of tza'ar ba'alei chayim within the modern kosher meat industry.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JIFA has also sought to spread the values of tza'ar ba'alei chayim into the Jewish world through its Ark Project, a service-learning curriculum for <i><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_Bat_Mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar and Bat Mitzvah">b’nai mitzvah</a></i>. This curriculum seeks to engages with Jewish teaching and real life problems about topics such as homeless animals, animals used in entertainment, farmed animal welfare, conservation of wildlife and more.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_Veg">Jewish Veg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jewish Veg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Veg" title="Jewish Veg">Jewish Veg</a> is an organization whose mission is to encourage and help Jews to embrace plant-based diets. The organization teaches that "<i>tsa'ar baalei chaim</i>, the prohibition on causing animals pain, is one of the most beautiful teachings in Judaism. Our Jewish sacred texts strongly emphasize compassion for animals, and strongly oppose the infliction of suffering on another living creature."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazon">Hazon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hazon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hazon" title="Hazon">Hazon</a> is a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">environmental education</a> organization. In December 2015, it introduced animal welfare as a core value of its agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization teaches that "preventing unnecessary cruelty to animals, or <i>tzaar baalei chayim</i>, is a core value in Judaism."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">Abolitionism (animal rights)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Israel" title="Animal welfare and rights in Israel">Animal welfare and rights in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Jewish vegetarianism">Jewish vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_environmentalism" title="Judaism and environmentalism">Judaism and environmentalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCohen1976" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Noah J. (1976). <i>Tsa'ar Ba'ale Hayim: Prevention of Cruelty to Animals: Its Bases, Development and Legislation in Hebrew Literature</i>. Jerusalem and New York: Feldheim Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tsa%27ar+Ba%27ale+Hayim%3A+Prevention+of+Cruelty+to+Animals%3A+Its+Bases%2C+Development+and+Legislation+in+Hebrew+Literature&rft.place=Jerusalem+and+New+York&rft.pub=Feldheim+Publishers&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Noah+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen-Sherbok2006" class="citation book cs1">Cohen-Sherbok, Dan (2006). "Hope for the Animal Kingdom: A Jewish Vision". In Patton, Kimberley; Waldau, Paul (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communionsubject00wald"><i>A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science and Ethics</i></a></span>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communionsubject00wald/page/n115">81</a>–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hope+for+the+Animal+Kingdom%3A+A+Jewish+Vision&rft.btitle=A+Communion+of+Subjects%3A+Animals+in+Religion%2C+Science+and+Ethics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=81-90&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Cohen-Sherbok&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommunionsubject00wald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Labendz, Jacob Ari; Yanklowitz, Shmuly (2019). <i>Jewish Veganism and Vegetarianism: Studies and New Directions.</i> SUNY Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKalechofsky1992" class="citation book cs1">Kalechofsky, Roberta (1992). <i>Judaism and Animal Rights: Classical and Contemporary Responses</i>. Marblehead: Micah Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+Animal+Rights%3A+Classical+and+Contemporary+Responses&rft.place=Marblehead&rft.pub=Micah+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Kalechofsky&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevi2001" class="citation book cs1">Levi, Ze'ev (2001). "Ethical Issues of Animal Welfare in Jewish Thought". In Yaffe, Martin D. (ed.). <i>Judaism and Environmental Ethics: A Reader</i>. Plymouth: Lexington. pp. <span class="nowrap">321–</span>332.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethical+Issues+of+Animal+Welfare+in+Jewish+Thought&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+Environmental+Ethics%3A+A+Reader&rft.place=Plymouth&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.pub=Lexington&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Levi&rft.aufirst=Ze%27ev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSears2003" class="citation book cs1">Sears, David (2003). <i>The Vision of Eden: Animal Welfare and Vegetarianism in Jewish Law and Mysticism</i>. Spring Valley: Orot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vision+of+Eden%3A+Animal+Welfare+and+Vegetarianism+in+Jewish+Law+and+Mysticism&rft.place=Spring+Valley&rft.pub=Orot&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlifkin2006" class="citation book cs1">Slifkin, Nosson (2006). <i>Man and Beast: Our Relationships with Animals in Jewish Law and Thought</i>. New York: Lambda.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+and+Beast%3A+Our+Relationships+with+Animals+in+Jewish+Law+and+Thought&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Lambda&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Slifkin&rft.aufirst=Nosson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315034139/http://www.kolel.org/torah2go/13.tzaarbaaleichayim2go.pdf">"Tza'ar Ba'alei Chayim"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Torah to Go</i>. <b>1</b> (13). The Adult Centre for Liberal Jewish Learning. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kolel.org/torah2go/13.tzaarbaaleichayim2go.