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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Style </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Style-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Style subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Posthumous editions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_executorship_and_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_executorship_and_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Literary executorship and representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_executorship_and_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Discography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Discography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Discography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Studio_albums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studio_albums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Studio albums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studio_albums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compilation_albums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compilation_albums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Compilation albums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compilation_albums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jack Kerouac</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" > 75 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83" title="جاك كيروك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جاك كيروك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="জেক কেৰুৱাক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জেক কেৰুৱাক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cek_Keruak" title="Cek Keruak – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cek Keruak" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="جک کرواک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جک کرواک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Джэк Керуак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэк Керуак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Джэк Кэруак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джэк Кэруак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Джак Керуак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джак Керуак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BA_%CE%9A%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BA" title="Τζακ Κέρουακ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζακ Κέρουακ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="جک کرواک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جک کرواک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AD_%EC%BC%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%95%85" title="잭 케루악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잭 케루악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%84_%D5%94%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ջեք Քերուակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեք Քերուակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95" title="जैक केरुयक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जैक केरुयक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%A7_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A7" title="ג'ק קרואק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ק קרואק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%99_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ჯეკ კერუაკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯეკ კერუაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Джек Керуак – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джек Керуак" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жек Керуак – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жек Керуак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Kerouac" title="Iacobus Kerouac – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeks_Keruaks" title="Džeks Keruaks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeks Keruaks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%99_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ჯეკ კერუაკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯეკ კერუაკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83" title="جاك كيروك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاك كيروك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ジャック・ケルアック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャック・ケルアック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BA,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Керуак, Джек – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Керуак, Джек" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Џек Керуак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џек Керуак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="แจ็ก เครูแอ็ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แจ็ก เครูแอ็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Джек Керуак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джек Керуак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E9%B2%81%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%8B" title="杰克·凯鲁亚克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="杰克·凯鲁亚克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jack Kerouac" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%91%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E9%AD%AF%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B" title="傑克·凱魯亞克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="傑克·凱魯亞克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%91%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E9%AD%AF%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B" title="傑克·凱魯亞克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="傑克·凱魯亞克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">American writer (1922–1969)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Jack Kerouac</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerouac_by_Palumbo_2_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kerouac c. 1956"><img alt="Kerouac c. 1956" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kerouac_by_Palumbo_2_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Kerouac_by_Palumbo_2_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kerouac_by_Palumbo_2_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Kerouac_by_Palumbo_2_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Kerouac_by_Palumbo_2_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="518" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Kerouac <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1956</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Jean-Louis Kérouac (1922-03-12)March 12, 1922 <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">October 21, 1969(1969-10-21) (aged 47) <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Poet</li><li>novelist</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1942–1969</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1280115419">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlistoxford{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li,.mw-parser-output .andlist li,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .andlist li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:" and "}.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:", and "}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Franco_American_literature" title="Franco American literature">Franco American</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/On_the_Road" title="On the Road">On the Road</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Dharma_Bums" title="The Dharma Bums">The Dharma Bums</a> <a href="/wiki/Big_Sur_(novel)" title="Big Sur (novel)">Big Sur</a> <a href="/wiki/Desolation_Angels_(novel)" title="Desolation Angels (novel)">Desolation Angels</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Edie_Parker" title="Edie Parker">Edie Parker</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1944; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1948)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Haverty_Kerouac" title="Joan Haverty Kerouac">Joan Haverty</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1950; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1951)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stella_Sampas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stella Sampas (page does not exist)">Stella Sampas</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1966)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kerouac" title="Jan Kerouac">Jan Kerouac</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_Kerouac_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jack_Kerouac_signature.svg/150px-Jack_Kerouac_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jack_Kerouac_signature.svg/225px-Jack_Kerouac_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jack_Kerouac_signature.svg/300px-Jack_Kerouac_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="276" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Jean-Louis Lebris de Kérouac<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɛru.æk/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> March 12, 1922 – October 21, 1969), known as Jack Kerouac, was an American novelist and poet<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> who, alongside <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>, was a pioneer of the <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Of <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">French-Canadian</a> ancestry,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Kerouac was raised in a French-speaking home in <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell, Massachusetts</a>. He "learned English at age six and spoke with a marked accent into his late teens."<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="United States Merchant Marine">United States Merchant Marine</a>; he completed <a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Is_My_Brother" title="The Sea Is My Brother">his first novel</a> at the time, which was published more than 40 years after his death. His first published book was <a href="/wiki/The_Town_and_the_City" title="The Town and the City">The Town and the City</a> (1950), and he achieved widespread fame and notoriety with his second, <a href="/wiki/On_the_Road" title="On the Road">On the Road</a>, in 1957. It made him a beat icon, and he went on to publish 12 more novels and numerous poetry volumes. Kerouac died in 1969. Since then, his literary prestige has grown, and several previously unseen works have been published. Kerouac is recognized for his style of <a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">stream of consciousness</a> spontaneous prose. Thematically, his work covers topics such as his <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> spirituality, jazz, travel, promiscuity, life in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, drugs, and poverty. He became an underground celebrity and, with other Beats, a <a href="/wiki/Progenitor" title="Progenitor">progenitor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_hippie_movement" title="History of the hippie movement">hippie movement</a>, although he remained antagonistic toward some of its politically radical elements.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> He has a lasting legacy, greatly influencing many of the cultural icons of the 1960s, including <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Garcia" title="Jerry Garcia">Jerry Garcia</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">the Doors</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_adolescence">Early life and adolescence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and adolescence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_Kerouac%27s_birthplace,_9_Lupine_Road,_Lowell_MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jack_Kerouac%27s_birthplace%2C_9_Lupine_Road%2C_Lowell_MA.jpg/250px-Jack_Kerouac%27s_birthplace%2C_9_Lupine_Road%2C_Lowell_MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jack_Kerouac%27s_birthplace%2C_9_Lupine_Road%2C_Lowell_MA.jpg/330px-Jack_Kerouac%27s_birthplace%2C_9_Lupine_Road%2C_Lowell_MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jack_Kerouac%27s_birthplace%2C_9_Lupine_Road%2C_Lowell_MA.jpg/500px-Jack_Kerouac%27s_birthplace%2C_9_Lupine_Road%2C_Lowell_MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Jack Kerouac's birthplace, 9 Lupine Road, 2nd floor, West Centralville, Lowell, Massachusetts</figcaption></figure> Kerouac was born on March 12, 1922, in Lowell, Massachusetts, to French Canadian parents, Léo-Alcide Kéroack and Gabrielle-Ange Lévesque.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> There is some confusion surrounding his name, partly because of variations on the spelling of Kerouac, and because of Kerouac's own statement of his name as Jean-Louis Lebris de Kerouac. His reason for that statement seems to be linked to an old family legend that the Kerouacs had descended from Baron François Louis Alexandre Lebris de Kerouac. Kerouac's baptism certificate lists his name simply as Jean Louis Kirouac, the most common spelling of the name in Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1983-10">[10]</a> Kerouac's roots were indeed in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, and he was descended from a middle-class merchant colonist, Urbain-François Le Bihan, Sieur de <a href="/wiki/Lanmeur" title="Lanmeur">Kervoac</a>, whose sons married French Canadians.<a href="#cite_note-dagier_;_Quéméner-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Kerouac's father Leo had been born into a family of potato farmers in the village of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Hubert-de-Rivi%C3%A8re-du-Loup,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Hubert-de-Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec">Saint-Hubert-de-Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec</a>. Jack also had various stories on the etymology of his surname, usually tracing it to Irish, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> roots. In one interview he claimed it was from the name of the Cornish language (Kernewek), and that the Kerouacs had fled from Cornwall to Brittany.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Another version was that the Kerouacs had come to Cornwall from Ireland before the time of Christ and the name meant "language of the house".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In still another interview he said it was an Irish word for "language of the water" and related to Kerwick.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Kerouac, derived from Kervoach, is the name of a town in Brittany in <a href="/wiki/Lanmeur" title="Lanmeur">Lanmeur</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Morlaix" title="Morlaix">Morlaix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dagier_;_Quéméner-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_Kerouac%27s_3rd_home,_34_Beaulieu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Jack_Kerouac%27s_3rd_home%2C_34_Beaulieu.jpg/250px-Jack_Kerouac%27s_3rd_home%2C_34_Beaulieu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Jack_Kerouac%27s_3rd_home%2C_34_Beaulieu.jpg/330px-Jack_Kerouac%27s_3rd_home%2C_34_Beaulieu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Jack_Kerouac%27s_3rd_home%2C_34_Beaulieu.jpg/500px-Jack_Kerouac%27s_3rd_home%2C_34_Beaulieu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>His third of several homes growing up in the West Centralville section of Lowell</figcaption></figure> Jack Kerouac later referred to 34 Beaulieu Street as "sad Beaulieu". The Kerouac family was living there in 1926 when Jack's older brother Gerard died of <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic fever</a>, aged nine. This deeply affected four-year-old Jack, who later said Gerard followed him in life as a guardian angel. This is the Gerard of Kerouac's novel <a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Gerard" title="Visions of Gerard">Visions of Gerard</a>. He had one other sibling, an older sister named Caroline. Kerouac was referred to as Ti Jean or little John around the house during his childhood.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1983-10">[10]</a> Kerouac spoke French with his family and began learning English at school, around age six; he began speaking it confidently in his late teens.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> He was a serious child who was devoted to his mother, who played an important role in his life. She was a devout <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, who instilled this deep faith into both her sons.<a href="#cite_note-culturewars.com-18">[18]</a> He later said she was the only woman he ever loved.<a href="#cite_note-beatmuseum.org-19">[19]</a> After Gerard died, his mother sought solace in her faith, while his father abandoned it, wallowing in drinking, gambling, and smoking.<a href="#cite_note-culturewars.com-18">[18]</a> Some of Kerouac's poetry was written in French, and in letters written to friend <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a> towards the end of his life, he expressed a desire to speak his parents' native tongue again. In 2016, a whole volume of previously unpublished works originally written in French by Kerouac was published as La vie est d'hommage.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> On May 17, 1928, while six years old, Kerouac made his first <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">Confession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-22">[22]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a>, he was told to say a <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a>, during which he heard God tell him that he had a good soul, that he would suffer in life and die in pain and horror, but would in the end receive salvation.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-22">[22]</a> This experience, along with his dying brother's vision of the <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Virgin Mary</a> (as the nuns fawned over him, convinced he was a saint), combined with a later study of Buddhism and an ongoing commitment to Christ, solidified the worldview which informed his work.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-22">[22]</a> Kerouac once told <a href="/wiki/Ted_Berrigan" title="Ted Berrigan">Ted Berrigan</a>, in an interview for <a href="/wiki/The_Paris_Review" title="The Paris Review">The Paris Review</a>, of an incident in the 1940s in which his mother and father were walking together in a Jewish neighborhood on the <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a> of New York. He recalled "a whole bunch of rabbis walking arm in arm ... teedah- teedah – teedah ... and they wouldn't part for this Christian man and his wife, so my father went POOM! and knocked a rabbi right in the gutter."<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Leo, after the death of his child, also treated a priest with similar contempt, angrily throwing him out of the house despite his invitation from Gabrielle.<a href="#cite_note-culturewars.com-18">[18]</a> Kerouac was a capable athlete in football and wrestling. Kerouac's skills as running back in football for <a href="/wiki/Lowell_High_School_(Massachusetts)" title="Lowell High School (Massachusetts)">Lowell High School</a> earned him scholarship offers from <a href="/wiki/Boston_College" title="Boston College">Boston College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, where he enrolled in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-SmithThoreau-25">[25]</a> From around this time, Kerouac's journal includes an ambitious "Immediate Reading List," a wide-ranging list that includes sacred texts from India and China as well as a note to read "<a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a> (again)."