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During [[France during World War II|World War II]], he was active in the [[French Resistance]]. After the war, he served as foreign minister and premier on several occasions. He apparently joined the [[Organisation armée secrète]]; however he always denied his involvement. ==Early life== Bidault was born in [[Moulins, Allier]].<ref name=NYTobit>{{Cite news |title=Georges Bidault, Resistance Hero Who Later Led a Revolt, Is Dead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/28/obituaries/georges-bidault-resistance-hero-who-later-led-a-revolt-is-dead.html?scp=1&sq=Georges%20Bidault&st=cse |agency=[[Associated Press]]|newspaper=The New York Times |date=28 January 1983 |access-date=26 April 2011 }}</ref> He studied in the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] and became a college history teacher. In 1932 he helped to found the Catholic Association of French Youth and the left-wing anti-fascist newspaper ''[[L'Aube (newspaper)|l'Aube]]''. He had a column in the paper and, among other things, protested against the [[Munich Agreement]] in 1938. [[File:Bidault, Georges 1934.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Bidault in 1934]] ==World War II== After the beginning of the Second World War he joined the French army. He was captured during the [[Battle of France|Fall of France]] and was imprisoned briefly. After his release in July 1941, he became a teacher at the [[Lycée du Parc]] in [[Lyon]] and joined the ''Liberté'' group of [[French Resistance]] that eventually merged with the group ''Combat''. [[Jean Moulin]] recruited him to organize a covert press and the ''Combat'' covert newspaper. For his work in the resistance, he was helped by his private administrative assistant [[Laure Diebold]]. Bidault, inter alia along with other people well known, was imprisoned by the [[Spain during World War II|Spanish]] in an [[Internment]] camp at [[Miranda de Ebro]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miranda De Ebro - The Spanish Concentration Camp |url=https://ww2escapelines.co.uk/article/miranda-de-ebro-spanish-concentration-camp/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=WW2 Escape Lines Memorial Society |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bidault participated in the forming of the [[Conseil National de la Résistance]] and, after the Gestapo captured Moulin, he became its new president. In 1944 he formed a Resistance Charter that recommended an extensive post-war reform program. After the [[liberation of Paris]] he represented the Resistance in the victory parade. [[Charles de Gaulle]] appointed him as a foreign minister of his provisional government on 25 August. He was the initiator of the society [[Popular Republican Movement]] (MRP). He was chief of the French delegation to the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|San Francisco Conference]],<ref name=NYTobit/> which established the UN, from April to June 1945. At the conference, France succeeded in gaining a permanent seat on the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]].{{sfn|Morgan|2010|pp=50–51}} ==Fourth Republic== On 4 January 1946, Bidault married [[Suzanne Borel]], the first French woman to be employed as a diplomat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emilemagazine.fr/retro/2016/12/13/8u9xc8o22634dcap9tqpks3zjc08tv|title=Portrait - Suzanne Bidault-Borel, femme (de) diplomate|author=Mignot, Elisa|publisher=Émile Magazine|date=13 December 2016|access-date=5 March 2017 |language=fr}}</ref> The same year he served as [[foreign minister]] in [[Félix Gouin]]'s [[provisional government]]. On 19 June 1946, the National Constituent Assembly elected him as president of the provisional government. His government, formed on 15 June, was composed of socialists, communists and Bidault's own MRP. In social policy, Bidault's government was notable for passing important pension and workman's compensation laws.