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Torah+to+Go&rft.atitle=Tza%27ar+Ba%27alei+Chayim&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kolel.org%2Ftorah2go%2F13.tzaarbaaleichayim2go.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi Moses ben Israel Isserles (Rama), Even HaEzer 5:14: Anything that is for health purposes or other purposes, there is no concern for tza’ar ba’alei chayim...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnhillGottlieb2010" class="citation book cs1">Barnhill, David Landis; Gottlieb, Roger S. (2010-03-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzcDPs_V9xwC&pg=PA160"><i>Deep Ecology and World Religions: New Essays on Sacred Ground</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791491058" title="Special:BookSources/9780791491058"><bdi>9780791491058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deep+Ecology+and+World+Religions%3A+New+Essays+on+Sacred+Ground&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2010-03-29&rft.isbn=9780791491058&rft.aulast=Barnhill&rft.aufirst=David+Landis&rft.au=Gottlieb%2C+Roger+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdzcDPs_V9xwC%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Noahide-Laws">"Noahide Laws"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> 14 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160121153759/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Noahide-Laws">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>. <q><b>Noahide Laws</b>, also called <b>Noachian Laws</b>, a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> designation for seven biblical laws given to <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">revelation to Moses</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)" title="Mount Sinai (Bible)">Mt. Sinai</a> and consequently binding on all mankind.<br /> Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> <a href="/wiki/Genesis_2_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis 2 (Bible)">2:16</a>, the Babylonian Talmud listed the first six commandments as prohibitions against idolatry, blasphemy, murder, adultery, and robbery and the positive command to establish courts of justice (with all that this implies). After <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">the Flood</a> a seventh commandment, given to Noah, forbade the <a href="/wiki/Eating_live_animals" title="Eating live animals">eating of flesh cut from a living animal</a> (Genesis 9:4). Though the number of laws was later increased to 30 with the addition of prohibitions against castration, sorcery, and other practices, the "seven laws", with minor variations, retained their original status as authoritative commandments and as the source of other laws. As basic statutes safeguarding <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> and guaranteeing proper <a href="/wiki/Ethical_conduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical conduct">ethical conduct</a> in society, these laws provided a legal framework for <a href="/wiki/Ger_toshav" title="Ger toshav">alien residents</a> in Jewish territory. <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> thus regarded anyone who observed these laws as one "assured of a portion in the <a href="/wiki/World_to_Come#Jewish_eschatology" class="mw-redirect" title="World to Come">world to come</a>."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Noahide+Laws&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FNoahide-Laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vana_2013-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vana_2013_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vana_2013_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vana_2013_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVana2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vana, Liliane (May 2013). Trigano, Shmuel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fparde.052.0211">"Les lois noaẖides: Une mini-Torah pré-sinaïtique pour l'humanité et pour Israël"</a> [The Noahid Laws: A Pre-Sinaitic Mini-Torah for Humanity and for Israel]. <i>Pardés: Études et culture juives</i> (in French). <b>52</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>: Éditions in Press: <span class="nowrap">211–</span>236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fparde.052.0211">10.3917/parde.052.0211</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2271-1880">2271-1880</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84835-260-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84835-260-2"><bdi>978-2-84835-260-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0295-5652">0295-5652</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Cairn.info" title="Cairn.info">Cairn.info</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pard%C3%A9s%3A+%C3%89tudes+et+culture+juives&rft.atitle=Les+lois+noa%E1%BA%96ides%3A+Une+mini-Torah+pr%C3%A9-sina%C3%AFtique+pour+l%27humanit%C3%A9+et+pour+Isra%C3%ABl&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fparde.052.0211&rft.issn=0295-5652&rft.eissn=2271-1880&rft.isbn=978-2-84835-260-2&rft.aulast=Vana&rft.aufirst=Liliane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3917%252Fparde.052.0211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingerGreenstone1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; Greenstone, Julius H. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9679-laws-noachian">"Noachian Laws"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Kopelman_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopelman Foundation">Kopelman Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205022051/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9679-laws-noachian">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Noachian+Laws&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Kopelman+Foundation&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Isidore&rft.au=Greenstone%2C+Julius+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F9679-laws-noachian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Talmudica-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Talmudica_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talmudica_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talmudica_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerlinZevin1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Berlin, Meyer; <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Yosef_Zevin" title="Shlomo Yosef Zevin">Zevin, Shlomo Yosef</a>, eds. (1992) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkLnwuXpbl4C&pg=PA360">"BEN NOAH"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Talmudica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Talmudica">Encyclopedia Talmudica: A Digest of Halachic Literature and Jewish Law from the Tannaitic Period to the Present Time, Alphabetically Arranged</a></i>. Vol. IV. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: Yad Harav Herzog (Emet). pp. <span class="nowrap">360–</span>380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873067142" title="Special:BookSources/0873067142"><bdi>0873067142</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BEN+NOAH&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Talmudica%3A+A+Digest+of+Halachic+Literature+and+Jewish+Law+from+the+Tannaitic+Period+to+the+Present+Time%2C+Alphabetically+Arranged&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E360-%3C%2Fspan%3E380&rft.pub=Yad+Harav+Herzog+%28Emet%29&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0873067142&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkLnwuXpbl4C%26pg%3DPA360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-myjewishlearning.com-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-myjewishlearning.com_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-myjewishlearning.com_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-myjewishlearning.com_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpitzer2018" class="citation web cs1">Spitzer, Jeffrey (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-noahide-laws/">"The Noahide Laws"</a>. <i>My Jewish Learning</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=The+Noahide+Laws&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Spitzer&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-noahide-laws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vana_2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vana_2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JE1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Talmudica_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talmudica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-myjewishlearning.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myjewishlearning.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bava Metzia 32b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElliot_N._DorffJonathan_K._Crane2013" class="citation book cs1">Elliot N. Dorff; Jonathan K. Crane, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MHcRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA428"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Ethics and Morality</i></a>. Oxford Handbooks (First ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973606-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973606-5"><bdi>978-0-19-973606-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-26</span></span>. <q>...<i>tza'ar</i>--literally "suffering" and understood to mean suffering that does not advance some legitimate human good...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Jewish+Ethics+and+Morality&rft.series=Oxford+Handbooks&rft.pages=428&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973606-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMHcRDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi Yonatan Neril and Evonne Marzouk of Canfei Nesharim, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canfeinesharim.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Sources-Tzaar-Baalei-Chayim-studyguide-sourcesheet.pdf">Compassion Toward Animals and Tza'ar Ba'alei Chaim</a> prepared as part of the Jewcology project</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113180457/http://www.thekosheromnivoresquest.com/blog/deconstructing-kosher-slaughter-part-2-the-basics">"Deconstructing Kosher Slaughter Part 2: The Basics"</a>. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deconstructing+Kosher+Slaughter+Part+2%3A+The+Basics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekosheromnivoresquest.com%2Fblog%2Fdeconstructing-kosher-slaughter-part-2-the-basics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFאשכולי2002" class="citation book cs1">אשכולי, יצחק נחמן (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/51171"><i>צער בעלי חיים בהלכה ובאגדה</i></a>. אופקים. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%A8+%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99+%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94+%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%92%D7%93%D7%94&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99&rft.aufirst=%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7+%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebrewbooks.org%2F51171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides, Guide for the Perplexed, III:48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrandin_and_Rogenstein1994" class="citation web cs1">Grandin and Rogenstein (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandin.com/ritual/kosher.slaugh.html">"Religious slaughter and animal welfare: a discussion for meat scientists"</a>. <i>www.grandin.com</i>. Reactions to the throat cut.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.grandin.com&rft.atitle=Religious+slaughter+and+animal+welfare%3A+a+discussion+for+meat+scientists.