<a href="#cite_note-SmithThoreau-25">[25]</a> He spent a year at <a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann_School" title="Horace Mann School">Horace Mann School</a>, where he befriended Seymour Wyse, an Englishman whom he later featured as a character, under the pseudonym 'Lionel Smart', in several of Kerouac's books. He also cites Wyse as the person who introduced him to the new styles of jazz, including <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> After his year at Horace Mann, Kerouac earned the requisite grades for entry to Columbia. Kerouac broke a leg playing football during his freshman season, and during an abbreviated second year he argued constantly with coach <a href="/wiki/Lou_Little" title="Lou Little">Lou Little</a>, who kept him benched. While at Columbia, Kerouac wrote several sports articles for the student newspaper, the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Daily_Spectator" title="Columbia Daily Spectator">Columbia Daily Spectator</a>, and joined the <a href="/wiki/Phi_Gamma_Delta" title="Phi Gamma Delta">Phi Gamma Delta</a> fraternity.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> He was a resident of <a href="/wiki/Wallach_Hall" title="Wallach Hall">Livingston Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hartley_Hall" title="Hartley Hall">Hartley Hall</a>, where other Beat Generation figures lived.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> He also studied at <a href="/wiki/The_New_School" title="The New School">The New School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hpo-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_adulthood">Early adulthood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early adulthood">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_Kerouac_Naval_Reserve_Enlistment,_1943.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jack_Kerouac_Naval_Reserve_Enlistment%2C_1943.png/250px-Jack_Kerouac_Naval_Reserve_Enlistment%2C_1943.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jack_Kerouac_Naval_Reserve_Enlistment%2C_1943.png/330px-Jack_Kerouac_Naval_Reserve_Enlistment%2C_1943.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jack_Kerouac_Naval_Reserve_Enlistment%2C_1943.png/500px-Jack_Kerouac_Naval_Reserve_Enlistment%2C_1943.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption>Kerouac's Naval Reserve Enlistment photograph, 1943</figcaption></figure> When his football career at Columbia ended, Kerouac dropped out of the university. He continued to live for a time in New York's Upper West Side with his girlfriend and future first wife, <a href="/wiki/Edie_Parker" title="Edie Parker">Edie Parker</a>. It was during this time that he first met the <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a> figures who shaped his legacy and became characters in many of his novels, such as <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neal_Cassady" title="Neal Cassady">Neal Cassady</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Clellon_Holmes" title="John Clellon Holmes">John Clellon Holmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Huncke" title="Herbert Huncke">Herbert Huncke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Carr" title="Lucien Carr">Lucien Carr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Kerouac was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="United States Merchant Marine">United States Merchant Mariner</a> from July to October 1942 and served on the <a href="/wiki/SS_Dorchester" title="SS Dorchester">SS Dorchester</a> before its maiden voyage.<a href="#cite_note-loss-36">[36]</a> A few months later, the SS Dorchester was sunk during a submarine attack while crossing the Atlantic, and several of his former shipmates were lost.<a href="#cite_note-loss-36">[36]</a> In 1943 he joined the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">United States Navy Reserves</a>. He served eight days of active duty with the Navy before arriving on the sick list. According to his medical report, Kerouac said he "asked for an aspirin for his headaches and they diagnosed me <a href="/wiki/Dementia_praecox" title="Dementia praecox">dementia praecox</a> and sent me here." The medical examiner reported that Kerouac's military adjustment was poor, quoting Kerouac: "I just can't stand it; I like to be by myself." Two days later he was honorably discharged on the psychiatric grounds that he was of "indifferent character" with a diagnosis of "<a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">schizoid personality</a>".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> While a Merchant Mariner in 1942, Kerouac wrote his first novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Is_My_Brother" title="The Sea Is My Brother">The Sea Is My Brother</a>. The book was published in 2011, 70 years after it was written and over 40 years after Kerouac's death. Kerouac described the work as being about "man's simple revolt from society as it is, with the inequalities, frustration, and self-inflicted agonies." He viewed the work as a failure, calling it a "crock as literature" and never actively seeking to publish it.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In 1944, Kerouac was arrested as a <a href="/wiki/Material_witness" title="Material witness">material witness</a> in the murder of David Kammerer, who allegedly had been stalking Kerouac's friend <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Carr" title="Lucien Carr">Lucien Carr</a> since Carr was a teenager in St. Louis. William Burroughs was also a native of St. Louis, and it was through Carr that Kerouac came to know both Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg. Carr said Kammerer's homosexual obsession turned aggressive, finally provoking Carr to stab him to death in self-defense.<a href="#cite_note-:1-39">[39]</a> Carr dumped the body in the Hudson River. Afterwards, Carr sought help from Kerouac. Kerouac disposed of the murder weapon and buried Kammerer's eyeglasses.<a href="#cite_note-:1-39">[39]</a> Carr, encouraged by Burroughs, turned himself in to the police. Kerouac and Burroughs were later arrested as material witnesses. Kerouac's father refused to pay his bail; Kerouac then agreed to marry <a href="/wiki/Edie_Parker" title="Edie Parker">Edie Parker</a> if her parents would pay the bail. They married on Tuesday 22 August 1944 in the Municipal Building, with two detectives as witnesses, before Kerouac was returned to his cell in the Bronx City Prison (their marriage was annulled in 1948.)<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Kerouac and Burroughs collaborated on a novel about the Kammerer killing entitled <a href="/wiki/And_the_Hippos_Were_Boiled_in_Their_Tanks" title="And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks">And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks</a>. Though the book was not published during their lifetimes, an excerpt eventually appeared in Word Virus: The William S. Burroughs Reader (and as noted below, the novel was finally published late 2008). Kerouac also later wrote about the killing in his novel <a href="/wiki/Vanity_of_Duluoz" title="Vanity of Duluoz">Vanity of Duluoz</a>. Later, Kerouac lived with his parents in the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_Park,_Queens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozone Park, Queens">Ozone Park</a> neighborhood of Queens, after they had also moved to New York. He wrote his first published novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Town_and_the_City" title="The Town and the City">The Town and the City</a>, and began <a href="/wiki/On_the_Road" title="On the Road">On the Road</a> around 1949 when living there.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> His friends jokingly called him "The Wizard of Ozone Park", alluding to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>'s nickname, "the Wizard of Menlo Park", and to the film <a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career:_1950–1957">Early career: 1950–1957</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early career: 1950–1957">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacks_house3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jacks_house3.JPG/220px-Jacks_house3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jacks_house3.JPG/330px-Jacks_house3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jacks_house3.JPG/440px-Jacks_house3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Jack Kerouac lived with his parents for a time above a corner drug store in Ozone Park (now a flower shop),<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> while writing some of his earliest work.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/The_Town_and_the_City" title="The Town and the City">The Town and the City</a> was published in 1950 under the name "John Kerouac" and, though it earned him a few respectable reviews, the book sold poorly. Heavily influenced by Kerouac's reading of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe" title="Thomas Wolfe">Thomas Wolfe</a>, it reflects on the generational epic formula and the contrasts of small-town life versus the multi-dimensional, and larger life of the city. The book was heavily edited by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Giroux" title="Robert Giroux">Robert Giroux</a>, with around 400 pages taken out. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_Kerouac_House,_New_York_City,_NY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jack_Kerouac_House%2C_New_York_City%2C_NY.jpg/250px-Jack_Kerouac_House%2C_New_York_City%2C_NY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jack_Kerouac_House%2C_New_York_City%2C_NY.jpg/330px-Jack_Kerouac_House%2C_New_York_City%2C_NY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jack_Kerouac_House%2C_New_York_City%2C_NY.jpg/500px-Jack_Kerouac_House%2C_New_York_City%2C_NY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="3595" /></a><figcaption>454 West 20th Street</figcaption></figure> For the next six years, Kerouac continued to write regularly. Building upon previous drafts tentatively titled "The Beat Generation" and "Gone on the Road", he completed what is now known as On the Road in April 1951, while living at 454 West 20th Street in Manhattan with his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Haverty_Kerouac" title="Joan Haverty Kerouac">Joan Haverty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-epic-45">[45]</a> The book was largely autobiographical and describes Kerouac's road-trip adventures across the United States and Mexico with Neal Cassady in the late 40s and early 50s, as well as his relationships with other Beat writers and friends. Although some of the novel is focused on driving, Kerouac did not have a driver's license and Cassady did most of the cross-country driving. He learned to drive aged 34, but never had a formal license.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Kerouac completed the first version of the novel during a three-week extended session of spontaneous confessional prose. Kerouac wrote the final draft in 20 days, with Joan, his wife, supplying him with benzedrine, cigarettes, bowls of pea soup, and mugs of coffee to keep him going.<a href="#cite_note-amburn-47">[47]</a> Before beginning, Kerouac cut sheets of tracing paper<a href="#cite_note-sante-48">[48]</a> into long strips, wide enough for a typewriter, and taped them together into a 120-foot (37 m) long roll which he then fed into the machine. This allowed him to type continuously without the interruption of reloading pages. The resulting manuscript contained no chapter or paragraph breaks and was much more explicit than the version which was eventually published. Though "spontaneous," Kerouac had prepared long in advance before beginning to write.<a href="#cite_note-allthings-49">[49]</a> In fact, according to his Columbia professor and mentor <a href="/wiki/Mark_Van_Doren" title="Mark Van Doren">Mark Van Doren</a>, he had outlined much of the work in his journals over the several preceding years. Though the work was completed quickly, Kerouac had a long and difficult time finding a publisher. Before On the Road was accepted by Viking Press, Kerouac got a job as a "railroad brakeman and fire lookout" (see <a href="/wiki/Desolation_Peak_(Washington)" title="Desolation Peak (Washington)">Desolation Peak (Washington)</a>) traveling between the East and West coasts of the United States to earn money, frequently finding rest and the quiet space necessary for writing at the home of his mother. While employed in this way he met and befriended Abe Green, a young freight train jumper who later introduced Kerouac to <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Huncke" title="Herbert Huncke">Herbert Huncke</a>, a Times Square street hustler and favorite of many Beat Generation writers. According to Kerouac, On the Road "was really a story about two Catholic buddies roaming the country in search of God. And we found him. I found him in the sky, in Market Street San Francisco (those 2 visions), and Dean (Neal) had God sweating out of his forehead all the way. THERE IS NO OTHER WAY OUT FOR THE HOLY MAN: HE MUST SWEAT FOR GOD. And once he has found Him, the Godhood of God is forever Established and really must not be spoken about."<a href="#cite_note-culturewars.com-18">[18]</a> According to his biographer, historian <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Brinkley" title="Douglas Brinkley">Douglas Brinkley</a>, On the Road has been misinterpreted as a tale of companions out looking for kicks, but the most important thing to comprehend is that Kerouac was an American Catholic author – for example, virtually every page of his diary bore a sketch of a crucifix, a prayer, or an appeal to Christ to be forgiven.<a href="#cite_note-weekendedition-50">[50]</a> In the spring of 1951, while pregnant, Joan Haverty left and divorced Kerouac.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In February 1952, she gave birth to Kerouac's only child, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kerouac" title="Jan Kerouac">Jan Kerouac</a>, whom he acknowledged as his daughter after a blood test confirmed it nine years later.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> For the next several years Kerouac continued writing and traveling, taking long trips through the U.S. and Mexico. He often experienced episodes of heavy drinking and depression. During this period, he finished drafts of what became ten more novels, including <a href="/wiki/The_Subterraneans" title="The Subterraneans">The Subterraneans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Sax" title="Doctor Sax">Doctor Sax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tristessa" title="Tristessa">Tristessa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Desolation_Angels_(novel)" title="Desolation Angels (novel)">Desolation Angels</a>, which chronicle many of the events of these years. In 1953, he lived mostly in New York City, having a brief but passionate affair with <a href="/wiki/Alene_Lee" title="Alene Lee">Alene Lee</a>, an African-American woman, and member of the Beat generation. Alene was the basis for the character named "Mardou" in the novel The Subterraneans, and Irene May in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dreams_(novel)" title="Book of Dreams (novel)">Book of Dreams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_Sur_(novel)" title="Big Sur (novel)">Big Sur</a>. At the request of his editors, Kerouac changed the setting of the novel from New York to San Francisco.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 1954, Kerouac discovered Dwight Goddard's A Buddhist Bible at the <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a> Library, which marked the beginning of his study of Buddhism. Between 1955 and 1956, he lived on and off with his sister, whom he called "Nin," and her husband, Paul Blake, at their home outside of <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mount,_North_Carolina" title="Rocky Mount, North Carolina">Rocky Mount, North Carolina</a> ("Testament, Va." in his works) where he meditated on, and studied, Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> He wrote Some of the Dharma, an imaginative treatise on Buddhism, while living there.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> However, Kerouac had earlier taken an interest in Eastern thought. In 1946 he read Heinrich Zimmer's Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization. In 1955, Kerouac wrote a biography of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Siddhartha Gautama</a>, titled Wake Up: A Life of the Buddha, which was unpublished during his lifetime, but eventually serialized in <a href="/wiki/Tricycle:_The_Buddhist_Review" title="Tricycle: The Buddhist Review">Tricycle: The Buddhist Review</a>, 1993–95. It was published by Viking in September 2008.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_Kerouac_House_-_Orlando_Florida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jack_Kerouac_House_-_Orlando_Florida.jpg/220px-Jack_Kerouac_House_-_Orlando_Florida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jack_Kerouac_House_-_Orlando_Florida.jpg/330px-Jack_Kerouac_House_-_Orlando_Florida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jack_Kerouac_House_-_Orlando_Florida.jpg/440px-Jack_Kerouac_House_-_Orlando_Florida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>House in <a href="/wiki/College_Park_(Orlando)" title="College Park (Orlando)">College Park</a> in Orlando, Florida, where Kerouac lived and wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Dharma_Bums" title="The Dharma Bums">The Dharma Bums</a></figcaption></figure> Kerouac found enemies on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">political spectrum</a>, the right disdaining his association with drugs and sexual libertinism and the left contemptuous of his anti-communism and Catholicism; characteristically, he watched the 1954 Senate <a href="/wiki/Army%E2%80%93McCarthy_hearings" title="Army–McCarthy hearings">McCarthy hearings</a> smoking marijuana and rooting for the anti-communist crusader, Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-culturewars.com-18">[18]</a> In Desolation Angels he wrote, "when I went to Columbia all they tried to teach us was <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>, as if I cared" (considering Marxism, like <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freudianism</a>, to be an illusory tangent).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In 1957, after being rejected by several other publishers, On the Road was finally purchased by <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>, which demanded major revisions prior to publication.<a href="#cite_note-allthings-49">[49]</a> Many of the most sexually explicit passages were removed and, fearing <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">libel</a> suits, pseudonyms were used for the book's "characters." These revisions have often led to criticisms of the alleged spontaneity of Kerouac's style.<a href="#cite_note-sante-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_career:_1957–1969">Later career: 1957–1969</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later career: 1957–1969">edit</a>]</div> In July 1957, Kerouac moved to a small house at 1418½ Clouser Avenue in the <a href="/wiki/College_Park_(Orlando)" title="College Park (Orlando)">College Park</a> section of Orlando, Florida, to await the release of On the Road. Weeks later, a review of the book by Gilbert Millstein appeared in The New York Times proclaiming Kerouac the voice of a new generation.<a href="#cite_note-nytreview-59">[59]</a> Kerouac was hailed as a major American writer. His friendship with <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Corso" title="Gregory Corso">Gregory Corso</a>, among others, became a notorious representation of the Beat Generation. The term Beat Generation was invented by Kerouac during a conversation held with fellow novelist <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Huncke" title="Herbert Huncke">Herbert Huncke</a>. Huncke used the term "beat" to describe a person with little money and few prospects.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Kerouac's fame came as an unmanageable surge that would ultimately be his undoing. Kerouac's novel is often described as the defining work of the post-World War II Beat Generation and Kerouac came to be called "the king of the beat generation,"<a href="#cite_note-King-61">[61]</a> a term with which he never felt comfortable. He once observed, "I'm not a beatnik. I'm a Catholic", showing the reporter a painting of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> and saying, "You know who painted that? Me."