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Democracy and Welfare Capitalism: A Century of Income Security Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/socialdemocracyw00hick_0 |url-access=registration |first=Alexander |last=Hicks |year=1999 |location=Ithaca, NY |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=0801485568 }}</ref> An act of 22 August 1946 extended coverage of family allowances to practically the entire population,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Evans, Patricia G. |author2=Laroque, Pierre |title=The Social Institutions of France: Translations from the First French Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2A0ry66D_KAC&pg=PA327|date= 1983|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-677-30970-5|pages=327–}}</ref> while a law of October 1946 provided that insurance of occupation risks "would henceforth be mandatory and that such insurance would be granted by the Social Security that had been created in 1945."<ref>{{cite book|author1=Oliphant, Ken |author2=Wagner, Gerhard |title=Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vaGJ-N7pyEUC&pg=PA204|date=2012|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-027021-1|pages=204–}}</ref> In August 1946, an Act was passed that made provision for two days' holiday a month up to a maximum of 24 working days for young persons between the ages of 14 and 18 and for one-and-a-half days' a month up to a maximum of 18 working days for those aged between 18 and 21.<ref>[http://staging.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/1949/49B09_90_engl.pdf]{{dead link|date=November 2018}}</ref> In addition, an Act was passed on 11 October 1946 that introduced occupational medical services.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpF9tCA_UoEC&pg=PA26|title=Regulating Workplace Risks: A Comparative Study of Inspection Regimes in Times of change|first1=David|last1=Walters|first2=R.|last2=Johnstone|first3=Kaj|last3=Frick|first4=Michael|last4=Quinlan|first5=Geneviève|last5=Baril-Gingras|first6=Annie|last6=Thébaud-Mony|date=1 January 2011|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=9780857931658|via=Google Books}}</ref> Bidault later became foreign minister once again. The government held elections for the [[French National Assembly|National Assembly]] on 29 November after which Bidault resigned. His successor was [[Léon Blum]]. Bidault served various French governments, first as foreign minister for [[Paul Ramadier]] and [[Robert Schuman]]. In April 1947 he endorsed Ramadier's decision to expel the Communists from his government. Bidault had recently been to Moscow and was disturbed by the Soviet regime; he believed an agreement with Stalin was impossible.{{sfn|Morgan|2010|p=97}} In 1948, weapons valued at 153 million francs were donated to [[Israel]] by the French government, in accordance with a secret agreement approved by Bidault. Bidault's reasons for this are unclear, albeit he had been very concerned about the possibility of a Jordanian takeover of Jerusalem.<ref name="Zamir2">Meir Zamir, "'Bid' for Altalena: France's covert action in the 1948 war in Palestine," ''Middle Eastern Studies'', vol 46 (2010) 17–58. Author's summary [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1094681.html here].</ref> Deputy Chief of Staff General Henri Coudraux, who was involved in the operation, told a 1949 inquiry that France had "reached a secret agreement with the Irgun, which promised it advantages if it were to come into power [in Israel]." A significant portion of the weapons and the ammunition were later destroyed in the [[Altalena Affair]].<ref name="Zamir">Meir Zamir, "'Bid' for Altalena: France's covert action in the 1948 war in Palestine," ''Middle Eastern Studies'', vol 46 (2010) 17–58. Author's summary [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1094681.html here].</ref> In 1949 he became the President of the Council of Ministers (premier) but his government lasted only 8 months. During his last term as premier, a law of February 1950 that regulated collective bargaining, and included a guarantee of the right of workers to strike. The same law required the government to fix minimum wages for agriculture and for industry.