&rft.pages=Reactions+to+the+throat+cut&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Grandin+and+Rogenstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandin.com%2Fritual%2Fkosher.slaugh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdams_&_Sheridan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Adams & Sheridan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238762225">"specifying the risks to animal welfare associated with livestock slaughter without induced insensibility"</a>. <i>Prepared as a Contribution from the Animal Welfare Branch, Product Integrity Animal and Plant Health Division, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry for the Animal Welfare Working Group of the Animal Health Committee, Primary Industries Standing Committee of Australia</i>: vii - 3. historical aspects.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prepared+as+a+Contribution+from+the+Animal+Welfare+Branch%2C+Product+Integrity+Animal+and+Plant+Health+Division%2C+Australian+Government+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Fisheries+and+Forestry+for+the+Animal+Welfare+Working+Group+of+the+Animal+Health+Committee%2C+Primary+Industries+Standing+Committee+of+Australia&rft.atitle=specifying+the+risks+to+animal+welfare+associated+with+livestock+slaughter+without+induced+insensibility&rft.pages=vii+-+3.+historical+aspects&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Adams+%26+Sheridan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F238762225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandin.com/ritual/kosher.slaugh.html">"Religious slaughter and animal welfare:a discussion for meat scientists"</a>. <i>www.grandin.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.grandin.com&rft.atitle=Religious+slaughter+and+animal+welfare%3Aa+discussion+for+meat+scientists.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandin.com%2Fritual%2Fkosher.slaugh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRawlinson2014" class="citation news cs1">Rawlinson, Kevin (2014-03-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/06/reform-of-kosher-and-halal-slaughter-practices">"Top vet calls for reform of kosher and halal slaughter practices"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Top+vet+calls+for+reform+of+kosher+and+halal+slaughter+practices&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Rawlinson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fmar%2F06%2Freform-of-kosher-and-halal-slaughter-practices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630050211/http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/19912000/dorffroth_shackling.pdf">"Shackling and Hoisting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/19912000/dorffroth_shackling.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-06-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shackling+and+Hoisting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabbinicalassembly.org%2Fteshuvot%2Fdocs%2F19912000%2Fdorffroth_shackling.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Even ha-Ezer 5:14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanesociety.org/about/departments/faith/facts/statements/reform_judaism.html">"You lost?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You+lost%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanesociety.org%2Fabout%2Fdepartments%2Ffaith%2Ffacts%2Fstatements%2Freform_judaism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Novak_1992-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Novak_1992_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNovak1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Novak" title="David Novak">Novak, David</a> (1992) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mhvd8geFHoIC&pg=PA26">"The Doctrine of the Noahide Laws"</a>. <i>Jewish-Christian Dialogue: A Jewish Justification</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">26–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195072730.003.0002">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195072730.003.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195072730" title="Special:BookSources/9780195072730"><bdi>9780195072730</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Doctrine+of+the+Noahide+Laws&rft.btitle=Jewish-Christian+Dialogue%3A+A+Jewish+Justification&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195072730.003.0002&rft.isbn=9780195072730&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmhvd8geFHoIC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0109.htm#4">Genesis 9:4–6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vana_2013_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vana_2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Novak_1992_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novak_1992-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JE1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Talmudica_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talmudica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-myjewishlearning.com_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myjewishlearning.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vana_2013_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vana_2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JE1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Talmudica_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talmudica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-myjewishlearning.com_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myjewishlearning.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a> 59a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asakeisar.com/en/veganism-and-kashrut/">"Veganism and Kashrut"</a>. <i>Asa Keisar</i>. 2018-01-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asa+Keisar&rft.atitle=Veganism+and+Kashrut&rft.date=2018-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasakeisar.com%2Fen%2Fveganism-and-kashrut%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xnet.