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The success of <a href="/wiki/On_the_Road" title="On the Road">On the Road</a> brought Kerouac instant fame. His celebrity status brought publishers desiring unwanted manuscripts that were previously rejected before its publication.<a href="#cite_note-beatmuseum.org-19">[19]</a> After nine months, he no longer felt safe in public. He was badly beaten by three men outside the <a href="/wiki/San_Remo_Cafe" title="San Remo Cafe">San Remo Cafe</a> at 189 <a href="/wiki/Bleecker_Street" title="Bleecker Street">Bleecker Street</a> in New York City one night. <a href="/wiki/Neal_Cassady" title="Neal Cassady">Neal Cassady</a>, possibly as a result of his new notoriety as the central character of the book, was set up and arrested for selling marijuana.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In response, Kerouac chronicled parts of his own experience with Buddhism, as well as some of his adventures with <a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a> and other San Francisco–area poets, in <a href="/wiki/The_Dharma_Bums" title="The Dharma Bums">The Dharma Bums</a>, set in California and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> and published in 1958. It was written in Orlando between November 26<a href="#cite_note-suiter-65">[65]</a> and December 7, 1957.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> To begin writing Dharma Bums, Kerouac typed onto a ten-foot length of teleprinter paper, to avoid interrupting his flow for paper changes, as he had done six years previously for On the Road.<a href="#cite_note-suiter-65">[65]</a> Kerouac was demoralized by criticism of Dharma Bums from such respected figures in the American field of Buddhism as Zen teachers <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Fuller_Sasaki" title="Ruth Fuller Sasaki">Ruth Fuller Sasaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Watts" title="Alan Watts">Alan Watts</a>. He wrote to Snyder, referring to a meeting with <a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a>, that "even Suzuki was looking at me through slitted eyes as though I was a monstrous imposter." He passed up the opportunity to reunite with Snyder in California, and explained to <a href="/wiki/Philip_Whalen" title="Philip Whalen">Philip Whalen</a> "I'd be ashamed to confront you and Gary now I've become so decadent and drunk and don't give a shit. I'm not a Buddhist any more."<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In further reaction to their criticism, he quoted part of Abe Green's café recitation, Thrasonical Yawning in the Abattoir of the Soul: "A gaping, rabid congregation, eager to bathe, are washed over by the Font of Euphoria, and bask like protozoans in the celebrated light." Kerouac used earnings from On the Road to purchase the first of three homes in <a href="/wiki/Northport,_New_York" title="Northport, New York">Northport, New York</a> — a wood-framed Victorian on Gilbert Street that he shared with his mother, Gabrielle. They moved there in March 1958 and stayed in Northport for six years, moving twice during that time. Kerouac also wrote and narrated a beat movie titled <a href="/wiki/Pull_My_Daisy" title="Pull My Daisy">Pull My Daisy</a> (1959), directed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frank" title="Robert Frank">Robert Frank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Leslie" title="Alfred Leslie">Alfred Leslie</a>. It starred poets <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Corso" title="Gregory Corso">Gregory Corso</a>, musician <a href="/wiki/David_Amram" title="David Amram">David Amram</a> and painter <a href="/wiki/Larry_Rivers" title="Larry Rivers">Larry Rivers</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Originally to be called The Beat Generation, the title was changed at the last moment when <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">MGM</a> released a <a href="/wiki/The_Beat_Generation_(film)" title="The Beat Generation (film)">film by the same name</a> in July 1959 that sensationalized beatnik culture. The television series <a href="/wiki/Route_66_(TV_series)" title="Route 66 (TV series)">Route 66</a> (1960–1964), featuring two untethered young men "on the road" in a <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette" title="Chevrolet Corvette">Corvette</a> seeking adventure and fueling their travels by apparently plentiful temporary jobs in the various U.S. locales framing the anthology-styled stories, gave the impression of being a commercially sanitized misappropriation of Kerouac's story model for On the Road.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Illinois_University_Press-69">[69]</a> Even the leads, Buz and Todd, bore a resemblance to the dark, athletic Kerouac and the blonde Cassady/Moriarty, respectively. Kerouac felt he'd been conspicuously ripped off by Route 66 creator <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Silliphant" title="Stirling Silliphant">Stirling Silliphant</a> and sought to sue him, CBS, the <a href="/wiki/Screen_Gems" title="Screen Gems">Screen Gems</a> TV production company, and sponsor Chevrolet, but was somehow counseled against proceeding with what looked like a very potent cause of action.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Illinois_University_Press-69">[69]</a> John Antonelli's 1985 documentary Kerouac, the Movie begins and ends with footage of Kerouac reading from On the Road and <a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Cody" title="Visions of Cody">Visions of Cody</a> on <a href="/wiki/The_Steve_Allen_Show" title="The Steve Allen Show">The Steve Allen Show</a> in November 1959. In response to Allen's question "How would you define the word 'beat?'", Kerouac responds "well ... sympathetic."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In 1965, he met the poet <a href="/wiki/Youenn_Gwernig" title="Youenn Gwernig">Youenn Gwernig</a> who was a <a href="/wiki/Breton_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton American">Breton American</a> like him in New York, and they became friends. Gwernig used to translate his Breton language poems into English so that Kerouac could read and understand them : "Meeting with Jack Kerouac in 1965, for instance, was a decisive turn. Since he could not speak Breton he asked me: 'Would you not write some of your poems in English? I'd really like to read them ! ... ' So I wrote an Diri Dir – Stairs of Steel for him, and kept on doing so. That's why I often write my poems in Breton, French and English."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> During these years, Kerouac suffered the loss of his older sister to a heart attack in 1964 and his mother suffered a paralyzing stroke in 1966. Kerouac moved in with his mother in <a href="/wiki/Hyannis,_Massachusetts" title="Hyannis, Massachusetts">Hyannis</a>, Massachusetts, for almost a year in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In 1968, Neal Cassady also died while in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Despite the role which his literary work played in inspiring the counterculture movement of the 1960s, Kerouac was openly critical of it.<a href="#cite_note-hippiehate-74">[74]</a> Arguments over the movement, which Kerouac believed was only an excuse to be "spiteful," also resulted in him splitting with Ginsberg by 1968.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Also in 1968, Kerouac last appeared on television, for <a href="/wiki/Firing_Line_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing Line (TV series)">Firing Line</a>, produced and hosted by <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a> (a friend of his from college). Seemingly intoxicated, he affirmed his Catholicism and talked about the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture of the 1960s</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hippiehate-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> On the morning of October 20, 1969, in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a>, Kerouac was working on a book about his father's print shop. He suddenly felt nauseated and went to the bathroom, where he began to vomit blood. Kerouac was taken to <a href="/wiki/St._Anthony%27s_Hospital_(St._Petersburg,_Florida)" title="St. Anthony's Hospital (St. Petersburg, Florida)">St. Anthony's Hospital</a>, suffering from an esophageal hemorrhage. He received several transfusions in an attempt to make up for the loss of blood, and doctors subsequently attempted surgery, but a damaged liver prevented his blood from clotting. He never regained consciousness after the operation, and died at the hospital at 5:15 the following morning, at the age of 47. His cause of death was listed as an internal hemorrhage (bleeding <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_varices" title="Esophageal varices">esophageal varices</a>) caused by <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>, the result of longtime alcohol abuse.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> A possible contributing factor was an untreated hernia he suffered in a bar fight several weeks earlier.<a href="#cite_note-collegian-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Free_Articles_Directory-80">[80]</a> His funeral was held at St. Jean Baptiste Church in Lowell, Massachusetts, and he was buried at <a href="/wiki/Edson_Cemetery" title="Edson Cemetery">Edson Cemetery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JackKerouacGravestone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/JackKerouacGravestone.JPG/250px-JackKerouacGravestone.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/JackKerouacGravestone.JPG/330px-JackKerouacGravestone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/JackKerouacGravestone.JPG/500px-JackKerouacGravestone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Grave in <a href="/wiki/Edson_Cemetery" title="Edson Cemetery">Edson Cemetery</a>, Lowell</figcaption></figure> At the time of his death, Kerouac was living with his third wife, Stella Sampas Kerouac. His mother, Gabrielle, inherited most of his estate.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Style">edit</a>]</div> Kerouac is generally considered to be the father of the Beat movement, although he actively disliked such labels. Kerouac's method was heavily influenced by the prolific explosion of jazz, especially the <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a> genre established by <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk">Thelonious Monk</a>, and others. Later, he included ideas he developed from his <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> studies that began with <a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a>. He often referred to his style as "spontaneous prose".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Although Kerouac's prose was spontaneous and purportedly without edits, he primarily wrote autobiographical novels (or <a href="/wiki/Roman_%C3%A0_clef" title="Roman à clef">roman à clef</a>) based upon actual events from his life and the people with whom he interacted. This approach is reflected also by his plot structure: his narratives were not heavily focused on traditional plot structures. Instead, his works often revolved around a series of episodic encounters, road trips, and personal reflections. The emphasis was on the characters' experiences and the exploration of themes such as freedom, rebellion, and the search for meaning. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_air_was_soft_the_stars_so_fine_the_promise_of_every_cobbled_alley_so_great_by_Jack_Kerouac_-_Jack_Kerouac_Alley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_air_was_soft_the_stars_so_fine_the_promise_of_every_cobbled_alley_so_great_by_Jack_Kerouac_-_Jack_Kerouac_Alley.jpg/250px-The_air_was_soft_the_stars_so_fine_the_promise_of_every_cobbled_alley_so_great_by_Jack_Kerouac_-_Jack_Kerouac_Alley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_air_was_soft_the_stars_so_fine_the_promise_of_every_cobbled_alley_so_great_by_Jack_Kerouac_-_Jack_Kerouac_Alley.jpg/330px-The_air_was_soft_the_stars_so_fine_the_promise_of_every_cobbled_alley_so_great_by_Jack_Kerouac_-_Jack_Kerouac_Alley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_air_was_soft_the_stars_so_fine_the_promise_of_every_cobbled_alley_so_great_by_Jack_Kerouac_-_Jack_Kerouac_Alley.jpg/500px-The_air_was_soft_the_stars_so_fine_the_promise_of_every_cobbled_alley_so_great_by_Jack_Kerouac_-_Jack_Kerouac_Alley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>On the Road excerpt in the center of <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac_Alley" title="Jack Kerouac Alley">Jack Kerouac Alley</a> </figcaption></figure> Many of his books exemplified this spontaneous approach, including On the Road, Visions of Cody, Visions of Gerard, Big Sur, and The Subterraneans. The central features of this writing method were the ideas of breath (borrowed from jazz and from Buddhist meditation breathing), improvising words over the inherent structures of mind and language, and limited revision. Connected with this idea of breath was the elimination of the <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">period</a>, substituting instead a long connecting dash. As such, the phrases occurring between dashes might resemble <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvisational jazz</a> licks. When spoken, the words take on a certain musical rhythm and tempo.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Kerouac greatly admired and was influenced by Gary Snyder. <a href="/wiki/The_Dharma_Bums" title="The Dharma Bums">The Dharma Bums</a> contains accounts of a mountain climbing trip Kerouac took with Snyder, and includes excerpts of letters from Snyder.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> While living with Snyder outside Mill Valley, California, in 1956, Kerouac worked on a book about him, which he considered calling Visions of Gary.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> (This eventually became Dharma Bums, which Kerouac described as "mostly about [Snyder].")<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> That summer, Kerouac took a job as a <a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">fire lookout</a> on <a href="/wiki/Desolation_Peak_(Washington)" title="Desolation Peak (Washington)">Desolation Peak</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Cascades" title="North Cascades">North Cascades</a> in Washington, after hearing Snyder's and Whalen's stories of working as fire spotters. Kerouac described the experience in Desolation Angels and later in "Alone on a Mountaintop" (published in <a href="/wiki/Lonesome_Traveler" title="Lonesome Traveler">Lonesome Traveler</a>) and The Dharma Bums.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Kerouac would go on for hours, often drunk, to friends and strangers about his method. Allen Ginsberg, initially unimpressed, would later be one of his great proponents, and it was Kerouac's free-flowing prose method that inspired the composition of Ginsberg's poem <a href="/wiki/Howl_(poem)" title="Howl (poem)">Howl</a>. It was at about the time of The Subterraneans that he was encouraged by Ginsberg and others to formally explain his style. Of his expositions of the spontaneous prose method, the most concise was "Belief and Technique for Modern Prose", a list of 30 "essential" maxims.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:45%; ; font-size: 12;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> ... and I shambled after as usual as I've been doing all my life after people who interest me, because the only people for me are the mad ones, the ones who are mad to live, mad to talk, mad to be saved, desirous of everything at the same time, the ones who never yawn or say a commonplace thing, but burn, burn, burn like fabulous yellow roman candles exploding like spiders across the stars and in the middle you see the blue centerlight pop and everybody goes "Awww!" </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/On_the_Road" title="On the Road">On the Road</a></cite></div> </div> Some believed that at times Kerouac's writing technique did not produce lively or energetic prose. <a href="/wiki/Truman_Capote" title="Truman Capote">Truman Capote</a> said of it, "That's not writing, it's typing".<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cassady" title="Carolyn Cassady">Carolyn Cassady</a> and others, he constantly rewrote and revised his work.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Although the body of Kerouac's work has been published in English, in addition to his poetry and letters to friends and family, he also wrote unpublished works of fiction in French. The existence of his two novels written in French, La nuit est ma femme and Sur le chemin was revealed to the general public in a series of articles published by journalist Gabriel Anctil, in the Montreal newspaper Le Devoir in 2007 and 2008.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> All these works, including La nuit est ma femme, Sur le chemin, and large sections of Maggie Cassidy (originally written in French), have now been published together in a volume entitled La vie est d'hommage (Boréal, 2016) edited by University of Pennsylvania professor Jean-Christophe Cloutier. In 1996, the Nouvelle Revue Française had already published excerpts and an article on "La nuit est ma femme", and scholar <a href="/wiki/Paul_Maher_Jr." title="Paul Maher Jr.">Paul Maher Jr.</a>, in his biography Kerouac: His Life and Work', discussed Sur le chemin. The novella, completed in five days in Mexico during December 1952, is a telling example of Kerouac's attempts at writing in his first language, a language he often called Canuck French. Kerouac refers to this short novel in a letter addressed to Neal Cassady (who is commonly known as the inspiration for the character Dean Moriarty) dated January 10, 1953. The published novel runs over 110 pages, having been reconstituted from six distinct files in the Kerouac archive by Professor Cloutier. Set in 1935, mostly on the East Coast, it explores some of the recurring themes of Kerouac's literature by way of a spoken word narrative. Here, as with most of his French writings, Kerouac writes with little regard for grammar or spelling, often relying on phonetics in order to render an authentic reproduction of the French-Canadian vernacular. Even though this work has the same title as one of his best known English novels, it is the original French version of an incomplete translation that later became Old Bull in the Bowery (now published in The Unknown Kerouac from the Library of America).<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The Unknown Kerouac, edited by Todd Tietchen, includes Cloutier's translation of La nuit est ma femme and the completed translation of Sur le Chemin under the title Old Bull in the Bowery. La nuit est ma femme was written in early 1951 and completed a few days or weeks before he began the original English version of On the Road, as many scholars, such as Paul Maher Jr., Joyce Johnson, Hassan Melehy, and Gabriel Anctil<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> have pointed out. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Influences">edit</a>]</div> Kerouac's early writing, particularly his first novel The Town and the City, was more conventional, and bore the strong influence of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe" title="Thomas Wolfe">Thomas Wolfe</a>. The technique Kerouac developed that later gained him notoriety was heavily influenced by jazz, especially <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a>, and later, Buddhism, as well as the Joan Anderson letter written by Neal Cassady.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sutra" title="Diamond Sutra">Diamond Sutra</a> was the most important Buddhist text for Kerouac, and "probably one of the three or four most influential things he ever read".<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 1955, he began an intensive study of this sutra, in a repeating weekly cycle, devoting one day to each of the six <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitās</a>, and the seventh to the concluding passage on <a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Samādhi">Samādhi</a>. This was his sole reading on Desolation Peak, and he hoped by this means to condition his mind to <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">emptiness</a>, and possibly to have a vision.