<ref>Chambers Encyclopaedia new edition, Volume V: Edward-Franks, George Newnes Ltd. 1959, supplementary information 1961, printed and bound in England by Hazel Watson and Viney Ltd., Aylesbury and Slough</ref> In [[Henri Queuille]]'s governments in 1950–1951 he had the office of [[Deputy Prime Minister of France|deputy prime minister]] and for [[René Pleven]] and [[Edgar Faure]] also the post of defense minister. In 1952 Bidault became honorary president of MRP. On 1 June 1953 President [[Vincent Auriol]] assigned him to form his own government but the National Assembly refused to give him the official mandate on 10 June. In 1953 Bidault became a presidential candidate but withdrew after the second round. Bidault was foreign minister during the siege of the French garrison at [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Dien Bien Phu]] from March to May 1954. He protested to the Red Cross that the [[Viet Minh]] were shooting at clearly marked French medical evacuation flights, killing some of the evacuees.{{sfn|Morgan|2010|p=301}} The ongoing fighting in Indochina had exhausted him; he was described by American secretary of state [[John Foster Dulles]] as "a deeply harassed man" and later by a historian as "on the verge of a nervous breakdown".{{sfn|Morgan|2010|p=418,332}} Caught between his desires to end the war and to maintain French rule over its colonies, he vacillated between pressing the war, perhaps by asking the Americans for air support, or seeking a negotiated solution.{{sfn|Morgan|2010|p=332}} Bidault stated that John Foster Dulles (then Secretary of State of United States) offered France two atomic bombs in 1954. ==Fifth Republic== In April 1958 Bidault again became premier but did not form a cabinet and helped form the conservative society [[Christian Democratic Movement]]. He also endorsed De Gaulle's presidency after the beginning of the [[Algerian War of Independence]]. In 1961 Bidault became President of the Executive Council of the society Rally for French Algeria and opposed De Gaulle's policy of Algerian independence. He established his own National Resistance Council within the far-right paramilitary organization OAS ([[Organisation armée secrète]]). In June 1962 he was accused of conspiring against the state and deprived of his [[parliamentary immunity]]. He left for exile in Brazil. In 1967 he relocated to Belgium and in 1968 returned to France after benefiting from an [[amnesty]]. In his political memoirs, Bidault stated that he was never involved with the OAS, and was not qualified to give any precise information about its deeds.<ref>Bidault, Georges (1967) ''Resistance: The Political Autobiography of Georges Bidault''. F.A. Praeger. p. 245.</ref> When the [[National Front (France)|Front national]] was founded in October 1972 by members of [[Ordre Nouveau (1960s)|Ordre nouveau]], he participated but resigned from the organisation a few days later. Bidault died of a stroke in [[Cambo-les-Bains]] in January 1983.<ref name=NYTobit/> ==Governments== ===First ministry (24 June – 16 December 1946)=== *Georges Bidault – Chairman of the Provisional Government and Minister of Foreign Affairs *[[Maurice Thorez]] – [[Deputy Prime Minister of France|Vice President of the Council]] *[[Félix Gouin]] – [[Deputy Prime Minister of France|Vice President of the Council]] and Minister of National Defense *[[Charles Tillon]] – Minister of Armaments *[[Édouard Depreux]] – Minister of the Interior *[[Robert Schuman]] – Minister of Finance *[[François de Menthon]] – Minister of National Economy *[[Marcel Paul]] – Minister of Industrial Production *[[Ambroise Croizat]] – Minister of Labour and Social Security *[[Pierre-Henri Teitgen]] – Minister of Justice *[[Marcel Edmond Naegelen]] – Minister of National Education *[[François Tanguy-Prigent]] – Minister of Agriculture *[[Yves Farge]] – Minister of Supply *[[Marius Moutet]] – Minister of Overseas France *[[Jules Moch]] – Minister of Public Works and Transport *[[Robert Prigent]] – Minister of Population *[[François Billoux]] – Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning *[[Jean Letourneau]] – Minister of Posts *[[Alexandre Varenne]] – Minister of State *[[Francisque Gay]] – Minister of State ===Second ministry (28 October 1949 – 7 February 1950)=== *Georges Bidault – President of the Council *[[Jules Moch]] – [[Deputy Prime Minister of France|Vice President of the Council]] and Minister of the Interior *[[Henri Queuille]] – [[Deputy Prime Minister of France|Vice President of the Council]] *[[Robert Schuman]] – Minister of Foreign Affairs *[[René Pleven]] – Minister of National Defense *[[Maurice Petsche]] – Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs *[[Robert