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-5198046,00.html">"טבעונות כהלכתו: החרדי שטוען שלא חייבים בשר ודגים בארוחת שבת"</a>. <i>xnet</i> (in Hebrew)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=xnet&rft.atitle=%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%3A+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99+%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9F+%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%90+%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%A8+%D7%95%D7%93%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%97%D7%AA+%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxnet.ynet.co.il%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-5198046%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmv.org.il/v/vegan.html">"You shall be holy people to Me"</a>. <i>www.bmv.org.il</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bmv.org.il&rft.atitle=You+shall+be+holy+people+to+Me&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmv.org.il%2Fv%2Fvegan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jvs.org.uk/2013/08/24/an-interview-of-rabbi-simchah-roth/">"An Interview of Rabbi Simchah Roth"</a>. <i>Jewish Vegetarian Society</i>. 2013-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Vegetarian+Society&rft.atitle=An+Interview+of+Rabbi+Simchah+Roth&rft.date=2013-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jvs.org.uk%2F2013%2F08%2F24%2Fan-interview-of-rabbi-simchah-roth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClaussen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Claussen, Geoffrey (2019). Labendz, Jacob; Yanklowitz, Shmuly (eds.). "Musar and Jewish Veganism". <i>Jewish Veganism and Vegetarianism: Studies and New Directions</i>. Albany: SUNY Press: <span class="nowrap">210–</span>211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Veganism+and+Vegetarianism%3A+Studies+and+New+Directions&rft.atitle=Musar+and+Jewish+Veganism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Claussen&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2001" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Richard H. (2001). <i>Judaism and Vegetarianism</i>. New York: Lantern Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+Vegetarianism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=Lantern+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Talmud, Tractate Gittin, Page 62A</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0525.htm#4">Deuteronomy 25:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EJ2-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EJ2_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWald2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wald, Stephen (2007). "Kilayim". In Skolnik, Fred (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia Judaica</i> (2nd ed.). Detroit, MI.: Macmillan Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-002-865-928-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-002-865-928-2"><bdi>978-002-865-928-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kilayim&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit%2C+MI.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-002-865-928-2&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SoncinoKilayim-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SoncinoKilayim_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIsraelstam1948" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Israelstam, I. (1948). "Kil'ayim". In <a href="/wiki/Isadore_Epstein" title="Isadore Epstein">Epstein, I.</a> (ed.). <i>The Talmud</i>. Vol. Zeraim vol. II. London: The Soncino Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">87–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789562913447" title="Special:BookSources/9789562913447"><bdi>9789562913447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kil%E2%80%99ayim&rft.btitle=The+Talmud&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=The+Soncino+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=9789562913447&rft.aulast=Israelstam&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koltorah.org/halachah/bullfighting-and-visiting-a-zoo-by-rabbi-chaim-jachter?rq=bullfighting">"Bullfighting and Visiting a Zoo"</a>. 28 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bullfighting+and+Visiting+a+Zoo&rft.date=2018-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koltorah.org%2Fhalachah%2Fbullfighting-and-visiting-a-zoo-by-rabbi-chaim-jachter%3Frq%3Dbullfighting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah" title="Exodus Rabbah">Exodus Rabbah</a> 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLabendzYanklowitz2019" class="citation book cs1">Labendz, Jacob Ari; Yanklowitz, Shmuly (2019-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KPOODwAAQBAJ"><i>Jewish Veganism and Vegetarianism: Studies and New Directions</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438473611" title="Special:BookSources/9781438473611"><bdi>9781438473611</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Veganism+and+Vegetarianism%3A+Studies+and+New+Directions&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft.isbn=9781438473611&rft.aulast=Labendz&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Ari&rft.au=Yanklowitz%2C+Shmuly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKPOODwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talmud, Baba Metzia 85a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shamayimvaretz.org/">"The Shamayim V'Aretz Institute | מכון שמים וארץ"</a>. <i>The Shamayim V'Aretz Institute | מכון שמים וארץ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Shamayim+V%27Aretz+Institute+%7C+%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5&rft.atitle=The+Shamayim+V%27Aretz+Institute+%7C+%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shamayimvaretz.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/hekhsher%20tzedek/Hekhsher%20Tzedek%20Policy%20Statement%20and%20Working%20Guidelines_PUBLIC%20VERSION_draft2.pdf">"Unknown"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabbinicalassembly.org%2Fhekhsher%2520tzedek%2FHekhsher%2520Tzedek%2520Policy%2520Statement%2520and%2520Working%2520Guidelines_PUBLIC%2520VERSION_draft2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/news/176814/magen-tzedek-ethical-kosher-seal-stalled-amid-orth/">"Magen Tzedek, Ethical Kosher Seal, Stalled Amid Orthodox Opposition"</a>. 