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> was also a literary influence on Kerouac and alludes to Joyce's work more than any other author.<a href="#cite_note-findarticles.com-102">[102]</a> Kerouac had high esteem for Joyce and he often used Joyce's stream-of-consciousness technique.<a href="#cite_note-findarticles.com-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Beat_Literature-103">[103]</a> Regarding On the Road, he wrote in a letter to Ginsberg, "I can tell you now as I look back on the flood of language. It is like <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> and should be treated with the same gravity."<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Additionally, Kerouac admired Joyce's experimental use of language, as seen in his novel Visions of Cody, which uses an unconventional narrative as well as a multiplicity of authorial voices.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Kerouac and his literary works had a major impact on the popular rock music of the 1960s. Artists including <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Waits" title="Tom Waits">Tom Waits</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Grateful_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grateful Dead">the Grateful Dead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">the Doors</a> all credit Kerouac as a significant influence on their music and lifestyles. This is especially so with members of the band the Doors, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Morrison" title="Jim Morrison">Jim Morrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Manzarek" title="Ray Manzarek">Ray Manzarek</a>, who quote Jack Kerouac and his novel On the Road as one of the band's greatest influences.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In his book Light My Fire: My Life with The Doors, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Manzarek" title="Ray Manzarek">Ray Manzarek</a>, keyboard player of The Doors, wrote "I suppose if Jack Kerouac had never written On the Road, The Doors would never have existed." The <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/10,000_Maniacs" title="10,000 Maniacs">10,000 Maniacs</a> wrote a song bearing his name, "Hey Jack Kerouac" on their 1987 album <a href="/wiki/In_My_Tribe" title="In My Tribe">In My Tribe</a>. Hip-hop group the Beastie Boys mention Kerouac in their 1989 song, "3-Minute Rule", from the album Paul's Boutique.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The 2000 <a href="/wiki/Barenaked_Ladies" title="Barenaked Ladies">Barenaked Ladies</a> song, "Baby Seat", from the album <a href="/wiki/Maroon_(Barenaked_Ladies_album)" title="Maroon (Barenaked Ladies album)">Maroon</a>, references Kerouac.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> As the critic Juan Arabia has written in relation to Kerouac's work and rock 'n' roll: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In order to vindicate the cultural, ideological and aesthetic advancement in Kerouac's work and its relevance–and the genesis of rock ‘n' roll–one must first understand the origins of jazz and its offshoots. The first forms of jazz were formed in New Orleans from a melange of blues, work songs, marches, work songs, African and European music. Bop–the form of jazz that most influenced Kerouac–was created by <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American musicians</a> in New York basements between 1941 and 1945. Bop arose as a reaction to the perception of musical theft perpetrated by white entertainers (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a> and his swing band) in an attempt to reclaim the cultural property of the black community which had informed every popular music genre. There has always been an exchange of ideas and musical forms between black and white communities. For example, <a href="/wiki/Elvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Elvis">Elvis</a> sings gospel and blues and white country songs and some black rock n' roll artists sing in a manner similar to Elvis or borrow elements from European music or folk. Rock n' roll borrows elements from blues, country-western, <a href="/wiki/Boogie" title="Boogie">boogie</a>, and jazz. This is the scenario that surrounds the dénouement of Kerouac's work. It's in 1948 that he finishes his first novel, The Town and the City; very soon after came the birth–and its explosion of popularity in the 1950s–of rock ‘n' roll.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></blockquote> In 1974, the <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac_School" title="Jack Kerouac School">Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics</a> was opened in his honor by Allen Ginsberg and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Waldman" title="Anne Waldman">Anne Waldman</a> at Naropa University, a private Buddhist university in <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>. The school offers a BA in Writing and Literature, MFAs in Writing & Poetics and Creative Writing, and a summer writing program.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> From 1978 to 1992, Joy Walsh published 28 issues of a magazine devoted to Kerouac, <a href="/wiki/Moody_Street_Irregulars" title="Moody Street Irregulars">Moody Street Irregulars</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_Kerouac_Alley_street_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jack_Kerouac_Alley_street_sign.jpg/250px-Jack_Kerouac_Alley_street_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jack_Kerouac_Alley_street_sign.jpg/330px-Jack_Kerouac_Alley_street_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jack_Kerouac_Alley_street_sign.jpg/500px-Jack_Kerouac_Alley_street_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac_Alley" title="Jack Kerouac Alley">Jack Kerouac Alley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco" title="Chinatown, San Francisco">Chinatown, San Francisco</a></figcaption></figure> Kerouac's French-Canadian origins inspired a 1987 <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> docudrama, Jack Kerouac's Road: A Franco-American Odyssey,<a href="#cite_note-NFB1987-111">[111]</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%A9n%C3%A9gilde_Chiasson" title="Herménégilde Chiasson">Herménégilde Chiasson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-William_Lawlor-112">[112]</a> Other tributes in French Canada include the 1972 biography by novelist <a href="/wiki/Victor-L%C3%A9vy_Beaulieu" title="Victor-Lévy Beaulieu">Victor-Lévy Beaulieu</a> Jack Kérouac (essai-poulet), translated as Jack Kerouac: a chicken-essay, the second in a series of works by Beaulieu on his literary forefathers, and two songs that came out within months of each other in 1987 and 1988: "Sur la route" by Pierre Flynn, and "L'ange vagabond" by <a href="/wiki/Richard_S%C3%A9guin" title="Richard Séguin">Richard Séguin</a>. In the mid-1980s, Kerouac Park was placed in downtown <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> A street, rue Jack-Kerouac, is named after him in Quebec City, as well as in the hamlet of Kerouac, <a href="/wiki/Lanmeur" title="Lanmeur">Lanmeur</a>, Brittany. An annual Kerouac festival was established in Lanmeur in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In the 1980s, the city of San Francisco named a one-way street, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac_Alley" title="Jack Kerouac Alley">Jack Kerouac Alley</a>, in his honor in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco" title="Chinatown, San Francisco">Chinatown</a>. The character Hank in David Cronenberg's 1991 film <a href="/wiki/Naked_Lunch_(film)" title="Naked Lunch (film)">Naked Lunch</a> is based on Kerouac.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Kerouac was featured in clothing brand <a href="/wiki/Gap_Inc." title="Gap Inc.">Gap</a>'s 1993 "Who Wore Khakis" campaign, using a black and white photo of the poet taken in 1958 in Greenwich Village.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In 1997, the house on Clouser Avenue where <a href="/wiki/The_Dharma_Bums" title="The Dharma Bums">The Dharma Bums</a> was written was purchased by a newly formed non-profit group, <a href="/wiki/The_Jack_Kerouac_Writers_in_Residence_Project_of_Orlando,_Inc." title="The Jack Kerouac Writers in Residence Project of Orlando, Inc.">The Jack Kerouac Writers in Residence Project of Orlando, Inc.</a> This group provides opportunities for aspiring writers to live in the same house in which Kerouac was inspired, with room and board covered for three months. In 1998, the Chicago Tribune published a story by journalist <a href="/wiki/Oscar_J._Corral" title="Oscar J. Corral">Oscar J. Corral</a> that described a simmering legal dispute between Kerouac's family and the executor of daughter Jan Kerouac's estate, Gerald Nicosia. The article, citing legal documents, showed that Kerouac's estate, worth $91 at the time of his death, was worth $10 million in 1998. In 2005, Kerouac was mentioned in the single "Nolwenn Ohwo!" by French pop singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Nolwenn_Leroy" title="Nolwenn Leroy">Nolwenn Leroy</a>, released on her album Histoires Naturelles.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In 2007, Kerouac was posthumously awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell" title="University of Massachusetts Lowell">University of Massachusetts Lowell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In 2009, the movie One Fast Move or I'm Gone – Kerouac's Big Sur was released. It chronicles the time in Kerouac's life that led to his novel <a href="/wiki/Big_Sur_(novel)" title="Big Sur (novel)">Big Sur</a>, with actors, writers, artists, and close friends giving their insight into the book. The movie also describes the people and places on which Kerouac based his characters and settings, including the cabin in Bixby Canyon. An album released to accompany the movie, "One Fast Move or I'm Gone", features Benjamin Gibbard (<a href="/wiki/Death_Cab_for_Cutie" title="Death Cab for Cutie">Death Cab for Cutie</a>) and Jay Farrar (<a href="/wiki/Son_Volt" title="Son Volt">Son Volt</a>) performing songs based on Kerouac's Big Sur. In 2010, during the first weekend of October, the 25th anniversary of the literary festival "Lowell Celebrates Kerouac" was held in Kerouac's birthplace of Lowell, Massachusetts. It featured walking tours, literary seminars, and musical performances focused on Kerouac's work and that of the Beat Generation. In the 2010s, there was a surge in films based on the Beat Generation. Kerouac has been depicted in the films <a href="/wiki/Howl_(2010_film)" title="Howl (2010 film)">Howl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kill_Your_Darlings_(2013_film)" title="Kill Your Darlings (2013 film)">Kill Your Darlings</a>. A feature film version of <a href="/wiki/On_the_Road_(2012_film)" title="On the Road (2012 film)">On the Road</a> was released internationally in 2012, and was directed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Salles" title="Walter Salles">Walter Salles</a> and produced by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a>. Independent filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Polish_brothers" title="Polish brothers">Michael Polish</a> directed <a href="/wiki/Big_Sur_(film)" title="Big Sur (film)">Big Sur</a>, based on the novel, with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Barr" title="Jean-Marc Barr">Jean-Marc Barr</a> cast as Kerouac. The film was released in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> A species of Indian <a href="/wiki/Platygastridae" title="Platygastridae">platygastrid</a> wasp that is <a href="/wiki/Phoresis_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoresis (biology)">phoretic</a> (hitch-hiking) on grasshoppers is named after him as Mantibaria kerouaci.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In October 2015, a <a href="/wiki/Kerouac_(crater)" title="Kerouac (crater)">crater</a> on the planet <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> was named in his honor.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Cadets_Drum_and_Bugle_Corps" title="The Cadets Drum and Bugle Corps">The Cadets Drum and Bugle Corps</a> based their 2022 production Rearview Mirror off of Kerouac's travels across America and his novel <a href="/wiki/On_the_Road" title="On the Road">On the Road</a>. The 2023 <a href="/wiki/Dierks_Bentley" title="Dierks Bentley">Dierks Bentley</a> song "Walking Each Other Home" opens with the lyrics "Kerouac gave me a book of poems." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac_bibliography" title="Jack Kerouac bibliography">Jack Kerouac bibliography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Poetry">edit</a>]</div> While he is best known for his novels, Kerouac also wrote poetry. Kerouac said that he wanted "to be considered as a jazz poet blowing a long blues in an afternoon jazz session on Sunday.".<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Many of Kerouac's poems follow the style of his free-flowing, uninhibited prose, also incorporating elements of jazz and Buddhism. "Mexico City Blues," a collection of poems published in 1959, is made up of 242 choruses following the rhythms of jazz. In much of his poetry, to achieve a jazz-like rhythm, Kerouac made use of the long dash in place of a period. Several examples of this can be seen in "Mexico City Blues": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Everything Is Ignorant of its own emptiness— Anger Doesnt like to be reminded of fits— </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>fragment from 113th Chorus<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Other poems by Kerouac, such as "Bowery Blues," incorporate jazz rhythms with Buddhist themes of <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a>, the cycle of life and death, and <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a>, the concentration of composing the mind.<a href="#cite_note-poemhunter.com-126">[126]</a> Also, following the jazz / blues tradition, Kerouac's poetry features repetition and themes of the troubles and sense of loss experienced in life. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_editions">Posthumous editions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Posthumous editions">edit</a>]</div> In 2007, to coincide with the 50th anniversary of On the Road's publishing, Viking issued two new editions: On the Road: The Original Scroll and On the Road: 50th Anniversary Edition.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> By far the more significant is Scroll, a transcription of the original draft typed as one long paragraph on sheets of tracing paper which Kerouac taped together to form a 120-foot (37 m) scroll. The text is more sexually explicit than Viking allowed to be published in 1957, and also uses the real names of Kerouac's friends rather than the fictional names he later substituted. <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts" title="Indianapolis Colts">Indianapolis Colts</a> owner <a href="/wiki/Jim_Irsay" title="Jim Irsay">Jim Irsay</a> paid $2.43 million for the original scroll and allowed an exhibition tour that concluded at the end of 2009. The other new issue, 50th Anniversary Edition, is a reissue of the 40th anniversary issue under an updated title. The Kerouac/Burroughs manuscript <a href="/wiki/And_the_Hippos_Were_Boiled_in_Their_Tanks" title="And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks">And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks</a> was published for the first time on November 1, 2008, by <a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Previously, a fragment of the manuscript had been published in the Burroughs compendium, Word Virus.<a href="#cite_note-virus-130">[130]</a> Les Éditions du Boréal, a Montreal-based publishing house, obtained rights from Kerouac's estate to publish a collection of works titled La vie est d'hommage (it was released in April 2016). It includes 16 previously unpublished works, in French, including a novella, Sur le chemin, La nuit est ma femme, and large sections of Maggie Cassidy originally written in French. Both Sur le chemin and La nuit est ma femme have also been translated to English by Jean-Christophe Cloutier, in collaboration with Kerouac, and were published in 2016 by the Library of America in The Unknown Kerouac.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_executorship_and_representation">Literary executorship and representation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literary executorship and representation">edit</a>]</div> Kerouac's literary executor, after the death of his direct family members, was John Sampas, who had been married to Kerouac's sister. When he died, in 2017, his son took over.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discography">Discography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Discography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studio_albums">Studio albums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Studio albums">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_for_the_Beat_Generation" title="Poetry for the Beat Generation">Poetry for the Beat Generation</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Steve_Allen" title="Steve Allen">Steve Allen</a>) (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_and_Haikus" title="Blues and Haikus">Blues and Haikus</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Al_Cohn" title="Al Cohn">Al Cohn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoot_Sims" title="Zoot Sims">Zoot Sims</a>) (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readings_by_Jack_Kerouac_on_the_Beat_Generation" title="Readings by Jack Kerouac on the Beat Generation">Readings by Jack Kerouac on the Beat Generation</a> (1960)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compilation_albums">Compilation albums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Compilation albums">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Jack Kerouac Collection (1990) [Box] (Audio CD collection of three studio albums)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac_Reads_On_the_Road" title="Jack Kerouac Reads On the Road">Jack Kerouac Reads On the Road</a> (1999)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/jack-kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422043302/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/jack-kerouac">Archived</a> April 22, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Poetry Foundation. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Kerouac">"Kerouac"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kerouac&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FKerouac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKerouac2016" class="citation book cs1">Kerouac, Jack (September 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loa.org/books/516-the-unknown-kerouac-rare-unpublished-newly-translated-writings">The Unknown Kerouac: Rare, Unpublished & Newly Translated Writings</a>. New York: The Library of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-159853-498-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-159853-498-6"><bdi>978-159853-498-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220628193617/https://www.loa.org/books/516-the-unknown-kerouac-rare-unpublished-newly-translated-writings">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved December 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Kerouac%3A+Rare%2C+Unpublished+%26+Newly+Translated+Writings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Library+of+America&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft.isbn=978-159853-498-6&rft.aulast=Kerouac&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loa.org%2Fbooks%2F516-the-unknown-kerouac-rare-unpublished-newly-translated-writings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwartz1999" class="citation book cs1">Swartz, Omar (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PNRHQ96szrsC&pg=PA4">The view from on the road: the rhetorical vision of Jack Kerouac</a>. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2384-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2384-5"><bdi>978-0-8093-2384-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+view+from+on+the+road%3A+the+rhetorical+vision+of+Jack+Kerouac&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-2384-5&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPNRHQ96szrsC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKerouac1996" class="citation book cs1">Kerouac, Jack (June 1996). "Ma folle naissance crépusculaire - La nuit est ma femme". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/La-Nouvelle-Revue-Francaise/La-Nouvelle-Revue-Francaise424">La Nouvelle Revue Française</a>. Editions Gallimard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/207074521X" title="Special:BookSources/207074521X"><bdi>207074521X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512165739/http://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/La-Nouvelle-Revue-Francaise/La-Nouvelle-Revue-Francaise424">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ma+folle+naissance+cr%C3%A9pusculaire+-+La+nuit+est+ma+femme&rft.btitle=La+Nouvelle+Revue+Fran%C3%A7aise&rft.pub=Editions+Gallimard&rft.date=1996-06&rft.isbn=207074521X&rft.aulast=Kerouac&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallimard.fr%2FCatalogue%2FGALLIMARD%2FLa-Nouvelle-Revue-Francaise%2FLa-Nouvelle-Revue-Francaise424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPratte2016" class="citation book cs1">Pratte, Andre (November 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6HiSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16">Legacy: How French Canadians Shaped North America</a>. Signal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0771072413" title="Special:BookSources/978-0771072413"><bdi>978-0771072413</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy%3A+How+French+Canadians+Shaped+North+America&rft.pub=Signal&rft.date=2016-11-08&rft.isbn=978-0771072413&rft.aulast=Pratte&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6HiSCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy-Mera2018" class="citation book cs1">Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34217614">After American Studies: Rethinking the Legacies of Transnational Exceptionalism</a>. New York: Routledge. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-05405-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-05405-9"><bdi>978-1-138-05405-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025161000/https://www.academia.edu/34217614">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+American+Studies%3A+Rethinking+the+Legacies+of+Transnational+Exceptionalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-05405-9&rft.aulast=Herlihy-Mera&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34217614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2003" class="citation cs2">Martinez, Manuel Luis (2003), Countering the Counterculture: Rereading Postwar American Dissent from Jack Kerouac to Tomás Rivera, University of Wisconsin Press, p. 26, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-19284-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-19284-6"><bdi>978-0-299-19284-6</bdi></a>, <q>Kerouac appeared to have done an about-face, becoming extraordinarily reactionary and staunchly anticommunist, vocalizing his intense hatred of the 1960s counterculture ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Countering+the+Counterculture%3A+Rereading+Postwar+American+Dissent+from+Jack+Kerouac+to+Tom%C3%A1s+Rivera&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-299-19284-6&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=Manuel+Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988">; id. at p. 29 ("Kerouac realized where his basic allegiance lay and vehemently disassociated himself from hippies and revolutionaries and deemed them unpatriotic subversives."); id. at p. 30 ("Kerouac['s] ... attempt to play down any perceived responsibility on his part for the hippie generation, whose dangerous activism he found repellent and "delinquent."); id. at p. 111 ("Kerouac saw the hippies as mindless, communistic, rude, unpatriotic and soulless."); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaherAmram2007" class="citation cs2">Maher, Paul; Amram, David (2007), Kerouac: His Life and Work, Taylor Trade Publications, p. 469, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589793668" title="Special:BookSources/9781589793668"><bdi>9781589793668</bdi></a>, <q>In the current political climate, Kerouac wrote, he had nowhere to turn, as he liked neither the hippies ... nor the upper-echelon ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kerouac%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pages=469&rft.pub=Taylor+Trade+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781589793668&rft.aulast=Maher&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Amram%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Ann Charters, Samuel Charters, Brother-Souls: John Clellon Holmes, Jack Kerouac, and the Beat Generation, University Press of Mississippi, 2010, p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1983-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1983_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1983_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicosia1994">Nicosia 1994</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-dagier_;_Quéméner-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dagier_;_Quéméner_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dagier_;_Quéméner_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDagier2009">Dagier 2009</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222185908/http://www.genealogie.org/famille/kirouac/PlaquesCOMM_AN.htm">"genealogie.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genealogie.org/famille/kirouac/PlaquesCOMM_AN.htm">the original</a> on February 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=genealogie.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genealogie.org%2Ffamille%2Fkirouac%2FPlaquesCOMM_AN.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_M_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan M Kent">Alan M Kent</a>, Celtic Cornwall: Nation, Tradition, Invention. Halsgrove, 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Michael J. Dittman, Jack Kerouac: A Biography, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerrigan,_Ted1968" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Berrigan" title="Ted Berrigan">Berrigan, Ted</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528025958/http://www.parisreview.com/media/4260_KEROUAC.pdf">"The Art of Fiction No. 43: Jack Kerouac, pg. 49"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Paris_Review" title="The Paris Review">The Paris Review</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parisreview.com/media/4260_KEROUAC.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 28, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Fiction+No.+43%3A+Jack+Kerouac%2C+pg.+49&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Berrigan%2C+Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parisreview.com%2Fmedia%2F4260_KEROUAC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy-Mera2018" class="citation book cs1">Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34217614">After American Studies: Rethinking the Legacies of Transnational Exceptionalism</a>. New York: Routledge. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-05405-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-05405-9"><bdi>978-1-138-05405-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025161000/https://www.academia.edu/34217614">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+American+Studies%3A+Rethinking+the+Legacies+of+Transnational+Exceptionalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-05405-9&rft.aulast=Herlihy-Mera&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34217614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandison1999">Sandison 1999</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-culturewars.com-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-culturewars.com_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-culturewars.com_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-culturewars.com_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-culturewars.com_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-culturewars.com_18-4">e</a> Fellows, Mark <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturewars.com/CultureWars/1999/kerouac.html">The Apocalypse of Jack Kerouac: Meditations on the 30th Anniversary of his Death</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227101435/http://www.culturewars.com/CultureWars/1999/kerouac.html">Archived</a> February 27, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Culture Wars, November 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-beatmuseum.org-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beatmuseum.org_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-beatmuseum.org_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322094757/http://www.beatmuseum.org/kerouac/jackkerouac.html">"Jack Kerouac – bio and links"</a>. Beatmuseum.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beatmuseum.org/kerouac/jackkerouac.html">the original</a> on March 22, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jack+Kerouac+%E2%80%93+bio+and+links&rft.pub=Beatmuseum.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beatmuseum.org%2Fkerouac%2Fjackkerouac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDesmeules2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Desmeules, Christian (April 2, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/lire/467010/l-autre-kerouac">"L'autre Kerouac"</a>. Le Devoir (in French). Retrieved April 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Devoir&rft.atitle=L%27autre+Kerouac&rft.date=2016-04-02&rft.aulast=Desmeules&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Flire%2F467010%2Fl-autre-kerouac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.editionsboreal.qc.ca/catalogue/livres/vie-est-hommage-2490.html">"La vie est d'hommage"</a>. Éditions Boréal (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502190039/http://www.editionsboreal.qc.ca/catalogue/livres/vie-est-hommage-2490.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%89ditions+Bor%C3%A9al&rft.atitle=La+vie+est+d%27hommage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.editionsboreal.qc.ca%2Fcatalogue%2Flivres%2Fvie-est-hommage-2490.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmburn1999" class="citation book cs1">Amburn, Ellis (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bN0PJn6VCNIC">Subterranean Kerouac: The Hidden Life of Jack Kerouac</a>. MacMillan. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312206772" title="Special:BookSources/9780312206772"><bdi>9780312206772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subterranean+Kerouac%3A+The+Hidden+Life+of+Jack+Kerouac&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780312206772&rft.aulast=Amburn&rft.aufirst=Ellis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbN0PJn6VCNIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiles1998">Miles 1998</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerrigan1968">Berrigan 1968</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithThoreau-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SmithThoreau_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithThoreau_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Smith_(public_historian)" title="Richard Smith (public historian)">Smith, Richard</a> (2022). "'A model for the world': Jack Kerouac and Henry Thoreau". Thoreau Society Bulletin. 318: 1–2. <q>exposure to Thoreau caused Kerouac to consider abandoning his scholarship and college education and 'living in the woods like Thoreau.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thoreau+Society+Bulletin&rft.atitle=%27A+model+for+the+world%27%3A+Jack+Kerouac+and+Henry+Thoreau&rft.volume=318&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoore2012" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Dave (July 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emptymirrorbooks.com/beat/seymour-wyse-interview">"Kerouac — "My really best friend…" an interview with Seymour Wyse by Dave Moore"</a>. www.emptymirrorbooks.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305112415/https://www.emptymirrorbooks.com/beat/seymour-wyse-interview">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.emptymirrorbooks.com&rft.atitle=Kerouac+%E2%80%94+%22My+really+best+friend%E2%80%A6%22+an+interview+with+Seymour+Wyse+by+Dave+Moore&rft.date=2012-07-16&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emptymirrorbooks.com%2Fbeat%2Fseymour-wyse-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kilburnwesthampstead.blogspot.com/2020/12/seymour-wyse-friend-of-jack-kerouac.html">"Seymour Wyse: friend of Jack Kerouac"</a>. www.kilburnwesthampstead.blogspot.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128202443/http://kilburnwesthampstead.blogspot.com/2020/12/seymour-wyse-friend-of-jack-kerouac.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2021. 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Retrieved November 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LITTLE+SHOPPE+OF+FLOWERS%22+%22Ozone+Park%22+Queens+%22New+York&rft.pub=Google+Maps&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.google.com%2Fmaps%3Fhl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26num%3D100%26um%3D1%26ie%3DUTF-8%26q%3D%2522LITTLE%2BSHOPPE%2BOF%2BFLOWERS%2522%2B%2522Ozone%2BPark%2522%2BQueens%2B%2522New%2BYork%2522%26fb%3D1%26split%3D1%26gl%3Dus%26cid%3D0%2C0%2C6055163161404423961%26ei%3DrL37SfO0BZmSswOXo731AQ%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dlocal_result%26ct%3Dimage%26resnum%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-epic-45"><a href="#cite_ref-epic_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolf,_Stephen2007" class="citation web cs1">Wolf, Stephen (November 21–27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706005254/http://thevillager.com/villager_238/anepic.html">"An epic journey through the life of Jack Kerouac"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Villager_(Manhattan)" title="The Villager (Manhattan)">The Villager</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thevillager.com/villager_238/anepic.html">the original</a> on July 6, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Villager&rft.atitle=An+epic+journey+through+the+life+of+Jack+Kerouac&rft.date=2007-11-21%2F2007-11-27&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thevillager.com%2Fvillager_238%2Fanepic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBriere2006" class="citation news cs1">Briere, Rachel R. (October 6, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowellsun.com/2006/10/06/you-dont-know-jack-about-kerouac/">"You don't know Jack about Kerouac"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(Lowell)" title="The Sun (Lowell)">The Sun (Lowell)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727173738/https://www.lowellsun.com/2006/10/06/you-dont-know-jack-about-kerouac/">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun+%28Lowell%29&rft.atitle=You+don%27t+know+Jack+about+Kerouac&rft.date=2006-10-06&rft.aulast=Briere&rft.aufirst=Rachel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowellsun.com%2F2006%2F10%2F06%2Fyou-dont-know-jack-about-kerouac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amburn-47"><a href="#cite_ref-amburn_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmburn,_Ellis1999" class="citation book cs1">Amburn, Ellis (October 5, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bN0PJn6VCNIC&pg=PA164">Subterranean Kerouac: the hidden life of Jack Kerouac</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312206772" title="Special:BookSources/9780312206772"><bdi>9780312206772</bdi></a>. Retrieved September 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subterranean+Kerouac%3A+the+hidden+life+of+Jack+Kerouac&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1999-10-05&rft.isbn=9780312206772&rft.au=Amburn%2C+Ellis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbN0PJn6VCNIC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sante-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sante_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sante_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSante,_Luc2007" class="citation news cs1">Sante, Luc (August 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/books/review/Sante2-t-1.html">"On the Road Again"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124092512/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/books/review/Sante2-t-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+the+Road+Again&rft.date=2007-08-19&rft.au=Sante%2C+Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F08%2F19%2Fbooks%2Freview%2FSante2-t-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-allthings-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allthings_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allthings_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShea,_Andrea2007" class="citation web cs1">Shea, Andrea (July 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14112461">"Jack Kerouac's Famous Scroll, 'On the Road' Again"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710223807/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14112461">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jack+Kerouac%27s+Famous+Scroll%2C+%27On+the+Road%27+Again&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2007-07-05&rft.au=Shea%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D14112461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-weekendedition-50"><a href="#cite_ref-weekendedition_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVitale,_Tom2007" class="citation web cs1">Vitale, Tom (September 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14112461">"'On the Road' at 50"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710223807/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14112461">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2022. Retrieved February 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27On+the+Road%27+at+50&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2007-09-01&rft.au=Vitale%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D14112461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight1996">Knight 1996</a>, pp. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/jan-kerouac-dlb/">Jan Kerouac Biography</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206144048/http://www.bookrags.com/biography/jan-kerouac-dlb/">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved May 10, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jan+Kerouac+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fbiography%2Fjan-kerouac-dlb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2001" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, James (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xq-AZZ-zXkcC&pg=PA142">This is the Beat Generation: New York, San Francisco, Paris</a>. University of California Press. pp. 138–139, 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23033-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23033-7"><bdi>0-520-23033-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+is+the+Beat+Generation%3A+New+York%2C+San+Francisco%2C+Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E139%2C+142&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001-11&rft.isbn=0-520-23033-7&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxq-AZZ-zXkcC%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsobserver.com/entertainment/books/article10358366.html">"The Road to Rocky Mount"</a>. newsobserver. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170530/https://www.newsobserver.com/entertainment/books/article10358366.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=newsobserver&rft.atitle=The+Road+to+Rocky+Mount&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsobserver.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2Farticle10358366.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aceswebworld.com/kerouac8.html">"Jack Kerouac: All Roads Lead to Rocky Mount by Daniel Barth (pg 8)"</a>. www.aceswebworld.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170147/http://www.aceswebworld.com/kerouac8.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aceswebworld.com&rft.atitle=Jack+Kerouac%3A+All+Roads+Lead+to+Rocky+Mount+by+Daniel+Barth+%28pg+8%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aceswebworld.com%2Fkerouac8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dharmabeat.com/someofdharma.html">"DHARMA beat – A Jack Kerouac Website"</a>. www.dharmabeat.