Lacoste]] – Minister of Commerce and Industry *[[Pierre Segelle]] – Minister of Labour and Social Security *[[René Mayer]] – Minister of Justice *[[Yvon Delbos]] – Minister of National Education *[[Louis Jacquinot]] – Minister of Veterans and War Victims *[[Pierre Pflimlin]] – Minister of Agriculture *[[Jean Letourneau]] – Minister of Overseas France *[[Christian Pineau]] – Minister of Public Works, Transport, and Tourism *[[Pierre Schneiter]] – Minister of Public Health and Population *[[Eugène Claudius-Petit]] – Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning *[[Eugène Thomas]] – Minister of Posts *[[Pierre-Henri Teitgen]] – Minister of State '''Changes:''' *2 December 1949 – [[Gabriel Valay]] succeeds Pflimlin as Minister of Agriculture ===Third Ministry (7 February – 2 July 1950)=== *Georges Bidault – President of the Council *[[Henri Queuille]] – [[Deputy Prime Minister of France|Vice President of the Council]] and Minister of the Interior *[[Robert Schuman]] – Minister of Foreign Affairs *[[René Pleven]] – Minister of National Defense *[[Maurice Petsche]] – Minister of Finance and Economics Affairs *[[Jean-Marie Louvel]] – Minister of Commerce and Industry *[[Paul Bacon (politician)|Paul Bacon]] – Minister of Labour and Social Security *[[René Mayer]] – Minister of Justice *[[Yvon Delbos]] – Minister of National Education *[[Louis Jacquinot]] – Minister of Veterans and War Victims *[[Gabriel Valay]] – Minister of Agriculture *[[Jean Letourneau]] – Minister of Overseas France *[[Jacques Chastellain]] – Minister of Public Works, Transport, and Tourism *[[Pierre Schneiter]] – Minister of Public Health and Population *[[Eugène Claudius-Petit]] – Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning *[[Charles Brune (politician)|Charles Brune]] – Minister of Posts *[[Pierre-Henri Teitgen]] – Minister of State {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{succession box|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|before=[[Pierre Laval]]|after=[[Léon Blum]]|years=1944–46}} {{succession box|title=[[List of Presidents of the French Republic|Chairman of the Provisional Government]]|before=[[Félix Gouin]]|after=[[Léon Blum]]|years=1946}} {{succession box|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|before=[[Léon Blum]]|after=[[Robert Schuman]]|years=1947–48}} {{succession box|title=[[Prime Minister of France|President of the Council of Ministers]]|before=[[Henri Queuille]]|after=[[Henri Queuille]]|years=1949–50}} {{succession box|title=[[Deputy Prime Minister of France|Vice President of the Council of Ministers]]|before=[[Henri Queuille]]|after=—|years=1950}} {{succession box|title=[[Deputy Prime Minister of France|Vice President of the Council of Ministers]]|before=—|after=—|years=1951–52}} {{succession box|title=[[Minister of National Defense (France)|Minister of National Defense]]|before=[[Jules Moch]]|after=[[René Pleven]]|years=1951–52}} {{succession box|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|before=[[Robert Schuman]]|after=[[Pierre Mendès France]]|years=1953–54}} {{s-end}} ==References== {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote|Georges Bidault}} {{Reflist}} ==Sources and further reading== {{refbegin}} * Bidault, Georges. ''Resistance: The Political Autobiography of Georges Bidault'' (Praeger, 1965) [https://archive.org/details/resistancepoliti00bida online] *{{cite book |last=Morgan |first=T. |title=Valley of Death: The Tragedy at Dien Bien Phu That Led America into the Vietnam War |location=New York |publisher=Random House |year=2010 |pages=50–51 |isbn=9781400066643 }} {{refend}} ==External links== * {{PM20|FID=pe/001710}} {{Heads of state of France}} {{Heads of government of France}} {{Foreign Ministers of France}} {{MRPLeaders}} {{Organisation armée secrète}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bidault, Georges}} [[Category:1899 births]] [[Category:1983 deaths]] [[Category:Politicians from Moulins, Allier]] [[Category:French Christian Zionists]] [[Category:French Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Popular Democratic Party (France) politicians]] [[Category:Popular Republican Movement politicians]] [[Category:Heads of state of France]] [[Category:20th-century heads of state of France]] 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