20 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magen+Tzedek%2C+Ethical+Kosher+Seal%2C+Stalled+Amid+Orthodox+Opposition&rft.date=2013-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fnews%2F176814%2Fmagen-tzedek-ethical-kosher-seal-stalled-amid-orth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClaussen" class="citation web cs1">Claussen, Geoffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/kosher-should-not-be-synonymous-with-factory-farming/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Kosher' Should Not Be Synonymous With Factory Farming"</a>. <i>blogs.timesofisrael.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=%27Kosher%27+Should+Not+Be+Synonymous+With+Factory+Farming&rft.aulast=Claussen&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.timesofisrael.com%2Fkosher-should-not-be-synonymous-with-factory-farming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishinitiativeforanimals.org/about-us/mission/">"Mission - Jewish Initiative for Animals"</a>. <i>Jewish Initiative for Animals</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Initiative+for+Animals&rft.atitle=Mission+-+Jewish+Initiative+for+Animals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishinitiativeforanimals.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishinitiativeforanimals.org/2016/11/15/return-heritage-kosher-chicken/">"The Return of Heritage Kosher Chicken"</a>. <i>Jewish Initiative for Animals</i>. 2016-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Initiative+for+Animals&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+Heritage+Kosher+Chicken&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishinitiativeforanimals.org%2F2016%2F11%2F15%2Freturn-heritage-kosher-chicken%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buyingpoultry.com/blog/heritage">"BuyingPoultry.com - Products that match your values"</a>. <i>BuyingPoultry.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BuyingPoultry.com&rft.atitle=BuyingPoultry.com+-+Products+that+match+your+values&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuyingpoultry.com%2Fblog%2Fheritage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newfoodeconomy.com/you-can-finally-buy-ethical-heritage-and-kosher-meat-but-its-going-to-cost-you/">"But is it kosher?"</a>. <i>New Food Economy</i>. 2017-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Food+Economy&rft.atitle=But+is+it+kosher%3F&rft.date=2017-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewfoodeconomy.com%2Fyou-can-finally-buy-ethical-heritage-and-kosher-meat-but-its-going-to-cost-you%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishinitiativeforanimals.org/2016/12/02/raising-new-generation-jewish-animal-advocates/">"Raising a New Generation of Jewish Animal Advocates"</a>. <i>Jewish Initiative for Animals</i>. 2016-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Initiative+for+Animals&rft.atitle=Raising+a+New+Generation+of+Jewish+Animal+Advocates&rft.date=2016-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishinitiativeforanimals.org%2F2016%2F12%2F02%2Fraising-new-generation-jewish-animal-advocates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishveg.org/mercy-animals">"Mercy for Animals"</a>. <i>Jewish Veg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Veg&rft.atitle=Mercy+for+Animals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishveg.org%2Fmercy-animals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLabendzYanklowitz2019" class="citation book cs1">Labendz, Jacob Ari; Yanklowitz, Shmuly (2019-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KPOODwAAQBAJ"><i>Jewish Veganism and Vegetarianism: Studies and New Directions</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-7361-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-7361-1"><bdi>978-1-4384-7361-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Veganism+and+Vegetarianism%3A+Studies+and+New+Directions&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-7361-1&rft.aulast=Labendz&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Ari&rft.au=Yanklowitz%2C+Shmuly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKPOODwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hazon.org/commit-to-change/food-choices/animal-welfare/">"Animal Welfare"</a>. <i>Hazon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hazon&rft.atitle=Animal+Welfare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhazon.org%2Fcommit-to-change%2Ffood-choices%2Fanimal-welfare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATza%27ar+ba%27alei+chayim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/ethical-treatment-of-animals-in-judaism/">MyJewishLearning.com: Ethical Treatment of Animals in Judaism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanesociety.org/resources/facts-and-faith">Jewish perspectives from the Humane Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishinitiativeforanimals.com/">The Jewish Initiative For Animals</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&oldid=1279137358">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_chayim&oldid=1279137358</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_ethics" title="Category:Jewish ethics">Jewish ethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_law_principles" title="Category:Jewish law principles">Jewish law principles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_welfare" title="Category:Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Negative_Mitzvoth" title="Category:Negative Mitzvoth">Negative Mitzvoth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Category:Jewish vegetarianism">Jewish vegetarianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animals_in_Judaism" title="Category:Animals in Judaism">Animals in Judaism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)">CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2024">Articles with dead external links from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 March 2025, at 19:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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