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802024916/http://www.dharmabeat.com/someofdharma.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dharmabeat.com&rft.atitle=DHARMA+beat+%E2%80%93+A+Jack+Kerouac+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dharmabeat.com%2Fsomeofdharma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Wake Up! on Amazon.com.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFisher2001" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, James Terence (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q08cuo8-7ggC">The Catholic Counterculture in America, 1933–1962</a>. UNC Press. pp. 216, 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807849491" title="Special:BookSources/9780807849491"><bdi>9780807849491</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Counterculture+in+America%2C+1933%E2%80%931962&rft.pages=216%2C+237&rft.pub=UNC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780807849491&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=James+Terence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ08cuo8-7ggC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytreview-59"><a href="#cite_ref-nytreview_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillstein1957" class="citation news cs1">Millstein, Gilbert (September 5, 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/07/home/kerouac-roadglowing.html">"Books of the Times"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110202842/http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/07/home/kerouac-roadglowing.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Books+of+the+Times&rft.date=1957-09-05&rft.aulast=Millstein&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F97%2F09%2F07%2Fhome%2Fkerouac-roadglowing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jack-Kerouac">"Jack Kerouac | Biography & Facts"</a>. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080808112334/http://partners.nytimes.com/books/97/09/07/home/kerouac-conference.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2008. Retrieved December 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Beat+Generation+Elders+Meet+to+Praise+Kerouac&rft.date=1982-07-30&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=WIilliam+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpartners.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F97%2F09%2F07%2Fhome%2Fkerouac-conference.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLelyveld1969" class="citation news cs1">Lelyveld, Joseph (October 22, 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/07/home/kerouac-obit.html">"Jack Kerouac, Novelist, Dead; Father of the Beat Generation"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421015018/http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/07/home/kerouac-obit.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jack+Kerouac%2C+Novelist%2C+Dead%3B+Father+of+the+Beat+Generation&rft.date=1969-10-22&rft.aulast=Lelyveld&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F97%2F09%2F07%2Fhome%2Fkerouac-obit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuiter2002">Suiter 2002</a>, p. 237 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerrigan1968">Berrigan 1968</a>, pp. 19–20 </li> <li id="cite_note-suiter-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suiter_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suiter_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuiter2002">Suiter 2002</a>, p. 229 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuiter2002">Suiter 2002</a>, p. 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuiter2002">Suiter 2002</a>, pp. 242–243 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, John (August 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928194159/http://www.photoeye.com/magazine/reviews/2008/05_21_pull_my_daisy.cfm">"Is Pull My Daisy Holy?"</a>. photo-eye Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photoeye.com/magazine/reviews/2008/05_21_pull_my_daisy.cfm">the original</a> on September 28, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Pull+My+Daisy+Holy%3F&rft.pub=photo-eye+Magazine&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.photoeye.com%2Fmagazine%2Freviews%2F2008%2F05_21_pull_my_daisy.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southern_Illinois_University_Press-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southern_Illinois_University_Press_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern_Illinois_University_Press_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMills2006" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Katie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KsfXQbGmBKsC&pg=PA76">The Road Story and the Rebel; Moving Through Film, Fiction and television</a>. IL, USA: Southern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809388172" title="Special:BookSources/9780809388172"><bdi>9780809388172</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+Story+and+the+Rebel%3B+Moving+Through+Film%2C+Fiction+and+television&rft.place=IL%2C+USA&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780809388172&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKsfXQbGmBKsC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211029/3LLpNKo09Xk">"Jack Kerouac on The Steve Allen Plymouth Show (1959)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. November 13, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LLpNKo09Xk">the original</a> on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Jack+Kerouac+on+The+Steve+Allen+Plymouth+Show+%281959%29&rft.date=2008-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D3LLpNKo09Xk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Un dornad plu, Youenn Gwernig, Al Liamm, 1997, page 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.providencejournal.com/story/entertainment/books/2019/11/28/on-cape-with-jack-kerouac/2192896007/">"On the Cape with Jack Kerouac"</a>. The Providence Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201184759/https://www.providencejournal.com/story/entertainment/books/2019/11/28/on-cape-with-jack-kerouac/2192896007/">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved May 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Providence+Journal&rft.atitle=On+the+Cape+with+Jack+Kerouac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.providencejournal.com%2Fstory%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2F2019%2F11%2F28%2Fon-cape-with-jack-kerouac%2F2192896007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Brinkley" title="Douglas Brinkley">Brinkley, Douglas</a>, ed. Kerouac: Road Novels 1957–1960. New York: The Library of America, 2007. pp. 844–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-hippiehate-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hippiehate_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hippiehate_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118221702/http://faculty.uml.edu/sgallagher/Buckley.html">"Digital Beats : Jack Kerouac"</a>. Faculty.uml.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.uml.edu/sgallagher/Buckley.html">the original</a> on January 18, 2015. Retrieved November 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Beats+%3A+Jack+Kerouac&rft.pub=Faculty.uml.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.uml.edu%2Fsgallagher%2FBuckley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Gore Vidal quotes Ginsberg speaking of Kerouac: "'You know around 1968, when we were all protesting the Vietnam War, Jack wrote me that the war was just an excuse for 'you Jews to be spiteful again.'" Gore Vidal, Palimpsest: A Memoir, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-44038-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-44038-0">0-679-44038-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLarson" class="citation news cs1">Larson, Jordan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/10/what-hollywood-gets-wrong-about-jack-kerouac-and-the-beat-generation/280612/">"What Hollywood Gets Wrong About Jack Kerouac and the Beat Generation"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131093003/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/10/what-hollywood-gets-wrong-about-jack-kerouac-and-the-beat-generation/280612/">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+Hollywood+Gets+Wrong+About+Jack+Kerouac+and+the+Beat+Generation&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fentertainment%2Farchive%2F2013%2F10%2Fwhat-hollywood-gets-wrong-about-jack-kerouac-and-the-beat-generation%2F280612%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScheffler2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Scheffler, Ian (September 6, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/sporting-scene/football-and-the-fall-of-jack-kerouac">"Football and the Fall of Jack Kerouac"</a>. The New Yorker. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165159/https://www.newyorker.com/news/sporting-scene/football-and-the-fall-of-jack-kerouac">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Football+and+the+Fall+of+Jack+Kerouac&rft.date=2013-09-06&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Scheffler&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fsporting-scene%2Ffootball-and-the-fall-of-jack-kerouac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-collegian-78"><a href="#cite_ref-collegian_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921165902/http://digitalnewspapers.libraries.psu.edu/Default/Skins/BasicArch/Client.asp?Skin=BasicArch&&AppName=2&enter=true&BaseHref=DCG%2F1969%2F10%2F22&EntityId=Ar00402">"Author Kerouac Dies; Led 'Beat Generation'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Collegian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Daily Collegian">The Daily Collegian</a>. October 22, 1969. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalnewspapers.libraries.psu.edu/Default/Skins/BasicArch/Client.asp?Skin=BasicArch&&AppName=2&enter=true&BaseHref=DCG/1969/10/22&EntityId=Ar00402">the original</a> on September 21, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Collegian&rft.atitle=Author+Kerouac+Dies%3B+Led+%27Beat+Generation%27&rft.date=1969-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalnewspapers.libraries.psu.edu%2FDefault%2FSkins%2FBasicArch%2FClient.asp%3FSkin%3DBasicArch%26%26AppName%3D2%26enter%3Dtrue%26BaseHref%3DDCG%2F1969%2F10%2F22%26EntityId%3DAr00402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-79"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKilgannon2006" class="citation news cs1">Kilgannon, Corey (December 31, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/31/nyregion/31kerouac.html">"For Kerouac, Off the Road and Deep into the Bottle, a Rest Stop on the Long Island Shore"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201025047/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/31/nyregion/31kerouac.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Kerouac%2C+Off+the+Road+and+Deep+into+the+Bottle%2C+a+Rest+Stop+on+the+Long+Island+Shore&rft.date=2006-12-31&rft.aulast=Kilgannon&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F31%2Fnyregion%2F31kerouac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Free_Articles_Directory-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Free_Articles_Directory_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130221100012/http://articlime.com/article135145-investigating-death-jack-kerouac.html#comment-9250">"Investigating the Death of Jack Kerouac"</a>. May 13, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articlime.com/article135145-investigating-death-jack-kerouac.html#comment-9250">the original</a> on February 21, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Investigating+the+Death+of+Jack+Kerouac&rft.date=2011-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticlime.com%2Farticle135145-investigating-death-jack-kerouac.html%23comment-9250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 25332). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaher2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Maher_Jr." title="Paul Maher Jr.">Maher, Paul</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UyYjgJ4NUnYC&q=who+inherited+jack+kerouac%27s+estate&pg=PA479">Kerouac: His Life and Work</a>. Maryland: Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 479. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58979-366-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58979-366-8"><bdi>978-1-58979-366-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kerouac%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.place=Maryland&rft.pages=479&rft.pub=Taylor+Trade+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-58979-366-8&rft.aulast=Maher&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUyYjgJ4NUnYC%26q%3Dwho%2Binherited%2Bjack%2Bkerouac%2527s%2Bestate%26pg%3DPA479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHunt2014" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Tim (2014). The textuality of soulwork : Jack Kerouac's quest for spontaneous prose. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-07216-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-07216-3"><bdi>978-0-472-07216-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+textuality+of+soulwork+%3A+Jack+Kerouac%27s+quest+for+spontaneous+prose&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-472-07216-3&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuiter2002">Suiter 2002</a>, p. 186 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuiter2002">Suiter 2002</a>, p. 189 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuiter2002">Suiter 2002</a>, p. 228 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOxley2023" class="citation web cs1">Oxley, Dyer (August 29, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kuow.org/stories/fire-lookout-that-author-jack-kerouac-wrote-about-is-in-danger-of-burning-in-washington-state">"Fire lookout that author Jack Kerouac wrote about is in danger of burning in Washington state"</a>. KUOW. Retrieved June 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KUOW&rft.atitle=Fire+lookout+that+author+Jack+Kerouac+wrote+about+is+in+danger+of+burning+in+Washington+state&rft.date=2023-08-29&rft.aulast=Oxley&rft.aufirst=Dyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuow.org%2Fstories%2Ffire-lookout-that-author-jack-kerouac-wrote-about-is-in-danger-of-burning-in-washington-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theculturium.com/jack-kerouac-alone-on-a-mountaintop/">"Jack Kerouac: Alone on a Mountaintop"</a>. The Culturium. June 2, 2024. 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Retrieved June 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistoryLink.org&rft.atitle=Author+Jack+Kerouac+spends+63+days+as+a+fire+lookout+on+Desolation+Pe&rft.date=2006-12-18&rft.aulast=Wilma&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylink.org%2Ffile%2F8034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrobel2000" class="citation book cs1">Grobel, Lawrence (2000). Conversations with Capote. Da Capo Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80944-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80944-3"><bdi>0-306-80944-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversations+with+Capote&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-306-80944-3&rft.aulast=Grobel&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShea" class="citation web cs1">Shea, Andrea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11709924">"Jack Kerouac's Famous Scroll, 'On the Road' Again"</a>. NPR.org. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710061640/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11709924">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Jack+Kerouac%27s+Famous+Scroll%2C+%27On+the+Road%27+Again&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D11709924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/lire/155613/les-50-ans-d-on-the-road-kerouac-voulait-ecrire-en-francais">"Kerouac voulait écrire en français"</a>. September 5, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kerouac+voulait+%C3%A9crire+en+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.date=2007-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Flire%2F155613%2Fles-50-ans-d-on-the-road-kerouac-voulait-ecrire-en-francais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/lire/156026/kerouac-le-francais-et-le-quebec">"Kerouac, le français et le Québec"</a>. September 8, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kerouac%2C+le+fran%C3%A7ais+et+le+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2007-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Flire%2F156026%2Fkerouac-le-francais-et-le-quebec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/lire/203916/sur-le-chemin">"Sur le chemin"</a>. September 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sur+le+chemin&rft.date=2008-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Flire%2F203916%2Fsur-le-chemin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loa.org/news-and-views/1107-forthcoming-from-library-of-america-summer-fall-2016">"Forthcoming from Library of America: Summer–Fall 2016 | Library of America"</a>. www.loa.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160530161642/https://www.loa.org/news-and-views/1107-forthcoming-from-library-of-america-summer-fall-2016">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2016. 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Underground Press. p. 387. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42789161">42789161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Third&rft.pages=387&rft.pub=Underground+Press&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42789161&rft.aulast=Cassady&rft.aufirst=Neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuiter2002">Suiter 2002</a>, p. 191 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuiter2002">Suiter 2002</a>, p. 210 </li> <li id="cite_note-findarticles.com-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-findarticles.com_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-findarticles.com_102-1">b</a> Begnal, Michael, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111203004051/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3362/is_2_77/ai_n28721379/">"I Dig Joyce": Jack Kerouac and Finnegans Wake</a>, Philological Quarterly, Spring 1998 </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Beat_Literature-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Beat_Literature_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yzVV1Hl1NvAC">Encyclopedia of Beat Literature</a>. 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March 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+honor+of+Jack+Kerouac%27s+98th+birthday%2C+let%27s+look+back+at+his+time+as+a+Gap+model.&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flithub.com%2Fin-honor-of-jack-kerouacs-98th-birthday-lets-look-back-at-his-time-as-a-gap-model%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musixmatch.com/lyrics/Nolwenn-Leroy/Nolwenn-Ohwo">"Nolwenn Ohwo! - Lyrics"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514130611/https://www.musixmatch.com/lyrics/Nolwenn-Leroy/Nolwenn-Ohwo">Archived</a> May 14, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.Musixmatch.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uml.edu/Media/PressReleases/Commencement_2007.html">"UMass Lowell Honors Jack Kerouac, U.S. Rep. 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March 2, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/Entertainment/2008/03/02/new_kerouac-burroughs_book_due_out/2264/">the original</a> on December 7, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=New+Kerouac-Burroughs+book+due+out&rft.date=2008-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FNewsTrack%2FEntertainment%2F2008%2F03%2F02%2Fnew_kerouac-burroughs_book_due_out%2F2264%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-virus-130"><a href="#cite_ref-virus_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurroughs1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">Burroughs, William</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wordviruswilliam00burr/page/576">Word virus</a>. Grove Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wordviruswilliam00burr/page/576">576</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-1629-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-1629-9"><bdi>0-8021-1629-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word+virus&rft.pages=576&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8021-1629-9&rft.aulast=Burroughs&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwordviruswilliam00burr%2Fpage%2F576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/jack-kerouac-s-rare-french-novels-to-be-released-by-canadian-publishers-1.2953512">"Jack Kerouac's rare French novels to be released by Canadian publishers"</a>. CBC/Radio-Canada. February 11, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214011136/http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/jack-kerouac-s-rare-french-novels-to-be-released-by-canadian-publishers-1.2953512">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jack+Kerouac%27s+rare+French+novels+to+be+released+by+Canadian+publishers&rft.date=2015-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Farts%2Fjack-kerouac-s-rare-french-novels-to-be-released-by-canadian-publishers-1.2953512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/unpublished-jack-kerouac-writings-to-be-released-1.2230909">"Unpublished Jack Kerouac writings to be released"</a>. Relaxnews. CTV News. February 11, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215190719/http://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/unpublished-jack-kerouac-writings-to-be-released-1.2230909">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Relaxnews&rft.atitle=Unpublished+Jack+Kerouac+writings+to+be+released&rft.date=2015-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fentertainment%2Funpublished-jack-kerouac-writings-to-be-released-1.2230909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFshowbiz4112017" class="citation web cs1">showbiz411 (April 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.showbiz411.com/2017/04/04/jack-kerouacs-estate-takes-a-new-turn-as-longtime-custodian-john-sampas-dies-at-84">"Jack Kerouac's Estate Takes A New Turn as Longtime Custodian John Sampas Dies at 84"</a>. Showbiz411. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220912181204/https://www.showbiz411.com/2017/04/04/jack-kerouacs-estate-takes-a-new-turn-as-longtime-custodian-john-sampas-dies-at-84">Archived</a> from the original on September 12, 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Showbiz411&rft.atitle=Jack+Kerouac%27s+Estate+Takes+A+New+Turn+as+Longtime+Custodian+John+Sampas+Dies+at+84&rft.date=2017-04-04&rft.au=showbiz411&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.showbiz411.com%2F2017%2F04%2F04%2Fjack-kerouacs-estate-takes-a-new-turn-as-longtime-custodian-john-sampas-dies-at-84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerrigan1968" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Berrigan, Ted (Summer 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027203508/http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4260/the-art-of-fiction-no-41-jack-kerouac">"Jack Kerouac, The Art of Fiction No. 41"</a>. The Paris Review. Summer 1968 (43). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4260/the-art-of-fiction-no-41-jack-kerouac">the original</a> on October 27, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=Jack+Kerouac%2C+The+Art+of+Fiction+No.+41&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=Summer+1968&rft.issue=43&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Berrigan&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F4260%2Fthe-art-of-fiction-no-41-jack-kerouac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDagier2009" class="citation book cs1">Dagier, Patricia (2009). Jack Kerouac, Breton d'Amérique. Editions Le Télégramme.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jack+Kerouac%2C+Breton+d%27Am%C3%A9rique&rft.pub=Editions+Le+T%C3%A9l%C3%A9gramme&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Dagier&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnight1996" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Brenda (1996). Women of the Beat Generation: The Writers, Artists and Muses at the Heart of a Revolution. Conari Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57324-138-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57324-138-5"><bdi>1-57324-138-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Beat+Generation%3A+The+Writers%2C+Artists+and+Muses+at+the+Heart+of+a+Revolution&rft.pub=Conari+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-57324-138-5&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiles1998" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Barry (1998). Jack Kerouac: King of the Beats. Virgin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jack+Kerouac%3A+King+of+the+Beats&rft.pub=Virgin&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicosia1994" class="citation book cs1">Nicosia, Gerald (1994). Memory Babe: A Critical Biography of Jack Kerouac. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08569-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08569-8"><bdi>0-520-08569-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory+Babe%3A+A+Critical+Biography+of+Jack+Kerouac&rft.pub=Berkeley%3A+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-520-08569-8&rft.aulast=Nicosia&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSandison1999" class="citation book cs1">Sandison, David (1999). Jack Kerouac. Hamlyn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jack+Kerouac&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Sandison&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuiter2002" class="citation book cs1">Suiter, John (2002). Poets on the Peaks Gary Snyder, Philip Whalen, and Jack Kerouac in the North Cascades. Counterpoint. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58243-148-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58243-148-5"><bdi>1-58243-148-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poets+on+the+Peaks+Gary+Snyder%2C+Philip+Whalen%2C+and+Jack+Kerouac+in+the+North+Cascades&rft.pub=Counterpoint&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58243-148-5&rft.aulast=Suiter&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Amburm, Ellis. Subterranean Kerouac: The Hidden Life of Jack Kerouac. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-20677-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-20677-1">0-312-20677-1</a>.</li> <li>Amram, David. Offbeat: Collaborating with Kerouac. Thunder's Mouth Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56025-362-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56025-362-2">1-56025-362-2</a>.</li> <li>Bartlett, Lee (ed.). The Beats: Essays in Criticism. London: McFarland, 1981.</li> <li>Beaulieu, Victor-Lévy. Jack Kerouac: A Chicken Essay. Coach House Press, 1975.</li> <li>Brooks, Ken. The Jack Kerouac Digest. Agenda, 2001.</li> <li>Cassady, Carolyn. Neal Cassady Collected Letters, 1944–1967. Penguin, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-200217-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-200217-8">0-14-200217-8</a>.</li> <li>Cassady, Carolyn. <a href="/wiki/Off_the_Road" title="Off the Road">Off the Road: Twenty Years with Cassady, Kerouac and Ginsberg</a>. <a href="/wiki/Black_Spring_Press" title="Black Spring Press">Black Spring Press</a>, 1990.</li> <li>Challis, Chris. Quest for Kerouac. Faber & Faber, 1984.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Charters" title="Ann Charters">Charters, Ann</a>. Kerouac. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Straight_Arrow_Press" title="Straight Arrow Press">Straight Arrow Books</a>, 1973.</li> <li>Charters, Ann (ed.). The Portable Beat Reader. New York: Penguin, 1992.</li> <li>Charters, Ann (ed.). The Portable Jack Kerouac. New York: Penguin, 1995.</li> <li>Christy, Jim. The Long Slow Death of Jack Kerouac. ECW Press, 1998.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChiasson1987" class="citation web cs1">Chiasson, Herménégilde (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfb.ca/film/jack_kerouacs_road_francoamerican_odyssey/">"Jack Kerouac's Road – A Franco-American Odyssey"</a>. Online documentary. <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718092028/http://www.nfb.ca/film/jack_kerouacs_road_francoamerican_odyssey">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+documentary&rft.atitle=Jack+Kerouac%27s+Road+%E2%80%93+A+Franco-American+Odyssey&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Chiasson&rft.aufirst=Herm%C3%A9n%C3%A9gilde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfb.ca%2Ffilm%2Fjack_kerouacs_road_francoamerican_odyssey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clark_(poet)" title="Tom Clark (poet)">Clark, Tom</a>. Jack Kerouac. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1984.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Coolidge" title="Clark Coolidge">Coolidge, Clark</a>. Now It's Jazz: Writings on Kerouac & the Sounds. Living Batch, 1999.</li> <li>Collins, Ronald & Skover, David. Mania: The Story of the Outraged & Outrageous Lives that Launched a Cultural Revolution (Top-Five Books, March 2013).</li> <li>Cook, Bruce. The Beat Generation. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-12371-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-12371-1">0-684-12371-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDagier1999" class="citation book cs1">Dagier, Patricia (1999). Jack Kerouac: Au Bout de la Route ... La Bretagne. An Here.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jack+Kerouac%3A+Au+Bout+de+la+Route+...+La+Bretagne&rft.pub=An+Here&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Dagier&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+Kerouac" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dale, Rick. The Beat Handbook: 100 Days of Kerouactions. Booksurge, 2008.</li> <li>Edington, Stephen. Kerouac's Nashua Roots. Transition, 1999.</li> <li>Ellis, R. J. Liar! Liar! Jack Kerouac – Novelist. Greenwich Exchange, 1999.</li> <li>French, Warren. Jack Kerouac. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1986.</li> <li>Gaffié, Luc. Jack Kerouac: The New Picaroon. Postillion Press, 1975.</li> <li>Giamo, Ben. Kerouac, The Word and The Way. Southern Illinois University Press, 2000.</li> <li>Gifford, Barry. Kerouac's Town. Creative Arts, 1977.</li> <li>Gifford, Barry; Lee, Lawrence. Jack's Book: An Oral Biography of Jack Kerouac. St. Martin's Press, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-005269-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-005269-0">0-14-005269-0</a>.</li> <li>Grace, Nancy M. Jack Kerouac and the Literary Imagination. Palgrave-macmillan, 2007.</li> <li>Goldstein, N. W. "Kerouac's On the Road". Explicator 50.1. 1991.</li> <li>Harma, Tanguy. The Paradox of Thanatos: Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, From Self-destruction to Self-liberation. Peter Lang, 2022.</li> <li>Haynes, Sarah, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070427060537/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Miscellaneous/KerouacBuddhism.html">"An Exploration of Jack Kerouac's Buddhism:Text and Life"</a></li> <li>Hemmer, Kurt. Encyclopedia of Beat Literature: The Essential Guide to the Lives and Works of the Beat Writers. Facts on File, Inc., 2007.</li> <li>Hernandez, Tim Z. "Mañana Means Heaven". The University of Arizona Press, 2013.</li> <li>Hipkiss, Robert A. Jack Kerouac: Prophet of the New Romanticism. Regents Press, 1976.</li> <li>Holmes, John Clellon. Visitor: Jack Kerouac in Old Saybrook. tuvoti, 1981.</li> <li>Holmes, John Clellon. Gone In October: Last Reflections on Jack Kerouac. Limberlost, 1985.</li> <li>Holton, Robert. On the Road: Kerouac's Ragged American Journey. Twayne, 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hrebeniak" title="Michael Hrebeniak">Hrebeniak, Michael</a>. Action Writing: Jack Kerouac"s Wild Form. Carbondale IL., Southern Illinois UP, 2006.</li> <li>Huebel, Harry Russell. Jack Kerouac. <a href="/wiki/Boise_State_University" title="Boise State University">Boise State University</a>, 1979.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212023409/http://digital.boisestate.edu/u?/western,31">available online</a></li> <li>Hunt, Tim. Kerouac's Crooked Road. Hamden: Archon Books, 1981.</li> <li>Jarvis, Charles. Visions of Kerouac. Ithaca Press, 1973.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Johnson_(author)" title="Joyce Johnson (author)">Johnson, Joyce</a>. Minor Characters: A Young Woman's Coming-Of-Age in the Beat Orbit of Jack Kerouac. Penguin Books, 1999.</li> <li>Johnson, Joyce. Door Wide Open: A Beat Love Affair in Letters, 1957–1958. Viking, 2000.</li> <li>Johnson, Joyce. The Voice is All: The Lonely Victory of Jack Kerouac. Viking Press. 2012.</li> <li>Johnson, Joyce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2022/03/02/jack-kerouacs-journey/">"Jack Kerouac's Journey"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814185056/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2022/03/02/jack-kerouacs-journey/">Archived</a> August 14, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The New York Review of Books, March 2, 2022.</li> <li>Johnson, Ronna C., "You're Putting Me On: Jack Kerouac and the Postmodern Emergence". College Literature. 27.1 2000.</li> <li>Jones, James T. A Map of Mexico City Blues: Jack Kerouac as Poet. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_Press" title="Southern Illinois University Press">Southern Illinois University Press</a>, 1992.</li> <li>Jones, James T. Jack Kerouac's Duluoz Legend. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999.</li> <li>Jones, Jim. Use My Name: Kerouac's Forgotten Families. ECW Press, 1999.</li> <li>Jones, Jim. Jack Kerouac's Nine Lives. Elbow/Cityful Press, 2001.</li> <li>Kealing, Bob. Kerouac in Florida: Where the Road Ends. Arbiter Press, 2004.</li> <li>Kerouac, Joan Haverty. Nobody's Wife: The Smart Aleck and the King of the Beats. Creative Arts, 2000.</li> <li>Landefeld, Kurt. Jack's Memoirs: Off the Road, A Novel. Bottom Dog Press, 2014.</li> <li>Le Bihan, Adrien. Mon frère, Jack Kerouac, Le temps qu'il fait, 2018. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782868536341" title="Special:BookSources/9782868536341">9782868536341</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(journalist)" title="John Leland (journalist)">Leland, John</a>. Why Kerouac Matters: The Lessons of On the Road (They're Not What You Think). New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-06325-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-06325-3">978-0-670-06325-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Maher_Jr." title="Paul Maher Jr.">Maher Jr., Paul</a>. Kerouac: His Life and Work. Lanham: Taylor Trade P, July 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87833-305-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87833-305-3">0-87833-305-3</a>.</li> <li>McNally, Dennis. Desolate Angel: Jack Kerouac, the Beat Generation, and America. Da Capo Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81222-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81222-3">0-306-81222-3</a>.</li> <li>Montgomery, John. Jack Kerouac: A Memoir ... Giligia Press, 1970.</li> <li>Montgomery, John. Kerouac West Coast. Fels & Firn Press, 1976.</li> <li>Montgomery, John. The Kerouac We Knew. Fels & Firn Press, 1982.</li> <li>Montgomery, John. Kerouac at the Wild Boar. Fels & Firn Press, 1986.</li> <li>Mortenson, Erik R. "Beating Time: Configurations of Temporality in Jack Kerouac's On the Road". College Literature 28.3. 2001.</li> <li>Motier, Donald. Gerard: The Influence of Jack Kerouac's Brother on his Life and Writing. Beaulieu Street Press, 1991.</li> <li>Nelson, Victoria. "Dark Journey into Light: On the Road with Jack Kerouac". Saint Austin Review (November/December 2014).</li> <li>Nicosia, Gerald. Kerouac: The Last Quarter Century. Noodlebrain Press, 2019.</li> <li>Nicosia, Gerald. Memory Babe: A Critical Biography of Jack Kerouac. Grove Press, 1983. Revised edition Noodlebrain Press, 2022.</li> <li>Nicosia, Gerald. One and Only: The Untold Story of On the Road. Viva Editions, 2011.</li> <li>Parker, Brad. "Jack Kerouac: An Introduction". Lowell Corporation for the Humanities, 1989.</li> <li>Swick, Thomas. South Florida Sun Sentinel. February 22, 2004. Article: "Jack Kerouac in Orlando".</li> <li>Theado, Matt. Understanding Jack Kerouac. Columbia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina" title="University of South Carolina">University of South Carolina</a>, 2000.</li> <li>Turner, Steve. Angelheaded Hipster: A Life of Jack Kerouac. Viking Books, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-87038-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-87038-2">0-670-87038-2</a>.</li> <li>Walsh, Joy, editor. <a href="/wiki/Moody_Street_Irregulars" title="Moody Street Irregulars">Moody Street Irregulars: A Jack Kerouac Newsletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Weaver" title="Helen Weaver">Weaver, Helen</a>. The Awakener: A Memoir of Jack Kerouac and the Fifties. City Lights, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-505-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-505-1">978-0-87286-505-1</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/318876929">318876929</a>.</li> <li>Weinreich, Regina. The Spontaneous Poetics of Jack Kerouac. Southern Illinois University Press, 1987.</li> <li>Wills, David, editor. Beatdom Magazine. Mauling Press, 2007.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Jack Kerouac at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" class="extiw" title="c:Jack Kerouac">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" class="extiw" title="q:Jack Kerouac">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160534" class="extiw" title="d:Q160534">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Jack Kerouac <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=27066713&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=27066713">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=27066713&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Jack Kerouac <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=27066713&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=27066713">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=27066713&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kerouac.net/">Kerouac.net</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911205747/http://kerouac.net/">Archived</a> September 11, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—An introduction to the life and work of Jack Kerouac, and the deep impact he had on our society and culture.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170321010835/http://www.jackkerouac.com/">JackKerouac.com</a> – The Jack and Stella Kerouac Center for the Public Humanities's website is an interactive storehouse and exhibition space dedicated to Jack Kerouac and connected topics.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Kerouac%2C%20Jack">Works by Jack Kerouac</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0449616/">Jack Kerouac</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?15979">Jack Kerouac</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4078982/">Jack Kerouac Papers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100624064756/http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4078982/">Archived</a> June 24, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Rare_Book_%26_Manuscript_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare Book & Manuscript Library">Rare Book & Manuscript Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/brg/19343">Jack Kerouac Papers, 1920–1977</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817144420/http://archives.nypl.org/brg/19343">Archived</a> August 17, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, held by the Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?170413-1/writings-jack-kerouac">"Writings of Jack Kerouac"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313032936/http://www.c-span.org/video/?170413-1/writings-jack-kerouac">Archived</a> March 13, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Writers:_A_Journey_Through_History" title="American Writers: A Journey Through History">American Writers: A Journey Through History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beatbookcovers.com/kercomp/index.htm">The Kerouac Companion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004612/http://www.beatbookcovers.com/kercomp/index.htm">Archived</a> August 29, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—The definitive key to the 600+ characters in Kerouac's novels.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018215350/https://podcasts.apple.com/ca/podcast/sur-les-traces-de-kerouac/id943523913">sur-les-traces-de-kerouac</a> Radio documentary by Gabriel Anctil ans Jean-Philippe Pleau on Radio-Canada (2015)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.apple.com/ca/book/sur-les-traces-de-kerouac/id932063600">sur-les-traces-de-kerouac</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018215353/https://books.apple.com/ca/book/sur-les-traces-de-kerouac/id932063600">Archived</a> October 18, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ebook by Gabriel Anctil & Marie-Sandrine Auger</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rose.library.emory.edu/">Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713172530/https://rose.library.emory.edu/">Archived</a> July 13, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Emory University: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/b7298">Jack Kerouac collection, 1950-1978</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rose.library.emory.edu/">Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713172530/https://rose.library.emory.edu/">Archived</a> July 13, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Emory University: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/f7wxb">Jack and Stella Sampas Kerouac papers,1940-1994</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rose.library.emory.edu/">Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713172530/https://rose.library.emory.edu/">Archived</a> July 13, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Emory University: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/q4krs">John Sampas collection of Jack Kerouac material, circa 1900-2005</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/17283">Works by Jack Kerouac</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jack_Kerouac" title="Template:Jack Kerouac"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jack_Kerouac" title="Template talk:Jack Kerouac"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jack_Kerouac" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jack Kerouac"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jack_Kerouac99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jack Kerouac</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac_bibliography" title="Jack Kerouac bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Is_My_Brother" title="The Sea Is My Brother">The Sea Is My Brother</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/And_the_Hippos_Were_Boiled_in_Their_Tanks" title="And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks">And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks</a> (1945/2008; with <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Town_and_the_City" title="The Town and the City">The Town and the City</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Road" title="On the Road">On the Road</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Subterraneans" title="The Subterraneans">The Subterraneans</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dharma_Bums" title="The Dharma Bums">The Dharma Bums</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Sax" title="Doctor Sax">Doctor Sax</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Cassidy" title="Maggie Cassidy">Maggie Cassidy</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dreams_(novel)" title="Book of Dreams (novel)">Book of Dreams</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristessa" title="Tristessa">Tristessa</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Cody" title="Visions of Cody">Visions of Cody</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonesome_Traveler" title="Lonesome Traveler">Lonesome Traveler</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sur_(novel)" title="Big Sur (novel)">Big Sur</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Gerard" title="Visions of Gerard">Visions of Gerard</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desolation_Angels_(novel)" title="Desolation Angels (novel)">Desolation Angels</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori_in_Paris" title="Satori in Paris">Satori in Paris</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanity_of_Duluoz" title="Vanity of Duluoz">Vanity of Duluoz</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pic_(novel)" title="Pic (novel)">Pic</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_Emerged" title="Orpheus Emerged">Orpheus Emerged</a> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pull_My_Daisy_(poem)" title="Pull My Daisy (poem)">Pull My Daisy</a> (late 1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Blues" title="Mexico City Blues">Mexico City Blues</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scripture_of_the_Golden_Eternity" title="The Scripture of the Golden Eternity">The Scripture of the Golden Eternity</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Poems" title="Scattered Poems">Scattered Poems</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Angel_Midnight" title="Old Angel Midnight">Old Angel Midnight</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haikus" title="Book of Haikus">Book of Haikus</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sketches" title="Book of Sketches">Book of Sketches</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation_(play)" title="Beat Generation (play)">Beat Generation</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atop_an_Underwood" title="Atop an Underwood">Atop an Underwood</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Blonde_%26_Others" title="Good Blonde & Others">Good Blonde & Others</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_for_the_Beat_Generation" title="Poetry for the Beat Generation">Poetry for the Beat Generation</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_and_Haikus" title="Blues and Haikus">Blues and Haikus</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readings_by_Jack_Kerouac_on_the_Beat_Generation" title="Readings by Jack Kerouac on the Beat Generation">Readings by Jack Kerouac on the Beat Generation</a> (1960)</li> <li>The Jack Kerouac Collection (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerouac:_Kicks_Joy_Darkness" title="Kerouac: Kicks Joy Darkness">Kerouac: Kicks Joy Darkness</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac_Reads_On_the_Road" title="Jack Kerouac Reads On the Road">Jack Kerouac Reads On the Road</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pull_My_Daisy" title="Pull My Daisy">Pull My Daisy</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Subterraneans_(film)" title="The Subterraneans (film)">The Subterraneans</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_Beat_(film)" title="Heart Beat (film)">Heart Beat</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howl_(2010_film)" title="Howl (2010 film)">Howl</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_Always,_Carolyn" title="Love Always, Carolyn">Love Always, Carolyn</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Road_(2012_film)" title="On the Road (2012 film)">On The Road</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sur_(film)" title="Big Sur (film)">Big Sur</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Your_Darlings_(2013_film)" title="Kill Your Darlings (2013 film)">Kill Your Darlings</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moody_Street_Irregulars" title="Moody Street Irregulars">Moody Street Irregulars</a> (1978–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_Characters" title="Minor Characters">Minor Characters</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off_the_Road" title="Off the Road">Off the Road</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door_Wide_Open" title="Door Wide Open">Door Wide Open</a> (2002)</li> <li>You'll be Okay (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Fast_Move_or_I%27m_Gone" title="One Fast Move or I'm Gone">One Fast Move or I'm Gone</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kerouac" title="Jan Kerouac">Jan Kerouac (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edie_Parker" title="Edie Parker">Edie Parker (first wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_Cassady" title="Neal Cassady">Neal Cassady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Corso" title="Gregory Corso">Gregory Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Carr" title="Lucien Carr">Lucien Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Johnson_(author)" title="Joyce Johnson (author)">Joyce Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cassady" title="Carolyn Cassady">Carolyn Cassady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alene_Lee" title="Alene Lee">Alene Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatnik" title="Beatnik">Beatnik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac_School" title="Jack Kerouac School">Jack Kerouac School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac_Alley" title="Jack Kerouac Alley">Jack Kerouac Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerouac,_Then_and_Now" title="Kerouac, Then and Now">Kerouac, Then and Now</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poets_in_The_New_American_Poetry_1945–196088" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Poets_in_The_New_American_Poetry_1945%E2%80%931960" title="Template:Poets in The New American Poetry 1945–1960"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Poets_in_The_New_American_Poetry_1945%E2%80%931960" title="Template talk:Poets in The New American Poetry 1945–1960"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Poets_in_The_New_American_Poetry_1945%E2%80%931960" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Poets in The New American Poetry 1945–1960"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poets_in_The_New_American_Poetry_1945–196088" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_New_American_Poetry_1945%E2%80%931960" title="The New American Poetry 1945–1960">Poets in The New American Poetry 1945–1960</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Adam" title="Helen Adam">Helen Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashbery" title="John Ashbery">John Ashbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blackburn_(poet)" title="Paul Blackburn (poet)">Paul Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Blaser" title="Robin Blaser">Robin Blaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Bremser" title="Ray Bremser">Ray Bremser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Antoninus" class="mw-redirect" title="Brother Antoninus">Brother Antoninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broughton" title="James Broughton">James Broughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Carroll_(poet)" title="Paul Carroll (poet)">Paul Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Corso" title="Gregory Corso">Gregory Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Creeley" title="Robert Creeley">Robert Creeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Dorn" title="Ed Dorn">Edward Dorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirby_Doyle" title="Kirby Doyle">Kirby Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Duncan_(poet)" title="Robert Duncan (poet)">Robert Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Eigner" title="Larry Eigner">Larry Eigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ferlinghetti" title="Lawrence Ferlinghetti">Lawrence Ferlinghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Field_(poet)" title="Edward Field (poet)">Edward Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeline_Gleason" title="Madeline Gleason">Madeline Gleason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Guest" title="Barbara Guest">Barbara Guest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeRoi_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="LeRoi Jones">LeRoi Jones</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jack Kerouac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Koch" title="Kenneth Koch">Kenneth Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lamantia" title="Philip Lamantia">Philip Lamantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Levertov" title="Denise Levertov">Denise Levertov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Loewinsohn" title="Ron Loewinsohn">Ron Loewinsohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_McClure" title="Michael McClure">Michael McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Meltzer_(poet)" title="David Meltzer (poet)">David Meltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_O%27Hara" title="Frank O'Hara">Frank O'Hara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Olson" title="Charles Olson">Charles Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Oppenheimer" title="Joel Oppenheimer">Joel Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Orlovsky" title="Peter Orlovsky">Peter Orlovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Schuyler" title="James Schuyler">James Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Sorrentino" title="Gilbert Sorrentino">Gilbert Sorrentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Spicer" title="Jack Spicer">Jack Spicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Welch" title="Lew Welch">Lew Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Whalen" title="Philip Whalen">Philip Whalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wieners" title="John Wieners">John Wieners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Williams_(poet)" title="Jonathan Williams (poet)">Jonathan Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160534#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4251" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160534#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4251" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160534#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012125127X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27066713">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/52352/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgXbqRvMrX36TJ6XcT8md">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118561561">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80036674">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119096371">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119096371">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00445529">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/6993">Photographers' Identities</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118561561">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1216978">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118561561.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118561561">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027325962">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66j57zj">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69g5kf6">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&oldid=1282514765">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&oldid=1282514765</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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6.50% 87.015 3 Template:Marriage"," 5.29% 70.918 17 Template:Harvnb"," 5.11% 68.491 3 Template:Br_separated_entries"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.761","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16403720,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"71\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmburn,_Ellis1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmburn1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArabia2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBates2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerrigan,_Ted1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerrigan1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBignell,_PaulJohnson,_Andrew2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriere2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooks2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurroughs1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassady1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiasson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiasson1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDagier1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDagier2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesmeules2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenton,_Patrick1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrobel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarbron2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerlihy-Mera2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHunt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerouac1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerouac1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerouac2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilgannon,_Corey2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilgannon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrajicek2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawlor2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLelyveld1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaher2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaher2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaherAmram2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarion1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinez2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenand2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiles1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillstein1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicosia1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxley2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratte2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandison1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSante,_Luc2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheffler2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShea\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShea,_Andrea2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuiter2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwartz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuchman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeenakumari,_K.Rajmohana,_K.Prashanth,_M.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVitale,_Tom2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilma2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf,_Stephen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFshowbiz4112017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"'s\"] = 1,\n [\"-\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Dictionary.com\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 49,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Cslist\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Kerouac, Jack\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Fact\"] = 2,\n [\"FadedPage\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 17,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 12,\n [\"Infobox writer\"] = 1,\n [\"Isfdb name\"] = 1,\n [\"Kerouac\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 3,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Poemquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Poets in The New American Poetry 1945–1960\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sisterlinks\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 15,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-g4z9r","timestamp":"20250329200552","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Jack Kerouac","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jack_Kerouac","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q160534","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q160534","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-26T19:09:00Z","dateModified":"2025-03-26T22:04:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/37\/Kerouac_by_Palumbo_2_%28cropped%29.png","headline":"American writer (1922\u20131969)"}</script> </body> </html>